This is the cartoon used

Name ____________________________ Date ______________ American History 8: Tarbell vs. Rockefeller Quote Analysis

Directions:

Think about the quote above. Discuss it with your partner. Then, answer the questions below.

1. Explain the quote in your own words. What does it mean to you?

2. Can you think of any instances or people in history that have been “given the appearance of evil?”

3. How do you, personally, decide if news information you read is true?

(turn over )

“As we look back through the writings of various historians we see that an able writer,

prejudiced, or perhaps dishonest or malicious, can give the appearance of evil in the

history of an individual, or of a nation or people.”

- J.D. Rockefeller, 1920 from Inglis’ interview

Directions: Read the article below. Then summarize the main idea of the article in your own words.

Monopoly

Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil production in America. At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. As a result, Rockefeller and his partners owned separate companies across dozens of states, making their management of the whole enterprise rather unwieldy. In 1882, Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of partnership to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Oil Trust. The partnership's size and wealth drew much attention. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for its practices, giving momentum to the anti-trust movement.

One of the most effective attacks on Rockefeller and his firm was the 1904 publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Tarbell. Tarbell was a leading . Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. “I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.” (Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the Improvement Company affair.)

Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, leading to the dissolution of the trust. Rockefeller continued to consolidate his oil interests as best as he could until New Jersey, in 1899, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. At its peak, Standard Oil had about 90% of the market for kerosene products.

By 1896, Rockefeller shed all of his policy involvement in the affairs of Standard Oil; however he retained his nominal title as president until 1911; he kept his stock.

In 1911, the Court of the United States held that Standard Oil, which by then still had a 64% market share, originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became ; Standard of Indiana, which became ; Standard of California, which became ; Standard of New Jersey, which became (and later, ); Standard of New York, which became ; and Standard of Ohio, which became . Rockefeller, who had rarely sold shares, owned stock in all of them.

Adapted from: ://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/John-D.-

Summarize the main idea: ________________________________________________

Name ____________________________ Date ______________

American History 8: Tarbell vs. Rockefeller

Directions:

Think about the quote above. Discuss it with your partner. Then, answer the questions below.

1. Explain the quote in your own words. What does it mean to you?

2. Can you think of any instances or people in history that achieved power and business at any cost?

3. How do you, personally, decide if news information you read is true?

(turn over )

Directions: Read the article below. Then summarize the main idea of the article in your own words.

“There are never wanting some persons of violent and undertaking natures, who, so they

may have power and business will take it at any cost.”

-Francis Bacon, as quoted in M. Josephon’s

Robber Barons (1934)

Monopoly

Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil production in America. At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. As a result, Rockefeller and his partners owned separate companies across dozens of states, making their management of the whole enterprise rather unwieldy. In 1882, Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of partnership to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Oil Trust. The partnership's size and wealth drew much attention. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for its practices, giving momentum to the anti-trust movement.

One of the most effective attacks on Rockefeller and his firm was the 1904 publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Tarbell. Tarbell was a leading . Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. “I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.” (Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the Improvement Company affair.)

Rockefeller as an industrial emperor, 1901 cartoon from Puck magazine

Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, leading to the dissolution of the trust. Rockefeller continued to consolidate his oil interests as best as he could until New Jersey, in 1899, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. At its peak, Standard Oil had about 90% of the market for kerosene products.

By 1896, Rockefeller shed all of his policy involvement in the affairs of Standard Oil; however he retained his nominal title as president until 1911; he kept his stock.

In 1911, the Court of the United States held that Standard Oil, which by then still had a 64% market share, originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became ; Standard of Indiana, which became ; Standard of California, which became ; Standard of New Jersey, which became (and later, ); Standard of New York, which became ; and Standard of Ohio, which became . Rockefeller, who had rarely sold shares, owned stock in all of them.

Adapted from: ://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/John-D.-

Summarize the main idea:

Rationale:

The purpose of this differentiated exercise is to facilitate students’ understandings of the Industrial and Progressive Eras in American History by deeply analyzing the conflict between Ida Tarbell and John D Rockefeller Sr. Underlying themes include: historical figures/events may be perceived in a biased way and the importance of validating historical fact in an “Information Age.” This lesson is designed to be used in an Inclusion Setting.

Resources Needed:

(See works cited page) Ron Chernow’s: Matthew Josephson’s

Titan

The Inglis interview Robber Barons

McClure’s Article: ://www.reformation.org/john-d-rockefeller. ://www.reformation.org/john-d-rockefeller2.

Ida M. Tarbell’s John D. Rockefeller’s

The History of the Standard Oil

Task Random Reminiscences of Men and Events

sheets

Objectives (KUDoS) By the end of this lesson, students should:

KNOW: • Ida Tarbell and other muckrakers worked to expose “corrupt” business practices of

the Industrial Era. • John D. Rockefeller (and other leading business men) used various methods such

as consolidation, mergers, and rebates to create monopolies. UNDERSTAND:

• Historical fact may be presented in a biased manner depending on the author’s perspective.

• John D. Rockefeller pioneered business practices that had never been implemented before. This was the beginning of big business in America.

• Tensions existed regarding how integral competition was to the success of the American economy.

DO:

• Analyze political cartoons and explain historical relevance • Research background information to state point and counter-point of Ida Tarbell

vs. John D. Rockefeller • Participate in a “boxing match” to determine the validity of historical figures’

perspectives

Author: Michelle Tobias Course: American History Date: 07/01/2010 Grade Level: grade/Inclusion Class Unit Topic: Industrialization: Robber Barons and Captains of Industry Lesson: “He Said, She Said: A Historical Boxing

Match Between Ida Tarbell and John D. Rockefeller”

Essential Questions: 1. What influences how a historical figure is perceived?

2. Should Rockefeller’s business practices be considered legal or illegal? Why? 3. How can one determine the validity of historical fact? Anticipatory Set:

Quote Analysis

Use: Quote Analysis sheets (2)

Time Teacher Student 5 min

Hand out two different quote sheets. (each to half of the class) Direct students to read and complete sheets.

Analyze quotes and respond to questions.

5 -10 min

Discuss the difference between the two quotes.

Compare and contrast quotes.

*Note to teacher: Bring in a current news article containing a biased perspective. Ask students if they believe the story. Why or why not? Discuss the word “bias” and pose the possible guiding questions: * What “biased perspectives” have you read about celebrities? * Why might an author present a slanted view of another individual? How might this benefit the author? * How can you know if something you read is true? * What would you do if someone spread false/hurtful (rumors) information about you?

Instructional Activity: Boxing Match

Time Teacher Student 3 min.

Use results of pre-assessment (not included) to create groups. Group 1: 24/7 Background Knowledge (concrete thinkers, lower readiness level) Group 2: Ida – Round 1 (critical thinkers, high reading level) Group 3: JDR – Round 1(critical thinkers, high reading level) Group 4: Ida – Round 2 (critical thinkers, high reading level) Group 5: JDR – Round 2 (critical thinkers, high reading level) Group 6: Ida – Round 3 (intermediate critical thinking skills, high reading level) Group 7: JDR – Round 3 (intermediate critical thinking skills, high reading level)

Form groups.

Day 1 Research Day: Provide students with task sheets and Resource Folders. Students work in cooperative groups to find information. If time allows, have students begin to plan: 24/7 group: Presentation of Biographical and Background Information JDR + Ida Groups: 3 “punches” each.

1. Read task sheets.

2. Assign responsibilities and roles.

3. Sift through resource folders to find

answers to guiding questions. 4. Create note cards for boxing match.

Day 2

Have 24/7 groups present. As a class, decide how “points” will be earned for each round and how a winner will be determined. 24/7 groups will act as Officials for The Match. Perform each Round of Boxing, with a decision by the officials of who should win the round. Decide on the winner. Optional: Have class fill out Perspectives Sheet.

Day 3

Wrap up the boxing match. Evaluate the decision of who the champion is. Does the class agree? Informal Assessment: Show What You Know Sheet

Closure:

Choose one of the initial Essential Questions. Respond in 3-8 sentences. 1. How can the public recognize bias in historical accounts?

2. Evaluate Rockefeller’s business practices. Were they ethical or unethical? Just or unjust? Legal or illegal? Do they represent the greater good or selfish greed? 3. How can one determine the validity of historical fact?

Name ____________________________ Date ______________ American History 8: Tarbell vs. Rockefeller Quote Analysis

“As we look back through the writings of various historians we see that an able writer,

prejudiced, or perhaps dishonest or malicious, can give the appearance of evil in the

history of an individual, or of a nation or people.”

- J.D. Rockefeller, 1920 from Inglis’ interview

Directions:

Think about the quote above. Discuss it with your partner. Then, answer the questions below.

1. Explain the quote in your own words. What does it mean to you?

2. Can you think of any instances or people in history that have been “given the appearance of evil?”

3. How do you, personally, decide if news information you read is true?

(turn over )

Directions: Read the article below. Then summarize the main idea of the article in your own words.

Monopoly

Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil production in America. At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. As a result, Rockefeller and his partners owned separate companies across dozens of states, making their management of the whole enterprise rather unwieldy. In 1882, Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of partnership to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Oil Trust. The partnership's size and wealth drew much attention. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for its practices, giving momentum to the anti-trust movement.

One of the most effective attacks on Rockefeller and his firm was the 1904 publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Tarbell. Tarbell was a leading . Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. “I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.” (Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the Improvement Company affair.)

Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, leading to the dissolution of the trust. Rockefeller continued to consolidate his oil interests as best as he could until New Jersey, in 1899, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. At its peak, Standard Oil had about 90% of the market for kerosene products.

By 1896, Rockefeller shed all of his policy involvement in the affairs of Standard Oil; however he retained his nominal title as president until 1911; he kept his stock.

In 1911, the Court of the United States held that Standard Oil, which by then still had a 64% market share, originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became ; Standard of Indiana, which became ; Standard of California, which became ; Standard of New Jersey, which became (and later, ); Standard of New York, which became ; and Standard of Ohio, which became . Rockefeller, who had rarely sold shares, owned stock in all of them.

Adapted from: ://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/John-D.-

Summarize the main idea: ________________________________________________

Name ____________________________ Date ______________ American History 8: Tarbell vs. Rockefeller

“There are never wanting some persons of violent and undertaking natures, who, so they may have power and business will take it at any cost.”

-Francis Bacon, as quoted in M. Josephon’s

Robber Barons (1934)

Directions:

Think about the quote above. Discuss it with your partner. Then, answer the questions below.

1. Explain the quote in your own words. What does it mean to you?

2. Can you think of any instances or people in history that achieved power and business at any cost?

3. How do you, personally, decide if news information you read is true?

(turn over ) Directions: Read the article below. Then summarize the main idea of the article in your own words.

Monopoly

Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil production in America. At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. As a result, Rockefeller and his partners owned separate companies across dozens of states, making their management of the whole enterprise rather unwieldy. In 1882, Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of partnership to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Oil Trust. The partnership's size and wealth drew much attention. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for its practices, giving momentum to the anti-trust movement.

One of the most effective attacks on Rockefeller and his firm was the 1904 publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Tarbell. Tarbell was a leading . Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. “I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.” (Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the Improvement Company affair.)

Rockefeller as an industrial emperor, 1901 cartoon from Puck magazine Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, leading to the dissolution of the trust. Rockefeller continued to consolidate his oil interests as best as he could until New Jersey, in 1899, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. At its peak, Standard Oil had about 90% of the market for kerosene products.

By 1896, Rockefeller shed all of his policy involvement in the affairs of Standard Oil; however he retained his nominal title as president until 1911; he kept his stock.

In 1911, the Court of the United States held that Standard Oil, which by then still had a 64% market share, originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became ; Standard of Indiana, which became ; Standard of California, which became ; Standard of New Jersey, which became (and later, ); Standard of New York, which became ; and Standard of Ohio, which became . Rockefeller, who had rarely sold shares, owned stock in all of them.

Adapted from: ://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/John-D.-

Summarize the main idea:

TASK SHEET:

Team: 24/6 Round: Preliminary

Background Info. For The Fight Time Period

Task:

You will be producing a 24/7 television program to set the scene for the “big fight.” Your job is to provide background information on the two fighters and the time period to

be viewed to build momentum for the big event!

Key Points:

1. Define: consolidation, merger, monopoly, rebate 2. What methods did the Standard Oil Company use to attain (get) business? 3. Define: muckraker 4. Identify 3 muckrakers from the Progressive Era 5. What was the goal of muckrakers? 6. What methods did muckrakers use to achieve their goals? 7. What was the Inglis interview?

6a. Who was Inglis? 6b. Why did John D. Rockefeller agree to the interview? 6c. How was the interview done?

8. What was McClure’s magazine?

Sources:

1. The American Nation

textbook

2. Titan

by R. Chernow pgs. x-xxii

TASK SHEET:

Team: 24/6 Round:

Preliminary

Background Info. For The Fight Time Period

Task:

You will be producing a 24/7 television program to set the scene for the “big fight.” Your job is to provide background information on the two fighters and the time period to

be viewed to build momentum for the big event!

Key Points:

1. Provide Biographical data of John D. Rockefeller 2. Provide Biographical data of Ida Tarbell

Sources:

Biography of Ida Tarbell: ://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Ida-

Biography of John D. Rockefeller: ://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/John-D.-

Now, choose 2 internet sources of your OWN choosing.

Compare the biographical information you find on these sites.

Are there any discrepancies (differences) in the facts between the different websites?

TASK SHEET:

Team: JDR Round:Business Practices

1

Task:

You will be John D. Rockefeller in Round 1 of the big fight. Your job is to find at least 3 strong supporting pieces of evidence to DEFEND JDR’s business practices. Each

point you make will be a “punch.” Remember, you are trying to “knock Ida Tarbell out” by presenting strong historical fact from primary sources.

Key Points:

1. How did JDR defend his business practices?

Sources:

1. Read passage from The Robber Barons by Matthew Josephson (1934) pg. 118-119

2. Titan pg: xxi-xxii

3. Titan

pg. 444-445

4. Titan

pg. 153-155

4. Inglis’ interview pg. 1659-1661

TASK SHEET:

Team: Ida Round:Business Practices

1

Task:

You will be Ida Tarbell in Round 1 of the big fight. Your job is to find at least 3 strong supporting pieces of evidence to CRITICIZE JDR’s business practices. Each point

you make will be a “punch.” Remember, you are trying to “knock JDR out” by presenting strong historical fact from primary sources.

Key Points:

1. How did Ida Tarbell and others view JDR’s business practices?

Sources:

1. The Robber Barons:

pg. 265-266

2. highlighted selections from McClure article pg. 243-249

TASK SHEET:

Team: JDR Round:Specific Cases

2

Task:

You will be John D. Rockefeller in Round 2 of the big fight. Your job is to find at least 3 strong supporting pieces of evidence to DEFEND JDR’s business practices in the specific circumstances of James Corrigan and the Widow Backus. Each point you make will be a “punch.” Remember, you are trying to “knock Ida Tarbell out” by presenting

strong historical fact from primary sources.

Key Points:

1. How does JDR defend the Backus instance?

2. How does JDR defend the Corrigan instance?

Sources:

1. Read passage from Chernow’s Titan

pg. 445-447 (Backus)

2. Read passage from Chernow’s

pg. 395-396 (Corrigan)

3. Read highlighted passages from Inglis’ interview: pg. 1663-1664 (Corrigan) and

1673-1676 4. JDR’s Reminiscences

pg. 67-74

TASK SHEET:

Team: Ida Round:Specific Cases

2

Task:

You will be Ida Tarbell in Round 1 of the big fight. Your job is to find at least 3 strong supporting pieces of evidence to CRITICIZE JDR’s business practices. Each point

you make will be a “punch.” Remember, you are trying to “knock JDR out” by presenting strong historical fact from primary sources.

Key Points:

1. How does Ida attack Rockefeller by exposing the Backus instance?

2. How does Ida attack Rockefeller by exposing the Corrigan instance?

Sources:

1. Read passage from Chernow’s Titan

2. Read passage from Chernow’s

pg. 445-447 (Backus)

3. McClure article page: 245-249 (Corrigan)

pg. 395-396 (Corrigan)

4. Read from Josephon’s Robber Barons

5. Ida Tarbell’s

pg. 267-268

The History of the Standard Oil Company

(vol. 1) pg. 203-207

TASK SHEET:

Team: JDR Round:Personal Attack

3

Task:

You will be John D. Rockefeller in Round 3 of the big fight. Your job is to find at least 3 strong supporting pieces of evidence to DEFEND your public image and prove that

Ida Tarbell has published false statements. Each point you make will be a “punch.” Remember, you are trying to “knock Ida Tarbell out” by presenting strong historical fact

from primary sources.

Key Points:

1. What may have been Ida’s motivation for exposing a biased perspective of the Standard Oil

Company and The Rockefeller family?

2. How did JDR’s religious background impact his business practices?

3. Why did JDR choose NOT to respond to the biased view of him when the McClure article and The History of The Standard Oil Company

were published?

Sources:

1. McClure article page 244 (#3)

2. Chernow pg. 435-439, bottom of page 442, bottom pf page 449

3. Inglis interview: pg. 1648-1649 and pg. 1653 Pg. 1681

Team: JDR: Round 3: Ida’s Motivation

Guiding Question:

What motivation might Ida Tarbell have had for exposing the Standard Oil Company?

Credit: Library of Congress; (Inset) Allegheny College. Ida Tarbell's investigation of John D. Rockefeller and the sharp practices of his Standard Oil monopoly appeared in McClure's Magazine, in nineteen installments, beginning in November, 1902. These articles and her book, The History of Standard Oil, published in 1904, turned Tarbell into a national celebrity and the most prominent woman among a new generation of investigative journalists whom President Theodore Roosevelt called "muckrakers."

From:

.com/ displayimage.php?imgId=188 frame

Team: JDR: Round 3: Ida’s Motivation

Task: Read highlighted passages from: Titan

pages: 435-439

Guiding Question: What motivation might Ida Tarbell have had for exposing the Standard Oil Company? What events from Ida’s personal life impacted her take on the Standard Oil Company?

Notes from reading:

TASK SHEET:

Team: Ida Round:Personal Attack

3

Task:

You will be John D. Rockefeller in Round 3 of the big fight. Your job is to find at least 3 strong supporting pieces of evidence promote a negative image of John D.

Rockefeller and his family. Each point you make will be a “punch.” Remember, you are trying to “knock JDR out” by presenting strong historical fact from primary sources.

Key Points:

1. How did Ida view the Rockefeller family?

2. How did Ida view John D. Rockefeller as a man?

Sources:

1. McClure Article: pg. 229, 238, 391

Name _________________________ Date ___________ SS 8: Tarbell vs. Rockefeller

Show What You Know Directions:

Look carefully at the cartoon below. View it critically and analytically. Then, answer the guiding questions to demonstrate what you know about the conflict between Ida Tarbell and John D. Rockefeller Sr.

1. What historical figure is symbolized by the man in the tree? 2. What clues tell you this? ____________________________________________ 3. What historical figure is symbolized by the woman at the bottom of the tree?

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

4. What conflict between the two figures is being portrayed? Discuss what you know: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

5. Explain, in your own words, what the phrase on the tree means: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Discussion Question:

When you are done, discuss with your partner:

Why might a person choose to stay silent when being publicly criticized? Thoughts:

Name ________________________________ Date ______________ Optional Challenge Activity:

Steps:

1. Find a current news article in which someone’s personality is criticized/attacked.

2. Outline three details the author uses to justify his/her opinion.

3. Find information to “de-bunk” at least one of the supporting facts.

4. Remember to cite your sources!

5. Please include an explanation of how you went about finding the “truth.”

Source: __________________________________________________________

3 Details “De-bunked”

Name: _______________________ American History: Tarbell vs. Rockefeller Optional Note-taking Sheet

Date: __________________

Perspectives

Ida Tarbell’s Point of View

John D. Rockefeller’s Point of View

Business Practices

Corrigan/ Backus

Personal Life

Works Cited

Chernow, Ron. Titan.

New York: Vintage Books, 1998.

George Inglis Interview, Rockefeller Family Archives, Record Group 2, Office of Messrs Rockefeller, Friends and Services Series, Box 9, Folder 40. Johnson, Matthew. The Robber Barons.

New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company. 1934.

Rockfeller, John D. Random Reminiscences of Men and Events.

Pocantico Hills, NY: Sleepy Hollow Press and Rockefeller Archive Center, 1984 (1908-1909).

Tarbell, Ida M. The History of the Standard Oil Company.

Vol 1. New York: The MacMillan Company. 1925.

Tarbell, Ida M. “John D. Rockefeller: A Character Study.” McClure’s Magazine, July and August 1905.

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