Cambridge University Press John Rickards Mozley Index More...

I N D E X

N.B. The following points should be observed by anyone consulting this index: The Gospels are all ranged together under the head "Gospels"; and the Gospel

according to the Hebrews also is set down under this heading. The Epistles of the New Testament are set down in the customary order, under the

heading "Epistles." Under the heading "Councils of the Church" all the Councils mentioned in these

volumes will be found. Under the headings "Buddhist treatises," "Chinese literature," "Hindu sacred

books," and "Zoroastrian sacred books" all the separate treatises mentioned in these volumes and belonging to each of these classes respectively will be found.

Chinese monarchs will be found under the heading "Chinese monarchs and dynasties."

Aaron, I. 241, 244 Achish (Philistine king), I. 256, 257, 258 Abbassid dynasty (caliphs), n. 282, 289, Acre, n. 323, 324

291 Acta Conciliorum, I. xii, II. 215, 302 Abderrahman III (Moslem ruler of Spain), (referred to as regards the work of

II. 282 Isidorus Mercator, but not named, Abednego, I. 403 306-309), 311 (quoted but not named, Abelard, n. 347, 348 319), 364-366, 369 (quoted but not Abijah (king of Judah), I. 294, 338 named, 375, 376), 393, 414 Abner, I. 262 Acts, book of the, II. 16, 19, 20, 26, 28, Abraham, came from Babylonia, the 137, 139-143, 145-154, 158-161, 170

first true monotheist, I. 34; his life Adam, I. 217, n. 339, 359 reaches us through oral tradition, 224; Adam, James (author of The Religious must have had a clan of at least a Teachers of Greece), I. 151 thousand persons, 225; his twofold Adonai, I. 245, 248 ideal, earthly and heavenly, is the -¿Eneas, I. 191 sole explanation of the history of Israel, ^Eolian race, I. 144, 145 225,226,246; his circumcision a symbol JEons, a Gnostic conception, drawn by of self-sacrifice, 226; his relationship imaginative reasoning from the New to other races, 227; his sacrifice, not Testament, II. 187, 189 completed, of his son, an indication of iEschylus (poet), I. 138, 161, 162, 163, a great though imperfectly seen truth, 188, 209 227, 228, 229; a great and ruling Aetius (Roman general), n. 238 spirit, 228; his ideals accepted by Afghanistan, n. 328 Jacob and other leaders of the race Agamemnon, I. 144, 145, 161, 228 after him, 231, 233; had more origin- Agincourt, battle of, n. 340 ality than Moses, though the visible Agni (Hindu deity), I. 38, 69 work accomplished by him was not Agra, n. 328; the Charbagh near Agra so great, 235, 236 (see also 295, 296, mentioned, 329. 298 and n. 59, 167); accounted a Agrippa (Herod Agrippa II), n. 20 sacred character by Mohammed, n. Ahab (king of Israel), I. 267, 268, 270, 273. (See also n. 108, 162, 263, 265) 271, 273-276

Absalom, I. 260, 261, 262 Ahasuerus, shown to be the same name Absolute, the, I. 45, 46, 61 as Xerxes, i. 338. (See also 362, 363, Abu Bakr (caliph), n. 269, 271, 281 370, 384, 396 and compare Xerxes) Abul Hassan (Arabian geographer), n. Ahaz (king of Judah), i. 281-284, 287,

287 288 Abu Talib (uncle and guardian of Mo- Ahriman or Angra Mainyu, i. 105

hammed), n. 265, 269, 270 Ahura Mazda or Auramazda, the Supreme Abyssinian king, n. 269 Being in the ancient Persian (Zoroas-Achseans, i. 142, 143 trian) creed, i. 78; worshipped by Achgemenian dynasty, i. 102, 107, 110 the modern Parsis, 78; poetically

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474 INDEX represented as conversing with Asha Amalekites, wandering desert tribes, (his Righteousness), 81; chooses Zara- I. 217, 227, 242; slaughtered by com-thustra as his messenger, 81; the mand of Samuel, 252, 253; also by meaning of Ahura Mazda, "Wise David, 256, 257 Lord," 82; the name is not prominent Amalfi, II. 299 in the Mithraic documents, 91; but Amasa, I. 262 is everywhere found in the Avesta, Ambapali.. female disciple of Buddha, I. see the quotations on pages 81, 83, 73 84, 85, 87, 88, 93, 96, 105; receives Ambrose (bishop of Milan), chief author unique worship from the great con- of the persecuting laws of the Theo-queror Darius, 98, 99; appears as dosian Code, II. 235, yet he honourably Auharmazd in the Pahlavi writings protested against death being inflicted (mediaeval Persian) where he is equally on the heretic Priscillian, 236; his the single Supreme Being, 108, 109; noble reproof of Theodosius, 243 mentioned in connexion with other Ammianus Marcellinus (historian), I. 99 religions, II. 58. Ammonites, I. 227, 247, 258, 309, 339,

Akbar (emperor of India), n. 332 341, 359, 361 Akkadia (the same as Sumeria), i. 112 Ammonius Saccas (Neoplatonist philo-Alaric, II. 238, 239 sopher), n. 192 Albert (archbishop of Mayence and of Amon (king of Judah), I. 295, 301

Magdeburg), n. 389, 390 Amorites, I. 246 Albertus Magnus, mediaeval philosopher, Amos (prophet), I. 277-279, 389

II. 348, 349, 355 Anabaptists, II. 398, 405 Albigenses or Cathari (heretical precur- Anacletus (bishop of Rome), n. 308

sors of the Reformation), persecuted, Ananda (best loved disciple of Buddha), 337, 363; the nature of their heresy I. 63, 74 considered, 364, 365; the moral errors Ananias, n. 148, 149 with which they are charged are not Anaxagoras, i. 163, 168-170 rightly imputed to them, 365-367; Anaximander, i. 147, 163 amid their doctrinal errors, a real Anaximenes, i. 147, 163 truth shines out, 368, 369, 371 Ancestor-worship, I. 37, 77, 115, 119,

Albiruni, Arabian mathematician, n. 288 134, 135 Alcaeus (poet), I. 145 Ancyra, battle of, n. 325 Alcestis, i. 149 Andrew (apostle), n. 31, 73, 79, 115 Alcuin (learned man under Charlemagne), Angels, ii. 67, 68, 98, 118, 124

n. 303 Annas (high priest), n. 124 Alexander (archbishop of Alexandria), Anselm (archbishop and theologian),

ii. 210-212, 221, 222, 225 n. 303, 335, 347 Alexander (archbishop of Constantinople), Antigone, i. 149, 162

ii. 233 Antioch, n. 148, 209, 322 Alexander of Macedon, i. 76, 97, 107, Antiochi or Seleucidae, i. 335, referred

158, 159, 363, 364, 366, 383, 397, 400, to as kings of Syria, 367, 388 n. 337 Antiochus III, i. 389

Alexander V (pope), n. 375 Antiochus IV (Epiphanes), i. 343, 388; Alexander VI (pope), n. 396 defeated the king of Egypt, but was Alexandria, the place where translations forbidden by the Romans to conquer

of the Old Testament into Greek were Egypt, 389; attacked Jerusalem, and first begun, I. 367; a patriarchate established heathen worship in the there in Christian times, n. 209; the temple, also through all Judaea, 390; scene of the first beginning of the Mattathias rebels against him, 391; Arian controversy, 211; important in the son of Mattathias, Judas Macca-connexion with Athanasius, 216, 217, baeus, recovers the temple and the 221, 223, 226, 227, 229, 233, 235 main part of Jerusalem, 392; Antio-

Alfred (king of England), n. 258, 300, chus dies or is slain the next year, 392, 303, 347 393; in four out of the five prophetic

Alhazen (Arabian optician), n. 288 visions of the book of Daniel, Antiochus Ali (caliph, and son-in-law of Mohammed), Epiphanes is the last definite figure,

ii. 269, 271, 279, 281 396, 398-402, n. 196, 292, 444 Al-Kunduri, the dignity of his death Antiochus Sidetes I. 393

noticed, II. 332 Antony of Padua, a Franciscan friar A1 Mamun (caliph), a promoter of civili- who reproved Ecelino for cruelty,

sation, II. 282 II. 361 Almanzor (Moslem ruler of Spain), II. 282 Aphrodite (Greek deity), I. 138 Alogi, II. 47 Apocrypha, books of, I. 362, 366, 367r Alp Arslan (sultan of Seljukian Turks), 396,404. (tfeeafooEsdras, 1st book of,

II. 332 and 2nd book of)






INDEX 475 Apollo (Greek deity), i. 138, 140, 141, returned from his exile, he surrendered,

143, 144, 153, II. 206 or did not insist on, his most peculiar Apollodorus (friend of Socrates), i. 177 beliefs, but still did not accept the Apostles, list of the twelve, II. 79; word Homo-ousios, 222; the creed

election of a twelfth apostle in the quoted which he then drew up and place of Judas, 141; the title "apostle" presented to Constantine, accompany-not confined to the twelve, 142 ing it with the desire to lay aside "all

Apostles' creed, n. 2 speculations and curious questionings," Apostolicals (mediaeval reformers), II. 371 228, 229; this creed accepted by Arabia, Arabs, &c., i. 35, II. 159, 263, Constantine but not by Athanasius,

264, 274, 275, 278, 280, 285-288, 324, 229; Arius accepted as orthodox by 331 a council of bishops at Jerusalem, 233;

Arabian literati and men of science, II. but coming to Constantinople he died 287, 288, 293 suddenly, the day before he was to

Arabic figures, probably invented by the have been received into communion Hindus, i. 36 against the will of the archbishop of

Arabic language, II. 352, 353 that city, 233; the moderation of his Arbela, battle of, I. 107 later conduct gives him a great title Archimedes, I. 189 to our sympathy, 234 Ardvi Sura Anahita, goddess worshipped Ark (of the covenant), I. 242, 263

by Artaxerxes Mnemon, I. 107 Armageddon, n. 284 Aretas, n. 159 Armenia, n. 97, 318, 353 Arian controversy, n. 210-217, 228-230 Armitage Robinson (dean), n. 191 Ariosto (poet), n. 417 Arnald Amalric (papal legate), II. 363 Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient astro- Arnold, Matthew (poet), n. 448

nomer who anticipated Copernicus, Arnold, Thomas (of Rugby), i. 195, 206, i. 189, ii. 358 ii. 445

Aristides, i, 156 Arnold, professor T. W.,; II. 275, 284, Aristodemus, interlocutor with Socrates, 285

I. 166-168 Arsenius, II. 231, 232 Aristophanes (poet), I. 164, 209 Arshama (ancestor of Darius), I. 110 Aristotle, instructor of Alexander of Artaxerxes I (Longimanus), i. 336, 344,

Macedon, i. 158; recognises, but cannot 346, 349, 353, 363, 368, 384 depict, the irony of Socrates, 173; Artaxerxes II (Mnemon), I. 107, 353, 359, his account of God, 188; of happiness, 361, 364, 368, 381 189; his extraordinary comprehensive- Artaxerxes III (Ochus), I. 363 ness, 189, 211; among the mediaeval Arthurian legends, n. 357 Mahommedans he had a follower in Aryan race, i.e. "race of nobles," I. 35; Averroes, n. 331; he is quoted by their first home in the north-west of Abelard as laying stress on the value Europe, 35; to them belonged ancient of intellectual doubt, 347; followed by Persians, Greeks, Romans, and from the Schoolmen, 355; quoted by nine Persia they swept down on India, 35-Roman Catholic dignitaries in their 37; in India they took the name letter to the pope in the year 1538, of Hindus, 37; there they lived side 392. Treatises of Aristotle referred to: by side with dark-skinned races, 38 ; Politics, I. 187;' Magna Moralia, 188; but were themselves modified by the Metaphysics, 189; Nicomachean Ethics climate, 39, 57; became introspective, referred to but not named, 189 59; in Persia, the old Aryan religion,

Arius, a presbyter of Alexandria, n. 210; with its polytheism, gave way before the his controversy with the archbishop Magi and Zoroaster, 88, 94, 95; though Alexander, 211; regarded as betraying it partly reasserted itself and mingled the Christian principle, because he itself with Magianism afterwards, 94, said that Jesus Christ, the Divine 106; the Magi not Aryans, 95; but Son, had come into existence at a the great Darius, in spite of his following definite point of time, 212; the essence the Zoroastrian religion, very con-of his belief was to declare the Son spicuously of the Aryan race, 95, 98; inferior to the Father in his divine as he restored the Aryan temples, 103; well as in his human nature, 213; his the Greeks, being of the Aryan race, belief condemned by the council of inherited the Aryan polytheism, that Nicaea, 214; yet some members of that is, the worship of personified natural council would have preferred not to forces, 137, 138 characterise the Divine Son by the Asa (king of Judah), i. 221, 294, 338 word Homo-ousios (Consubstantial), Asaph, said to be David's chief-choir -215; Arius forbidden to enter Alexan- master, I. 386 dria, and sent by the emperor Con- Asceticism, i. xiii, 47, 54, 61, 64, 65, stantine into exile, 216; when he n. 83, 252, 254






476 INDEX Asfi (seaport on the west coast of Africa), Athena (Greek deity), I. 138, 144, 207

II. 287 Athens, Athenians, according to Hero-Asia Minor, i. 91, 138, 154, 155, 212, II. dotus, originally of the Pelasgic race,

165, 177, 182, 186, 259, 282, 324, 325 I. 143; accepted the Hellenic language, Asmoneans, I. 403. (See Maccabees) 143; the power of Athens had its Asoka (king of Northern India), propa- origin in the legislation of Solon, 152,

gator of Buddhist religion, I. 76, n. 204 153 ; fell under the despotic rule of Asser (learned man at the court of Alfred), Peisistratus and his sons, 153; set

II. 303 free by the Spartans in obedience to Assuan papyri, Aramaic, discovered in the Delphic oracle, 153, 154; the

Upper Egypt in 1907, I. 353, 356, establishment of the Athenian demo-357, 381. (See also 101, 336, 339, cracy and the development of Athenian 383, 384) energy, 154 ; the Persian wars and the

Assyria, Assyrians, I. 33, 94, 258; their great increase of Athenian power, 154-king receives tribute from Jehu, 278, 157; the war between Athens and but the ten tribes join with Syria in Sparta, and the defeat of Athens, rebelling, 281; Ahaz has some mind 157, 158; the survival of Athens for to join in the rebellion, 282; but future intellectual achievements, 158; Isaiah deters him from doing so, 282- the sceptical vein pervading the Athe-287; the ten tribes are subdued and nian mind in the age of Pericles, 163, largely swept away by the king of 164; the reasons why the Athenians Assyria, 289; the attack of the king condemned Socrates to death, 172, of Assyria on Judah and Jerusalem, 173; avoided by Plato at first after his partial success and final failure, the death of Socrates, but afterwards 289, 290; the noble prophecy of Isaiah the scene of Plato's lectures, 188; the about Assyria, 291 ; the downfall of the reason why the political power of kingdom of Assyria, 303-305, n. 285. Athens was so brief, 197. {See also (See also Nineveh) 309, 355, and n. 336, 337, 341)

Astruc, Jean, first discoverer of composite Atoms, recently discovered to be com-nature of Pentateuch, II. 443 posi te, I. 12

Asvaghosha, author of Buddha-Karita, Atonement (doctrine of), n. 418-420. I. 59, 60, 64 (See also i. vii)

Athanasian creed, II. 213 Attila, II. 220, 238, 284, 285, 299 Athanasius, principal defender of Nicene Augsburg, II. 396, 397, 409; confession

Creed, II. 2; his controversy with of, 406, 407 Arius, 212, 213; he set himself to Augustine (bishop of Hippo), the question enforce uniformity in the expression of eternal punishment discussed in his of belief throughout the Church, 214; treatise De Givitate Dei, II. 184; also he was present at the council of Nicaea the questions of judicial torture and as archdeacon, being in attendance on of war are touched on in the same the archbishop of Alexandria, 221 ; he treatise, 220; himself a persecutor, narrowed the Church, as Ezra narrowed though a tender-hearted one, 235, 236 ; the Jewish nation, 221, 222; yet on the most famous of the ancient one occasion was willing to accept Christian Fathers, 243 ; a treatise the principle of tolerance, if his oppo- of Harnack referred to as showing his nents would have agreed to it, 223; sympathetic quality, and the way much indebted to the protection of in which he impressed himself on after Julius bishop of Rome, 224; elected generations, 243, 244; yet his native archbishop of Alexandria, 226 ; his insight was not equal to his receptivity, harsh and intolerant conduct towards 244; he came nearer to pure natural Arius, 229, 230; but was himself prayer to God, apart from historical unjustly accused, 230, 231, condemned interpretations of God, than any other on a frivolous charge, and banished, ancient Christian Father, 278, yet did 232 ; said (which was regrettable) that not dare to retain this natural concep-the death of Arius was a divine judg- tion, 278 ment, 233; was in the wrong in his Augustine (missionary to the English), treatment of Arius, but right as against II. 258 Eusebius of Nicomedia, 234 ; perse- Augustus Cassar (Roman emperor), I. 397, cuted by Constantius, 234, 235; died n. 54 in honour as archbishop of Alexandria, Auharmazd, Auramazda, see Ahura 235 ; a persecutor, 235 ; premature Mazda in his endeavour to enforce uniformity, Aurelian (Roman emperor), II. 199 but the most vigorous character whom Averroes, Moslem philosopher, an Aristo-tile fourth and fifth centuries produced, telian, living at Cordova, II. 287, 237; a criticism of his theology, 245- 331 248 Avesta, see Zoroastrian sacred books






INDEX 477 Avicenna, Moslem philosopher, and writer Baghdad, captured and sacked by the

on medicine, n. 287 Mongols, n. 284, 285, 331 Avignon, n. 371 Bagoas or Bagoses, minister of Arta-

xerxes Ochus, i. 363 Baal, Baalim, the deity, or deities, Bajazet II (sultan), II. 325

worshipped in Canaan, and by the Balaam, I. 244 Phoenicians, I. 247, 248; sometimes Balkh, the scene, probably, of Zoroaster's identified with Jehovah, but gene- death, I. 100 rally a rival deity, 248; the name Ball, Sir Robert, I. 11 honoured by Saul, and probably by Banu-Kuraizha, a Jewish clan, n. 276 Gideon, 251, 252; the worship com- Baptism, as administered by John the paratively obscure till Jezebel per- Baptist, repentance and a measure of suaded Ahab to build a great temple faith implied in it, n. 60, 61; the to Baal, 270, 271; the bitter quarrel baptism of Jesus, 3, the meaning of which ensued on this in northern this examined, 62-65; Zacchseus not Israel, 271-273; Jehu destroys this baptized, 107; established as a Christian temple, and slays the worshippers sacrament by the apostles in accordance of Baal, 276; the worship of Baal, with what they held to be a command which still went on, was opposed by of their risen Master, 142 the prophets, 276, 295, and put down Bar-Cochba, leader of the Jewish rebellion by Josiah (temporarily), 299; poly- against the Romans in Hadrian's time, theism recurs afterwards at Jerusalem, II. 178 305 Barmecides, a clan at first favoured by

Bab, the, saintly Moslem reformer, n. 332 Harun Alraschid, afterwards massacred Baber (emperor of Hindostán), II. 328; by that caliph, II. 291

his remarkable and touching death, 328, Bartholomae (German critic), I. 88, 89 329; first of the Mogul line, 332 Bartholomew (apostle), II. 79

Babylon, Babylonia, early history and Bartholomew de Diaz, discoverer of the religion of, I. 31-34; the seat of one Cape of Good Hope, II. 357 branch of the Magi, 90-92; the place Bartimaeus, n. 108 where Alexander died, 159; the scene Basil of Csesareia, a lover of nature, a (under the name of "the land of the founder of monastic communities, an Chaldees") of Abraham's early life, opponent of Arianism, n. 243, 252 34, 226; at a certain period subject to Basilides, a distinguished Gnostic, II. 187. Assyria, 294; the Babylonians rejoiced (See Gnostics) at the fall of Nineveh, 303; they take Bassian, archbishop of the eastern the land of Israel into their empire, church, courageous against the Tartars, 305, 309; the rebellion of the Jews n. 326 against Babylon, 309; the captivity of Bastille, II. 428 the Jews in Babylonia, 311, 313, 315; Bathsheba, I. 260, 284 the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus, Batu, grandson of Jingis Khan, n. 283, and deliverance of the Jews, 316, 318, 325 319, 321, 322, 324, 326, 333-337, 349; Baur, F. C., II. 147 the Jews remaining in Babylonia wrote Bayle, n. 428, 429 the early Biblical history, 347; the Jews Beaumarchais, French writer, n. 427 of after generations ignored as far as Bede, II. 9, 259 they could the Babylonian captivity, Beethoven, n. 423 231, 380; the Babylonian empire Behistun inscription, records the victories, mentioned in the book of Daniel, 397; and illustrates the religious belief, of in New Testament, Babylon means Darius, i. 78, 97-99, 103, 104 Rome, II. 55, 164 Bel and the Dragon (apocryphal book),

Bacchus (Greek deity), i. 138 I. 396 Bach, John Sebastian, religious musical Belgium, n. 459

composer, paralleled with Perugino in Belisarius, n. 251, 255 painting, n. 423 Belshazzar, I. 396

Bacon, Francis, n. 417, 449 Benedict, the Christian saint who first Bacon, Roger, the first propounder in convinced the world of the dignity of

modern times of the philosophy of labour, II. 252 (see also 243); his rule experience, n. 348; illustrations of severe but inspired by tenderness, 253; this in physical knowledge, 349, in his connexion with literary labour, religious knowledge, 350, 351. (See 254; his demand of celibacy from his also 355) monks, 254, 255; the self-denying

Bactria, a country where Zoroaster impulse which he fostered communi-preached, I. 89, 100 cated itself to others, 256, 257; he

Badger, Dr (writer on Mohammed), n. gave the type, which others followed, 264, 271, 275 of monastic life, 280






478 INDEX Benedict XIII (one of the Avignon popes), Buddha, properly a title," the Enlightened

II. 375 One," I. 58; the'person thus entitled Benedictine order, n. 219, 252, 294, 311; had as an individual name Siddartha,

the rule might with advantage have as a family name Gautama, 58; born been modified with the change of times, in the north of India, shortly after but was not, 360 500 B.C., married, and had an infant

Benjamin (tribe of), I. 249, 250, 267, 310 son, 59; felt the world's misery so Berengar, opposed the doctrine of tran- strongly that he left his home, 59, 60;

substantiation, but was forced to recant practised asceticism for six years, 61; and accept it, n. 302 renounces asceticism and becomes

Berkeley (bishop and philosopher), I. xi enlightened, 62; announces love as Berlin, II. 458 the feeling which all who are enlightened Bernard of Clairvaux, a preacher of the should cultivate, 62, 63; was tempted

second crusade, II. 322, 324, but a to seek death but rejected the tempta-defender of the Jews against the tion, 63; resolved to preach, 64; crusaders, 322; would seem to have converted five ascetic Brahmins, 64, frightened Abelard with the charge of 65; regards the pursuit of pleasure as heresy, 347; when appointed abbot of intrinsically wrong, but the relief of Clairvaux, he strove to reform monas- pain right, 65, 66; accepts the doctrine teries on the old severe lines, 361 of transmigration of souls, 66, but

Berosus, historian of Artaxerxes Mnemon, holds the highest happiness to be i. 107 Nirvana, or the deliverance from

Bethany, n. 121 personal existence, 67; undervalues Bethel, i. 268, 277 outward action, 68; but inculcates Bethlehem, i. 253, 255, 279 forgiveness, self-correction, and the Bethsaida, n. 83, 84 performance of duty, 68, 69; the Bevan, A. A., n. 191 (translator of a thought of God, or the Gods, imper-

Gnostic poem) fectly apprehended by him, 70; he Billal, a slave persecuted because he embraced poverty, but his chief dis-

followed Mohammed, n. 269 ciples were not among the poor, 71 ; Black Death, ii. 338, 339 disallowed the castes, 71; received Blake, William, quoted as author of a into his society women as well as men,

proverb, n. 226 72, 73; his death described, 74, 75; Boaz, I. 359 the great value of his moral teaching Boccaccio, n. 357 in spite of some limitation in it, 76; Boeotians, i. 139, 154 his doctrine spread all over India after Boethius, ii. 255 his death, 76; but gradually vanished Bohemia, n. 373, 377 from the mainland of India while Bokhara, II. 284 Brahminism revived, 77; Buddhism Boniface, English missionary to Germany, has survived only in Burmah, Ceylon,

II. 259 the Chinese empire, and Japan, 77; a Boniface VIII (pope), II. 370 reference to it, II. 57; the universality Bossuet, II. 434 of Buddha's interest in mankind Boulger, D. C., historian of China, I. mentioned, 204

130 Buddhist priests, n. 287 Box, G. H., I. 290 Buddhist treatises: Buddha-Karita,!. 59, Brahma (Hindu deity), I. 40, 61, 75 60, 64; Tevigga Sutta, I. 62; Sutta-Brahminism, the Hindu religion, charac- Nipata, I. 63, 70; Book of the Great

terised generally, I. 40; its philo- Decease, I. 63, 70, 74; Mahdvagga, sophical aspect, 41-46; recognises 1.64,72; Mahd Sudassana Sutta, I. 66; transmigration of souls, 49; an ardent Dhammapada, I. 67, 68; SH-tra of idealism sometimes shown in it, 55, 56; Forty-two chapters, I. 71; Questions the relation of it to Buddhism, 58, 63; of King Milinda, I. 76 a more tangible religion than Buddhism, Buffon, n. 427, 428 and therefore at last prevailed over it Bugia, city in N. Africa, II. 354 in India, 77; the defects of it, II. 57; Bulgaria, II. 283, 331 has recently been affected by modern Bunsen, n. 445 scepticism, 425 Bunyan, John, II. 413, 465

Brahmins or Brahmanas, see Caste Bury, J. B., i. 143 Brazil, II. 416 Butler (bishop), n. 426, 448, 449 Brewster, Sir David, I. 13 Byron (poet), II. 448, 449 Bristol, II. 303 Byzantium and Byzantine empire, n. Browne, professor E. G., II. 332 47,227,261,262. (See Constantinople) Browning, Robert (poet), II. 6, 446 Buckle (author of History of Civilisation) Cabul, II. 329

II. 427, 428 Caesar (Caius Julius), i. 136, 211, n. 54






INDEX 479 Caesar in the general sense of emperor, Celibacy, the obligation to, in monastic n. 113 life, II. 253, 254; among the clergy,

Caesarea Philippi, n. 94, 102, 116 302, 310, 311, 314, 315, 399 Caiaphas, n. 33, 124, 125, 141 Celsus, II. 200 Cajetan, Thomas (cardinal), n. 394, 396 Ceremonies, the error of overvaluing Calas, II. 430 them, n. 94, 114; the special applica-Caldecott, R. M. (biographer of Baber), tion of this consideration by Paul to

II. 328 the Jewish ceremonial law, 162; the Calvin, II. 405, 406, 410; had not the attitude of the apostle Peter in regard

originality of Luther, but as a practical to this examined, 163, 164 leader more precise and systematic, Ceres (Roman deity), i. 208 412; guilty of persecution in the case Cerinthus, a Jewish Gnostic, n. 47, 176, of Servetus, 413 187

Calvinism, defence of, by J. A. Froude Cervantes, II. 417 quoted, II. 412, 413 Chaerephon, friend of Socrates, I. 160,

Cambridge Mediaeval History, n. 309 161, 177 Cambyses, would appear to have been a Chaeronea, battle of, I. 158

fanatical opponent of idolatry, following Chaldeans, i. 225, 226, 310 the precepts of the Magi, I. 100-102; Chalons, battle of, n. 23S his character and his death briefly Chandragupta, Hindu king, I. 76 sketched Charlemagne, his dominant character,

Canaan, land of, I. 225, 226, 231, 233, Ii. 259; his coronation by the pope on 235, 236, 239, 244, 246-248 Christmas day, 800, A.D., his alliance

Canaanites, a mistake to suppose that with the western church, an epoch Moses desired their extermination, in history, 260, and marks a certain i. 236; the conquest of them by the separation between the east and the Israelites a slow process, 246, 247; west, 295; the protector of the they influenced the Israelites, 247, 248, western church, and organiser of the and were sometimes treated with state, 297; fostered learning, 303; clemency, 249; their religious worship, made donations to the pope, 309; we though subject to disapproval, re- are acquainted with the herbs, flowers, mained, 252, 270; many of them etc., in his garden, 347. Mentioned enslaved by Solomon, 267; the race also on pages 280, 282, 292, 294, 300, survived in New Testament times, 305, 306, 330, 334, 343, 357 II. 90. Charles V (king of France), II. 340

Candide, n. 429 Charles VI (king of France), n. 341 Canossa, II. 317, 318 Charles, Dr R. H., I. 404 Canute (king of England), n. 300 Charles Martel, flung back the Saracens Capernaum, n. 71, 83, 84 from France, I. 251, II. 259, 278 Cappodocia, n. 243 Chaucer, n. 340, 357 Captivity (Babylonian), see Babylon, China, I. 31, 34, 37; the history traced,

Ezekiel, Jeremiah, Prophet of the 111-117, 129-131, 133, 134; the Exile; for the return, see chapter xiv. literature and philosophy, 118-128,

Carchemish, battle of, I. 305 132. (See also 136, n. 57, 251, 283, Carlstadt, an iconoclast reformer, II. 405 287, 356; and compare the next three Carlyle, Thomas, I. 56, n. 447 headings, "Chinese Literature, &c.," Carmel, Mt, i. 219, 272 "Chinese monarchs, &c." and "Chinese Carpini (missionary to China), I. 133, 134 religion") Carpocrates, a Gnostic of whom little is Chinese literature before the Christian

known, n. 187 era: Shu King, history, I. 113-117; Carthage, I. 203, II. 197 writings of Mencius, I. 113; Shih King, Cassiodorus, the preserver of classical poetry, I. 117-119; Yi King, divina-

literature in mediaeval times, n. 255, tion, I. 120; Tao Teh King (Lao-tsze's 256, 261 philosophy), I. 121-124; writings of

Caste (among Hindus), characterised Szema Khien, I. 124; Hsiao King, I. generally, i. 38,39,50,58,76; Brahmins 126; Li Ki, I. 126; Appendices to (Brahmanas), I. 50-54; Kshatriyas, I. Yi King (by Confucius and his fol-39, 40, 50-52, 58; Vaisyas, I. 50-52, lowers), I. 127; writings of Kwang-54; Sudras, I. 50-52, 76 tsze, I. 131, 132

Catacombs (in Rome), II. 180 Chinese monarchs and dynasties before Cathari, see Albigenses the Christian era: Fu-hsi, legendary, Catherine von Bora, Luther's wife, her 1.112; Yao, before 2300 B.C., appointed

letter written after his death, n. 408, astronomers, I. 113; Yii, first of the 409 Hsia dynasty, 2205 B.C., I. 116, 117;

Catherine of Siena, II. 448 Thang, first of the Shang dynasty, Cebes, friend of Socrates, I. 177, 180, 181 1766 B.C., I. 114, 116, 117; Wu, first






480 INDEX of the Cháu dynasty, 1122 B.C., i. 118; a circumcised man, 403; up to a Shih Hwang Ti, first of the Ch'in certain point it was not wrong for dynasty, 246, B.C., I. 129; Kaoti, first the first Christians, who were Jews, of the Han dynasty, 206 B.C., I. 133 to keep up the practice of circumcision,

Chinese religion: Tien (Heaven) and II. 156; but that Cornelius, a converted Shang Ti (God) express the Supreme heathen, should remain uneireumcised, Being, I. 115; spirits of natural pheno- was right, 160; Jewish Christians mena were also worshipped, and still conceded this, but still held that the more, spirits of departed ancestors, uncircumcised Christian had an inferior 115; Confucianism (which may be status, 161; the apostle Paul steadily called a religion) not greatly corrupted set his face against this contention, by superstition, Táoism and Chinese 161; the tendency of Peter was gradu-Buddhism more so, 116; quotations ally to yield to Paul on this point, illustrating religious temperament of 163; the reason for this, 164; Paul's Chinese, 118; prayer of the duke view was that circumcision among the of Cháu, 119; temples, altars, and Jews had been merely the stamp by sacrifices, 120; a remarkable religious which faith was recorded for men's quotation from Láo-tsze, 123; Con- knowledge, 167 fucius afraid of offending against Cistercian monastic order, n. 311, 360 heaven, 128; worship of ancestors not Clara of Assisi, n. 362 devoid of some true though imperfect Cleanthes, Greek poet and philosopher, instinct, 134; the religion of China I. 164 too much associated with politics, n. 57 Cleisthenes (Athenian statesman), I. 153,

Chivalry, I. xii, II. 304, 305 154 Chorazin, II. 83, 84 Clement IV (pope), n. 350 Christ, the meaning of the word explained, Clement V (pope), n. 370

I. vii, II. 454. (See Jesus Christ) Clement of Alexandria, one of the most Chronicles, books of, i. 251, 261, 266, enlightened of the ancient Fathers of

294, 338, 366, 380 the Church, II. 177, 179, 192, 196 Chrysostom, his misfortunes and saintly Clement of Rome, an ancient sermon,

character, II. 240 called his second epistle, quoted, II. 104; Church, the Christian Church is the main one of the Fathers in whom the military

subject of chapters xix. to xxv. in aspect of Christianity is most noticeable, this work; the nature of the Church and why this was, 180, 181 is explained most clearly in vol. n. Clementine Homilies, n. 163, 306, 308 chapter xxvii. pp. 455-457. The di- Clementine Recognitions (translated by vision between the eastern church and the Rev. Thomas Smith, D.D.), one of the western church is first referred to, the sources of the spurious Papal Deere -ii. 209, 210; again, 256, 257, 260- tals, II. 306-308 262, 292, 301, 323, 353; the eastern Clopas, n. 135, 136 church is also specially referred to Clough, Arthur Hugh (poet), title-page, II. 228, 295-297, 318, 320, 325, 326, also n. 450, 452 333, 334. Otherwise the western Cluny, monastery of, n. 311, 360 church is the chief theme, where Clusium, I. 195 details are entered upon Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (poet and

Church (dean), n. 303 religious writer), II. 237, 449, 454, 467 Cicero, his affirmation that Rome owed Coligny (Huguenot), II. 413

her victorious position in the world Columbus, II. 357 to her religion, I. 195, 196; his common Comitia centuriata, the more aristocratic sense as a philosopher, 211; his voting assembly at Rome, i. 194, 198-political merit, 211; the greatest prose 201 writer of ancient Italy, 212 Comitia tributa, the more democratic

Cid, the (Spanish poem), n. 357 voting assembly at Rome, which Cimabue (painter), n. 356 gradually obtained equal power with Circumcelliones (religious schismatics), the comitia centuriata, I. 201, 204, 206

II. 236 Comte, Auguste, II. 435 Circumcision, adopted by Abraham and Concordat of Worms (scene of compromise

his clan, i. 226; probably a symbol on the investiture question), n. 319 of self-sacrifice, 226; the practice not Confucius, the philosopher through whom kept up by the Israelites in their the Chinese character received its final Egyptian bondage, 233; but after stamp, I. Ill, 113-115; born 551 B.C., their invasion of Canaan they were all 120; his interview with Láo-tsze, 125; circumcised, 264; circumcision prac- less original than Láo-tsze, but more tised by the Samaritans of later times, practical, 126; a lover of the ancients, and enforced by John Hyrcanus on 126; he advocated reverence, but not the Idumaeans (Edomites), 394; Herod slavish reverence, 126; quotations






INDEX 481 rom him, 126, 127; his religious Constantius (son of Constantine), n. 223,

character, 128; his death, 129; 234, 235 mourned by his disciples, 129; his Consuls, I. 194, 201 literary works ran great danger of Gontrat Social, n. 433 being destroyed, two or three centuries Copernicus, I. 189, n. 358 after his death, but were in the end Cordova, n. 327 rescued, 130,131; an anecdote showing Corinth, II. 180, 181 his humility, 132. (See also n. 57, 204) Corinthians, I. 157, II. 182

Constantia (sister of the emperor Con- Corneille (poet), II. 417 stantine), n. 226 Cornelius, II. 160

Constantine, succeeded his father as Corrodi (Biblical critic), n. 444 emperor in the west, 306 A.D., II. 201; Councils of the Church. More important favourable, like his father, to the are: Nicaea, 325 A.D., II. 9, 23, 210-Christians, and in the year 313 joined 219, 221-226, 230, 234; Constanti-with the eastern emperor, Licinius, nople, 381 A.D., 211, 212; Ephesus, in issuing the edict of Milan, proclaiming 431 A.D., II. 239; Chalcedon, 451 A.D., universal toleration, 201; became in not named, but Eutyches referred to, 324A.D. sole emperor,202; he sat among II. 240; Third Lateran, 1179 A.D., II. Christian bishops as their pupil, 206; 366; Fourth Lateran, 1215 A.D., n. summoned the council of Nicaea, 210; 366; Vienne, 1311 A.D., n. 354; Con-after that council banished Arius, 216, stance, 1414-1418 A.D., II. 374-377; and issued a persecuting edict, 216, 217; Trent, 1545-1563 A.D., II. 392, 393, 414. a general characterisation of his action, Of lesser importance are: Tyre, 335 A.D. 223; in spite of all his errors, a great n. 224, 231-233; Constantinople, 867 man, 224; but his vacillation on the A.D., II. 311; Orleans, 1017 A.D. ,II . 302; religious question was not good for Constance, 1094 A.D., II. 318; Piacenza, the end which he proposed to himself, 1095 A.D., II. 318; Lombers, 1176 A.D., i.e. the peace of the empire, 226; was n. 364,365; Avignon, 1209 A.D., II. 363; moved by the appeal of his sister to Lavaur, 1213 A.D., II. 365; Mont-see Arius (just about the time when pellier, 1215 A.D., II. 363; Toulouse, he was founding Constantinople), 227, 1119 A.D., n. 364, 1229 A.D., II. 365 228; received with approval the Cowell, professor, I. 60 revised creed of Arius, 229, and was Cowper (poet), n. 446 angry with Athanasius for rejecting Cranmer, II. 413 Arius still, 230; yet was reluctant to Crete, I. 142, 143 quarrel with Athanasius, and though Crito, friend of Socrates, giving his name banishing him to Treves on the Moselle, to a dialogue of Plato, i. 163, 177, 179, regarded him as still archbishop of 182 Alexandria, and no successor was Critobulus, friend of Socrates, I. 165 appointed there, 233. The meaning Cromwell, II. 413, 415 and force of his act in founding Con- Crowe and Cavalcaselle, n. 359 stantinople noted, 227, 228; the most Crusades, an exception to the peaceable famous of all the emperors who reigned ways of the Church, n. 293; their in that city, 252; his Donation to first conception, 318; their history, the pope a spurious document, 309 and the lesson to be drawn from them,

Constantinople, founded with the inten- 320-324; Raymund Lull gradually tion that it should be the Christian convinced of their error, 352, 354; a capital of the Roman empire, II. 227, crusade against heretics, 364; against 228; religiously consecrated, 230; a temporal king, 374 the scene of the death of Arius, 233; Cumae, I. 195 for more than eleven centuries held Cumont, M., i. 91 out as the centre of the empire against Cuneiform inscriptions, I. 31, 78, 103, 278 all enemies, 238; the splendour of Cunibert, bishop of Turin, n. 315 Constantinople in the middle ages, Cunningham (Archaeological Reports), I, 261, 262; there was a certain purpose 64 of helping it in the crusades, but in Cyprian, Christian Father and martyr, the end it was fatally injured by the II. 199, 200 crusades, 318, 321, 323; captured by Cyprus, n. 161, 353 the Turks under Mohammed II, 325; Cyrene, II. 161 the result of this was a great diffusion Cyrus, the conqueror of the Medes, not of Greek manuscripts, and Greek inter- a Zoroastrian, I. 86, 100; the imagina-preters of those manuscripts, in tive life of him written by Xenophon Christian countries, 395. (See also (Cyropcedia), 181, 182; hailed by the 282, 333, 429) prophet of the exile as the deliverer

Constantius (father of Constantine), n. of Israel, 316, 318, 319; he gave per-201 mission to the Jews to return from

TV:. D. A. II. 31






482 INDEX Babylon to their own land, but did Darwin, Charles, his Origin of Species, not actually help them to do so, 326, I. 18; his observation of the fact of 336-338, 344, 362, 363, 368, 370, 371, Artificial Selection, 20; his theory of 373-375, 377, 379, 382, 384 Natural Selection, 21; various obser-

vations in regard to it, 22, 23; the Daevas, evil demons in the Zoroastrian relation of it to mind and the soul,

religion, corresponding to the Devas, 24-26; the relation of it to some the deities of the Aryan Hindus, I. 87, purpose, presumably divine, not al-88 together ignored by Darwin, 27; in

Dakyns, H. G., I. xiv, 161, 166, 173, 174, part a promoter of scepticism, but 177, 182 never wanting in humility and can-

D'Alembert, n. 427, 431 dour, II. 448 Damascus, I. 265, 274, 283, 285, II. 20, David, the best known personally of all

159, 281, 290 the characters of the Old Testament, Dan, i. 257, 268, 269 I. 136; inherited the monotheism of Danes, n. 299, 300 Abraham, 220; the story that he was Daniel, I. 382, 397, 403 anointed king by Samuel can hardly Daniel (book of), i, 224, 382, 395-404, be true, though he was probably much

II. 59, 80, 92, 119 influenced by Samuel, 253, 254; that Dante, II. 309, 357 he soothed Saul by his harp-playing Darius, son of Hystaspes, a worshipper probably true, his single combat with

of Auramazda, I. 78; calls Auramazda Goliath more doubtful, 254, 255; yet (in the Behistun inscription) " the god a brave warrior, 255; popular with of the Aryans," 95; his composition the Israelites, an$ beloved by Saul's of the Behistun inscription, and quota- son Jonathan, 255; had to fly from tions from that inscription, 97-99; Saul, and gathered together a band an explanation of the reason why he of wild warriors, with whom he fled never mentions Zoroaster, though to the court of Achish, king of Gath, following the Zoroastrian religion, 98, 255, 256; loyal to Saul, but unscru-99; after the death of Cambyses, he pulous towards alien races, some of put down the Magian revolt and other whom he murdered without just cause, revolts, 102, 103; the Behistun inscrip- 256, 257; after the death of Saul he tion a record of these victories, 103; became king, first of his own tribe of institutor of the Calendar used by the Judah, then of all Israel, 258; his Parsis at this day, 104; his ancestry, victories over the surrounding nations, 110; his subjugation of the rebellious and his unscrupulous severity towards Ionians, but defeat by the Athenians them, 258, 259; in spite of his public at Marathon, 155; the question raised, cruelties and many sins, a tender-whether it was in his reign that hearted man, 260; he apprehended Zerubbabel built the temple at Jeru- the spiritual and sublime nature of salem, 335; answered in the negative, God better than God's moral nature, 335, 336. (See also 86, 355, 377, 396) 262; a few of the psalms now extant

Darius Codomannus, the last Persian may have been composed by him, king, defeated and dethroned by though generally not quite in the form Alexander, I. 363, 382, 383 in which they have come down to us,

Darius the Mede, i. 382 262, 263; especially honoured, loved, Darius Nothus, I. 335, 336; favoured and remembered by his own tribe of

the Jews, 344, 345, 347; the book of Judah, 263, 264; we cannot put him Ezra, apart from chapters ii. iii. iv. 1-6, so high, nor was he the equal of emphatically implies that Zerubbabel Abraham or of Moses, 263, 264; in rebuilt the temple in the reign of this his time Israel was one of the great king, 348, 349; a confirmation of this nations of the earth, 265; to Ezekiel in the fact that the Aramaic papyri an ideal king, 312; some more remarks tell us that this king took an interest about psalms which recall his time, in the Egyptian Jews, 353; the first 343. (See also 394 and n. 108) book of Esdras confirms this view, Deborah (prophetess), I. 249 353; Egypt revolts from Persia in the Decretals (spurious), n. 306-309 reign of this king, 358; he helped the Delhi, II. 328 Jews more by his friendship than by Delphi, oracle of, mentioned in the material assistance, 365, 366; his Odyssey, I. 140; displaced Dodona as relations to Zerubbabel (a romantic the centre of Greek religion, 140, 141 ; story), 369. (See also 379, 381, 384) sacred in early times to various deities,

Darmesteter (French Oriental scholar), but by the Dorians finally established I. 78, 105; passages quoted from his as a shrine of Apollo, 143; its influence translation of the Vendiddd and the exercised in setting Athens free from Yasts, 89, 90, 105-107 the despot Hippias, 153, 154; the






INDEX 483 sage advice given by it to the Athenians before the arrival there of the Aryan in the Persian war, 156; the testimony Hindus), I. 38 which it gave to Socrates, 160, 161, 178 Driver, Dr S. R., I. 375, 401

De Maistre, II. 435 Duchesne (ecclesiastical historian), n. 435 Demeter (Greek deity), I. 137 Duty, some of the chief provinces of it Demetrius (Russian Grand-Prince), II. 326 mentioned, viz. in regard to restoration Democritus (Greek philosopher), i. 163 of health, II. 455, 456; amelioration of Demosthenes, I. 158, 207 poverty, 456; the relation of Christian Descartes, II. 417, 429, 434 churches towards each other, 456-458; Deuteronomy (book of), a book, the first the relation of States to one another,

sketch of which was written in the 458-460; the relation of the sexes to reign of king Josiah, i. 220; the reasons each other, 461; the relation of men for saying this, 220-223; hence not to the inferior animals, 461, 462 the support of miracles which it would be if written by Moses, 223; referred Easter, n. 165 to again, 236, 241, 242, 250, 297, 298; Ebal, Mt, I. 222 the religion of "the book" begins with Ebn-Junis (Arabian astronomer), II. 288 Deuteronomy, 299; an earnest and Ecbatana, I. 349 memorable book, 300; but the spirit Ecclesiastes, book of, I. 366 of it more external and mechanical Ecclesiasticus, book of, I. 366 than the spirit of Isaiah, 301, 302; Ecelino, II. 361 the sabbath brought into prominence Eck, Roman controversialist at Leipzig, in the book, 331; other references to n. 397 the book, 359, 387, 388, 391. (See also Edessa, II. 322 II. 8, 102, 169, 306) Edict of Nantes, revocation of, II. 417,

Deutsch, Emanuel, II. 266, 269 426 De Wette (German critic), n. 444 Edom, Edomites, I. 222, 227, 242, 258, Diana (Roman deity), I. 193 259, 264, 312, 332, 339, 341, 359. Diatessaron of Tatian, n. 47 (See also Esau, and Idumaeans) Diderot, n. 427 Edward the Confessor, II. 335 Diocletian (Roman emperor), n. 201, 227, Edward I (king of England), n. 338

241 Edward III (king of England), II. 338 Diodorus (historian), I. 363 Egypt, early history and religion of, I. 4, "Diognetus, Epistle to," II. 183, 184 30-34; religious influences came from Dionysius Exiguus, II. 308 Egypt to imperial Rome, 212; the Dionysius of Halicarnassus, I. 195 Israelites first learned the art of writ-Dionysus, Greek deity, also called ing in Egypt, 224; their sojourn and

Bacchus, I. 138 bondage in Egypt, 229-233; their Divination, in China, 1.116,119,120,130; deliverance from Egypt, 234-240;

compare, in Israel, the Urim and Egypt a boundary of the kingdom Thummim, 302 ruled by David and Solomon, 258,

Doderlein (Biblical critic), II. 444 265; the prophecy of Isaiah respect-Dodona, I. 140, 141, 143 ing Egypt, 291; the king of Egypt Doeg, Edomite in service of Saul, I. 342 defeats and slays Josiah and sub-Dominic de Guzman, founder of the order jugates Judah, 303, but is himself

of Dominicans, II. 363, 364, 367, 368 defeated by Nebuchadnezzar, 305; Domitian (Roman emperor), n. 55, 367 the Jews in Egypt are instructed by Don, Jbattle of the, n. 326 Darius Nothus as to the manner of Donatism, schism in the African church, keeping the passover, 353; and send

n. 240 a letter to the governors of Judaea and Dorians, their character one of persistent Samaria, 356; the successful revolt

strength, an element not common of Egypt against the king of Persia, among the Greeks, I. 141; colonists 358; conquered by Alexander of in Crete, 142; their home in northern Macedon, 159; Egypt under the Greece, 142, 143; established the Ptolemies, 366, 388, 389; assailed by worship of Apollo at Delphi, 143; Antiochus Epiphanes, but the Romans made the Hellenic tongue prevalent forbid him to conquer it, 389; produces over all places where Delphi was the Neoplatonic philosophy, II. 192; honoured, 143; descended into the the monks of Egypt often fanatical, Peloponnesus and conquered it, be- 236, 252; the Christians of Egypt coming thereby the leading race among intolerant, 265; conquest of Egypt the Greeks, 144; their temperament by the Moslems, 278; the Fatimite rather narrow, 145 caliphs of Egypt, 321; expelled by

Douglas, Sir R. K., author of works on the Seljukian Turks, 324; the Mame-China, &c., I. Ill, 124, 126, 134 lukes of Egypt, 324. [See also Alexan-

Dravidian race (the highest race in India dria)

31—2






484 INDEX Electricity, I. 10, 12 Epistles, the New Testament epistles Elephantine, see Assuan papyri arranged in the customary order, with Eleusinian mysteries, I. 152 the pages on which they are quoted Elhanan, a claimant for the honour of or referred to: Romans, n. 7, 27, 28,

having slain Goliath, I. 255 161, 166-168, 171-173, 407; 1 Corin-Eli (judge of Israel), the words spoken thians, n. 17, 26, 27, 35, 54, 144,

to him illustrate the conditional 171, 173, 191; 2 Corinthians, n. 27, character of all God's promises, II. 382 28, 148, 159, 163, 169-172, 464;

Elijah, in what relation he stood to the Galatians, n. 17, 19, 154, 157, 159, "golden calves" of Jeroboam, I. 268, 160, 163, 166, 170, 383; Ephesians, n. 269; his home in Gilead, east of 164; Philippians, n. 7, 164, 245; Colos-Jordan, 271; a faithful man, of the sians, n. 164; 1 Thessalonians, n. 28; warlike type of Moses, but not equal 2 Thessalonians, II. 173; 1 Timothy, to Moses, 272; his great fame due n. 171; 2 Timothy, n. 164, 171; to his recorded miracles, 219, 272; Titus, n. 171; (Philemon not referred the impressiveness, and yet the un- to); Hebrews, II. 27, 166, 167, 169, trustworthiness, of these miraculous 171,189; James, II. 27, 156; 1 Peter, narratives, 272, 273; his flight to n. 17, 18, 27, 54, 164, 165, 172, 419; Horeb no impeachment of his courage, 2 Peter, n. 27, 165; 1 John, n. 27, 273, 274; a preacher of righteousness, 46, 51, 53, 175, 186, 452; 2 John, n. but not equal in seminative power to 27; 3 John, n. 27; Jude,n. 27. Epistles Isaiah and the prophets of Judah, generally referred to, n. 21, 27, 166 274, 275; yet he may have kindled Erasmus, II. 390, 391, 406 those prophets, 277; his death, 275; Esau, I. 230 comments on his warlike spirit, 276, Esdras, 1st book of, the question of its 292; his part in the vision of the value, I. 348, 349; a great authority Transfiguration, n. 99, 100. {See also with Josephus, 362; brought into II. 95) comparison with the book of Ezra,

Elisha, he cannot have condemned Jero- throughout the first Appendix to boam's "golden calves," yet not an chapter xiv. idolater, i. 268, 269; his call to be Esdras, 2nd book of, II. 139 Elijah's disciple, 274; his incitement Eshbaal (i.e. Ishbosheth), i. 251 to Jehu to rebel and overthrow the Essenes (sect of the Jews), I. 406 dynasty of Ahab, 275-277. (See also Esther, book of, I. 336, 338, 344, 362, ii. 292) 384

El Istachri, Arabian geographer, II. 287 Eternal life, see Immortality Elohim, the name of the Divine Being Ethiopia, I. 240

probably used by Abraham, i. 225 Etruscans, i. 193-195, 197, 202, 209 Empedocles (Greek philosopher), i. 163 Euclid, I. 189 Energy, the question propounded, whether Euphrates, I. 265, II. 287

an infinite store of it is accessible to Euripides (poet), I. 163, 209 us, i. 5; the affirmative answer sug- Eurybiades (Spartan commander), n. 77 gested by Herbert Spencer, 6; the Eusebius of Csesarea, n. 47, 176, 177; connexion of this answer with the the sanest and most judicious of the religious principle, 7, 8; the mysterious historians of early Christianity, 224; source of energy, 13, 14; the increase not unfriendly to Arius, 224 of living energy through spiritual Eusebius of Nicomedia, a waverer as agencies, ii. 26; spiritual energy more regards the Nicene Creed, ii. 216; penetrating than physical energy, 399; banished by Constantine, 216, 225, energy as an object to be aimed at, 451. 226; a friend, but not a judicious (See also I. xiii) friend, of Arius, 222, 223; recalled

England, the English, n. 67; their con- from banishment, 227; forward in version to Christianity, 258; England bringing unjust charges against Athana-in mediaeval times, 259, 299, 300, 323, sius, 230, 231; his conduct as respects 334-342, 371, 372; in Reformation Athanasius quite wrong, 234 times, 410, 413, 415, 417; in post- Eutyches (heretic), n. 240 Reformation times, 425, 426, 436, 446- Euzoius, friend of Arius, II. 214, 228 450, 458, 459. (See also Great Britain) Evolution, I. 5, 17, 19

Enoch, book of, I. 405 Exodus, book of, I. 223, 224; in one Epaminondas, I. 158 point more correct than the book of Ephesus, Ephesians, II. 56, 133, 176, 181 Genesis, 225 (see also 232-234, 238, Ephraim (tribe of), i. 250,258, 259; some- 243); more correct in one respect

times used as equivalent to the ten than the book of Deuteronomy, 236; tribes, 290, 312 the compilation of the book, 347; a

Epictetus, i. 189, 214 reference to it, 387, 388. (See also Epicurus, Epicureans, i. 214, 215 II. 153, 169, 176)






INDEX 485 Exodus, the, I. 218-220, 234-240, 296, Francis of Assisi, was an example of the

322, II. 27, 153, 467 religious life to Raymund Lull, n. 353; Ezekiel, preaches to the exiles on the the force of his teaching, 361, 362;

river Chebar, in Babylonia, I. 311; a remarkable quotation from him, 362 his vehement censure of the people of Franciscan order, II. 350, 351, 362 Jerusalem, 311, 312; his tone changes Frankish monarchs, n. 258, 343 to consolation after Jerusalem has Frashaostra, friend of Zoroaster, i. 79, 82 fallen, 312, 313; he predicts that Fravashi, the underlying reality, in the Ephraim and Judah shall be reconciled, Zoroastrian religion, of any spiritual and that the whole nation shall live being, I. 89, 90, 93, 95, 109 happily in their ancient land, 312, 313; Frederick Barbarossa (German emperor), his picture of the Jerusalem of the n. 344 future, 315. (See also 380) Frederick of Saxony, elector; a wise

Ezra, i. 197; his relation to the book of supporter and friend of Luther, n. Deuteronomy, 300,301; his rigid legisla- 395-397, 404, 406 tion, 332, 335, 336; sent by Artaxerxes Frederick the Second of Prussia, II. 445 Mnemon to Jerusalem, 359; his con- Fredericus arch. Salernitanus, II. 391 duct described, 359; a narrowminded Froissart, n. 357 but strong man, 360, 361, 365; called Frothingham, Mr, on our debt to Byzan-44 the scribe," 368, 371; his pedigree, tium, II. 262 380; the narrowing tendency among Froude, J. A., ii. 412 the Jews was brought to a head by Fust (one of the inventors of printing), him, 385-387, II. 19, 59, 221; has n. 357 some analogy in his position to Atha-nasius in the Christian Church, n. 221, Gad (prophet), I. 261 also to Hildebrand, 313 Gaia (Greek deity), I. 137

Ezra, book of, I. 326, 336-338, 348, 349, Galba (Roman emperor), II. 54, 55 354, 356, 358; not used by Josephus, Galen, eminent writer on medicine, I. 362; a discussion as to the historical 189 character of it, resulting in the conclu- Galerius (Roman emperor), n. 201 sion that chapters ii. and iii. are incorrect Galilee, I. 288, 289, n. 14, 15, 32, 69, history, but the rest fairly exact (though 70, 73, 78, 84, 88, 100, 101, 114, 126, iv. 1-5 is misplaced), in Appendix I. to 131, 138 chapter xiv. Galileo, II. 417

Gallienus (Roman emperor), n. 199, 200 Fall, doctrine of, II. 454, 462, 463 Ganges (river), i. 37 Farrer, Lord, I. 27 Gaspar card. Contarenus, n. 391 Fatima, daughter of Mohammed and wife Geber, Arabian chemist, n. 288

of Ali, II. 269, 279 Geldner (German critic), I. 88, 98 Fatimites( caliphs of Egypt in the eleventh Genesis, book of, i. 42, 43; early

century, being the descendants of Ali chapters parabolic or legendary, 217, and Fatima), II. 321, 324 218; a true substratum in the subse-

Felicitas (Christian woman and martyr), quent narratives, 224; in one point II. 198, 199 probably less exact than Exodus, 225;

Fenelon, n. 434 a mixture in it of general probability Ferdinand and Isabella, II. 327 and legendary detail, 226, 227, 230; Ferrier, James Frederick, a clear-seeing the compilation of the book, 347; the

Scots philosopher, I. xi; his account Gnostic interpretation of its first of the Stoics quoted, 212-214; a chapter, n. 188; the complexity of remark of his on the process by which its sources, 443 truth is reached, II. 313 Geneva, II. 410

Festus (Roman governor), n. 20, 171 Genseric, II. 220, 238, 239, 284 Feudal system, II. 298, 299, 301. (See Gentiles, II. 153, 155-157, 159-168, 170

also I. 145) George, Duke of Saxony, II. 397 Fichte, i. xi, II. 440 Gerbert, see Sylvester II (pope) Filioque (the word in the Nicene creed Gerizim, Mt, I. 365, 394

not accepted by Eastern church), n. 1 Germany, Germans, first converted to Firdousi (Persian poet), II. 289, 332 Christianity by the English monk Florus (Roman governor of Judaea), n. 178 Boniface, II. 259; German munici-France, n. 259, 278, 299, 301, 323; the palities, 299; separated from France

progress of France towards unity in about 1000 A.D., 301 (see also 310, mediaeval times, 340-342; France in 313, 317, 322); Germany in feudal the time of the Reformation, 405, 416, times, 343, 344; a mediaeval German 417; in the eighteenth and nineteenth philosopher, 348; a German poet, 357; centuries, 425-435; a French critic German heretics, 369; Germany in of the book of Genesis, 443 connexion with the Reformation, 389,






486 INDEX 390,396,397,399,404-407,409,415,417; part of Luke with a similar inference German music, 423; Germany in con- drawn, 43, 44; yet Mark is not the nexion with modern scepticism, 435—445 original on which Matthew and Luke

Gethsemane, II. 35, 123, 247, 248, 277, are built, 42, 44; Mark, as a whole, 424 the earliest gospel, 42, 45. Quoted,

Gibbon, i. xii; II. 221, 235, 237, 238, 251, 65, 70, 79, 81, 90, 105, 109, 115, 121, 283, 412, 426, 446 123,124, 126. Referred to, 82, 89, 97,

Gibbs, E. J. W., n. 332 100 Gibeonites, i. 262 (iii) Luke, compared specially with Gideon, I. 249, 251, 252, 269 Mark, II. 43, 44; more briefly with Gilboa, I. 258 Matthew, 44. Referred to, 15, 26, Giotto (painter), n. 356 59, 62, 73, 79, 80, 82, 89, 92, 97, Gladiators, i. 214, n. 219 102, 110, 111, 116, 120, 123, 125, 133-Gnostics, a sect of heretical thinkers, 135, 137, 140, 142. Quoted, 59, 61,

having their origin in some little-known 69, 71, 72, 98-101, 107, 108, 122, 123, Samaritans, n. 185, next having some 126, 141, 143 Jewish Christians as their adherents, (iv) Synoptic gospels taken collec 187, but on the whole representing tively, n. 3, 12-15, 29, 32, 34, 40, 44, Greek philosophy and antagonistic to 45, 69, 99, 100, 110, 111, 113, 130, Judaism; an attempt to show the 132, 134, 137, 147 general bearing of their religious (v) John, this gospel owes many of system, 185-193 its most important characteristics to

Goethe, n. 437-440 a Greek editor, yet the substratum is Golden Horde (the Tartars in eastern by the apostle John, II. 12, 13; bases

Russia), II. 325, 326 Christian belief on miracles, 8; especi-Goliath, I. 255 ally on the raising of Lazarus, 11; Gorgias, Greek teacher, generally called the inconsistencies between the synoptic

sophist, I. 176, 182 gospels and the fourth gospel pointed Goshen, I. 232, 233 out, 30-34; the connexion of the Gospels, (i) Matthew, not really written, apostle John with this gospel affirmed

in its present form, by the apostle (though not his full authorship) first Matthew, n. 14; yet possibly in part on external evidence, 46, 47; next due to him, and very instructive in on internal evidence, 48; the points of its arrangement of events, 29, 44; similarity between this gospel and the compared, as to its latter portion, Revelation being especially dwelt on, with the gospel of Mark, so as to show 49-54; the differences between the the common origin of both gospels, two books accounted for, 54-56; the 40-42; not however based on Mark, fourth gospel, when the discourses in 42; has much in common with Luke, it are rightly placed, supplies a defect but the common elements very differ- in the synoptic gospels, 111-113, 120; ently arranged, so that we cannot the incident of washing the disciples' suppose a single common origin in this feet probably true, 121; genuine sayings case, 44; not so old as the gospel of and incidents reported in it, 124, Mark, but contains a stratum older than 126. Quoted or referred to 7, 14, 86, any in Mark, 45; a remarkable passage, 100, 109, 125 132-139, 175-177, 245 in which Matthew has had the same (vi) Gospel of the Hebrews, n. 3 authority before him as Mark and Goths, dangerous to the Roman empire, Luke, but has interpreted it differently, II. 227; became Christian, though 89; the close of this gospel has many Arian, 238; converted to Christianity unbelievable additions to the plain by Ulfilas, 242; their king Theodoric fact, 125; the beginning of it of later named, 255 origin than the rest, 40. Referred to Gottschalk, a persecuted monk, II. 301 and quoted continually in vol. II. Gracchi, the ineffectual wise men of pp. 1-147; afterwards on pp. 247, Rome, I. 207 307-8, 379-383. Graham, professor W., I. 27.

(ii) Mark, quoted, I. 264; compiled, Granada, n. 327 like the other synoptic gospels, from Grant, A. J. (History of Europe), II. 312 more ancient materials, n. 12; the Great Britain, II. 416, 417, 426, 445, 446, double resurrection-narrative in Mark 448, 459. (See England and Scotland) noted, 15; the last twelve verses of Greece, the Greeks, distinguished from the gospel a later addition, 40; the early times by clearness of intellect, latter part of this gospel set side by by literary and artistic merit, but not side with the latter part of Matthew, equally by governing power, i. 136, to show that the two gospels had a 137; formed themselves into Hellenic common origin, 41, 42; the early part unity (though not unity of govern -of Mark set side by side with the early ment) probably before the ninth century






INDEX 487 B.C., under the operation of three Hannibal, I. 196, 203, 206 causes, the Trojan war, the poems Hans Andersen, n. 421 celebrating that war, and the Dorian Hanseatic League, n. 344 strength, 145, 146; the Greek race Harnack, II. 185, 240, 243, 244, 445 expanded without much difficulty till Harrison, Frederick, II. 261 the end of the sixth century B.C., but Hart, J. H., I. 366 then began to feel the strain of the Harun Alraschid (caliph), II. 282, 288, 291 struggle for existence, 146, 147; their Hashim, family akin to Mohammed, II. strength and their weakness at that 270 date, 147-151; their history down to Headlam, J. W., n. 459 the third quarter of the fourth century Headley, F. W., I. 24 B.C., 152-158; their inability to form Hearn, Lafcadio, I. 77, 135 themselves into a political unity, 158; Heaven (in the religious sense of the hence subjugated by Philip of Macedon, word), in the Zoroastrian religion, I. 158; their growing achievements in 82, 108, 109; in the Chinese religion, science and philosophy, 189; the debt 115, 122, 128; in Greek religion of the world to ancient Greece (Hellas), (according to Sophocles), 162; in the 189,190; the empire of ancient Greece, religion of Israel, 347, 399, 402, 407; 397; the vigorous efforts of the Greeks in the Christian religion, i. 2, n. 6, 7, to reform their religion noted, II. 58; 24, 51, 52, 60, 75, 87, 92, 117-119, Greeks aided the Latins against king 125, 139, 172, 184, 377, 408 Porsena, i. 195; influence of the Greeks Hegel, I. xi, n. 440 on the Romans, 136, 206, 209, 210, Heine (poet), n. 468 212; on the Jews, 355, 366, 388; on Hejra (otherwise Hegira), Mohammed's the Gnostics, n. 185, 188, 190; on flight from Mecca to Medina, being the Clement of Alexandria and Origen, 192; epoch from which Moslems date all on the Moslem Arabs, 286, 288, 331; succeeding years, II. 264, 271, 272 on the political condition of modern Hell (punishment after death, regarded European nations, 291; on Abelard, as eternal when this word is used, 347: on the Schoolmen generally, 355, unless the contrary be stated), in the on Christian Europe in the Renaissance, Hindu religion, I. 49; in the Zoroas-395, 396. (See also n. 337, 341; and trian religion, 84; in the Greek religion, Hellas. Hellenes) 152; in Roman religion, 205; in the

Green, J. R., n. 334, 340 Old Testament, 317, 402; in the Gregorius abbas S. Georgii Venet., II. 391 Christian religion, II. 24, 120, 172, 173, Gregory I (pope), II. 257-259 182-184, 197, 207, 208, 236, 293, 316, Gregory V (pope), n. 311 424; in Islam, n. 272 Gregory VI (pope), n. 313 Hellas, Hellenes, in Homer apparently Gregory VII (pope), even more famous a small tract of land, a small people,

under the name of Hildebrand, n. 310, I. 138; through the strength of the 311, 313-321, 358, 373 Dorians these names were extended

Gregory of Tours (bishop and historian), over the whole country now called II. 259 Greece, 141-143. {See also II. 341; also

Grey, Sir Edward, n. 459 Greece, the Greeks) Grostete, Robert (bishop of Lincoln), Helmholtz, his view respecting the origin,

II. 350 and possible decay, of the solar and Guadalquivir (river), II. 287 stellar light and heat, I. 2, 9-15 Guizot (History of Civilisation in Europe Helvetius, II. 427

translated by William Hazlitt), n. 299, Henry I (king of England), n. 335 301, 304, 305, 341, 428 Henry III (king of England), n. 341

Gustavus Adolphus, II. 415 Henry V (king of England), n. 338, 340 Gutenberg (one of the inventors of Henry VIII (king of England), n. 410

printing), n. 357 Henry IV (king of France), n. 415 Henry IV (emperor of Germany), n. 316-

Habakkuk (prophet), I. 305 319 Hades, Greek deity, I. 137 Hephaestus (Greek deity), I. 138 Hadrian (Roman emperor), II. 178 Heracleon (Gnostic), n. 47, 187 Hafiz (poet), II. 332 Heraclitus (Greek philosopher), I. 147, Haggai (prophet), I. 338, 349-351, 379, 148, 163

384 Heraclius (Byzantine emperor), n. 320 Hakam (Moorish monarch), n. 327 Heresy, heretics, in the Zoroastrian Hakem (Fatimite caliph), n. 321 religion, I. 107; in the Christian Hallam's Middle Ages, n. 322, 345, 348, religion, II. 171, 190, 249, 258, 260,

349, 357; Literature of Europe, n. 346 301, 302, 393, 398 Hamza, uncle of Mohammed, n. 270 Herod, king of Judaea, i. 403 Handel, n. 423, 424 Herod Antipas, n. 69, 72, 97, 104, 125






488 INDEX Herodotus, describes the Magi, i. 90; be resisted, 151; the crude morality

and the Persian religion generally, 94; of Homer not without some parallel on Phraortes, 97; on a question put in Israelite history, 257 by Cambyses, 101; on the death of Homo-ousios (= Consubstantial), n. 215, Cambyses, 102; on the burial of their 218, 222, 223, 225, 229, 234 dead by the Persians, contrary to the Hooker, Richard, n. 413, 448 Magian precept, 105; his ignorance of Hopkins, Dr, I. 40 Zoroaster, 110; says that the Dorians Horace (poet), I. 215 first inhabited the country south of Horeb, Mt, i. 272, 274. (See Sinai) Thessaly, 142; that the Athenians Hosain, grandson of Mohammed, n. 279 were originally Pelasgians, 143; remarks Hosea (prophet), I. 276-279, n. 78, 97 on the excellence of liberty, 154; on Howorth, Sir Henry, I. 335, 348; referred the battle of Salamis, 156; on the to as "the English historian of the miraculous defence of Delphi, n. 9 Mongols," n. 283

Herrmann (German theologian), n. 445 Hugh Capet, II. 301, 302, 311 Herschel, I. 9 Hugo, Victor, II. 435 Hesiod (poet), I. 138 Huguenots, n. 415 Hezekiah (king of Judah), i. 221, 288, Huldah (prophetess), I. 298, 302

289, 292, 293, 296 Humaioon (Mogul emperor), II. 328, 329 Hienyang, ancient capital of China, I. 130 Humboldt (translated by E. C. Otté), Hierocles, Neoplatonic philosopher, II. 239 II. 286, 288, 327 Hieronymus, see Jerome Hume, II. 339, 426, 446 Hieronymus arch. Brundusinus, n. 391 Huns, n. 238 Hildebrand, see Gregory VII (pope) Husravah, ancient king, seemingly Hilkiah (high priest), i. 220, 297, 298, 302 Median, mentioned in the Avesta, Himalaya Mts, i. 59 called Khüsrób in Pahlavi writings, Hindoo Coosh Mts, n. 287 I. 96, 97 Hindu deities, characterised generally, Huss, John, his principles, his career,

i. 37, 38 and his martyrdom, sketched, n. 371-Hindu history before Buddhism, I. 34-41. 377, 397, 407

(See also Aryan race) Hutton, R. H., n. 39 Hindu sacred books: Rig-Veda, I. 35, 37, Hwangho river, i. 112, 113

39-42, 44, 138; Atharva-Veda, I. 35, 40, Hyksos, see Shepherd Kings 41,44; Brahmanas, I. 35,40,44; Upani- Hypatia, female philosopher, murdered shads, I. 35, 41, 44-49, 56, 58, 63; by Egyptian monks, n. 236 Manu, Laws of, I. 35, 39, 48, 50-55, 63; Rdmdyana (epic), I. 35, 55; Maha- Iamblichus, Neoplatonic philosopher, n. bhdrata (epic), I. 35, 36, 55; Bhagavad- 239 gíta, i. 55, 63 Ibn-Baithar, of Malaga, botanist, n. 287

Hipparchus (astronomer), i. 189 Ibnu-1 Athir, Moslem historian, ii. 284,285 Hipparchus (tyrant), I. 153 Idol, idolater, idolatry (in Greece and Hippias (teacher), i. 173 Rome idolatry is not specifically men-Hippias (tyrant), i. 153-155 tioned in these volumes, though im-Hippolytus, Christian Father, n. 200 plied), in Babylonia and Egypt, i. 32, 'Hira, Mt, n. 267 33; in India, 44; in the Aryan religion History, compared and contrasted with when dominant in Persia (Iran), 94;

physical science, being inferior in but largely overthrown there by the range, superior in emotional power, Magi, 94, 97; and overthrown by Cam-i. 1; a vindication of history, as a byses in Egypt, 101; yet partly rein-theme admitting of endless expansion stated in Persia by the Magi in their in time, occupies a great part of degenerate days, 107; practised by chapter I. Abraham in his early years, but after-

Hittites, I. 217, 247 wards given up by him, 225; repressed Hodgson, F. C., n. 299 by Jacob, 230; forbidden by Moses, Holland, n. 416, 417 243, yet practised among the Israelites, Homer, calls men "articulate-speaking," 220, 221, 243, 248, 269, 293, 294, 296,

i. 15; his religion crudely picturesque, 298, 299, 305, 307, 312, 321, 322, 333, 138; his poetry important as an 384; practised in Nineveh, 304, and influence in promoting the unity of in Babylon, 316, 321; in Arabia, before Hellas or Greece, 139; abounds in the rise of Islam, n. 265; overthrown right feeling but not in distinct moral by Mohammed, 273, 274; yet some-principle, 140; implies that the thing of it continued afterwards, 279 Achseans called themselves Hellenes, Idumaea, Idumaeans, I. 394, 403. (See 142; describes women as possessing Edom, Edomites) a certain freedom, 149; regards sin Ignatius of Antioch, Christian martyr as a reality but assumes that it cannot and writer, n. 46, 181, 182, 186






INDEX 489 Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Society of it, mainly by warlike conquest, after

of Jesus, II. 410, 411 the death of Mohammed, 278—282; Immanuel, see Isaiah the calamities which the Moslems Immortality (or eternal life), I. 8, 13, 56, suffered in the thirteenth century from

84, 109, 179-182, 326-328, 399, 402, the Mongol invasion, 283-286; the II. 1, 8, 112, 113, 127, 128, 172, 175, progress of the Moslem Arabs in science, 176, 191, 195, 359, 399, 454, 464; &c., before that invasion, 286-288; immortality of the lower animals, n. the intrinsic weakness of Moslems in 449 the matter of government, 289-291;

Incarnation, doctrine of, n. 5-7, 36, 212, yet they were victorious in the crusades, 245-248 320-324; Islam triumphed in Con-

India, generally referred to, I. 34-77, stantinople, 325, but was defeated in II. 328 Russia, 326; Islam lost Spain, 327,

Indra, Hindu deity, i. 38, 44 but won northern India, 328; the Indulgences, n. 385-395, 398, 403 defects of Islam as compared with Indus river, I. 37, n. 287 Christianity, 330, 331; but some Innocent III (pope), n. 334, 336, 364, 366 notice of its merits, 332, 333 Inquisition, II. 327, 366, 368, 371, 410,431 Israel, Israelites, contrasted with the Investiture controversy, II. 312, 319 Hindus, I. 45, compared with the Ionian races, I. 143-145, 154, 155 Athenians, 152; their sojourn in Egypt Iran, I. 57, 86, 89, 100, 101, 104 a true fact, 231; their clan, at the Ireland, II. 252, 300, 415, 426 time of their entrance into Egypt, Irenseus, Christian Father, n. 47, 55, 200 numbered a thousand persons or more, Isaac, i. 220, 224, 227-230, 247, IT. 263 232; their bondage in Egypt, after Isaiah, disparages sacrifices, i. 277; not the expulsion of the Shepherd kings,

the author of the whole book which their protectors, 233; all through this goes by his name, 279; distinguished bondage their leaders retained the by the stateliness of his style, and by sense of a great destiny reserved for the intermingling of his own personality them by God, 233; the account which with all that he writes, 280; his denun- Manetho gives of their Exodus from ciation of his own people, 280, 281; Egypt a travesty of the real fact, but his advice to Ahaz, not to join the with some true particulars in it, 235, rebels against the king of Assyria, is 237, 238, 240; in the Exodus they successful, 282-287; an analysis of the were joined by other races, 238; they passages which speak of Immanuel, must, at the time of the Exodus, have proving that Immanuel means Isaiah's been numbered by the hundred own son, 282-284,285,286; the children thousand, 239; the Exodus under of Isaiah (in the plural) referred to, 285, Moses a warlike deliverance, 240; the 286; Immanuel again referred to, though desert-wanderings, when the Biblical not named, in a famous passage, 287; account is scrutinised, cannot be Isaiah defended against the charge of supposed to have occupied more than arrogance in respect of these passages, three years, 240, 241; their general 287, 288; their literal meaning incor- courage, 244; the earthly ideal of the rect, but their spirit of vital force, 288, race, the conquest and possession of 289; his prophecy against Sennacherib, Canaan, gradually attained and at and his hymn of peace after the collapse last completed under David, 246-264; of Sennacherib, 289, 290; he is one the fall of this earthly ideal and the of the landmarks of history, and the division of Israel into two kingdoms, first who sketched the kingdom of 267-270; in the divided kingdom, the God upon earth, 291; renewed the branch of the ten tribes was frail through purity of the divine ideal, 292; accord- the continual change of the ruling dy-ing to tradition, slain by Manasseh, nasty, 267, though apparently the more 293; the "fear of God" in Isaiah powerful, 270; Jezebel, the Sidonian contrasted with the "fear of God" in wife of king Ahab, tried to make Deuteronomy, 301, 302. (See also II. the worship of Baal throughout the 108) (For the writer of the last ten tribes, one of great magnificence, twenty-seven chapters of the "book 271; but was defeated by the efforts of Isaiah" see Prophet of the Exile, the) of the prophets Elijah and Elisha,

Ischyras, n. 232 and x (corrigenda) 271-276, the latter prophet acting Ishmael. Ishmaelites, I. 227, n. 263, 273 through Jehu, who made himself king, Isidorus Mercator, n. 306, 307, 311 276; the ten tribes in alliance with Isis (Egyptian deity), I. 32, n. 206 Syria against Assyria, 278, are defeated Islam, the religion of "resignation to by Assyria, 287, and at last this king-

God's will," preached by Mohammed, dom was destroyed, and many of its i. viii; the early history of it, n. people swept away, by the Assyrian 262-278 (see Mohammed); the spread kings, 289; the whole nation blessed






490 INDEX by Isaiah, 291. Israel an ideal con- anity was greatly weakened, 164; his ception, not limited in any precise permanent residence had been in manner, in Ezekiel, 311; in the prophet Jerusalem, 163; in the Clementine of the exile, 319, 320, 323, 331; in Homilies affirmed to be bishop of the Psalms, 340; in the general Jewish bishops, and ruler of the churches conception, 404; but in Zechariah everywhere, 308 " Israel" is equivalent to the ten tribes, Jansenists, n. 422, 431 358; in the New Testament sometimes Janus (Roman deity), I. 193 used as equivalent to the Jews (and in Japan, i. Ill, 135, n. 425 this sense the exaltation of Israel is Javan (Greece) i. 355 ardently desired by the Jews), but Jeanne d'Arc, the inspired deliverer of generally with something ideal in the France, n. 342, 372 acceptation of the term, n. 19, 58, 60, Jedidiah, a name conferred on Solomon, 90, 114, 143, 145, 151, 162, 163, 168, i. 284 169, 285, 381. (For the tribe of Judah, Jebusites, i. 258 see Judah) Jehoiachin (king of Judah), i. 309, 311

Italy, under the ancient Romans, I. 210, Jehoiakim (king of Judah), i. 309 212; in mediaeval times, n. 238, 252, Jehoshaphat (king of Judah), I. 221, 270 256, 299, 317, 343-346; in modern Jehovah, reason for adopting this spelling times, 435 (though an incorrect one) of the divine

Ivan III, Tsar of Russia, n. 326 name found in Hebrew, i. 245. (See also 225, 247, and frequently afterwards

Jacob, ignorant of writing, I. 224; the in vol. i.) picturesqueness of the stories relating Jehu (king of Israel), i. 268, 269, 274-278, to him, 229; a great and venerable II. 292 person, 230; the first of the patriarchs Jephthah, I. 228; 249 to repress idolatry among his followers, Jeremiah, probably believed in the 230; his migration, with his sons and miracles of the Exodus, but his trust his clan, down into Egypt, 229; his in God is independent of them, I. 296; taking the name of Israel, 231; his praises king Josiah, 303; but nowhere death, 232; his name a synonym for speaks of Josiah's religious reform, 307; the people of Israel, 320, 323 this silence accounted for, 307, 308;

Jacobus card. Sadoletus n. 391 predicts the captivity, 306, and also Jaddua, Jewish high priest, I. 382, 383, the return from the captivity, 310;

385; referred to though not named, not the author of the "Lamentations," 363 313; his regard for others outside

Jainism, I. 57 Israel, 315; his friends 315; his Jairus, II. 30 prophecy of a "righteous Branch" James, apostle, son of Alphaeus, n. 79,136 ruling in Judah, known to Zechariah, James, apostle, son of Zebedee, his call 352, n. 95

to be a disciple, II. 73; his call to be Jericho, II. 107, 108 an apostle, 79; his presence at the Jeroboam, son of Nebat, rebel against transfiguration, 99; his presence at the Une of David, and first king of the discourse of Jesus on the Mount of the ten tribes, I. 267; probably did Olives, 115; his presence in the garden not intend idolatry in setting up the of Gethsemane, 123; his probable gold calves at Dan and Bethel, 268, sentiment towards the Jewish cere- 269; yet lightminded and arbitrary monial law, 151; his martyrdom, 154; in his religious measures, 269, 270 rebuked by Jesus Christ when he Jeroboam II (king), I. 267 wished to call down fire from heaven Jerome quotes the gospel of the Hebrews, on the inhospitable Samaritans, 398. n. 3; translator of the Bible into The incident Mark x. 35-45 is not Latin, 243 mentioned in this treatise Jerome of Prague, n. 373, 377

James, "the Lord's brother," not one of Jerusalem, I. 157, 221; said by Manetho the twelve, n. 136; accompanied Jesus to have been founded by the Shepherd on his last journey to Jerusalem, 102; kings after they left Egypt, 237; a a son of Mary, 134-138; a distinguished stronghold of the Jebusites, captured Christian leader, 153; author of the by David and Joab, 258; the temple epistle contained in the New Testa- built there, 259, 265 (see also 268, 274, ment, 27, 156; peculiarly hopeful of 282); saved from the army of Sen-the conversion of his own nation, but nacherib, 289, 290; idolatrous in reign possibly somewhat narrow in his con- of Manasseh, 293; purified by Josiah, duct towards the Gentiles, 156; even 298,299; idolatrous again after Josiah's the Jews considered his martyrdom a death, 305; besieged by Nebuchadnez-sin in those who slew him, 157; when zar, 309; the extraordinary variety of he died, the cause of Jewish Christi- hopes, fears, and prophecies, attending






INDEX 491 that siege, and the capture and de- 35; and that the somewhat different struction of the city, 309-314 (see grounds of the apostle Paul, which also 110); the restoration of it pre- tend to support that creed, are also dieted by Jeremiah, 310, by Ezekiel, inadequate, 36, 168, 169; a mysterious 315, by the prophet of the exile, 316-318, divine origin, affirmed by Jesus Christ 320, 322, 324, 325; the actual return of himself, is also affirmed by him of to Jerusalem begun, 326, 332-337; the those to whom he speaks, 37; the subsequent history, 338 sqq.; the large legends of his miraculous birth, and return of exiles under Zerubbabel in miraculous ascension, touched on, 38 the reign of Darius Nothus, 349; the (pages 38-56, being the Appendices to return of Ezra, 359; of Nehemiah, chapter xvi, examine the nature of 361 sqq.; a Greek gymnasium there, the gospel evidence more minutely); 388; attacked and taken by Antiochus his early life, and visit to the temple, Epiphanes, 390; recovered by Judas 61, 62; his relation to John the Maccabaeus, 392; captured by the Baptist, 62, 63; his baptism, the Romans under Pompey, 403; scribes meaning of it, the lesson we should from Jerusalem come and vilify Jesus draw from it, and the divine sequel in Galilee, and are rebuked, n. 80; which followed it, 63-66; his with-his resolve to preach and end his life in drawal into the wilderness and tempta-Jerusalem, 91, 92; his journey thither, tion there, 66; the meaning and force 98, 100 sqq.; his arrival, sojourn, of the three temptations, 67-69; his and death there, 108 sqq.; Jerusalem withdrawal into Galilee, 69; some re-symbolised as a woman, 139; the flections on his early life, 70; his residence and preaching of the apostles Galilean preaching, 70-72; the Sermon there, 145 sqq.; Jerusalem captured on the Mount, the force and meaning of and destroyed by Titus, 178; held its various parts, 73-78; his censure of sacred by Mohammed, 275; mentioned the Scribes and Pharisees, 78; his choice by a Moslem historian, 285; captured of twelve apostles, 79; various attempts by the Crusaders, 322; recovered for to make him abandon his career of the Moslems by Saladin, 323 preaching are repelled by him, 80, 81;

Jeshua, otherwise spelt Joshua, high- he sends out the apostles on a mission, priest, i. 350, 351, 354, 357, 367, 370, 81, 82; their success falls short of 371, 379-382 what he had hoped, 82, 83; hence he

Jesse, father of David, I. 253 inveighs against the cities which had Jesuits, i. xii, II. 410-413 not listened to them, 84; but commends Jesus Christ, i. vii; the emotions con- the poor and humble persons who did

nected with his life and death are a believe in him, and declares his own witness to us of the eternal element intimacy with the Divine Father, in ourselves, 8; the bearing of his 84-86; in consequence of the incre-teaching on ascetic practices, 46, 47; dulity of his fellow-countrymen, he his purposes were framed on the plan begins teaching by parables, 87, 88; which had been foreseen by the prophet his withdrawal into the desert after of the Babylonian exile, 329; and were the death of John the Baptist, 89; also guided by the book of Daniel, 399; the "feeding of the five thousand," his essential nature considered, with 89; the demand that he should show quotations illustrative of the view set a sign refused, 89; his retirement into forth in the Nicene creed, n. 1-7; this the borders of Tyre and Sidon, 90; view, which in its main aspect is that the healing of the daughter of the of the fourth gospel, is based by that Canaanitish woman, 90; his probable gospel on miracles, 8; the question of thoughts at this time in view of the gospel miracles dealt with, 9-35 the problem before him, 91-94; (the conclusions reached, that the he elicits from the apostles (whose miracles of healing, when properly spokesman was Simon Peter) their weighed, are not of a kind that separates belief that he was the Christ, 95; Jesus Christ from our ordinary hu- reflections on this, 95, 96; he imparts manity (9, 10), that the resurrection to his disciples his intention to go up was a true fact in a region beyond our to Jerusalem, and predicts his own senses, but not a miraculous fact in the death there, 96, 97; tells his disciples world of sense (14, 26, 27) and that the that they also must take up the cross, evidence is very much too weak to 98; gives his first sketch of future make the other miracles credible, things, 98, 99; his transfiguration and though some are founded on true facts the cure of the epileptic boy, 99, 100; (27-35), and that for moral reasons it his journey to Jerusalem, 100-102; is not desirable that the miracles questions of marriage and divorce should be true, 35); hence that the considered by him, 102-104; meets view of the Nicene creed is not tenable, the rich young man who shrank






492 INDEX from being a disciple, 105, 106; reflec- governors in Judaea a cause of the tions on this incident, 106, 107; lodges Jewish rebellion, which was put down at Jericho with Zacchaeus, 107; inci- by Titus, 178; a comparison of the dent of blind Bartimaeus, 108; enters way in which Jews and Christians triumphantly Jerusalem and the temple, respectively opposed the Roman 108; an account of his proceedings tyranny, 178, 179; Jews remained there and reflections on them, with within the bounds of the Roman particular reference to the fourth empire after it became Christian, gospel, 109-114; his discourse to his because they knew not where to find disciples about the last things, 115- safety, 249; Mohammed had more to 120; the final discourse in the fourth do with Jews than with Christians, gospel, 120, 121; his anointing by 263; but could not conciliate them, a woman, 121; his last supper, 121, 273; honoured them at first, but 122; the garden of Gethsemane, 123; treated them with severity afterwards, his apprehension and trial, 124, 125; 275, 276; considered them hostile, his crucifixion, and the sayings attri- 279; Jews were one of the sources buted to him on the cross, 126; his of the free spirit in modern nations, burial, 127; in his death we become 291, 292; massacre of the Jews in the immortal, and God and man are second crusade (though Bernard of reconciled, 127, 128. (The succeeding Clairvaux defended them), 322; ex-references to Jesus Christ in volume II. pelled from England by Edward I, 338; are too numerous to be referred to a remark on the unworthiness of the in every case; but see especially 245- leaders of the Jewish nation at the 248, 323, and 453-455) time of the Christian era, 382; Lessing's

Jesus, brother of high priest John or fable in relation to the three religions, Johanan, I. 364 Judaism, Christianity, Islam, 436, 437.

Jesus, Society of, see Jesuits (See also Judah, tribe and kingdom of) Jesus, son of Josedek,i. 372. (See Jeshua) Jezebel, I. 270-275 Jethro, i. 234 Jezreel, I. 275, 276 Jewish authorities or hierarchy, n. 33, Jingis Khan (otherwise Zingis Khan, ii.

34, 78, 91, 109, 114, 125, 140, 150-153, 283; Chengiz, 286), I. 7, n. 283-285, 155-157, 160, 382 324, 325

Jewish Christians, n. 22; not wrong at Joab, I. 258, 259 first to hold by the Pentateuchal law, Joan Boucher, n. 413 156; yet those of them who broke Joannes Petrus card. Theatinus, n. 391 through it did a great work, 157, 158; Joannes Matthaeus episcopus Veronensis, those who continued to maintain the n. 391 intrinsic superiority of Jews to Gentiles Joash (king of Israel), i. 269 were resolutely opposed by Paul, 161; Joel (prophet), II. 139 Peter, who at first held this view, Johanan or Jehohanan (the same as that gradually came over to the side of high priest John who is mentioned Paul, 163-165; Jewish-Christian writ- i. 364), I. 357, 381, 382 ings, 306-309 Johannes Leo Africanus (Arab geo-

Jews, the title appropriate after the grapher), n. 287 return from the captivity, I. 319; the John (high priest), I. 364. (See Johanan) question of the time occupied in that John (king of England), n. 334-336 return referred to, 335, 336; the long John XXIII (pope), n. 374-376 history of the return described in John the Baptist, I. 407, II. 10, 12, 30, chapter xiv, with a brief reference to 31, 34, 41, 44, 49; a general account the after history down to the end of of his preaching, 59-61; his relation the third century B.C.; the second to Jesus, especially in regard to the and first centuries B.C. dealt with in baptism, 62-64; his imprisonment, 69; chapter xv (see also ix, and n. 35, the message he sent to Jesus, 82, 83; 48, 59, 101); the conciliatory attitude the praise of him by Jesus, 83; his of the apostles to the Jews, 146, death, 61, 88, 89. (See also 95, 162) 147, 150, 151; the belief in miracles John the Evangelist, II. 8; the primary, was the reason why the Jewish hier- though not the sole, author of the archy and most of the nation rejected fourth gospel, 13; author of the Christianity, 153, 157; yet the Jews Revelation, 13; his character sketched, who accepted it were very numerous, 13; the evidence as to his authorship 155, 156; the strong opposition of the of the works attributed to him, Ap-Jews to Paul and to the disciples pendix n to chapter xvi throughout; generally after Stephen's death, 159, he is half prophet, half poet, 51; 160; Paul not quite just to the the date of his banishment to Patmos, Jews, though desiring to be so, 167- 55; a sensitive soul, 56; his call to 170; the injustice of the Roman be a disciple, 73; his call to be an






INDEX 493 apostle, 79; his presence at the trans- doubtful, 236; quotes the history of figuration, 99; his own character the Exodus from Manetho, 237, 238, appears in those discourses which he 240; an authority on part of the professes to report in the fourth gospel, history after Zerubbabel, 348, 357; 113; present at the discourse given by uncritical in his treatment of ancient Jesus on the Mount of Olives shortly records, 362, 363; yet gives some before the crucifixion, 115; present in trustworthy information not to be the garden of Gethsemane, 123; stood found elsewhere, 363-366; which, how-by the cross of Jesus, 126; the Ephesian ever, has to be given up by those Christians in after times loved to exalt who think Zerubbabel contemporary him, 133; he saw dreams and visions, with Cyrus, 383; our sole authority 140; his memories of Jesus mingled for Jewish history in the third cen-with imagination, 175; the extra- tury B.C., 385; charges the Samaritans ordinary force of style which he some- with recreancy, 390; describes to us times reaches by the most simple the later Jewish sects (Sadducees, language, 175, 176; the excessive Essenes, Pharisees), 406 vehemence of his character, 176; his Joses (brother of James), II. 135, 136 practice of wearing (no doubt in religious Joshua, I. 219, 246, 394 services) the plate of gold which was Joshua (high priest), see Jeshua assigned in the book of Exodus to the Joshua, book of, I. 222, 247 high priest, 176; his mode of cele- Josiah (king), the reform of religion in brating the passover different from his reign, 220, 221, 294-300, 302; the that which was customary, and the gallant but imprudent act by which he reason of his so celebrating it, 176, 177; met his death, 303, 305; the praise a story told about him by Clement of of him by Jeremiah, 307; his .reform Alexandria, 177, 178; his statement undone afterwards, 307, 308. (See also of the doctrine of the Incarnation, 245 389 and II. 306, 444) (see also Gospel of John, under heading Jowett, Benjamin, I. 161, 168, 175, 182 Gospels); quoted by Roger Bacon, Judsea, I. 341, 342, 347, 349, 356, 358, 350; rebuked by Jesus Christ when 365, 390, n. 117, 120, 160, 178. (See he wished to call down fire from Judah) heaven on the inhospitable Samaritans, Judah, tribe and kingdom of, a rival to 398. The incidents, Mark ix. 38-41, Ephraim, I. 250; accepts David as and Mark x. 35-45, are not mentioned king, 258; the jealousy of the other in this treatise tribes, when David had become king

John the Presbyter, II. 47 over all Israel, excited against Judah, John Ball, II. 338, 339 259; the tribe of Judah fascinated by John Erigena, II. 302, 347 the memory of David, 263; unswerv-John of Gaunt, n. 339 ingly loyal to his line, 267; the Biblical John Hyrcanus, see Maccabees historians were of this tribe, 268; a Johnson, Dr, II. 446 king of Judah, after the division of the Joiada (Jewish high priest), I. 363, 364, kingdom, appears in alliance with a

382 king of the ten tribes, 270; the prophets Joiakim (Jewish high priest), I. 382 of Judah sowed the true seed of a Jonah (prophet), I. 277, II. 89 future development of the world, 274, Jonas (reformer), n. 408 275, 277, 278; the kingdom of Judah Jonathan (son of Saul), I. 254, 255 doubtful whether to join the alliance Jonathan (otherwise Johanan, high priest), of Syria and Israel against Assyria,

i. 382 but does not do so, 281-284, 286, Joram or Jehoram (king of Israel), 287; assailed by Sennacherib, and

i. 275, II. 292 delivered after serious losses, 289-Joseph, I. 218, 220; favourite son of 291, 293; the religious temperament

Jacob, 229; his romantic story referred of the people of Judah in the reign of to, 230; the agreement which he is Josiah described, 295, 296; the reform represented to have made between of religion in that reign, 299; the Pharaoh and the Egyptians as regards exultation of the people of Judah at the land hardly to be approved of, the fall of Nineveh, 304; Judah, after 230; yet a man of great ability and the death of Josiah, tyrannised over worth, 230; his death in Egypt, 232; by Egypt, relapsed into idolatry, 305-probably the subject of national songs, 307 ; Judah overcome and carried into 247 captivity by Nebuchadnezzar, 309;

Joseph of Arimathsea, II. 127, 134, 140 prophecies of a restoration of Judah, Josephus, dwells, in his Antiquities, on 310; of the reconciliation of Judah

the military aspect of the character and Ephraim, 312, 354, 355, 357; of Moses, i. 235; whether he believed the reconciliation frustrated, 358; in the miracles of the Exodus, is briefly mentioned, 321, 345, 360, 389,






494 INDEX 390; "The Lion of the tribe of Judah," Kwang-Tsze, follower of Lao-tsze, I. 124, H.52. (See also Jews, Judaea) 131, 133

Judas (Iscariot), II. 79, 122, 124-126, 142 Lacordaire, II. 435

Judas (Maccabaeus), see Maccabees Lamarck, I. 19, 20 Jude (apostle, and author of epistle), Lamennais, n. 435

II. 27, 79 Lamentations, book of, I. 313 Judges, book of, I. 242, 247-249 Lane-Poole, Stanley, n. 290, 327 Judith, book of, I. 345, 367 Lanfranc (archbishop), II. 303 Julius I (pope), II. 224 Langland, William, author of Piers the Julius II (pope), II. 396 Ploughman, n. 340 Julius Caesar, see Caesar Langton, Stephen, archbishop and car-Jumna (river), I. 37 dmal, the chief promoter of Magna Juno (Roman deity), I. 193 Charta, II. 335, 336 Jupiter, the highest deity in the religion Languedoc, n. 364, 366, 443

of ancient Rome, nobly entitled Jupiter Lanjuinais (French author), n. 428 Optimus Maximus, I. 193, II. 206 Lao-tsze, Chinese philosopher, born 604

Justification by Faith, n. 386, 399-401, B.C., not so famous as Confucius, but 418, 420 more original, I. 120; his system,

Justin Martyr, II. 46, 47, 56, 186 called the Tao, dwells upon the im-Justinian (emperor), n. 197, 251, 252, 346 palpable nature of creative or origina-Juvenal, I. 214 tive power, 121; quotations illustra-

tive of this, 121-123; one of his Kaaba, temple at Mecca, containing 360 maxims was "recompense injury with

idols, II. 265; visited by Mohammed kindness," 123; his death much and 2000 followers peacefully, 273; lamented by his followers, 124; his the idols demolished the succeeding defect wa3 the underrating of active year, 274 energy, 125; his interview with Con-

Kaftan, German theologian, II. 445 fucius described, 125; an interview of Kant, the beginner of a new spirit in a follower of his with Confucius

philosophy, i. x; the originator of described, 132. (See also II. 57) the nebular hypothesis, 9; a further Laplace (astronomer), I. 9, 10, 13 characterisation of him, II. 440, 441 Lares, Roman deities, I. 192

Kapilavatthu, birthplace of Buddha, I. Las Navas, battle in Spain, 1212 A.D., in 59 which the Moors were defeated, n. 327

Keble, II. 446; referred to on page 70 Latimer, bishop and martyr, II. 413 but not named Latins, I. 192, 197, 202

Kepler (astronomer), II. 417 Layard's Nineveh and Babylon, I. 278 Khadija (wife of Mohammed), II. 265-267, Lazarus, n. 10, 11, 34, 50, 51

270, 277 Lecky, W. E. H., n. 430 Khama (Buddhist monk), I. 72 Legge, Dr, i. 113, 119, 121, 124, 125, Khubilai (or Kubla) Khan, I. 135, n. 283 128, 133 Khulagu, II. 283 Legnano, battle of, II. 344 Kidd's Documents Illustrative of the Con- Leibnitz, n. 417

tinental Reformation, II. 389-392 Leo I (pope), n. 220, 236, 240 Kings, books of, i. 222, 259, and fre- Leo III (pope), n. 260, 295

quently afterwards; for the time of Leo X (pope), n. 394, 396, 397 their composition, I. 347. (See also n. Leo the Isaurian (Byzantine emperor), 242) II. 260

Knox, II. 413 Leonardo da Vinci, n. 359 Korah, sons of, supposed to have written Leonidas (Spartan king), i. 157

some of the psalms, I. 386 Leonides (Christian martyr), n. 199 Koran, II. 266-268, 270, 272, 275, 277, Lepanto, battle of, II. 345

279, 284, 285, 292 Lessing, n. 436 Koreish, the clan to which Mohammed Levi (apparently=the apostle Matthew),

belonged, II. 265; hostile to him, 269- II. 43, 79 271; his peaceable agreement with Leviticus, book of, I. 238; has a passage them, 273; incidents of his war with recognising human sacrifices as lawful, them, 274-276 249; the greater part of the book (but

Koster, one of the inventors of printing, the passage just referred to is an excep-ii. 357 tion) written after the Babylonian

Kostlin's Life of Luther, II. 397, 407 captivity, II. 444 Kretzschmer, Fraulein, II. 359 Licinius (Roman emperor), II. 201 Krishna, Hindu deity, I. 55 Life, mysterious, I. 4; the problems con-Kshatriyas, see Caste nected with, 8, 9; may possibly be Kunda, disciple of Buddha, I. 74 existent in sun and stars, and a cause






INDEX 495 of the energy inherent in those bodies, 392 sqq.; Eleazar, the fourth son, 13; a divine purpose manifested in 392; John, the eldest son, 392; Jona-the development of life, 27, and not than, the youngest son, 392, 393; absent in the development of beings Simon, the second son, 393; John outside man, 28; the death of Jesus a Hyrcanus (son of Simon), 393, 394, source of eternal life, II. 122,454; ter- 403; the family are also called As-restrial life originally derived from the moneans, and gradually passed away life which is in the sun; the relation in the first century before Christ, 403. of this fact to the Christian doctrine (See also n. 59, 292) of a Fall, 462-464. (See also I. ix, x, Maccabees, books of, I. 389, 390, 393, xiii, xiv) 401, 404

Linen paper, when first manufactured, Macdonell, professor, I. 37, 38, 42, 44, 94 II. 357 Madagascar, n. 287

Linguet (French author), n. 427, 428 Magadha, a country (or people) visited Lisseh, Chinese prime minister, i. 130 by Buddha, i. 60, 61, 72 Livy, i. 191, 195, 199-202, 215 Magi, their history obscure, i. 78, 79; Locke, II. 417, 449 not mentioned in the Gdthas, though Lodge, Sir Oliver, I. xiii, xiv probably lying behind the Gdthas, 80; Lollards, n. 338, 339, 410 honoured Zoroaster (who was one of Lombards, II. 257, 259; Lombard cities, them) supremely, 89; recognised the

II. 344 underlying spiritual "essence" of every Longinus, Neoplatonic philosopher, critic, being, called Fravashi, 90; mentioned

and statesman, n. 196 by Herodotus as a tribe of the Medes, Lord's Supper, the, n. 121, 122, 143, 384, 90; the Magi of Babylon a subordinate

386, 387 branch, not much devoted to Zoroaster Lot, Abraham's nephew, I. 227 or to Ahura Mazda, 91; these are Louis IX (king of France), II. 320, 323, found at Jerusalem, mentioned by

341 Ezekiel and Jeremiah, and were the Louis XIV (king of France), n. 426 source of Mithraism, 92; the true Magi Lucius III (pope), H. 366 of Media were at their purest and best Luke, II. 29, 101, 111, 147-150, 160, 165. when the Median empire was at its

{Compare "Gospels" and "Acts") height, in the seventh century B.C. Lupus (bishop of Troyes), n. 220 and early in the sixth century, 93; Luther, Martin, leader of the movement their doctrine was then a spiritual

which we call the Reformation, II. 378; pantheism of a peculiar kind, 93; they his view as to the divine maintenance discarded temples, altars, and images, of the Church, 385; the objection and taught men to worship on the tops which he raised to the indulgences of mountains, 94, 95; this was an of a twofold character, first, to the advance on the Aryan polytheism, 95; indulgences in themselves, secondly, they were probably not Aryans, 95; to the sale of them, 385-388; a history they differed from Zoroaster in that of the controversy, showing that the they worshipped fire, especially in the lu-church of Rome did in the end give minaries of heaven, 95,96; they advised up the sale of indulgences, though the destruction of idol temples near not the indulgences themselves, 389- lake Kaekasta, 97; their misfortunes, 393; but before the church of Rome and the temptations to which they gave up the sale of indulgences, Luther were exposed, when Cyrus conquered had been cast out of the church; the Media, 559 B.C., 99, 100; their fiat-history of this, 394-397; Luther's tery of Cambyses and rebellion against protest against the burning of heretics him, 101, 102; their subjugation by (though he sanctioned persecution of Darius and the Persians, 102, 103; a minor kind), 398; his doctrine of they were hated by the Persians, and Justification by Faith, 399-401, 420; ashamed of their own name, which a general account of his career after only occurs once in the whole A vesta, his breach with the church of Rome, 104; yet they managed by subtle his merits and his faults, 402-409; arts and curious superstitions to im-the relation in which Calvin stood to pose their religion on the Persians, him, 412, 413 104, 105; their exposing their dead

Lyons, martyrs of, n. 197 to be eaten by birds, 105; they readmit Lysander (Spartan admiral), I. 157 the Aryan polytheism into their

religion, 106, 107; sank into obscurity Mably (French author), n. 427, 428 after Alexander's conquest of Persia, Macaulay, Lord, n. 430 107; but their religion, which claimed Maccabees (the family), Mattathias, the the name of Zoroastrian, revived under

father, I. 390-392; Judas, the third the Sassanians, 226 B.C., and though son (peculiarly called Maccabaeus), overthrown by the Mohammedans,






496 INDEX survives in purified form with the Medina, originally called Yathrib, n. Parsis, 108. {See also n. 58) 270-276

Magna Chafta, n. 334-337 Melanchthon, n. 401, 406 Magnesia, II. 181 Meletians (schismatics), II. 231 Magyars, n. 298, 343 Melik Shah (Seljuk sultan), n. 290 Maher-shalal-hash-baz, I. 283-286 Menander (Gnostic), II. 185-187 Mahmud of Ghazni, Moslem invader of Mencius (Chinese philosopher), i. 113, 114,

India, II. 328 133 Majorca, n. 351, 353, 354 Menenius Agrippa (Roman statesman), Malachi (prophet), II. 92 I. 198-200 Malek Ibn Ans, Mohammedan doctor, Merib-baal, the true name of Mephi-

H. 281 bosheth, I. 251 Malpighi (biologist), II. 417 Merz, Dr J. T., I. 20, II. 441 Mamelukes, II. 324 Meshach, I. 403 Mammoth, I. 2, 29 Messiah, I. 401, 404, II. 108, 112, 155; Manasseh (king of Judah), I. 220, 293- for the oratorio the Messiah, n. 423,

296, 301 424 Manasseh (the Jewish son-in-law of Mesue of Maridin, Arab physician, n.

Sanballat), I. 365, 366 287 Manda, a wild tribe of central Asia, Metaphysics, i. x, xi

called Scythians by the Greeks, who Mexico, n. 416 destroyed Nineveh, i. 99, 100, 303 Meyer, professor Eduard, I. 98, 353, 356

Manetho, see Josephus Miall, L. C., author of Early Naturalists, Manichaeanism, n. 368 n. 347 Manzoni (novelist), n. 435 Micah (prophet), I. 249, 277, 279 Mara, in Buddhism, the tempter, I. 64,68, Michael Angelo, II. 359

69 Midianites, I. 227, 234, 242, 247 Marathon, battle of, I. 155, 163, 355 Milan, edict of, n. 201, 226 Marcion, a celebrated Gnostic, n. 176, Milinda, Buddhist king of Greek origin,

187, 190 i. 76 Marco Polo, ii. 287, 356 Militz, reforming preacher at Prague, Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor and n. 373

Stoic philosopher, I. 4, 214; ii. 337 Mill, James, II. 448 Mark, mentioned in the first epistle of Mill, John Stuart, II. 448

Peter, n. 165. (For his gospel, see Mills, professor, I. 79-81, 83-85 "Gospels") Milman's History of Latin Christianity,

Mars (Roman deity), I. 193 n. 311, 361 Marseilles, I. 145 Miltiades, I. 157 Martineau, James, n. 447, 448 Milton, I. 158, 172; H. 5, 6, 413, 417 Maruts (Hindu deities), I. 38 Minerva (Roman deity), I. 193 Mary (mother of Jesus), not, at first, Miracles, i. i, xii, xiii; the Old Testa -

a believer in the divine mission of her ment miracles briefly discussed, and son, ii. 81; but afterwards she was their strongest support, the book of so, 102; stood by his cross, and the Deuteronomy, shown to be inadequate, evidence must lead us to think that because written (or begun to be written) she visited the tomb, 134-139; the first in the reign of Josiah, 216-223; the indication noted of the transcendental miracles of the Exodus really a dis-glory afterwards assigned to her, 139. paragement to Moses, 234, 235; the {See also 359, 387) miracles of Elijah are not recorded

Mary Magdalene, n. 72, 134, 135, 137, either in a contemporary, or in a con-139 sistent, narrative, 272, 273; the de-

Matilda (countess), n. 317 struction of Sennacherib's army due to Mattathias, see Maccabees pestilence, 289; the rigidity of the Matthew, apostle, n. 79. {See also 29, 39; later Jews a consequence of their belief

and compare "Gospels") in miracles, 387, 388; the prophecies Matthew (or Matthias) of Janow, n. in the book of Daniel discussed, and

373 the miracles touched on, 396-403; the Maurice de Saxe, n. 428 gospel miracles considered as a sup-Maurice, F. D., n. 467 port of the doctrine which separates Maximian (Roman emperor), n. 201 the original nature of Jesus Christ Maximus (Roman emperor), n. 236 from the original nature of every Mayor, professor Joseph, n. 136 other man, n. 8; the miracles of heal-Mazzini, n. 435 ing, which have a measure of truth Mecca, n. 265, 266, 269-271, 273-275 in them, do not support this doctrine, Media, Median empire, I. 90-97, 99-103, 9, 10; of the other miracles, that

289 which occupies the crucial position is






INDEX 497 the physical resurrection of Jesus, 11, be accounted lofty and heroic, 275-12; the resurrection is shown, both 277; after the death of Khadija, by the inconsistency of the gospel he adopted the polygamy which was narratives relating to it, by the account customary in his nation, 277; the of the conversion of Paul in the Acts, most signal difference between the and by various expressions in the teaching of Mohammed and the epistles of Paul and Peter, to have teaching of Jesus Christ is noted, been an event occurring in the spiritual 277, 278; his religion warlike, yet supersensuous sphere, not in the visible warlike rather through circumstances world, 14-18; some further elucida- than on principle, 277, 278; the tion of this topic, continued through military successes of his followers after the rest of chapter xvi; the question his death, 278; he acknowledges the as to the cause of the disappearance humility of Christians, 279 of the body of Jesus from the tomb Mohammedans, see Islam touched on, 134; the unfavourable Mohammed II (sultan), conqueror of and misleading effect which the belief Constantinople, II. 325 in miracles has had on our estimate Moli re, n. 417 of Simon Peter, 154; the reason why Mommsen, I. 207-209 the Jewish authorities rejected Jesus Monastic orders, see Monks lay in their belief in miracles, 153, Mongols, n. 283-287, 324, 325, 331, 157; the belief in miracles hindered 334 critical inquiry in the early Church, Monier Williams, Sir M., I. 38, 42, because it tended to make the whole 47, 55 subject of religion appear outside Monks, in the Buddhist religion, i. 64, human knowledge, 207; doubt in 65, 70-72; in the Christian religion, miracles began in England, but ex- II. 219, 236, 240; the first monastic tended with far greater vehemence to community (as distinguished from France, 425; and, with more careful hermits) originated with Basil bishop criticism, to Germany, 445 of Csesareia, 243; Persian monks, 251;

Miriam, I. 244 the Benedictine order of monks was Mithra, Mithraism, I. 90-93, n. 200, 206 the first instance of Christian bene-Mitra (Hindu deity), I. 38 ficence on a large scale, 252-260; the Moabites, I. 227, 244, 247, 255, 258, 259, quiet of monasteries tended in some

264, 309, 339, 341, 359, 361 ways to foster the intellect, 293, 294; Mohammed, general remarks on his the celibacy of monks did increase

religion and on his personality, n. 263, their missionary power in the rough 264; born in the year 570 A.D. at Mecca, times after the fifth century, 310; and in his twenty-fifth year married yet in the later centuries it would have a wealthy lady of the Koreish clan, been better if the severity of the Khadija, whose agent he had been, Benedictine rule had been mitigated, 265; in his fortieth year, at a time 360, 361; valiant monks of the Eastern when he was greatly dissatisfied with church, 325, 326, 333 the idolatrous religion of his country- Montalembert, II. 252-255, 435 men, a conflict arose in his soul, and he Montesquieu, n. 427 heard a voice bidding him "cry in the Montucla, II. 294 name of the Lord!" 266; he feared Morley, Lord, II. 430 that he was possessed, but his wife Moscow, II. 326 encouraged him, 266, 267; he began Moses, indebted, in some respects, to to preach in Mecca, and made some Egypt, I. 34; not the author of the converts, but was met with much book of Deuteronomy, 221-223; did derision, 269; his uncle, Abu Talib, not originally circumcise his own though not a convert of his, yet sup- children, 233; his part in the deliver-ported him, 270; he and his followers ance of the Israelites insignificant if were subjected to great privations, we believe the miraculous history, 270, till at last he escaped with them worthy and noble if we discard the to Medina, 271, an event called the miracles, 234, 235; a warrior, 235; Hejra (see Hejra); both his wife and a religious patriot, 236; great in his uncle had died before this took organisation, a military leader, law-place, 270; a certain fault in his giver, and ethical instructor, 239; preaching is noted, 272, yet his extra- his leadership of the Israelites during ordinary ability and success in govern- the Exodus and desert wanderings, ing is noted as well, 273; he destroys 239-242; the author of the main the idols in and around Mecca, and substance of the ten commandments, wins the submission of many Arabian 243; he made the ideals of Abraham tribes, 274; some of his acts cannot a great practical force in the world, be approved of, yet his character must 243; his death, 244. (See also 263,

M D. A. II. 32






498 INDEX 272, 292, 293, 295, 296, 298, 394, and New Zealand, i. 2 ii. 19, 29, 99, 153) Nibelungen Lied, II. 357

Moulton, professor, i. 83-85, 88, 89, 91, Nicaea, II. 333 92, 98, 104, 110 Nicene Creed, II. 1, 2, 5-7, 11, 35, 185,

Mu'awiya (caliph), II. 281 214-216, 218, 223-225, 227, 229, 230, Miiller, K. 0., on the History of the 234, 422

Dorian race, I. 143 Nicephorus Blemmydes, a courageous Miiller, Max, I. xii, 36, 41, 45 abbot in the Eastern empire, n. 333 Miinzer, leader of rebellious peasants in Nicolas I (pope), n. 309, 331

Germany, n. 405 Nicolas V (pope), n. 347 Nicomedia, II. 227. (See also Eusebius

Nabal, i. 257 of Nicomedia) Nabonidus, king of Babylon, i. 303 Nineveh, i. 278, 294, 303-305, n. 89, Naboth, i. 275 285 Nahum (prophet), I. 304, 305 Nirvana, i. 58, 62, 65, 67, 75 Napoleon, n. 445 Nizam-el-Mulk,minister of a Seljuk sultan, Narses, Roman general under Justinian, II. 290

II. 251 Noah, ii. 18, 27 Nathan (prophet), I. 252, 261, 262, 266 Nonconformists, n. 413, 415, 457 Nathanael, II. 31, 48 Normans, II. 300, 310, 317 Nazareth, II. 61, 70, 71, 80, 102; also Numantia, I. 203

frequently in the phrase " Jesus of Numbers, book of, more correct than the Nazareth" book of Deuteronomy in certain

Neander, General History of the Christian respects, I. 222, 236; yet it contains Religion and Church, translated by legends, 223; referred to, 241, 244, Joseph Torrey, I. xii, n. 198, 199, 225, 302, 387; the final compilation of the 234, 315, 316, 333, 347, 348, 350, 351, book, 347 354, 355, 366, 367, 374 Nuremberg, n. 398, 409

Nebuchadnezzar, mentioned in the Din-kards, a Zoroastrian work of mediaeval Oldenberg, author of Buddha, translated times, i. 110; for the Biblical mention by William Hoey, I. 64, 65, 70-72 of him, 305, 307-311, 313, 337, 344, Olives, Mount of, I. 264, II. 108, 115, 122 346, 396, 397 Olympia, the games here fostered a

Nebular hypothesis, I. 9-11 feeling of unity among the Greeks, Nehemiah, I. 332, 336; sent by Arta- i. 145

xerxes Mnemon to rebuild the walls of Omar (caliph), one of the earliest sup-Jerusalem, 361; the work completed porters of Mohammed, n. 270, 281 in 52 days, 362; his legislation, 362; Ommeyads, one of the earliest lines of his date misrepresented by Josephus, caliphs, reigning at Damascus, 290,291; 363; opposed by Sanballat, 364; he a branch of this line afterwards reigned banished the priest who married a in Spain, 327 daughter of Sanballat, 364; the import- Organisation, the force and meaning of ance of this event, 365; he separates the word, I. 3-5, 7, 8; the power certain persons from the priesthood, inherent in it, 13, 14; the cosmical 373; he, and he only, has the title significance of it, ix, x, xiii, II. Tirshatha, 374; his catalogue, 376,377; 462. Caste system of the Hindus the final conclusion as to his date, 381; shows real but crude organisation, his reforms referred to, 387 I. 50. Organisation among all man-

Nehemiah, book of, I. 336, 348, 349, 358, kind, in spiritual as well as in material 361-364, 367, 368, 371-379, 381, 382, matters, was a problem first under-385 taken by the Christian Church, n. 203;

Neoplatonism, II. 192, 193, 196 the effectiveness of organisation in Nero (Roman emperor), the "beast" of the mediaeval Church, 259; a reference

the Revelation, II. 54, 55; his perse- to the municipal organisations of cution of the Christians, 165, 174, 178. imperial Rome, 283 {See also 185, 367) Organisms, living, a subject of physical

Nestorianism, n. 239, 240 science, though the full force of the Nestorius, II. 240 organising principle has been thrown Netherlands, n. 346, 415, 416 into the background by scientific Nethinim, I. 367, 368, 371 inquirers, I. 3, 4; Lamarck's theory as Nevers, dean of, n. 366 to their origin, 19, 20; Darwin's theory Newman, Francis William, ii. 156,447,467 as to their origin, 21; an incomplete-Newman, John Henry (cardinal), n. 446, ness in this theory recognised by

467 Darwin himself, 23, 24; a further Newton, Sir Isaac, n. 417,429. {See also consideration of the subject, 25-

Dedication of this work) 27; pre-human organisms not destitute






INDEX 499 of spirituality, 18, 24-26; Buddha's on an equality in the Christian Church, view respecting organisms, I. 66 161; in many respects his teaching was

Origen, a Father of the Church, charac- identical with that of the other apostles, terised by greater freedom of thought but he went beyond them in equalising than was common, II. 179; he had Gentiles with Jews, 162,163; his visit something of the intellectual Greek to Rome and his death in Rome, spirit, 192; believed that life existed probably pieceded the visit and the in the heavenly bodies, 193; believed death of Peter, 164, 1Ü5; was right in the pre-existence of the human in his exaltation of the spiritual kernel soul, though not in the transmigration of religion over its outer form, 166, of souls, 194; says that God deals 167, but not right in denying the with men with a view to their eternal merits of his own nation in their interests (in each case), not merely to past history, 167, 168; his theologi-their interests in this present life, 195; cal motive for this disparagement, accused of heresy, and his doctrines 168-170; the Acts an imperfect disallowed, three centuries after his account of his missionary career,

. death, 197. (See also 199, 200) requiring to be supplemented by his Orphic religious societies, i. 151, 152, 209 epistles, 170; superior to Peter in Osarsiph, a name given to Moses by genius, but not in heroism, 170; the

Manetho, I. 237 epistles ascribed to him, except that Othmän (caliph), n. 281 to the Hebrews, probably all genuine Otto I (German emperor), II. 310, 343 (the difficulties as to the pastoral Ottoman Turks, n. 325, 331, 332 epistles noted and considered), 171; Overbeck (German critic), n. 185 some striking quotations from his

epistles given, 171, 172; his merciful Paley's Horce Paulince, II. 467 temperament as regards the eternal Palmer, E. H., Oriental scholar, II. 266, destiny of the wicked, 172, 173; his

267 authority (along with that of Peter) Pantheism, among the Hindus, I. 42, 43; appealed to by the Roman church

among the Magi, 93, 94. (I regret after his death, 177; his doctrine of that I have omitted in these volumes the spiritual body, 191; praised by to mention the great modern pantheist, Longinus, 196; equal to Peter as an Spinoza) apostle—the bearing of this on modern

Papacy, n. 209; a discussion as to the controversies, 381, 383. (For his doc-authority of the Papacy 379-383 trine see also 7, 8, 36, 245)

Papias (ancient Christian Father), n. 29, Paul III (pope), II. 391, 410 47 Paul of Samosata (heretic), n. 199

Parables, n. 87, 88, 90, 106, 107, 111; Paulus, H. E. G. (German critic), II. 30 parables in act, 110 Peasants' revolt (in Germany), II. 405

Paris, II. 340 Peisistratus (Athenian despot), i. 153 Parliament, n. 337, 339 Pekah (king of Israel), i. 278, 281-284, Parmenides (Greek philosopher), i. 163, 287

183, 184 Pelagius (heretic), II. 240, 241 Parsis, i. 78, 89, 108 Pelagius II (pope), n. 257 Parthia, Parthians, I. 89, 103, 108 Pelasgians, I. 138, 142, 143 Pascal, II. 417, 434 Penances, in India, I. 48, 53; in the Passover, n. 91, 121, 176, 177 Christian Church, n. 387 Patmos, II. 55, 176 Penates (Roman deities), i. 192 Patricians and plebeians, I. 198-201, 204, Pentateuch, I. 406, II. 19, 150, 156, 157,

206 163, 443. (See also the separate books, Patrick, the apostle of Ireland, II. 252 Genesis, Exodus, &c.) Paul (apostle), Saul his Hebrew name, Pentecost, II. 26, 139, 142, 143, 145, 155

II. 158; his conversion described, and Pepin (father of Charlemagne), n. 259, the reasons given for regarding it as a 309 fact of the spiritual, not of the Pepin (son of Charlemagne), II. 299, 345 material, order of things, 16-21, 158, Perssa, n. 104 159; a passage from one of his epistles Pericles, I. 156, 157 quoted explanatory of this view, 25; Perigord, Perigordians, their adverse his pre-Christian days referred to, 19, feeling towards king Louis IX of France, 153, 158; frail in body, 73; his visit and the reason of it, II. 341 to Arabia, escape from Damascus, and Perpetua, female saint and martyr, II. visit to Peter at Jerusalem, 159; his 198, 199 visions, 140; his determination to Persia, i. 78-110, 154-156 convert the whole Roman empire to Persius (Roman poet), a highminded Christianity, 159; it was peculiarly due Stoic, I. 214 to him that Jews and Gentiles were Personality, the source of it mysterious,

32—2






500 INDEX i. 6; not definitely ascribable to the Crito, 163, 179; Phcedo, 163, 168-172, mysterious nature of God, 8 177, 179-181, 184; Republic, 171-173,

Peru, n. 416 182, 183, 185-187; Symposium, 174, Perugino (painter), n. 358, 359, 423 175; Theages, 176; Gorgias, 182; Par-Peter (apostle), see Simon Peter menides, 183; Ion, 186; Laws, 187 Peter Candiano IV (doge of Venice), n. Pliny, i. 110, 195

299 Plotinus, II. 192-194, 196 Peter of Cluny, II. 322 Plutarch, I. 32 Peter the Hermit, n. 320, 322 Poitiers, battle of, n. 340 Peter Lombard, II. 356 Pola, mentioned as a seat of the slave Petrarch, n. 357 trade, II. 299 Pharaohs of Egypt, the builders of Poland, n. 283, 320

pyramids, i. 4; the Shepherd kings, Polybius (translated by Evelyn S. Shuck-230,232; the oppressor of the Israelites, burgh), I. 204, 205 233; Menephthah, under whom the Polycarp (bishop of Smyrna), II. 46, 47, Exodus took place, 234, 240; Pharaoh- 176, 197 Necoh, who defeated Josiah, 303, 305 Polycrates (bishop of Ephesus), II. 176,

Pharisees, I. 406, 407, II. 19, 35, 59, 78, 177 89, 97, 104, 108, 113, 114, 122, 131, Polytheism, in Babylonia and Egypt, 166, 382 i. 32, 33; in India, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44;

Philadelphia, n. 181 in Iran (Persia), 88, 93-95, 107; in Philip (apostle), n. 79 China (a mitigated form of it), 115, Philip IV (king of France, called "the 119; in Greece, 137,138,140; modified

Fair"), II. 354, 370 in a monotheistic sense by ¿Eschylus Philip II (king of Spain), n. 327 and Sophocles, 161, 162; still more Philip of Macedon, I. 158 by Socrates, 163, 166-168; in Rome, Philippi, II. 148 192, 193, 195; Greek and Roman Philistines, I. 247, 249, 250, 255-258, 261, polytheism compared by Mommsen,

342 207-209; among the Israelites, 248, Phocas (Byzantine emperor), n. 258 258, 265, 293-296, 299, 305, 307, n. Phoenicians, possibly the first devisers 306

of an alphabet, I. 31 Pompey, I. 211, 403 Pilate, II. 122, 125 Porphyry (neoplatonist), n. 196, 216, 444 Pindar (poet), I. 151, 152, 163, 209 Porsena, i. 195 Pisa, II. 353 Portuguese, n. 287, 329, 416 PistisSophia{Giiost\Q treatise), n. 186,187 Poseidon (Greek deity), I. 137 Plant life, I. 25 Prague, II. 373, 374, 377 Platsea, battle of, i. 155, 355 Prajapati, highest Hindu deity in the Plato, reports the saying of the Delphic most ancient times, I. 41, 42, 56

oracle about Socrates more correctly Prayer, natural to anyone who believes than Xenophon, 1.160,161; his dialogues in God, I. 8; possible in the case of narrating the trial, imprisonment, and men in their very earliest stage, 17, 18; death of Socrates, 163; his testimony something analogous may even be to the intellectual character of Socrates experienced by animals, 18; practised apt to be misunderstood in modern by the early Hindus, but with some-times, 164; his representation of the thing mechanical conceived in it, 40; desire of Socrates "to justify the ways with more true feeling in the Katha-of God to man" profound and true, Upanishad, 48; prayers by Zoroaster, 168-172; his truthfulness as a witness 81, 82, 85; an ambitious prayer found vindicated in other ways, 172 sqq.; in the later Avesta, 107; prayer the brilliance of his style, 174; his ac- according to Chinese religion, 115, 119, count of the loving nature of Socrates, 128; recognised in Greek poetry and 175, 176; his account of the teaching philosophy, 162, 167, 168; among the of Socrates respecting immortality pro- Romans (as explained by Mommsen), bably in substance correct, 179-181; 208; in Abraham, 227; in Moses, 234, remarks on various dialogues, 182,183; 235; in David, 263; prayer attributed he was a literary artist and systematiser, to Solomon, 266; in Isaiah, 280; in 186; a criticism of his Republic, 185- the author of the Lamentations, 314; 187; his personal career touched on, in Jeremiah, 315; in the prophet of 188; his serious religious tone, 187, the exile, 331; in the psalms, 341, 342, 188, 209, 210; received honour from 346, 347; in Zechariah, 352; what some early Christian writers, but was we ought to think about prayer to not understood, n. 179; his great Jesus Christ, or prayer to the holy influence on Neoplatonism, 192. Pla- departed, as distinguished from prayer tonic dialogues named: Apology, I. 163, to the invisible God, n. 37; the prayers 170, 173, 176, 179, 181, 185, 186; of Jesus in his childhood, 70; the






INDEX 501 exhortations of Jesus to men to pray, made, i. 329, n. 92, 93; greatly 75, 79; his own prayer in the garden relied upon by the apostles, 162. (See of Gethsemane, 123; his declaration as also 58, 60, 66) to the power of his own prayer, 124; Proverbs, book of, i. 266, 267 concerning prayers of our own to Psalms, some, not many, psalms probably Jesus Christ, 128; the prayer of attributable to David, though hardly Stephen to him, 152; and of Paul, in their present form, I. 262, 263; the 159; the prayer of Perpetua, 198; greater number of them written during prayer against Arius, 233; the neces- the century which witnessed the sity of prayer for bringing harmony return from the Babylonian captivity, into the relations of men with each or shortly afterwards, 338-347, 353; other, 241; the view of Athanasius, their historical importance, 384; the respecting the prayer of Jesus in the titles to the psalms prefixed later than garden of Gethsemane, inadequate, the time of Ezra, and therefore un-247, 248; prayer as inculcated by trustworthy, 385, 386; a Maccabean Mohammed, 263, 264, 269; as valued psalm mentioned, 395; the 119th by a monarch of the eastern church, psalm expressive of the reverence for 296; in Baber, the Moslem ruler of the law felt by the Jews after the India, 328; in Jeanne d'Arc, 342; in captivity, II. 19; the psalms quoted Roger Bacon, 350; in Raymund Lull, in the temptation of Jesus, 67; quoted 352; in Huss, 372; in Luther, 408; by Paul, 168. (See also 444) the German classical writers and philo- Psychical Society, II. 22 sophers have not realised it sufficiently, Ptolemaeus (Gnostic), II. 187 440-442; but Schleiermacher ap- Ptolemies (kings of Egypt), I. 209, 335, proached more to doing so, 442; yet 336, 366, 367, 388, 389 neither he nor Ritschl nor the fol- Ptolemy (ancient astronomer), I. 189, lowers of Ritschl placed it altogether II. 288 in its proper central position, 443, 445. Purgatory, n. 387, 393 (See also 469, 470) Purim, feast of, I. 344

Pre-existence of man, I. 180, 181, II. 37, Pusey, Dr E. B., n. 446 454 Pushan, one of the Hindu names for the

Printing, the discovery of, n. 357 Sun-god, I. 38, 56 Priscillian (heretic and martyr), n. 236 Pythagoras (famous Greek philosopher), Proclus (Neoplatonist), n. 239 I. 147, 148, 152, 161, 163, 186 Procopius, II. 251 Property, questions relating to, n. 74- Rabelais, n. 417

76, 105-107, 279, 432, 433 Rachel (wife of Jacob), I. 230 Prophet of the Exile, the, author of the Racine (dramatist), II. 417

last twenty-seven chapters of the book Radagaisus, heathen assailant of the of Isaiah, i. 279; a century and a half Roman empire, n. 238 later than Isaiah, 316; proclaims Cyrus Radium, i. 9, 12; its effect referred to, as the restorer of Jerusalem and Judah, 14 318; derides the fallen Babylon, 321; Raphael (painter), II. 359 exhorts Israel (i.e. the Jews) to have Ratisbon, Diet of, II. 409 courage and leave Babylon, 319, 320, Rawlinson, Sir Henry, I. 103, 104 322, 323; his mysterious prophecy of Raymond V (count of Toulouse), II. 363 a redeemer, 327; exhorts men to be Raymond VI (count of Toulouse), II. 363 humble before God, 330; he himself Raymund Lull, born at Majorca, 1236 accompanies the party who leave A.D. ; lived a worldly life, married Babylon and reach Jerusalem, 332, and had children, n. 351; received an 333; his sorrow at the ruined state inward conversion in the thirtieth year of city and temple, in contrast with of his age, and resolved to consecrate his previous ideal prophecies, 332, 333; himself to the service of Christ, 352; it looks as if he returned to Babylon and to the conversion of the Saracens to get fresh recruits for Jerusalem, 333; by a literary work which should be regards a temple as unnecessary, and translated into Arabic, 352; this was yet looks forward to its restoration, during the period of the crusades, and 334; his name unknown, 334; the he came finally to the conclusion that Jews, although they valued his writings, the method of the crusades was mis-ignored his personality, and why they taken, 352; became himself a mission-did so, 380, 381; quoted by Jesus ary to the Saracens in Africa, and Christ, II. 71; his prophecy taken by suffered in the cause, 353; in the year Jesus Christ as marking out the line of 1311 A.D. persuaded the council of action for himself, n, 108, and compare Vienne that professorial chairs for (for a more general reliance on pro- teaching eastern languages (for mis-phecy), 124; references to this are sionary purposes) ought to be founded






502 INDEX 354; in 1314 A.D. crossed over for the the shelter of imperial Rome, i. 191; third time to north Africa, to the city the situation of primaeval Rome of Bugia, and there received the crown valuable, both for commerce and for of martyrdom, 354; his body was defence, 192; the religion of the carried over to Majorca, and buried Romans a polytheism, but yet the there, 354; a quotation from his worship of Jupiter Optimus Maximus writings, 355; a comparison of him involving some touch of monotheism, with Francis of Assisi, 362 193; the wisdom of one of their early

Raynal (French historian), n. 427, 428 kings, Servius Tullius, in creating Raynier Sacchoni, an inquisitor who once the comitia centuriata (a voting

had belonged to the Albigenses, II. 366 assembly), 194; the Romans over-Razes, Arab chemist, n. 288 come, but only momentarily, by king Reformation, incidentally mentioned, n. Porsena, 195; Cicero goes beyond the

209, 257, 280, 282, 319, 324, 334, 337, truth in declaring that the Romans 421 excelled all other nations in piety

Reformation era, dealt with in chapter and in acceptance of the rule of xxv, II. 378-418. The title "Re- the immortal gods, 195; it was true formation" may be retained, though that they were more precise than only imperfectly correct for the move- other nations in external worship, 196; ment intended by it, 378; the question the prudent and enlarged patriotism put, whether that movement should of the Romans, 196, 197; the gradual be regarded as intrinsically wrong reconciliation of patricians and ple-from the first, by reason of the divine beians in the state, 197-200; the commission which (it is alleged) the moderation and sanity of the Romans Roman church has received, 379; a was marred by their relentless de-negative answer given to this question, termination that no other state should with reasons assigned, 380-383; the rival theirs, 202; instances of this further question then dealt with, wrong disposition, 202, 203; the whether Luther's actual protest against admiration of Polybius for Roman Rome was just or not; answered honesty, 205; but the expansion of in the affirmative, because Luther's Roman power in the second century protest against the sale of indulgences B.C. increased the inequality between was absolutely required, and was rich and poor, and was the cause of accepted in the end by the church of bloody conflicts, 206, 207; the dignity Rome itself, 384-393; the deeper of Roman religion emphasised by questions involved in the indulgences Mommsen, 207-209; Rome was touched on, 3S7, 388; the general willing to learn from the Greeks, and course of the Reformation, apart was greatly indebted to the Greeks, from its origin, treated, 394-414; the 209, 210; women had a more honour-counter-Reformation, in which the able position in Rome than elsewhere, Jesuits were prominent, 410-412; 210; the extraordinary force of the the sequel of the Reformation, 415-418; character of Caesar, who gave to the the conclusion reached, that though Romans four centuries and a half of some loss took place through it, the fair quiet and peace through the gain of it exceeded the loss, 418 empire, 211; the great Roman (or

Rehoboam (king of Judah), i. 265, 267 Italian) authors, Virgil, Cicero, &c., Renaissance, II. 185, 395, 396 211-215; the Roman governing power Renan, n. 55 exercised in favour of the Ptolemies Repentance, I. 407, II. 59-61, 70, 84, 401 of Egypt in the year 168 B.C. against Revelation, book of, I. 405, II. 21, 47, 49- Antiochus Epiphanes, 389; recognised

56, 139, 175 in the book of Daniel, 397; at last, Revocatus (martyr), n. 198 through Pompey, obtaining dominance Rezin (king of Syria), i. 281-284, 287 over the Jews, 403; the feelings of Rheims, II. 301, 342 the Jews as to this, 403, 404; the Richard I (king of England), II. 323 primitive Roman religion had practi-Richard II (king of England), II. 340 cally vanished by the Christian era, Richelieu (cardinal), II. 415 n. 58; the collision of the Roman Ridley (bishop and martyr), n. 413 empire, under Nero, with the Christian Rig-Veda, see Hindu sacred writings Church, and the wickedness of that Ritschl (German theologian), II. 445, 447 emperor, 173-175; the conflict con-Robert (king of France), n. 302, 311 tinued, 179, 185, 197-199; a lull of Robert Guiscard, II. 317 42 years through the edict of Galli-Romanes (naturalist), I. 23 enus, 199, 200; the final desperate Rome, the Romans. I, as a heathen struggle, and the surrender of the

power: antiquity had its euthanasia, Roman empire to Christianity, 201, and the heavenly earth was born, under 202; Rome still pagan at heart in the






INDEX 503 time of Constantine, 228 ; fall of Rome rebuked by him on his return, 364 ; before the barbarians, 237, 238, 244. the sabbath kept strictly in the time II, as a Christian authority : visited by of the Maccabees, except when warfare the two greatest apostles, Peter and made action compulsory on that day, Paul, II. 164, 165; the persecution in 387, 394; the excessive literalness of which those two apostles were slain, the keeping of the sabbath by the 165, 174; the authority of the church Pharisees reproved by Jesus, II. 78 of Rome after this, 177, 180, 181; Sacraments, see Baptism and Lord's the bishop of Rome was influenced Supper by Irenseus, and opposed by Cyprian, Sacred Mount, i. 198, 199 200; the rise of the papacy noted, Sacrifices, in India, I. 40, 41, 44, 49, 52; 209 ; the bishop of Rome supports in relation to Buddha, 58 ; among the Athanasius, 224 ; two combined causes Persians, 83, 88, 94; in China, 115, raised the authority of the bishop of 120; in Greece, 140, 166, 173, 178; Rome to that eminence which the Greek and Roman sacrifice contrasted papacy succeeded in maintaining, viz. byMommsen, 208; among the Israelites, the destruction of the pagans of Rome 221, 222, 250, 252, 253, 272, 273; the by the Goths and Vandals (Christians attempted but not completed sacrifice though heretics), and the establishment of his son by Abraham, 227-229; of Constantinople as the main seat of the sacrifice of his daughter by Jephthah the imperial power, 228; the popes (and the parallel case of Agamemnon's Leo I, 220,236,240, Gregory 1,257-259, daughter in Greek history), 228; Leo III, 260,295, Gregory VII, 313-319, reflections on the case of Jephthah, specially noted ; the sacking of Rome and on a singular passage in Leviticus, by Robert Guiscard the Norman, 317; 248, 249; disparagement of sacrifice the temporary abandonment of Rome by the prophets, 277 ; sacrifices, except by the popes, 371 ; the condition of those in the temple at Jerusalem, for-Rome at the time of the Renaissance, bidden by Josiah, 299 ; sacrifices 395 ; a discussion of the intrinsic offered by Israelites to heathen deities, authority of the church of Rome, 379- 293, 307, 308, 333 ; the prophecy of 384 sacrifices to be offered by all the nations

Romulus, i. 191, 192 to Jehovah at Jerusalem, 331 ; sacri-Rousseau, his services to mankind (in fices disparaged by the psalmists, 345;

spite of personal faults) in vindicat- the Jews of Elephantinè in Egypt, ing the rights of the poor, n. 432- who had been accustomed to offer 434 burnt offerings in their local temple,

Rubruquis (missionary to China), I. 133, were deprived of this right when they 134 rebuilt this temple after its destruction

Rudolph of Swabia, II. 317 by enemies, 356; mention of burnt Ruskin, John, n. 447 offerings in the unhistorical chapters Russia, the instructions left by one of the of Ezra and 1 Esdras, 367, 371, 372,

early Tsars of Russia to his sons, II. 295- 378; Antiochus Epiphanes commands 297; the conquest of the eastern part of the Jews to sacrifice to heathen gods, Russia by the Moslem Tartars, and and Mattathias resists the command, its liberation after two and a half 391; Judas Maccabseus restores the centuries, 282, 283, 325, 326, 334 temple sacrifices, 392; the Jews

Ruth, i. 359; book of, 347 refuse to retain the altar which had been desecrated by heathen sacrifices,

Sabatier, Auguste, II. 435 395; that desecration, and the cessa-Sabatier, Paul, II. 4-35 tion of the lawful sacrifices, referred to Sabbath, the commandment inculcating in the book of Daniel, 401 ; the attitude

this more valuable in the spirit than of Jesus towards sacrifices, II. 78, 109, in the letter, i. 243; no doubt not 110; they were kept up by the early ignored in David's time, though we Jewish Christians for a certain period have little information as to this, 264; not wrongly, 156; the sacrifices of the mentioned with no special reverence law declared in the epistle to the by Hosea and Amos, and slightingly Hebrews (and rightly) to be types of by Isaiah, but enjoined stringently by the self-sacrifice of Jesus Christ, 167 (see Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the prophet of also 54) ; a Moslem reference to them, the exile, 330, 331; the reason being 328 that the publication of Deuteronomy Sadducees, I. 406, II. 59, 157, 382 had taken place between the time of Saladin, n. 291 ; recaptured Jerusalem the earlier and the later prophets, 331 ; from crusaders, 323 ; his character, 324 sabbath-breaking took place among Salamis, battle of, I. 155, 156, 355 the Jews of Jerusalem in thé absence Sale (translator of the Koran), n. 281 of Nehemiah the governor, and was Salome, n. 135, 136






504 INDEX Samarcand, n. 284, 286 the third to the seventh centuries A.D.), Samaria (city or country), I. 271, 276, i. 107, 108

285, 289, 299, 355, 356, 364, 365, 381, Satan, n. 66 394, II. 100-102 Saturnius (Christian martyr), n. 198

Samaritans, the inhabitants, after the Saul, anointed as first king of Israel by captivity, of what had been the kingdom the prophet Samuel, I. 250; his quarrel of northern Israel, I. 339; divided in with Samuel afterwards probably their sentiments towards the Jews, caused by his desiring unity of worship 339, 340; their leaders were half- with the Canaanites, to which Samuel heathen and from the first were apt was opposed, 251-253 (the reasons to join other nations against the Jews, for this opinion given); his friendship 341; yet the Samaritan people began for David, 254, and jealousy of David, by being friendly to the Jews, 355- 255,256; his death, 258; his slaughter of 357; the breach between the two certain Gibeonites, 262; David's lamen-peoples began in the time of the tation over him, 263; a reference to prophet Zechariah, and was lamented him, 342 by him, 358; Ezra must have been Savitri, one of the Hindu names for the adverse to the Samaritans, though Sun-god, I. 38 this is not explicitly said, 359; Nehe- Saxons, n. 300, 303 miah made the breach irremediable, Sayce, professor, I. 112, 229, 338, 396 364, 365; the author of the book Scepticism, chapter xxvi. throughout Ecclesiasticus narrowminded as regards Schiller, n. 437, 438, 440 the Samaritans, 366; the history Schleiermacher, n. 442, 443 briefly summed up, 384, 385; Josephus Science, physical, compared and con-speaks of the Samaritans in the time trasted with human history throughout of Antiochus Epiphanes as recreant, chapter i. (See History) but on grounds hardly trustworthy, Scotland, Scotsmen, I. xi, n. 337,413,436 390; conquered by John Hyrcanus, Scythians, I. 303 394; regarded with friendly feelings Secundulus (Christian martyr), n. 198 by Jesus, though not as equal to the Secundus of Ptolemais, dissenting bishop Jews, II. 48; they refused to allow him in the Nicene council, II. 214, 225 and the multitude following him to Seljukian Turks, II. 290, 321, 324, 331,332 traverse their country, 101, 102; Semitic races, I. 35, II. 286 parable of the good Samaritan, 111; Seneca, I. 214 the apostles, in the time of the early Sennacherib (king of Assyria), I. 289, Church, had some success in converting 290, 293, 303 the Samaritans, 160; Gnosticism began Septimius Severus (Roman emperor), n. among the Samaritans, 185-187; the 199 Samaritan nation practically rooted Serbia, n. 283 out by the emperor Justinian, 251 Sergius, a valiant eastern monk, n. 325,

Samite, six-threaded stuff, n. 262 326 Samnites, I. 202, 203 Servetus, II. 413 Samuel, Judge of Israel, I. 250; reluc- Servius Tullius, king of Rome, I. 194

tantly anoints Saul as king, 250; the Sexual relations among Greeks and reasons for his reluctance in the main Romans, i. 145-150. 187, 210 unselfish, 250; his quarrel with Saul Shadrach, i. 403 afterwards due to their differing views Shakespeare, quoted, i. 278, n. 463; as to Baal, and how we know this, 251, referred to, 324, 417 252; his crime against the Amalekites, Shealtiel, i. 379, 380 216, 217, 252, 253; the relation in Shear-jashub, meaning, "a remnant shall which he stood to David, 253, 254. return (to God)," Isaiah's elder son, (See also 261, 272, 394) i. 281, 282, 286

Sanballat, i. 364, 381; mentioned both Shechem, i. 267 in the book of Nehemiah and in Shelley, n. 448 Josephus; hostile to the Jews. (See Shepherd kings of Egypt (Hyksos), I. 229, Sinuballit) 233, 237, 238

Sanhedrin, n. 134 Sheshbazzar, I. 326, 337, 370 Sanskrit, I. 34, 36, 41 Shiloh, i. 248, 269 Sapphira, n. 148-150 Shimei, i. 262 Sappho, i. 145 Shintoism, I. 135, n. 425 Saracens, n. 259, 285, 352-354, 357, Sidgwick, professor Henry, I. xiv, n. 298,

358 343 Sarasvati (Hindu deity), I. 52 Sidon, I. 271, n. 84, 90 Sargon, king of Assyria, I. 289, 355 Sight, origin of, I. 26 Sarpi (Fra Paolo), n. 345 Silk, cultivated in China in early days, Sassanians (Persian kings reigning from I. 117; eggs of silkworm brought from






INDEX 505 China to Europe by two Persian monks in which conduct not commendable is II. 251; woven in Constantinople, 261 imputed to him, declared untrust-

Silvanus, companion of Paul and Peter, worthy, 148-150; he accepted the II. 165 heathen Cornelius as a disciple, 160;

Simmias, a follower of Socrates, I. 177, entertained Paul at Jerusalem, 159; 181 was much influenced by Paul, and

Simon of Gitta (called Simon Magus), increasingly as time went on, 162-II. 185-187 164, though vacillating in his con-

Simon (the leper), II. 121 duct at Antioch, 163; probably did Simon de Montfort, n. 337 not meet Paul at Rome, though Simon Peter, his call to be a disciple, II. both apostles were there, 164, 165;

73; his call to be an apostle, 79; the was slain at Rome in the Neronian healing of his mother-in-law, 43; his persecution, 55, 133, 165; the mention acknowledgment of Jesus as the Christ, of him by Ignatius and other early 31, 32, 41, 44, 95; the words of com- Fathers, 164; in the Clementine Recog-mendation addressed to him by Jesus nitions, 307, 308; quoted, 419; charac-on that occasion quoted, 95; a dis- terised as a man, 153, 154; a merciful cussion of the meaning and scope of apostle, 149, 172, 173; as great a those words, 379-383; the conclusion hero as Paul, though not so great a is that they have an exclusively personal genius, 170 bearing, and that no official implication Simon Zelotes (apostle), n. 79 lies in their meaning, 380; this inter- Sinai, Mt, Sinaitic peninsula, I. 242, 296, pretation of them is reinforced by 322, 388, n. 8, 19, 27, 153,157,169, 266 certain other words addressed by Jesus Sinuballit, the same name as Sanballat, to Simon Peter on a later occasion, 381, but a different person, i. 356„ 381 and by other considerations, 382, 383; Siricius, pope, II. 314 the refusal of Simon Peter to believe Sirven, French protestant unjustly treated, the announcement by Jesus of the II. 430, 431 coming violent death of Jesus himself, Siva (Hindu deity), I. 44 and the reproof of him by Jesus on Slavery, II. 218, 219, 331 this account, 42, 96; no deep blame Smerdis, I. 102 intended by this reproof, 96, 97; his Smyrna, II. 181 presence at the transfiguration, 99; Sobieski, John, II. 320 his utterance at that event, 100; his Socrates, the magnitude and religious presence at the discourse delivered by character of his influence, I. 137; the Jesus on the Mount of Olives shortly duty of restraining intemperate desires before the crucifixion, 115; his presence strongly held by him, 150; the recog -in the garden of Gethsemane, and the nition of his wisdom by the Delphic words of Jesus to him there, 123; oracle, 160, 161; the spirit of trust in stated in the fourth gospel to have the Gods is in him, as it had been in been the disciple who cut off the ear Pindar, iEschylus, and Sophocles, 163; of the high priest's servant, 124; hi« his firmness and tenderness generally denial, in the court of the high priest . admitted, the question of his intellec-that he was a disciple of Jesus, 129, tual power raised, 164; the influence 130; what we are to think of this of Xenophon has tended to make this denial considered, 130-134; the ac- side of him ignored, 164, 165, 168; but count of it in the synoptic gospels it is expressed by Plato, 168-172; accepted, the account of it in the further reasons advanced for accepting fourth gospel rejected, and the result the testimony of Plato on this point, is reached that he was not a coward, 172-174; the general agreement of but the bravest of the twelve apostles, Plato and Xenophon as to the value 134; he must have been at some which Socrates put on love, and as to time (on the evidence of his first other points, 174-177; in their re-epistle) present by the cross of Jesus, spective accounts of the defence of 126; the leader of the apostles after Socrates before his judges, Plato is the death of Jesus, 129; a witness more exact than Xenophon, 178; the to the resurrection, but in a spiritual belief of Socrates in human immortality not a carnal interpretation of that event, real, though coexistent with some 17, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26; he had visions doubt, 179-182; the opinion of So-of the risen Jesus, 139, 140; his crates concerning virtue put side by address to the Jews on the day of side with Christian belief in the Pentecdst, 139, 145; his general con- way of. comparison, 182, 183; his duct after this event, and his modera- over-valuation of knowledge in the tion towards the Jews, explained and determination of moral questions, 183; defended, 146, 147; the narrative of his courage and general excellence, the death of Ananias and Sapphira, 184; in one point he may perhaps have






506 INDEX exercised a misleading influence on of an Infinite and Eternal Energy Plato, 187; among all the Greeks he from which all things proceed, xiii, 6; is the pre-eminent master, 190 (see his view stands in close neighbourhood also II. 58, 74); received honour from to true religion, 7; a reference to him, some early Christian writers, II. 179; II. 448 his philosophy, had it been understood, Spinoza, see Pantheism would have benefited the early Church, Srosh, an angelic being in the Zoroastrian 184; his belief that the heavenly religion, I. 108, 109 bodies were not devoid of life men- Stadingi, n. 369 tioned, 194; his influence not promi- Stanley, dean, I. 241, II. 295, 326 nent in Neoplatonism, 192; mentioned, Stephen (martyr), II. 19, 151-153, 158-341; mentioned by Byron, 449 160

Socrates (ecclesiastical historian), II. 9, Stephen (bishop of Rome), II. 200 212, 215-217, 223, 226, 227, 229, 230, Stephen, Sir James, II. 411 233, 234 Stilicho (Roman general), II. 238, 239

Sodom and Gomorrah, I. 218, II. 81, 84 Stoics, kept up a noble attitude of resolu-Solomon, at first a monotheist, I. 220; tion in the world, I. 189; the explana-

a rebellion raised against him by tion of their philosophy by Ferrier Hadad, 259; a magnificent and quoted, 212-214. (See also II. 192) shrewd, but hardly a wise, king, 265; Stubbs, bishop, Documents, &c.. n. 336 some remarks on the prayer which he Sudras, see Caste is reported to have offered up at the Sumerian languages, I. 31, 112 dedication of the temple, 266; his Sun, the intrinsic nature and origin of, relation to the book of Proverbs, 266, I. 9-13; the conclusion drawn, that 267; # reduced many of the Canaanites it is not in danger of dying out, 14; to slavery, 267. (See also pages 269- moreover, that as being a product of 271, 274, 284, 343, 345, 346, 350, organising power, which we cannot 366) but connect with life, it was probably

Solon, the first author of the greatness the origin from which terrestrial life of Athens, I. 152-154, 156 was derived, n. 462, 463. The belief

Soma, a plant deified by the Hindus, I. that there is life in the sun was held 37, 88 by Socrates, II. 194, Plotinus, n. 192,

Sona (disciple of Buddha), I. 72, 73 193, and Origen, n. 193. In Hindu Song of Songs (canonical book), I. 366 mythology, the sun was a deity wor-Sophocles, i. 161-163, 188, 209 shipped under various names, I. 37, 38, Southey, Robert, I. 44 56; worshipped also by the Magi Sozomen (ecclesiastical historian), II. 223, and the Mithraists, 90-92, 95, but

227 not by Zoroaster, 96; in China both Spain, n. 282, 287, 326-328, 331, 346, observed scientifically, 113, and wor-

415, 417 shipped, 115; in ancient Greece a Spalatin (secretary of the elector Frederick deity under the name of Apollo, 138;

of Saxony), n. 395 the revolutions of sun and moon co-Spanish Armada defeated, n. 415 ordinated by Meton, 184; the prophets Sparta, Spartans, the chief Dorian city, of Israel censured the worship of the

governed nominally by two kings, sun, 92, 295 really by the ephors, I. 144; the Surya, I. 38 Lycurgean legislation made the Spar- Susanna, book of, I. 396 tans narrow but faithful, 145; in one Swinburne (poet), II. 448 respect more pure than other Greeks, Switzerland, n. 346 149; ultra-conservative, 150; guilty Syed Ameer Ali, II. 266, 270, 285, 286 of certain murderous acts, 151; they Sylvester II (pope), originally named set Athens free from a despot, 153,154; Gerbert, n. 302; interested in intel-valiant in Persian wars, 155; rivalry lectual studies, 347 and war with Athens, 157; generous Synagogues, after the Babylonian cap-after their victory over Athens, 157, tivity took that place which the "high 158; their own supremacy over Greece places" had held before, I. 308, 346. lasted only one generation, 158. (See (See also II. 71) also II. 337, 341) Syria, Syrians, i. 258, 259, 278, 281, 282,

Speech, faculty of, the most characteristic n. 265, 320, 321, 367, 388, 392, 393, distinction between man and the 397 inferior animals, I. 15, 29; the manner in which it originated, 16-18 Tacitus, I. 195, 215, n. 55

Spencer, Herbert, his merit in bringing Ta'if, city near Mecca, n. 270 into clear light the principle of evolu- Taoism, the philosophy of Lao-tsze, of tion, and the philosophical elements singular merit, but corrupted after-in science generally, I. 5; his doctrine wards, I. 120-124






INDEX 507 Tarquinius Priscus (king of Rome), I. Theodoric (king of the Ostrogoths), n.

193 238, 242, 255 Tarquinius Superbus (king of Rome), I. Theodosius (Roman emperor), n. 235,

193-195 239, 243, 252 Tarsus, II. 161, 259 Theodosian Code, II. 235 Tartars, II. 282, 283, 325, 326 Theognis (bishop), II. 216, 225 Tasso, II. 417 Theonas (bishop of Marmarica), an Arian Tatian, author of a Diatessaron, II. 47 bishop at the council of Nicaea; n. 214, Taxation, excessive in the later years of 225

the Roman empire, n. 219 Theophilus (bishop of Antioch), the first Telang, K. T., translator of the Bhagavad- writer who actually named the apostle

gitci, i. 55 John as author of the fourth gospel, Telemachus (heroic monk), II. 219 II. 47 Telescope, n. 358 Thermopylae, battle of, I. 155, 157 Templars, order of, n. 354, 370, 371 Thibet, n. 287 Temples (heathen), of the veiled Isis, I. Thirty Years' War, n. 415

32; in Babylonia, 33; in Egypt, 33, Thomas (apostle), n. 79 101; in India, 48 (house of Yama); Thomas a Becket, n. 338 the Magian religion in Persia would Thomas a Kempis, II. 360 not have them, 94, 95; but the Thomas Aquinas, the most famous of Persians who remained in the old the Schoolmen, n. 355, 356 Aryan religion had them, 97, 102; Thucydides, I. 139, 151, 190 in China, 120; in Greece, 140 (Delphi); Tiberius (Roman emperor), I. 397, n. 59 144 (Athens), 153 (Delphi); in Rome, Tigris (river), I. 39, 86 193; ancient heathen shrines remaining Timur, II. 283, 325, 328 among the Israelites, 247, 270, 293, Tintoretto (painter), n. 359 299; heathen temples built by Solo- Titus (Roman emperor), n. 178 mon, 265, by Ahab, 271 Tobit, book of, I. 367, 396

Temples (among Israelites, Jews, and Tolstoi, n. 30 Samaritans), at Shiloh, I. 248, 269; Torrey, professor, I. 348 at Jerusalem (Solomon's temple), 92, Torricelli, physicist, n. 417 242, 259, 265, 266, 268-270, 280, 292, Torture in courts of law, II. 219, 220, 331 297, 299, 305, 307, 308, 331, 333, 337, Toulouse, II. 363 346,350; the temple built shortly after Tours, archbishop of, II. 311 the early return from the captivity, Tours, battle of, referred to but not 318, 334, 336, 337, 343-346, 350, 384; named, n. 259, 278 Zerubbabel's temple, 335, 336, 338, Tralles, II. 181 348-354, 359, 364, 374. 379, 384, 386, Transmigration of souls, I. 49, 66, n. 389, 390, 392, 395, 400, 401, 403; 194 Herod's temple, n. 32-34, 61, 92, Treves, n. 232 109, 111, 114, 152, 156, 159, 178; Tribunes of the plebs, I. 199-201 Jewish temple in Egypt in the fifth Trinity, doctrine of, II. 37, 353 century before Christ, i. 356; shrines Trojan war, I. 139, 143, 145, 148 set up by Jeroboam son of Nebat in Tughril (Sultan), II. 332 northern Israel, 268-270, 277; Samari- Tunis, II. 320, 353 tan temple at Gerizim, 365, 390, 394 Turanians, welcomed by Zoroaster, I. 87;

Tennyson, n. 6, 450 afterwards his foes, 100 Terence, i. 210 Turks, II. 289. (See also Seljukian Turks, Terrien de Lacouperie, I. Ill, 112 and Turks (Ottoman)) Terminus (Roman deity), I. 208 Turks (Ottoman), n. 320, 323, 325, 331, Tertullian, II. 200 332, 345, 395 Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, i. Tyre, Tyrians, I. 258, 266, n. 84, 90

405 Thabir, Mt, II. 267 Ulfilas, a Christian bishop of the Arian Thaddaeus, apostle, apparently the same heresy, converter of the Goths, and

as Judc, n. 79 translator of the Bible, II. 242 Thales (Greek philosopher), I. 147, 163 Uljaitu Khan, an enlightened Mongol, Thebes, Thebans, i. 157-159, II. 341 n. 286 Themistocles, i. 156, II. 77 United States, n. 424, 434 Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, n. University of Paris, II. 354; Oxford, 354;

335 Salamanca, 354; Prague, 373 Theocritus, I. 209 Urban II (pope), n. 320 Theodora, wife of the emperor Justinian, Uriah (prophet of Judah), I. 306

n. 251 Uriah the Hittite, I. 217, 260 Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, II. Urim and Thummim, I. 302, 373, 374

259 Uzziah (king of Judah), I. 280, 281






508 INDEX Vaisyas, see Caste Wat Tyler, n. 338 Valens (Roman emperor), n. 235 Wellhausen (German critic), n. 444 Valentinus (Gnostic philosopher), II. 187 Wesleyanism, n. 446 Valerian (Roman emperor), II. 199 West, E. W., I. 101, 104, 106, 108-110 Vandals, n. 220, 238, 240, 317 Whewell, W., II. 294, 349 Variation in living organisms, I. 18-21 Whitby, synod of, ri. 9 Varuna (Hindu deity), I. 38 Wilberforce, Samuel (bishop), n. 466. Vasco di Gama, circumnavigator of the William I (king of England), n. 303

Cape of Good Hope, II. 357 Williams Jackson, professor, I. 87, 104, Vatatzes, John Ducas (Greek emperor), 109

II. 333 Wilson, Sir R. K., n. 433 Veii, i. 202 Wisdom, book of, i. 366, n. 195 Venice, ii. 299, 345, 359 Wittenberg, n. 389, 404, 405, 408 Vertebrate creatures (origin of), I. 26 Word, the, ii. 54, 212, 228, 246, 247 Victor, bishop of Rome, n. 181, 200 Wordsworth, n. 345, 446 Vienna, scene of defeat of Turks by John Worms, Concordat of, n. 319; Diet of,

Sobieski, II. 320 404, 409 Virgil, i. 117, 211, 212, II. 250, 268 Writing, art of, the great value of, and Virgin birth (the question of), II. 38 the characteristic which most dis-Vishnu (Hindu deity), i. 38 tinguishes civilised from uncivilised Vistaspa, the royal patron and convert man, 29; a development of the sculp-

of Zoroaster, I. 79, 82, 89; his con- tural art, 29; hieroglyphs the earliest version dated by the Pahlavi texts form of it, 30; the origin of it in either as 631 B.C. or 595 B.C., 97; the Babylonia and Egypt, 31; Chinese opinion of Ammianus Marcellinus writing derived from these, and never adopted, that he was the same as attaining to an alphabet, 31, 112; Vistaspa or Hystaspes, the father of the Phoenicians may have been the the great conqueror Darius, which first inventors of an alphabet, 31; implies a date slightly later than either the first inventors of the art were of the two mentioned above, 99; religious races, 32; the art needed the objection to this, from the silence mutual friendliness among men to of the Behistun inscription respecting bring it to perfection, though the Zoroaster, answered, 98; he was a first use of it generally to celebrate young man at the time of his conver- warlike victories, 33; writing unknown sion, 100; if identified with the father in India before the eighth century B.C., of Darius, he helped Darius in sub- and looked upon with suspicion even duing his enemies, 103; the identi- after that time, 36; Abraham, Isaac, fication discussed and vindicated, 109, and Jacob unacquainted with the art 110 of writing, 224

Vitalian (pope), II. 259 Wulstan (bishop), n. 303, 304 Vitello, early scientific writer, a Pole, Wycliffe, II. 338, 339, 371, 372, 410

II. 349 Viviers, the monastery to which Cassio- Xavier, n. 412

dorus retired, n. 255, 256 Xenophanes (Greek philosopher), I. 163 Vladimir II, Russian Tsar; his will Xenophon, I. 149; he laments the want

quoted, n. 295—297 of true chieftainship over the Hellenic Voltaire, his revolutionary spirit in race, 158; a passage respecting

religion, II. 425, 426; the persecution Socrates, 161; he does not give the to which he had been subjected, 427; intellectual side of Socrates, but does not a profound thinker, 429; but his give the practical side, 164, 165; a merit in the way of clear intellect and remarkable passage from him quoted the inculcation of simple industry, in regard to the religion of Socrates, 429; his still greater merit in the 166-168; on the whole his testi-abhorrence of cruelty which he exhi- mony respecting Socrates agrees re-bited and taught, 429-431; his fault, markably with that of Plato, 170, 171, both in conduct and teaching, in his 173-175, 177, 181, 182, 184, 187; attitude towards women, 431, 432; where he differs from Plato, he some-the political results of his teaching, times has the advantage, sometimes 434 not, 165, 172, 178; his own character

as a man and a writer, 165 Waldenses, n. 368, 369, 371 Xerxes, I. 155, 156; shown to be the Walid (one of the caliphs of Damascus), same name as Ahasuerus, 338. (See

II. 281 also 339, 344, 350, 363, 370, 384, 396) Walther von der Vogelweide (early

German poet), II. 357 Yajnavalkya, i. 46, 59 Warde-Fowler, W., i. 191-194, 209 Yama, son of Vivasvat, I. 88






INDEX 509 Yima, son of Vivahvant, i. 88 164; this sentiment renounced in later Yoga, i. 47, 48, 61 times, 188. (See also 78, 137, 140, Young, E. M., n. 255 141, 207)

Zion, i. 286, 306, 314, 325, 333, 340, 345, Zacchseus, n. 107, 142, 308 354, II. 58 Zacharias (pope), II. 299 Zoroaster (Zarathustra), his history Zaid, n. 269 obscure, I. 78, 79; the Odthas (the Zechariah (prophet), i. 349; distinguished oldest part of the Avesta contain

among the prophets as expressing biographical notices of him, 79; his God's approval of the Jews, 351; he call to be a prophet, 81; his family praises Zerubbabel and the high priest name Spitama, 81; Vistaspa, his royal Joshua, 351; predicts peace and happi- patron, and Frashaostra, his intimate ness for Jerusalem, 352; resembles friend, mentioned, 82; his prayer to in tone the 107th and 118th psalms, Ahura Mazda (i.e. to God), 82; his and many of the subsequent ones, 353; feeling is truly monotheistic, in spite celebrates the dedication of the temple of his dualistic creed, 82, 83; his by Zerubbabel, 354; prophesies the belief in immortality, 84; his view union of Judah and Ephraim and as to a consummation of religion, 85; their victory over the surrounding his birth was in Media, but his preaching nations, 354, 355, 357; sees his pro- in the east of Iran, 88, 89; compared phecy frustrated, and is pained there- and contrasted with Buddha, 86, 87; by, 357-359; his prophecies after this he attacked the old corrupt Aryan are tender but difficult and perplexed, religion, 88; he endeavoured, with 359. (See also 379, 384, and n. 92, the help of Vistaspa, to found a peace-108, 389) able community, 89; he was one of

Zedekiah (king of Judah), i. 309, 310, the Magi, greatly honoured by them, 313 but not their founder, 89, 90; greater

Zendavesta, see Avesta than the Magi, 92; not a worshipper Zendist, I. 80 of Fire, 96; his date preferably to be Zephaniah (prophet), I. 304, 305 held early in the sixth century B.C., 99; Zerubbabel, the question of his date his death at Balkh, when that city

put, whether under Cyrus and Darius was taken by the Turanians, about son of Hystaspes, at the close of the 540 B.C., 100; the reason why he is fifth century B.C. or under Darius not mentioned in the Behistun inscrip-Nothus, a hundred years later, I. 335, tion, 98, or by Herodotus, 110 336; the later date followed, 337; the Zoroastrianism, I. ix, 98, 107, 108, II. 2nd and 3rd chapters of Ezra, which 57, 190, 280 support the earlier date, unhistorical, Zoroastrian writings: (i) Avesta, includ-337, 338 (but the main argument ing Gdthas, the oldest part of the against them is given in Appendix I to Avesta, poetry, but with historical ele-chapterxiv, pages 367-379); the psalms ments, I. 79-88, 96, 98; the character shown to be eloquent of the true his- of the Gathic dialect briefly discussed, tory, 338-347, 353; so also the Assuan 110; later Yasnas, written consciously papyri, 353; the return of Zerubbabel as hymns, I. 80; frequently pantheistic from Babylon to Jerusalem, 348, 349; in sentiment, 93, 94 (this illustrated the merit of Zerubbabel in building by a quotation); Vendtdad, gives a and dedicating the temple celebrated fantastic representation of Zoroaster, by the prophets Haggai and Zechariah, I. 80, 89; the general unworthiness of 350-354; the descent of Zerubbabel this book, with certain parts excepted from the ancient kings of Judah, 354, from this condemnation, 105, 106; 379,380; he appears to have missed an Yasts, as fantastic as the Vendiddd, opportunity for conciliating the Samari- I. 80; but a sincere passage respecting tans, who in his time were not hostile Zoroaster quoted from them, 89; to the Jews, 356; the breach between have strong traces of the old Aryan the two peoples began either at the polytheistic religion, 94, 106, 107; close of his life or shortly afterwards, their poetry is better than their 357, 358; the history of Sanballat, as morality, 107. (ii) Pahlavi texts told by Josephus, confirms the later (mediaeval Persian), I. 78, 97, 99, 106, date for Zerubbabel, 364, 365; as 108-110. The treatises named or also the fact that he is considerably quoted from are the Bundahis, the after Sheshbazzar 370; certain argu- D i n k a r d i a n d the Dind-I-Maindg-I-ments against the later date met 379- Khirad (Opinions of the Spirit of 383. A romantic story about him m Wisdom) the first book of Esdras referred to, 369 Zwickau prophets of n 405

Zeus, chief deity among the Greeks, the Z w i n e l i 'nP 4g5 4 0 7 religious sentiment towards him, I. 162, 5 ' ' '






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