CAMERA AND TYPES

CAMERA

A camera is an optical instrument for recording or capturing image, which may be stored locally, transmitted to another location, or both. The images may be individual still photographs or sequences of images constituting videos or movies. The camera is a remote sensing device as it senses subjects without physical contact. The word camera comes from camera obscure which means “dark chamber” and is the Latin name of the original device for projecting an image of external reality onto a flat surface . T he modern photographic camera evolved from the camera obscure. T he functioning of the camera is very similar to the functioning of the human eye.

FUNCTIONS OF CAMERA

1. LENS 2. APERTURE

3. SHUTTER

CAMERA

LENS

Having been introduced to the fundamentals of how lenses create image, we can now explore the ways the controls on a camera lens allow you to alter the image.

The lens of a camera captures the light from the light from the subject and brings it to a focus on the sensor. The design and manufacture of the lens is critical to the quality of the photograph being taken.

APERTUREAdjustment of the lens opening, measured as f-number, which controls the amount of light passing though the lens. Aperture also has effect on depth of field and different- the higher the f-number, the smaller

the opening the less light, the greater the depth the depth of field, and the more the diffraction blur. The focal length divided by the f-number gives the effective aperture diameter.

SHUTTER

In photography a shutter is a device that allow light to pass for a determined period exposing photographic film of a light-sensitive electronic sensor to light in order to capture a permanent image of a scene. A shutter can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as seen in a movie projector or a signal lamp.

NORMAL LENS

Macro lenses are designed for closed for close-up purpose, computed to give best performance and maximum correction of optical aberrations when subject and image distances are image similar. Typical focal length, for 35mm format, is either 50mm or 100mm, with an aperture range of f/2.8-3.2.

WIDE LENS

Wide lens is fish eye lens.

It is possible to attach the camera body to specialised optical equipment such as telescopes and microscopes. This is most widely done using 35mm or digital bodies via a standardized adaptor known as aT mount. This mounting is a threaded collar which typically fits in place the of the telescope (or whatever) and is sold by the manufacture of the equipment.

TELE ZOOM LENS

When set to shortest focal length, allow you to select a `macro` setting that repositions internal elements. Quite different in terms of performance, a few zoom macro lenses have recently been introduced for 35mm camera's. Such a lens allows you to zoom around from, say, 70mm to 170mm while working just 150cm from your subject, yet delivers high image quality.

SINGLE-LENS REFLEX

In the single-lens reflex camera, the photographer sees the scene through the camera lens.

This avoids the problem of parallax which occurs when the view finder or view finder or viewing lens is separated from the taking lens.

BOX CAMERA Box camera were introduced as a budget level camera and had few if any controls.

The original box brownie box brownie models had a small reflex viewfinder mounted on the of the camera and had no aperture of focusing controls and just a simple shutter.

PLATE CAMERA

The earliest camera produced in significant number used sensitised glass plates were plate cameras. Focussing of theses plate camera was by the use of a ground glass screen at the point of focus.

MEDIUM FORMAT CAMERA

Medium format camera have a film size between the large-format camera and smaller 35mm cameras. Typically these system use 120or 220 roll film.

FOLDING CAMERA

The introduction of film enabled the existing designs or plate camera to be made much smaller and for the base-plated to be hinged so that it could be folded up compressing the bellows.

RANGEFINDER CAMERA

As camera a lens technology developed and wide aperture lenses became more common, range finder camera were introduced to make focussing more precise. Many rangefinder cameras had interchangeable lenses, each lens requiring its own range- and viewfinder linkages. Rangefinder camera were produced in half- and full frame 35mm and roll film

TWINS LENS REFLEXTwins lens reflex camera used a pair of nearly identical lenses, one to from the image and more as viewfinder. The lenses were arranged with the viewing lens immediately above the taking lens.

LARGE-FORMAT CAMERA

The large format camera, taking sheet film, is a direct successor of the plate cameras and remained is use for high quality photograph and for technical, architectural and industrial photograph. There are the common types, the view camera with its monorail and field camera variants, and the press camera.

VR CAMERA

VR camera are panoramic camera that also cover the top and bottom in their field of view. There have also been camera rigs employing multiple camera to cover the whole 360 by 360 field of view.

DIGITAL CAMERA

A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that encodes digital and stores digital images and video digitally and stores them for later reproduction. Most cameras sold today are digital, and digital camera are incorporated into many devices ranging from mobile phone (called camera phones) to vehicles.

Consumers adopted digital camera in 1990s. Professional video cameras transitioned to digital around the 200s-2010s. Finally movie camera transitioned to digital in the 2010s.

CAMCORDERS

A camcorder is an electronic device combining a video recorder. Although marketing materials may use the colloquial term “camcorder”, the name on the package and manual is often “video camera recorder”.

The term “camcorder” is used to describe a portable, self-contained device, with video capture and recording its primary function.

PROFESSIONAL VIDEO CAMERA

A professional video camera (of ten called a television camera even though the use has spread beyond television) is a high-end device for creating electronic moving image (as opposed to movie camera, that earlier recorder the image on film).

Originally developed for use in television studios, they are now also used for music videos, direct-to-video movies, corporate and educational videos, marriage videos, etc. Theses' camera earlier used vacuum tubes and later electronic sensors.

MOVIE CAMERA

A cine camera or movie camera takes a rapid sequence of photographs on image sensor or strips of film.

The first cine camera was built around 1888 and by 1890 several types were being manufactured.

Other professional standard formats include 70mm film and 16mm film whilst amateurs film makers used 9.5mm film,8mm film or standard 8 and super 8 before the move into digital format

PANORAMIC CAMERA

Panoramic camera are fixed-lens digital action camera. They usually have a single fish-eye lens or multiple lenses, to cover the entire 180 up to 360 in their field of view.

SU BM IN IATU RE

Camera taking film significantly smaller than 35mm were made. Sub miniature camera were first produced in produced in the nineteenth century. The expensive 8*11 mm minx, the only type of camera produced by the company from 1937 to 1976, became very widely known and was often used for espionage (the Minx company later also produced larger cameras. Image quality with theses small film was limited

INSTANT PICTURE CAMERA

After exposure every photograph is taken though pinch rollers inside of the instant camera. There by the developer paste contained in the ‘sandwich’ distributes on the image. After a minute, the cover sheet just needs to be removed and one gets a single original positive image with a fixed format. With some systems it was also possible to create an instant image negative, from which then could be made copies in the photo lab.