CAMPBELL Outline BIOLOGY - Napa Valley College Pages 120 Fall 2014 New... · 3 Course Overview Biol...

1

CAMPBELL

BIOLOGYReece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

TENTH

EDITION

1Evolution, the

Themes of Biology,

and Scientific Inquiry

Dr Burns

NVC

Outline

Introduction

Class organization, exams, grading

Levels of Organization

Energy

Characteristics of life.

Evolution

How do we organize the biological world

How do we study biology? What is the

scientific method, how do we set up an

experiment.

Introduction

I received my:

BS in Zoology at UC Davis

Masters in Ecology at UC Davis

PhD in Pharmacology and Toxicology at UC

Davis

Internships

Internships are a great way to find out if you

really enjoy working in your chosen field.

I wanted to be a veterinarian – until I worked at

the UC Davis Vet School

Then I volunteered at UC Davis Raptor Center

I found my niche

My last summer as an undergraduate I did an

internship with the National Park and UC Davis in

Yosemite

2

I knew that I wanted to work as a field

biologist with birds of prey.

When I graduated I went to work for the

Peregrine Fund releasing young birds into

the wild

UC Santa Cruz Prairie and Peregrine Falcons

My work with the peregrine falcons led me

back to UC Davis.

I received a masters degree from the Ecology

Graduate Group – emphasis on toxicology

But I still had many more questions, I needed

more knowledge. My interest in metabolism

increased.

Back to Graduate School for the PhD

Now I had more focus, and more

background knowledge from the years of

research at UC Santa Cruz and the

masters program at Davis.

Advice: Get involved in internships

3

Course Overview

Biol 120 is a general biology class for science

majors

This class will focus on the cellular and

molecular aspects of biology

After this class you will take Zoology and/or

Botany.

The prerequisite for this class is Chemistry

120. You will need a good understanding of

basic chemistry including metric system,

molarity, atoms, and bonding

The Path to Success

Lecture attendance is critical for success in this course, most of the material that you are required to master is given in lecture.

Come to lecture prepared. Read the assigned chapter before lecture.

Do the homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website.

Review material after each class, focus on the “important concepts”

Come to office hours

Exams

There are four lecture exams and one final exam.

The final will be comprehensive

There will be two lab practical exams.

There may be pop quizzes given in class and lab. The quizzes will not be announced ahead of time. They are given at the start or end of class/lab. There is no make-up for missed pop quizzes (Come to class/lab on time)

There will be homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website

Exams will cover: The lectures and reading

Early Exams

If you need to take the exam early, contact me as

soon as possible.

In order to take an early final you must receive

written approval from the Office of Instruction and

myself.

Early exams will only be allowed in rare cases.

Late Exams

If you have to miss an exam, you must contact me before the exam. If you have a documented medical excuse, you may make up the exam.

But you must contact me before the scheduled exam. If you don’t contact me before the scheduled exam you will receive zero points for the exam.

There will be no make up exams for the final, you will receive zero points if you miss the final.

There are no make ups for the lab practicals

Exams

If you miss an exam and don’t contact me

before the scheduled exam you will receive

zero points for the exam.

You may leave a message for me on my

phone, or the biology dept phone number or

email me.

You can take the make up exam during the

last week of lecture (the week before finals).

4

Cheating

Cheating will not be tolerated

If you cheat you will receive a zero for the exam

During exams, all packs, bags, phones, notes, jackets, hats, etc will be left at the front of the class.

If you have notes or a cell phone with you at your desk during an exam you will receive a zero for the exam.

Cheating

If you copy answers from another student you will be given a zero for the exam/homework.

Plagiarism is a form of cheating, if you copy information from the internet, books, friends, etc and use it as your own work in a report, you will receive zero points.

If you cheat, a report will be submitted to the VP of Student Services.

Course Points

Midterm Exams = 150 points (600 pts total)

Final Exam = 200 pts

Lab exams = 60 points each (120 pts total)

Quizzes = 5 -10 points each

Lab Participation= 30 points

Homework = 5-20

Mastering Biology = 50 points

In general the course will be graded on a

straight 90, 80, 70, 60%

Lab

There will be 2 exams given in the laboratory, covering the material in laboratory.

Read the lab assignment prior to the lab.

Lab

Occasionally laboratory time may be used to cover material that will be covered in the lecture exam.

I will check lab notebooks at the end of each lab period – therefore to get the points for the lab you need to be present at the beginning and the end of each lab

How many lecture exams (not including the final) are there

1. One

2. Two

3. Three

4. Four

5

Is the final comprehensive?

1. Yes

2. No

Can you take an exam early?

1 2 3

33% 33%33%1. Yes

2. No

3. Possibly, if you

contact me early,

and have

permission from

the appropriate

people

Can you take an exam late?

1. Sure – no problem

2. No possible way

3. Yes, if you contact me

before the scheduled

exam, and have a

documented medical

excuse

Sure

– n

o pr

oble

m

No p

ossib

le w

ay

Yes

, if y

ou co

ntact

m...

33% 33%33%

Can you make up missed quizzes

1. Yes

2. No

3. Yes, with a medical

excuse

Yes N

o

Yes

, with

a m

edic

al ..

.

33% 33%33%

Levels of Biological Organization

Atom

Molecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

The biosphere

Ecosystems

Tissues

Organs andorgan systems

Communities

Populations

Organisms

OrganellesCells

Atoms

Molecules

Figure 1.4

6

Figure 1.4j

Molecules

Atoms

Chlorophyllmolecule

Molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded

together, atoms are the smallest unit of an element.

Figure 1.4i

Chloroplast

1 m

Organelles

Organelles are membrane-bound internal compartment

in cells for specialized functions

Figure 1.4h

Cell10 m

The cell is the smallest unit with the capacity to live and

reproduce independently or as part of a multi-celled

organism

Figure 1.4g

50 m

Tissues are organized collections of cells that function

together in a specialized function

Figure 1.4f

Organs are a combination of tissues that function

together for a particular function.

Figure 1.4e

Multi-celled Organism = Individual consisting of

interdependent cells typically organized in tissues,

organs, and organ system

7

Figure 1.4d

A population is a group of individuals of the same

species, living together in the same area

Figure 1.4c

Communities are populations of all species living

together in the same area

Figure 1.4b

An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a

particular area, along with all the nonliving components

of the environment with which life interacts.

Figure 1.4a

Biosphere: All regions of the Earth’s crust, water, and

atmosphere with all the living species.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

All of the gray squirrels that inhabit Skyline

Park describes a/an:

1 2 3 4 5

20% 20% 20%20%20%1. Ecosystem

2. Biosphere

3. Community

4. Population

Life Requires the Transfer and

Transformation of Energy and Matter

The input of energy from the sun and the

transformation of energy from one form to

another make life possible

When organisms use energy to perform work,

some energy is lost to the surroundings as

heat

As a result, energy flows through an

ecosystem, usually entering as light and

exiting as heat

8

Figure 1.9

ENERGY FLOW

Light

energy HeatChemical

energy

Plants take

up chemicals

from the soil

and air.

Chemicals

Decomposers

return

chemicals

to the soil.

Chemicals

pass to

organisms

that eat the

plants.

Organisms Interact with Other Organisms

and the Physical Environment

Every organism interacts with its environment,

including nonliving factors and other organisms

Both organisms and their environments are

affected by the interactions between them

For example, a tree takes up water and minerals

from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air; the

tree releases oxygen to the air


Animals eat

leaves and fruit

from the tree.

Leaves take incarbon dioxidefrom the airand releaseoxygen.

Sunlight

CO2

O2

Cycling

of

chemical

nutrients

Leaves fall tothe ground andare decomposedby organismsthat returnminerals to thesoil.

Water andminerals inthe soil aretaken up bythe treethroughits roots.

Leaves absorblight energy fromthe sun.

Figure 1.5 Figure 1.6

Heat

Producers absorb lightenergy and transform it intochemical energy.

Chemicalenergy

Chemical energy infood is transferredfrom plants toconsumers.

(b) Using energy to do work(a) Energy flow from sunlight toproducers to consumers

Sunlight

An animal’s musclecells convertchemical energyfrom food to kineticenergy, the energyof motion.

When energy is usedto do work, someenergy is converted tothermal energy, whichis lost as heat.

A plant’s cells usechemical energy to dowork such as growingnew leaves.

Structure and Function Are Correlated at All

Levels of Biological Organization: Form Fits

Function.

Structure and function of living organisms are closely

related

For example, a leaf is thin and flat, maximizing the

capture of light by chloroplasts

For example, the structure of a bird’s wing is adapted

to flight


Figure 1.7

(a) Wings(b) Wing bones

9

Is it alive?

Sounds like an easy question to answer.

Usually we can look at something and know if it alive.

But sometimes it is not as easy to tell

Looking closer you see signs of life Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms

1. Contain biological molecules including:

Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and

lipids

Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms

2. Cellular

Cells are the smallest unit of life

Some organisms are composed of only one

cells (unicellular)

Other organisms are composed of many

cells (multicellular)

10

The Cell Is an Organism’s Basic Unit of

Structure and Function

The cell is the lowest level of organization that

can perform all activities required for life

All cells

Are enclosed by a membrane

Use DNA as their genetic information


A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed

organelles, the largest of which is usually the

nucleus

By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and

usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or

other membrane-enclosed organelles


Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell

Cytoplasm

DNA

(no nucleus)

Membrane

Nucleus

(membrane-

enclosed)

Membrane

Membrane-

enclosed organelles

DNA (throughout

nucleus) 1 m

Figure 1.8


3. Reproduce

Simple one celled animals may reproduce

asexually by dividing in half – producing two

identical cells

More complex multi-celled organisms may

reproduce sexually, when genetic material

is combined to produce a unique individual

organism


4. Acquire and use energy - Metabolism

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions

that occur in a living organism

Energy is taken in and used to perform

work

11


5. Growth and Development

Through metabolism, organisms obtain

energy from nutrients and use this energy

to grow and development


6. Respond to environment

Living organisms detect stimuli and

respond to it. This can include

movement


7. Maintain Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the relatively constant and self-

correcting internal environment of living

organisms

Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Biological

Systems

Feedback mechanisms allow biological processes to

self-regulate

Negative feedback means that as more of a product

accumulates, the process that creates it slows and

less of the product is produced

Positive feedback means that as more of a product

accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up

and more of the product is produced


Animation: Negative Feedback

12

Animation: Positive Feedback Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms

8. Populations of living organisms evolve and

have adaptive traits

Adaptive traits are those traits that

help you survive and reproduce

Members of the population that have

adaptive traits survive better than

members that lack those traits

Which of the following is not necessarily a characteristic of life?

1. respond to environmental

changes

2. metabolism

3. multicellular

4. reproduction

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

What is the lowest level of biological

organization that can perform all the

activities required for life?

1. organelle

2. cell

3. tissue

4. organ system

5. organism

Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology

Organisms are modified descendants of common

ancestors

Evolution explains patterns of unity and diversity in

living organisms

Similar traits among organisms are explained by

descent from common ancestors

Differences among organisms are explained by

the accumulation of heritable changes

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Classifying the Diversity of Life

Approximately 1.8 million species have been

identified and named to date, and thousands

more are identified each year

Estimates of the total number of species that

actually exist range from 10 million to over 100

million


13

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names

and classifies species into groups of increasing

breadth

Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the broadest

units of classification


Three Domains

Three domains:

Bacteria – (Eubacteria) prokaryotic (no nucleus)

Archaea – prokaryotic (no nucleus)

Eukarya – Eukaryotic, have a nucleus

Figure 1.15

(a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea

(c) Domain Eukarya

2

m

2

m

100 m

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi

Protists

Kingdom Animalia

Figure 1.15a

(a) Domain Bacteria

2

m

Figure 1.15b

(b) Domain Archaea

2

m

14

Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya:

Protist – most are unicellular, all are eukaryotic

Protozoans, algae, water mold, slime mold

Plantae – multicellular, produce their own food

using photosynthesis, eukaryotic, have cell walls

Fungi – do not photosynthesize, absorb nutrients

through hyphae, eukaryotic, have cell walls

Animalia – multicellular, ingest other organisms for

food, eukaryotic, lack cell walls

Figure 1.15c

(c) Domain Eukarya

100 m

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi

Protists

Kingdom Animalia

Species

Ursus

Ursidae

Carnivora

Mammalia

Ursus americanus

(American black bear)

Chordata

Animalia

Eukarya

Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom DomainFigure 1.14

Binomial system

Binomial system of nomenclature

Names and classifies organisms

Basic unit is a species

Closely related species are grouped together in a genus (plural = genera)

Each species assigned a two-part name:

Name = genus and species (in italics)

Example = Canis lupus (C. lupus)

Unity in the Diversity of Life

A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for

example

DNA is the universal genetic language common

to all organisms

Unity is evident in many features of cell structure


Figure 1.16

Cilia ofParamecium

15 m

Cross section of a cilium, as viewedwith an electron microscope

0.1 m

Cilia ofwindpipecells

5 m

15

Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species

by Means of Natural Selection in 1859

Darwin made two main points

Species showed evidence of “descent with

modification” from common ancestors

Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent

with modification”

Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and

diversity


Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural

Selection

Figure 1.16

Darwin’s Observations

1. There is variation between individuals in a

species

2. Organisms produce more offspring than can

survive

3. Species suit their environments

Population Dynamics

Malthus proposed that populations

increase geometrically but human food

supplies increase arithmetically.

Fig. 1.8

POPULATION

FOOD SUPPLY

Natural Selection

From Darwin’s observations he inferred that:

Organisms compete for resources, those with

adaptive traits are better able to survive

The survivors will produce more offspring and pass

the adaptations on to their offspring

Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive

success of individuals

16

Figure 1.20

Population with

varied inherited

traits

Elimination of

individuals with

certain traits

Reproduction of

survivors

Increasing frequency oftraits thatenhancesurvival andreproductivesuccess

1 2 3 4

In other words, the environment “selects” for

the propagation of beneficial traits

Darwin called this process natural selection

Evolution

Evolution is a genetically based change in a

population over successive generations

Darwin proposed that natural selection could cause

an ancestral species to give rise to two or more

descendent species

For example, the finch species of the Galápagos

Islands are descended from a common ancestor

Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with

treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their

descendents


Fig. 1.6

COMMON

ANCESTOR

Green warbler finch

Certhidea olivacea

Gray warbler finch

Certhidea fusca

Sharp-beaked

ground finch

Geospiza difficilis

Vegetarian finch

Platyspiza crassirostris

Mangrove finch

Cactospiza heliobates

Woodpecker finch

Cactospiza pallida

Medium tree finch

Camarhynchus pauper

Large tree finch

Camarhynchus psittacula

Small tree finch

Camarhynchus parvulus

Large cactus

ground finch

Geospiza conirostris

Cactus ground finch

Geospiza scandens

Small ground finch

Geospiza fuliginosa

Medium ground finch

Geospiza fortis

Large ground finch

Geospiza magnirostris

Insect-ea

ters

Seed

-eater B

ud

-eater

Insect-ea

ters

Tree fin

ches

Gro

un

d fin

ches

Seed

-eaters

Cactu

s-flow

er-ea

ters

Warb

ler finch

es

Figure 1.22

17

Evolution

Population = A group of individuals of the

same species, living together in the same area

A species is one kind of similar organisms

whose members can interbreed with each

other, and are reproductively isolated from

other groups.

Populations can evolve (change over time) and

adapt to its environment

Evolution

There are differences between organisms in

a population

Adaptations = characteristics that give an

organism an advantage – increasing its

chance to survive and reproduce.

The Tree of Life

“Unity in diversity” arises from “descent with

modification”

For example, the forelimb of the bat, human, and

horse and the whale flipper all share a common

skeletal architecture

Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical

unity from descent with modification


Evidence for Evolution

Fossil Record

Age of the Earth – 4.5 billion years old

Life on Earth – 3.5 billion years old

Genetics

Comparative anatomy

Molecular evidence – DNA, proteins

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural

Selection

Fossils and other

evidence document

the evolution of life on

Earth over billions of

years


Fig. 1.10

18

How do we study science?

First a scientist identifies a problem or question

Why do certain cells turn into cancer cells?

Is this substance hazardous to your health?

Make Observations

Then the scientist formulates a hypothesis

Then the scientist designs an experiment to

study the problem

Scientific Method

1. Observation – Observe some aspect of nature

2. Investigate what others have found, ask critical questions

3. Develop a hypothesis – educated guess to make a prediction

4. Design experiments to test your predictions

5. Repeat experiments

6. Analyze the data

7. Draw conclusions

8. Report the method, data, results and conclusions

Scientific Method

1. Observation – Observe some aspect of nature

Scientific Method

2. Investigate what others have found, ask critical questions

Scientific Method

3. Develop a hypothesis

Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a possible explanation for an

observation.

A hypothesis

-must be tested to determine its validity

-is often tested in many different ways

-allows for predictions to be made

19

Hypothesis

Are there some questions that can not be

answered by science?

Experimental Design

Search the available databases to find out

what other scientists have done, how they did

their research and their results.

Design the experiment to test one variable at

a time.

Set up a control group which is identical to

the experimental group except without the

one variable being tested.

Repeat the experiment to get statistically

significant data.

A independent variable is something that is

changed to see how that change effects the

study.

How many variables should you test at one time?

The dependent variable is measured, it may

change as a result of the independent variable

Controlled experiments

Constants – all the factors that are kept the

same in the experiment

Control Group and Experimental Group – all

the constants are the same, only the

independent variable differs between the two

groups

Controlled experiments

Example

Hypothesis: Artificial sweeteners are safe to eat

The researchers choose the mouse as a model to test the safety of the additive (Why not humans? Are mice good models?)

Example

They divide a group of similar mice (all the same age, sex, raised the same way) into two groups.

Half the animals are the control group, they are fed the normal diet, the other half are the experimental group = they are fed a diet of 50% normal food and 50% artificial sweetener (Is this a lot?)

20

Results

One third of the test group developed bladder

cancer

None of the control group developed bladder

cancer.

Cannot accept the hypothesis that the additive

is safe at this level of consumption.

What would have happened if we had looked

at a different dependent variable, hyperactivity,

would we have missed the bladder cancer?

Does Smoking Cause Cancer

One way to study a problem is to look at

epidemiology evidence.

Look at cancer rates over time, correlate

cancer rates with events and changes that

also occur during that period.

In the context of science, a theory is

Broader in scope than a hypothesis

General, and can lead to new testable hypotheses

Supported by a large body of evidence in

comparison to a hypothesis


Theories in Science

21

Figure 1.21a

Important concepts

Reading for next lecture: Chapter 2

Know the vocabulary covered in the lecture

What are the characteristics of living organisms

What are the steps of the scientific method,

how would you set up an experiment?

Understand how to set up an experiment using

the scientific method and be able to identify the

variables, constants, experimental group and

the control group. Be able to interpret data.

Important concepts

Know the definition of evolution and natural

selection, the observations and inferences

Darwin made that led to his theory, the

evidence for evolution

Understand taxonomic classification

(domains, kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial

system. Characteristics of the domains and

kingdoms

CAMPBELL Outline BIOLOGY - Napa Valley College Pages 120 Fall 2014 New... · 3 Course Overview Biol...

Documents

Transcript of CAMPBELL Outline BIOLOGY - Napa Valley College Pages 120 Fall 2014 New... · 3 Course Overview Biol...