Cambridge U niversit y Pre ss 978-0-521-74530-7 - Trade...

INDEX

Abrenica, Joy 11–12Acemoglu, D. 32, 351Acer 177Adams, Richard 489, 525, 541adaptability of economies 30–2Addison, T. 50Adelman, I. 490Adhikari, R. 763Adi, Rianto 566Adidas 77, 86, 149, 161–3, 168, 170Afsar, R. 526agriculture

See also specific countriesAgriculture Agreement. See

Agriculture Agreementbiotechnology 214–15changing consumer preferences

212climate change 215–16commodity price volatility 613country specificity 223current state 196–207duties 202–3, 263, 638–40education 219food prices and biofuels 213hot issues 211–18infrastructure 199, 200institutional reform 221–2niche markets 614population share 198price distortions 202productivity constraints 214–15public and private partnerships

220–1public goods 219–20public policies 218–22retail expansion 217–18

safety nets and sequencing 222significance 195–6SPS issues 203–7, 211, 213–14,

220standards 216–17, 221subsidies 7sustainable growth 219–20SVEs 612–15

strategic areas 614–15, 617WTO 615–16

trade liberalisation 196trade-poverty linkages 10–11,

207–11public policies 218–22

traditional practices 209water 216WTO issues 204, 615–16

Agriculture Agreementfood aid and 236, 241SVEs and 615–16tariff reductions 610

Ahmad, Sufi Khurshid 164Ahmed, S.A. 353, 354Aid for Trade

supply-side constraints 427SVEs 644Tanzania 445–7

Airbus 83‘Akolo, Lisiate ‘Aloveita 579, 584Anderson, K. 53anti-globalisation movement 69–70,

86APTECH 178Aredo, Djene 542Argentina 700–1Armason, R. 694Arnold, Jens 348

768

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-74530-7 - Trade and Poverty Reduction in the Asia-Pacific Region: Case Studiesand Lessons from Low-Income Communities

IndexEdited by Andrew L. Stoler, Jim Redden and Lee Ann Jackson

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index 769

ASEANASEAN-China FTA 133, 331ASEAN-India Regional Trade and

Investment Area 134customs procedures 102East Timor and 607, 718Food Security Reserve 234free movement and 558intra-regional exports 75migration and 498–500negotiations 110

Asia Trust Fund 254Asian Development Bank 188–9, 282,

755Athukorala, Prema-Chandra 74–5,

90–1Atlanta Charter 164, 165, 168Australia

Button Plan 117China FTA 331development aid

East Timor 721Pacific Islands 456–7Samoa 275, 281–2telecommunications 455Vanuatu 459–60

East Timor and 718, 727food aid 237, 245free trade with LDCs 277immigrants

East Timorese 713, 714,725–6

Filipinos 485occupations 479Pacific Islanders 605skilled workers 468temporary labour schemes

505–7, 578temporary visas 479Tongans 573, 575Vietnamese 485

Malaysian FDI in 81PACER 129, 279, 280regional trade dominance 605Samoan trade 129, 274tariffs 609, 643trade preferences 609

Fiji 749, 750

Import Credit Scheme 750, 755,756

rules of origin 624–5SPARTECA 8, 95, 112–13,

116–17, 279, 280, 603, 750avian influenza 207, 214

Bahadur, Lal 257Baigent, Heather 16, 618Balasubramanyam, V.N. and A. 408Baldwin, Robert 91Bali

eco-tourism 209fishing cooperation 220Minibakti Soansari fishing group

294–7initial condition 294–6transformation of fishery 296–7use of cyanide 295–6women 297

ornamental fish farming 11, 287–9domestic measures 298–300exports 289

banana wars 669Bangladesh

bird flu 214development aid to 517–18emigration

access to information 533costs 530–1destinations 517, 521–2economic significance 517–20facilitation 514, 533GATS negotiations 535–6human rights 535increase 520labour supply 514legal prohibitions 531–2manpower agencies 534–5markets 520–3policy recommendations 532–6profile 517skill levels 466, 522support for returnees 535women 531–2, 534

female clothing workers 87–8flood (2004) 528human trafficking 499, 532




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770 index

Bangladesh (cont.)NGOs 516, 528remittances

access to education and health527–8

adjustment to natural disasters494, 528

community development 529efficiency improvements 533–4employment 526–7Hundi system 533–4income improvement 526income inequality 494, 529–30inflation 530maximising use 534negative impact 529–32positive impact 525–9poverty reduction 489, 490–1,

524–32savings and investments 527significance 14–15, 354, 485,

486–8statistics 520women 493, 528

remittances case study 515methodology 515–16objectives 515study area 516–17

rice 222, 307trade openness 518

banking. See financial sectorBarbados 684Barber, C. 355, 356Barrett, Craig 182Barro, R.J. 45Belize 687Benin 214, 374Benjamin, D. 50Berdegue, J.A. 346Beschorner, Natasha 456‘Better Factories Cambodia’ 102, 104,

106, 107–8, 109Bhagwati, J. 43, 44–5Bigsten, A. 31BIMST-EC 253biofuels 213, 229biotechnology 214–15bird flu 207, 214

Birthal, Pratap Sing 195Black, R. 355, 356Blankson, T. 542Boeing 83Borensztein, E. De Gregorio 46Bowman, Chakriya 13BRAC 528brain drain 466–8, 501–2, 505, 578,

744Brazil 466, 701Brunei 562BSE 214Bui Van Quyen 179Bulgaria 345

Cable & Wireless 458, 459, 460, 673CAFRA 35call centres, Grenada 673Cambodia

agriculture 98‘Better Factories Cambodia’ 102,

104, 106, 107–8, 109customs procedures 102, 109economy 98–100FDI diversification 110GDP growth by sector 99human trafficking 499regional integration 110textile industry 97–110

competition issues 103–4competition with China 8, 94competition with Vietnam 103,

108EU market 102FDI 103–4global value chain 107–8growth 98–100labour costs 108labour standards 107–8Multi-Fibre Arrangement 102productivity options 109–10remittances 105–6rural women 97–8, 104–6, 110trade-policy options 109–10trade reforms 100–8US and EU preferences 7, 97,

104US market 102, 103–4




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index 771

TRADE 101WTO membership 100–2, 110

Cameroon 31Canada

Cambodian textile imports 101,102

Filipino immigrants 485food aid 237, 245Vietnamese immigrants 485

CEDAW Committee 119Chand, Satish 450, 632Chang, Seung Wha 693Charumilind, C. 49Chaudhuri, S. 356Chile 2, 448China

agriculturedevelopment 325–7duties 202, 203employment share 197grain production 328, 329horticulture 11, 335imports 326intensive farming 328–9international trade negotiations

330–1new policy initiatives 329–31NRD 326, 328, 329–30, 331–2,

334, 336outcomes 328–9poverty alleviation 331–2pre-reform era 327reform 327–8soybean imports 199

Beijing Olympics 335, 336bird flu 214competition in textiles

Cambodia 8, 97Fiji 755, 761Indonesia 95, 143–86

competitive advantage 448effect of trade on Latin America 39emigration of skilled workers

466export quotas 82FDI

Intel 183levels 78, 93

TNC risks 76–7food aid 228football stitching industry

165footwear industry 147horticulture 11, 332–5

characteristics 332–3Mentougou 335pesticides 333recommendations 335–6Shandong 333–4

Household Responsibility System328

Hukau system 76human trafficking 499immigrants 481increasing food consumption 213,

229Indonesian textile imports 132inequality and growth 50internal migration 477labour costs 76–7, 108life expectancy 80logistics 346poverty alleviation

agricultural reforms 331–2FDI 72–3, 336immiserising growth 70

poverty levels 2, 325regional integration 331

ASEAN-China FTA 133, 331Australia FTA 331exports 75imports 75

rice exports 307road network 199Shanghai World Expo 336SOEs 330textile industry 325transnational companies in 76–7UN embargo 327wages 76–7WTO membership 53, 328, 346

anti-dumping investigations331

Chiquita 669CITES 291, 293, 300climate change 215–16




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772 index

Cline, W.R. 42, 43Clinton, Bill 86Coca-Cola 86Collyer, M. 355comparative advantage principle 33–5competition

CSR as tool of competition 169developing countries 93gains 35–7long-term effects 47–8

Consultative Committee on SurplusDisposal (CSSD) 239–40, 246,248

consumers, changing preferences andagriculture 212

contracts, enforceability 93Convention on Migrant Workers

(1990) 496Cook Islands 116, 609, 625Corden, W.M. 30Cornia, G.A. 50corporate social responsibility 169,

170–1corruption

Central America 84distribution channel 27Indonesia 142, 302, 320Vietnam 176, 184

Costa Rica 177, 183, 669Cote d’Ivoire 36Cotonou Agreement

East Timor 715, 717–18EPAs and 737objectives 737–8, 745rules of origin 625SVEs 602, 604, 625, 644WTO waiver 278

crafts, GATT 656Crowby, Patrick 460Cuba 687customs procedures

ASEAN 102Cambodia 102, 109efficiency 25Papua New Guinea 735–6

CUTS 40cyanide 288–90, 295–6Czech Republic 348

Davidson, C. 30De, Prabir 13De Bruyun, T. 494De Soto, H. 32, 52Dee, P. 344Delgado, C. 27–8Deng Xiaoping 325Denmark 245Dev, M. 411development aid

Aid for Trade 427, 445–7, 644LDC status andOECD targets 249Pacific Islands 605Samoa 275tied aid 501

Diagnostic Trade Integration Studies(DTIS) 101, 109, 435

diasporas 472–3Digicel 450, 460Dihel, Nora 345Dimzon, C.S. 484distribution channel

completeness of markets 27efficiency of customs procedures

25infrastructure quality 26intermediate organisations 26–7nature of trade liberation 26non-trade taxation and policies 26trade/poverty reduction and 23,

24–8Doan Hong Quang 189–90Doha Round

agriculture 10capacity building 643developing countries and 53, 427direction 601failure 642fishing subsidies 692–3food aid and 230–1, 243Indian services commitments 407NAMA subsidies 619rice 308SVEs and 606–7

Dole 669Dollar, D. 44Dominican Republic 610, 687




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index 773

DSC Communication 177Dubai 531Dugal, Manleen 16–17, 618, 620Duncan, Ron 16Duong Minh Tam 182Dutch disease 488

East African Community 428–9East Timor

ASEAN and 607, 718Australia and 718balance of payments 712–13capacity building 643civil conflict 634–41, 707, 709coffee 726construction sector 723–4eco-tourism 724–5economy 708–15employment strategies 723–8

targeted sectors 723–5EU trade 717–18FDI 713fisheries 727growth 708–11labour force 711labour mobility 725–6LDC status 716niche markets 726occupational sectors 709–11oil and gas 711, 724poverty 707–8private sector 636, 721–2regional integration 717–19remittances 713–15services 724–5skill gap 637special and differential treatment

600tariffs 609, 716tax reform 727telecommunications 457trade 708, 715–19trade barriers 727–8unemployment

case study 719–23donors’ opinions 721policy makers on 719–21rate 712

reduction strategies 723–8views of private sector 721–2youth unemployment 17, 722–3

vanilla production 726water buffaloes 726WTO and 715–17

Easterly, W. 45Ebrill, L. 41eco-tourism 687, 724–5Ecuador 669education

agriculture 219Costa Rica 177Grenada 16, 587human capital 30India 408, 409, 420Indonesia 557, 561, 568–9overriding strategy 18remittances and 492–3

Bangladesh 527–8SVEs 637–8Tonga 586–7Uganda 376Vietnam 177–8, 189

Edwards, S. 44Egypt 30, 214, 354–5Ellerman, D. 466emergencies 232enterprise channel 28‘Esau, Raelyn 15, 576Eschenbach, F. 351Ethiopia 350, 542European Union

See also Cotonou Agreementbiofuels policy 213development aid

Samoa 275Tanzania 440

East Timor and 717–18EBA programme 278EPAs

Pacific Islands 604Papua New Guinea 737–45Samoa 278–9Tanzania 428

food aid 237, 245Indonesian textile imports 132migrant workers 499




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774 index

European Union (cont.)non-tariff barriers, removal 609preferences

Cambodia 97, 102Indonesia 148

rules of origin 741safeguard measures, footwear

147–8sugar prices 613WTO banana wars 669

Euysung, K. 48exclusive economic zones 620, 621–2,

691, 695export processing zones 93external factors 53

failed states 595Fair Labour Association 166, 167Falconer, Crawford 308FAO 212, 238–40, 248FDI. See foreign direct investmentFernandes, A.M. 48Fiji

agriculture 610, 612, 614clothing industry 17–18, 748–62

Chinese competition 755, 761employment 752end of MFA 609, 749, 750, 755exit from uncompetitive

firms 762exports 751–2global changes 753–6history 748, 749–50, 761insecurity 759–61interview results 756–62overview 749–53production 750–1prospects 756recommendations 762–5sustainability 748–9taxation 749, 750, 761trade facilitation 763training 757, 762–3wages 752–3, 757, 758–9, 765women 758, 761–2working conditions 757–8

exports 767niche markets 614, 618

political instability 634–41, 749,759, 764

protectionism 636remittances 577, 632services sector 764–5strikes 117telecoms 450tourism 588, 625trade agreements 750, 764

MSG PTA 603PICTA 612, 764

trade preferences andAustralia and New Zealand 749,

750Australian Import Credit Scheme

750, 755, 756SPARTECA 116, 608–9, 624–5

financial sectorGrenada 673impact of liberalisation 345liberalisation 350, 357–8

Findlay, Christopher 11–12, 346,359

Finn, John 10fisheries

East Timor 727Papua New Guinea 741–2subsidies 690–2

Doha Round 692–3Hong Kong Ministerial 694–5SVEs 619–21, 695–700WTO 690–5, 703

SVEs 618–19access fees 619–20, 695–8artisanal fisheries 698–700national measures 703–5recommendations 622–4, 702–5special treatment 621–2, 700–2subsidies 619–21, 695–700WTO negotiations 703

western and central Pacific 16–17,691

Flextronics 76, 77food

changing preferences 212food prices and biofuels 213,

229increasing prices 228–30




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index 775

food aidcommercial displacement and

additionality 234coordination 10, 223development alternative 230efficiency 244–6, 247emergencies 232humanitarian aid 231–2impacts 231in-kind aid 233–4, 245international comparisons 241international organisations 237–44

CSSD 239–40, 246, 248Food Aid Convention 240, 246,

247, 248OECD DAC 236–7, 244–5, 246World Food Programme 238,

246issues 227–8local purchases 233–4, 245–6need 228–31policy considerations 246–9programme aid 232project aid 232tied aid 236–7, 247–8triangular transactions 233–4,

245types 231–6wheat 235–6WTO and 10, 230–1, 236, 241–3,

246, 248Marrakesh Decision 242–3

Food Aid Convention 240, 246, 247,248

footwear industryChina 147Indonesia. See Indonesiasubcontracting pattern 149–50Vietnam 147–8

Ford 92foreign direct investment

motivations 80–3poverty reduction and 77–80trade liberalisation and 46–7

Forum Island countries 116France 485, 744France Telecom 458, 459, 460free trade. See trade liberalisation

GAP 86, 99Gap 87Gardner, K. 528GATS

flexibility 626Mode 4. See GATS Mode 4modes of supply 342, 626–7negative listing 629safeguards and 627, 629–30

GATS Mode 4Bangladesh and 514, 523, 535–6EU-NPG EPA 744FTA agreements 499Indian services 407, 408–9Indonesia and 558Malaysian health services 390meaning 342scope 352, 356, 476–7

Gavian, S. 28gender. See womenGeneral Electric 79Germany 214, 245, 255, 485, 669,

744Ghana 31, 41, 526, 542Global Alliance 87Global Commission on International

Migration 476Global Compact 86global supply chain 8–10, 90–2, 160,

162Gomba Enterprises 445good governance 92–4Gordon, J. 406governments

See also specific countriesborder prices and 29–30corruption 27, 84, 142, 176, 184,

302, 320effect of trade liberalisation on

41–2government channel 23, 29–30taxation. See taxationtrade/poverty reduction interaction

and 55Grandcolas, Christophe 638Grange Resources 82Green Revolution 28, 195, 199Greenpeace 84–5




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776 index

Grenadabackground 666decline of banana industry 666–70

crop disease 669–70labour shift 673–80WTO banana wars 669

economy 673education 16, 587labour shift 665, 673–80

construction sector 674emigration 675–6IMANI project 676, 679informal labour 675other farm production 674out of agriculture 674–6poverty 679–80recommendations 680–7security industry 676services sector 675, 676–9small businesses 675

lack of data 665non-traded agriculture 682–3occupational sectors 667openness to trade 5port 683price controls 681recommendations 680–7

high cost of living 680–3new services 684–7tourism diversification 686–7training 683–4

remittances 678services exports

call centres 673financial services 673high reservation wages 677–8,

680medical school 631, 671–2, 677,

684medical services 670, 685new services 684–7paucity of jobs 675, 676–7, 679politicisation of hiring 678–9rise 670–3skills and training 676tourism 672, 677, 682, 686–7

skill gap 637tariff policy 682

trade facilitation 683tyranny of distance 680US invasion 666, 670

Grossman, G.M. 45growth

healthcare services 385human capital and 49inequality and 49–51, 56infrastructure and 49pro-poor 48–9services liberalisation and 350–1sustainable agricultural growth

219–20technological differences 45–7,

55–6trade liberalisation and 43–5volatility and 51–3, 56

Grynberg, Roman 693–4GTZ 254Guadeloupe 669Guatemala 84Gulf wars 540, 552Gupta, P. 406Gusmao, XananaGuyana 610

Haiti 246handicrafts, GATT 656Hanson, G.H. 36Hari, K.S. 548Harrison, A.E. 36Harrod, K. 493healthcare services

growth 385health tourism 385Malaysia. See Malaysiapublic health insurance 389remittances and 493

Bangladesh 527–8Heckster-Ohlin trade model 33, 37Helpman, E. 45Hernandez, R. 346Hewlett Packard 77Hildegunn, N. 32HIV/AIDS 736Hnatkovska, V. 52Hodrick-Prescott filter 547Hoekman, Bernard 53, 341, 351




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index 777

Holden 122Holmes, T.J. 48Honduras 84, 669Hong Kong 477, 481, 556Howarth, Rick 182–3Hugo, Graeme 14, 566, 576–7, 587human capital 30, 31, 46, 49Hundi 533–4

IBM 178ICT sector

Cambodia. See CambodiaIndia. See Indiapoverty reduction 364Uganda. See Uganda

IMAC 167, 168, 172IMANI project 676, 679IMF 282, 525, 681, 731India

agricultural employment 197ASEAN-India Regional Trade and

Investment Area 134bird flu 214competition effects 36emigration

diaspora 486Kerala 540–1skilled workers 466structural changes 546

employment rates 414FDI in 79foreign currency conditions 543–4GDP 79import barriers 643increasing food consumption 213,

229India-Nepal FTA 252IT-BPO 359, 407

capacity building 421employment 417exports statistics 416–18gender 412–15growth 415–16inequalities 417–19participation of states 422planning 421–2

labour costs 108life expectancy 80

poverty levels 2reform process 406remittances 544–50

externalities 550–2forms 545income cycles 546–7informal channels 545Kerala 15, 542–3, 545–50official amounts 542poverty reduction 547–50significance 354–5, 408–9, 486state facilitation 552–3structural changes in emigration

546rice exports 307rural-urban disparities 417–19services sector 13

capacity building 421comparative advantage 406–7Doha Round 407education 420growth 405–6higher education 408, 409liberalisation 406Mode 1 407–8Mode 4 407, 408–9outsourcing 406–7policy recommendations 419–22poverty reduction and 409–19skill shortages 420–1trade 406–9training 420

social security 420sports goods industry 161textile industry 755

Indira Gandhi National OpenUniversity 408

Indonesiaagriculture

duties 202, 203food security 209irrigation and water supply 208policies 306share of employment 197

bird flu 214Bulog 309–11, 321corruption 142, 302, 320crafts. See Lombok pots




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778 index

Indonesia (cont.)decentralisation 292East Timorese immigrants 713, 714education 557, 561, 568–9emigration

3D jobs 556competition with Pacific Islanders

582costs 562, 569destinations 556education levels 557numbers 556public policy 559–60skilled workers 466

EU preferences 148fair trade 657FDI in 77financial crisis (1997) 291, 310fish exports 302food security 309–10, 320–22

direct feeding programmes 320income-transfer programmes

321–2footwear industry 9, 95–6, 148–50

contribution to poverty reduction150–4

dependence on imported leather155, 156

designs 155, 158employment status 152external barriers 155–6growth 146–7, 148hindering factors 154–6internal barriers 154–5labour costs 156labour intensity 148–9markets 146policy recommendations 156–8productivity 154–5subcontracting 149–50survey methodology 158–9transport costs 155wages 151, 152–3working hours 152

GDP 79growth 556human trafficking 499industrial relations 143

Karawang case studyagriculture 560education 561migration costs 562population 561remittances 562–5setting 560–1unemployment 561

life expectancy 80Lombok potters. See Lombok potsmanufacturing sector 146minimum wage 151natural resources, access 292ornamental fish farming 287–90

destruction of reefs 290international standards 293–4,

300–1market expansion 292Minibakti Soansari fishing group

294–7national measures 291–3,

298–300use of cyanide 289–90, 295–6

population 556poverty 131poverty reduction 5regional integration 133–4

Iran CTEP 134Japan EPA 133Japan MOU on migration

569Korea FTA 134Korea MOU on migration 559,

569Malaysia MOU on migration

558, 569migration 558–9, 569Pakistan CEP 134

remittancesbanking 563development and 504efficient use 569estimates 481–2footwear industry 153impact 557individual experience 15investment 503Karawang case study 562–5




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index 779

land investment 565policy recommendations 568–70poverty reduction 490, 491–3,

567public advice 560regional comparisons 565–6textile industry 140trade policy and 567–8use 563–5

ricefood security 309–10, 320–2government program dependency

316imports 306–7, 310–11, 316irrigation 316Karawang, West Java 11, 311–17land tenure 312lower prices 309market structure 314opportunity creation 319–20policy recommendations 317–22policy reforms 308–11poverty and 306, 311price transmission 223, 319–20trade liberalisation 315, 316–17types of farmers 314

textile industry 131–3competition issues 143–86employment status 136future 142–3gender 135health and safety 138hindering factors 141–2holidays 139markets 132–3policy recommendations 143–4rights at work 137–8social dialogue 139–40social protection 139socioeconomic background

134–5trade unions 139–40wages 136workers’ evaluation of conditions

140–1working conditions 9, 95,

134–41working hours 136–7

tradegrowth 2negotiations 569–70policies 557–9

unemployment 156wages 76, 88–9

inequalitygrowth and 49–51, 56institutions 51remittances and 494

Information Technology Agreement179

infrastructureagriculture 199, 200growth and 49quality 26, 31SVEs 637

Institute for International Trade49

institutionsagriculture and 221–2definition 31growth and 49inequality and 51poverty reduction and 23, 32volatility and 52

insurancecyclone areas 617output and price insurance 52public health insurance 389Samoan crops 223, 284

Integrated Framework process100–2, 254, 280, 282–3,285

Intel 9, 77, 96, 177, 182–5, 187intellectual property rights 46,

364INTERFAIS 238intermediate organisations 26–7International Centre for Trade and

Sustainable Development620

International DevelopmentAssociation 275

International Finance Corporation721

International Food Policy ResearchInstitute 238




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780 index

International Labour OrganisationBetter Factories Cambodia 102, 104,

106, 107–8, 109core labour standards and Pakistan

173–4East Timor 721, 726

International Trade Centre 282Iran 134, 214Ireland 713, 714Irhamni, Milda 11island paradox 283Israel 214Italy 245ITS-Global 84–5

Jackson, Lee Ann 10, 11Jamaica 35, 610, 684Jansen, M. 32Japan

development aid to Samoa 275food aid 228, 237immigrants 485, 569Indonesia-Japan EPA 133labour costs 156

Javorcik, B. 348Johnson, S. 351Joseph, Michael 452JVC 187

Kabeer, Naila 88Kaldor, Nicholas 49–50Kalinova, Blanka 345Kannan, K. 548Kapur, D. 473Kar, Saibal 15Karsenty, G. 342Keban, Yeremias 566Keith, Minor 84Keller, W. 45, 46Kenya 31, 41, 428Khalid, S. 32Khatun, Fahmida 14–15, 489, 490Kilwa, Nolpi 17, 640Kim, S.-J. and Y.J. 31Kiribati

emigration 579, 581–2fisheries, access fees 620, 697PICTA and 42

services sector 625SPARTECA 116tariff revenue 609, 638

Kiyota, K. 350knowledge economy 364Konan, Denise Eby 345, 352Kose, Ayhan 52, 350Krishna, P. 48Kuddus, U. 494Kumar, Praduman 195

labour marketsefficiency 30–2Lewis model 40Stolper-Samuelson model 37–40

labour mobility. See migrationlabour standards

Cambodian textile industry 107–8Indonesian textile workers 134–41Pakistan 165, 173–4TNCs 84–7

Laksono, Beta Gitaharie 9, 95–6Lam, Amanda Sunasse 13land tenure

Nepal 258–9rice production and 312SVEs 637Tonga 573

Laos 79, 80, 484–5, 499Laursen, T. 51LDC status

advantages of status 277development finance andSamoa 276–83technical assistance 282–3trade and 277–80, 426Uganda 365

Lesotho 354Levi Strauss 86Levine, R. 45Lewis, W.A. 40Lim, Aik Hoe 11–13Lin, Justin Yifu 329Lini, Walter 453, 458Lipsey, Robert 88–9Litvin, Daniel 84, 86, 88Loayza, N. 52Lodge, George 70–1, 92




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index 781

logistics 346Lombok island 648–50Lombok pots

background 648–50clay supply 662community development 651–3community participation 653craftsmanship 650cultural and social challenges

660–1empowerment of women 652, 663export earnings 656, 657export marketing 660food safety 657GATT rules 656job creation 653legal structures 658, 663lessons 658maintenance of traditional art

662–3management 661–2monthly incomes 659New Zealand contribution 649–50,

658–9niche market 618paternalism 661project 649–50social benefits 652–3success 16, 658technical skills 653, 661tourism promotion 650–1trade issues 653–8use 650women’s work 650

Lome Convention 750Lopez, J.H. 48–9Lucas, R.E.B. 472Lucent Technologies 177Luo, W. 346Lynas Corporation 82

Macau 713, 714Macedonia 345Macmillan, Euan 4–7McMillan, M. 27Mahajan, S. 51Mahathir Mohamad 81Mahmood, R.A. 527

Malawi 41, 246Malaysia

Asian financial crisis (1997) 387,390

FDI 77, 81–2, 183GDP 79health services 359, 385–6

costs 386–7funding 404GATS commitments 387–90Mode 1 388–9Mode 2 389Mode 3 389–90Mode 4 390privatisations 387public and private sector 386,

397–8, 402–3teleconsulting 388wages 402

health tourism 12–13, 390–404distributional issues 393employment 397–9equity 399–401FDI and growth 394–7opportunities and risks 393–401packages 391–2policy 390–3recommendations 401–4regulatory environment 392,

403–4standards 392target groups 391

immigrants 485, 491–2, 556, 558,562, 569

income inequality 400–1life expectancy 80Master Plans 388, 398, 404poverty alleviation 399–400rice imports 307tourism 391

Mali 374Malua, Margaret 8, 94–5Manasse, P. 38Mantra, Ida Bagoes 566Maori 634Marine Aquarium Council 293market access 19, 626–7, 628–9, 642–3Markusen, J.R. 45, 348, 349




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782 index

Marr, Ariel 17–18Marshall Islands 116Marston, Neil 82Martinique 669Maskus, Keith 345, 352Mattoo, Aaditya 348, 351, 356Matusz, S.J. 30, 42Mauritania 246Mauritius 2, 448, 612MCC 85–6meat 212Melanesian Spearhead Group PTA

603, 636Mellor, J.W. 28Mexico 36, 490, 503, 541micro-credit 272Micronesia 116, 742Microsoft 177, 178migration

See also specific countriesAsia-Pacific, trends 477benefits 513–14brain drain 466–8

international comparisons 467Papua New Guinea 744policy 501–2, 505temporary migration 578

circular migration 473–7, 505–6diaspora 472–3EU/PNG EPA 744GATS Mode 4 342, 352, 356, 407,

408–9, 476–7, 514, 523, 535–6global discourse 465, 466–8hyper-connectivity 465illegal migrants 578increase 465, 479, 513management 497–500market access 633–4NGOs 496–7poverty reduction and 13–15,

352–6remittances. See remittancessouth-north 465, 479SVEs 632–5temporary labour schemes 451,

505–7, 577–8Millennium Development Goals 249,

364

Minibakti Soansari fishing group294–7

Mishkin, F.S. 350Mitra, D. 48Mitsubishi 122MNCs. See transnational companiesmobile phones 372, 452, 453, 457mobility. See migrationmonopoly importers 27monopsonies 26, 28, 36, 171Morocco 354–5Morris, Matthew 456Motorola 177Mozambique 27, 374, 714Multi-Fibre Agreement, termination

Cambodia 102, 103China 325countries outside agreement 54Fiji 609, 749, 750, 755increased competition 26Nepal 262

Museveni, Yoweri 365Myanmar 214

NAFTA 499Napitupulu, Lydia 11Narciso, Gaia 348Natapei, Edward 459Natawidjaja, R. 346Nauru 116Neak, S. 104neoclassical economics 426Nepal

agriculture 199duties 202, 203, 263NGO support 268trade barriers 263value-added exports 264

Byas Municipality 255–8access to services 258business community 267capacity building 262–3farm products 256, 259, 260–1,

263farming transition 10–11hilly lands 208, 209irrigation 263Lal Bahadur 257




More information




index 783

land holding 258–9land use 259new vs indigenous communities

259–60remittances 260survey 256–8

capacity building 254–5crafts 264decentralised development 267–8democratic government 252economy 252–4energy crisis 267government role 267human trafficking 499India-Nepal FTA 252infrastructure 253, 261migration 256, 264–5participatory policy making 221,

267–8regional integration 253remittances 260, 486road network 199, 261, 265trade in services 264–5trade/poverty reduction strategies

266trade reform 252, 253–4, 261–2transport 253, 265–6WTO accession 252–3

nepotism 142Nestle 86New Guinea 450New Zealand

immigrantsEast Timorese 726Pacific Islanders 605temporary labour schemes 578Tongans 573, 575, 576

indigenous population 634Lombok project 649–50, 658–9minimum wage 580PACER 129, 279, 280Recognised Seasonal Employer

scheme 451concerns 582–4non-wage benefits 583overstayers 580–1, 583–4overview 579–84selection of workers 580–1

standards 580trade unions 580training 585transaction costs 583work ethic 581–2

regional trade dominance 605Samoa and

development aid 275, 280, 281–2trade 274

tariffs 609, 643trade preferences 609

Fiji 749, 750LDCs 277rules of origin 624–5SPARTECA 116–17, 279, 280,

603, 750Newberry, D.M.G. 52Nguyen Thi Bich Van 190Nicaragua 530niche markets

East Timor 726Fiji 614, 618Lombok pots 618SVE agriculture 614

Nikeanti-globalisation protesters 86Hong Kong 77Indonesia 9, 95labour standards 86–7Pakistan. See PakistanSialkot Initiative 172–3subcontracting 90, 149

Nissanke,M. 51Niue 116, 607North, D. 31Norway 277, 701, 711–12Noveria, Mita 566Nuryakin, Chaikal 11

OECDDAC 236–7, 244–5, 246Harmful Tax Initiative 673Policy Framework for Investment

190OECD countries

agricultural protectionism 613brain drain from developing

countries 501–2




More information




784 index

international trade reform 6–7market access to SVEs 642–3migration fears 474, 633–4temporary emigrants 480–1

offshoring. See outsourcingopenness to trade

precondition 5, 601SVEs 598–9, 636

ornamental fish farmingdestruction of reefs 290Indonesia 287–90Indonesian policies 291–3,

298–300international standards 293–4,

300–1prices 299SPS measures 302tariffs 302use of cyanide 289–90

Orozco, M. 503, 504–5outsourcing 73–6, 83, 160, 173–4,

406–7Oxfam-IDS 36

PACER 129, 279, 280, 285, 604, 719,764

PACER-plus 604–5, 625, 628, 630Pacific Data Solutions 458–9, 460Pacific Islands

connectivity 449–57, 460–1openness to trade 598–9, 636regional trade agreements 602–5remittances 451SVEs. See SVEsteledensity 453

Pacific Islands Forum 129, 603Pacific Regional Digital Strategy 453Page, John 525, 541Pakistan

core ILO standards and 173–4human trafficking 499Indonesia-Pakistan CEP 134Nike-Saga partnership 9, 96, 161–3

audit 166cancellation 9, 96, 160child labour 168, 169–70ethical partnership 164–6growth 165–6

impact of cancellation 171–2indigenisation of CSR 170–1ineffective remediation 167informal labour market 169labour standards 165lessons 172–4management weaknesses 168–9monitoring deficiencies 168trade unions 170–1unravelling 166–71wages 166

remittances 485, 486–8rice exports 307Sialkot Initiative 172–3soccer ball industry 161–6

child labour 171–2impact of brands 163–4production 161Sialkot 161, 162, 163social profile of stitchers 163supply chain 162wages 162, 164way forward 172–4

Pallage, Stephane 51Panasonic 187Papua New Guinea

access to Indian market 643agriculture 732–3, 734, 740–1brain drain 744capacity building 643customs procedures 735–6dumping 736economy 732–3EU EPA 737–45

agriculture 740–1development 737–9fisheries 741–2investment 744–5liberalisation commitments

743–4Mode 4 labour mobilityrules of origin 742–3services 743trade in goods 739–40

HIV/AIDS 736manufacturing 733MCC in 85–6monopolies 453




More information




index 785

MSG PTA 603PICTA 612political unrest 117population control 736poverty 733–4private sector 636protectionism 636quarantine 735Rimbunan Hijau in 84–5services 733small and vulnerable economy

596SPARTECA 116special and differential treatment

600standards 735structural adjustment programme

731tariffs 731, 736telecoms 450, 457, 461tourism 733, 743trade facilitation 640trade strategy 17, 734–6

Parsons, C. 353, 354Peitsch, Barbara 350pesticides 211, 333Pham, M.H. 493Pham Chanh Truc 181Phan Hien Minh 179–80Phan Van Sam 9, 96Philippines

emigration 468, 582human trafficking 499import barriers 643Intel investment 183ornamental fish farming

288remittances

extent 482–3impact 488income inequality 494origins 484poverty reduction 489

rice imports 307trade growth 2wages 76

PICTA 42, 115, 129, 603–4,764

Pierre-Guillaume, M. 32Poland, bird flu 214policy reform 5–6political will 7Portugal 713poverty

meaning 1reduction. See trade/poverty

reduction linksrural Asia-Pacific 196–7

Prakash, Siddhartha 12Prasad, Biman 17–18, 618Prasad, Eswar 350preferences. See trade preferencespreferential trade agreements

See also specific countriescommitment device 29non-discrimination clauses 81poverty reduction and 29rules of origin 624trade diversion 611–12

pricesagriculture 202, 218commodity price volatility

613Grenadian controls 681impact of remittances, Bangladesh

530ornamental fish farming 299regulations 26services liberalisation and 344–5trade liberalisation and 38Ugandan telecoms 371

private sectorEast Timor 636, 721–2farming public/private partnerships

220–1Malaysian health services 386,

397–8, 402–3Papua New Guinea 636precondition 6SVEs 637, 638Tanzanian transport 440–1Ugandan telecoms 367, 379

production sharing agreements 72–6property rights, SVEs 637Puma 149, 171Purushottam, Ojiha 10–11




More information




786 index

Qihe Green Foodstuff Company 334,336

Qu Guoqiang 333Quartey, P. 542

Ram, Yenteshwar 17–18Ramey, G. and V.A. 52Ramos-Horta, Jose 17, 727, 729Rathindran, R. 351Ravi, C. 411Raychaudhuri, Ajitava 13Reardon, R. 346Recognised Seasonal Employer scheme

451, 579–84Redden, Jim 15, 16, 17Reebok 9, 95, 149, 170regional integration. See preferential

trade agreementsremittances

adjustment to natural disasters 494balance of payments 486–9Bangladesh. See Bangladeshdevelopment 481–501, 503–4Dutch disease 488East Timor 713–15education 492–3estimates 482Fiji 577, 632Grenada 678healthcare access 493impact 469–71income inequality and 494–5increase 482, 495India. See IndiaIndonesia. See IndonesiaLaos 484–5Mexico 490Nepal 260, 486Pacific Islands 451Pakistan 485, 486–8Philippines 482–3, 484, 488, 489,

494policy recommendations 500–1,

502poverty reduction 471, 489–95protection 496–7role 354, 469–71Samoa 274–5

scale 469scholarship 541–2Sri Lanka 486, 493, 494, 503SVEs 632–3

use 635taxation 503Tonga. See Tongatransaction costs 502–3Vietnam 485women. See women

research and development 47return migration 473–7Ricardo, David 33rice

Asian diet 212export subsidies 307, 308global market 307–8Indonesia. See Indonesiasubsidies 310

Rimbunan Hijau 84–5RMIT 178Robbins, D. 39Robe, Michel 51Rochester, Natallie 693–4Rodriguez, Francisco 44Rodrik, DaniRogoff, Kenneth 350Romania 345Rudd, Kevin 122, 726rule of law 93rules of origin

EU/PNG EPA 742–3European Union 741PTAs 624SPARTECA 116, 121–2, 126, 603,

624–5SVEs and 624–5trade preferences and 608WTO Agreement 624

Rural Urban Partnership Programme(RUPP) 257

Russia 214, 352, 485Rutherford, T.F. 348, 349, 352

Sachs, Jeffrey 6, 44, 599Safaricom Kenya 452safeguard measures 53, 103–4, 627SAFTA 253




More information




index 787

Saga Sports 160, 164–72Saggi, K. 46St Lucia 681Sala-i-martin, X. 45Saldanha, Joao 17Samoa

agriculture 271–2case study 113, 197, 199crop insurance 223, 284development 283–5LDC status and 11micro-credit 272

coconut processing 609development financeEC EPA 278–9economy 113–16, 270–5

challenges 113–14sectors 271, 273

emigrationcompetition with other islands

582RSE scheme with New Zealand

579foreign aid 275geography 270infrastructure 118, 125, 284–5investment policy 115–16island paradox 283LDC status 113, 270, 276–83manufactures 272–3minimum wage 125national strategies 114–15natural disasters 210, 219, 271–2,

277PACER 279, 280, 285political stability 118population 113regional integration 115–16remittances 274–5SPARTECA 112–13, 116–17, 279,

280taxation 115, 609technical assistance to 282–3telecommunications 450tourism 275, 285, 625trade

Australia 129exports 274

external trade 273imports 274LDC status and 277–80liberalisation 456main trading partners 275

workforce 113–14, 118WTO accession 115, 129, 279–80,

606, 718Yasaki company 8, 94–5, 112–13,

130community assistance 124competitive pressures 125–6contribution to GDP 123employment 118–19female workers 118future 126–9government assistance 121market 120–1output 273poverty reduction 122–4reasons for investment 117–18SPARTECA rules of origin

121–2, 126threats 124–6up-skilling workforce 124wages 119, 125

Samosir, Omas Bulan 9, 95Samsung 79, 187Sasak people 648–9, 660–1Saudi Arabia 522, 531, 556, 562, 563,

567Sawtek 177Schmitz, J.A. 48Schultz, Theodore 236second-round effects 27–8,

347–8Self, R. 356Senegal 41services

See also specific countriesimpact of liberalisation 352

destruction and creation ofsystems 346–7

elasticity of labour 349growth 350–1investment risk 350issues 341–2localised effects 351–2




More information




788 index

services (cont.)poverty reduction 11–13prices 344–5public revenue 349second-round effects 347–8unemployment in poor

households 352international trade 342–3liberalisation

design 357–8gains 356–9impact 352packaging 358–9

migration and poverty reduction352–6

modes of supply 626–7Mode 1 342Mode 2 342Mode 3 342Mode 4 342, 352, 356, 407,

408–9, 476–7, 514, 523, 535–6relative importance 343

SVEs 625–32market access 626–7, 628–9recognition of standards 627–8,

630safeguards and GATS 627,

629–30supply-side issues 628,

630Sevele, Fred 580Shepotylo, O. 352Shrestra, Omkar 189Sialkot Initiative 172–3Siddiqui, T. 493, 528Sidorenko, A. 344Silva, Sacha 16, 631Singapore 477, 481, 498, 501,

556Sjoholm, Fredrik 88–9Skeldon, R. 354Slaughter, M. 39small and vulnerable economies. See

SVEssmall companies, support 6Smith, Adam 21Smith, Hamish 11Soares, Eduardo Belo 452

soccer balls industry 96, 161–6Sohail, Safdar 9, 96Solomon Islands 116, 117, 451, 457,

603, 634Somare, Michael 453Sony 187South Korea

competitive advantage 448food aid 228immigrants 485, 559, 562, 569, 725Indonesia-Korea FTA 134trade growth 2

SPARTECAFiji and 609, 624–5, 750members 116–17, 603provisions 279rules of origin 603Samoa and 280Yasaki in Samoa and 8, 95, 112–13,

117, 121–2specialisation 32–42SPS measures

agriculture 203–7, 211, 213–14,220

ornamental fish farming 302standards 216

Sri Lanka 486, 493, 494, 499, 503Srinivasan, T.N. 43, 44–5standards

See also labour standardsagriculture 216–17, 221ornamental fish farming 293–4,

300–1services, SVEs 627–8, 630SPS measures 216

Stark, Oded 494, 541state-owned enterprises 330, 636Stern, R. 350Stiglitz, Joseph 37, 52Stokes, Bruce 83Stoler, Andrew 9, 96Stolper-Samuelson theory 37–40strategic liberalisation 19, 601–2Su Jianchang 334, 336Subramanian, A. 351subsidies

agriculture 7FDI 81, 93




More information




index 789

fishing. See fisheriesrice exports 307, 308, 310WTO, NAMA 619

supermarkets 217, 346, 613supply-side issues 18–19, 427, 628,

630, 636–8Surono, S. 308SVEs

agricultureinsurance 617issues 612–15niche markets 614resources and solutions 616–18strategic areas 614–15, 617WTO 615–16

Australia and New Zealanddominance 605

cost disadvantages 600, 612definition 596–8development aid 605fisheries 618–19

access fees 619–20, 695–8artisanal fisheries 698–700national efforts 703–5recommendations 622–4,

702–5special treatment 621–2, 700–2subsidies 619–21, 695–700WTO negotiations 703

global integrationAid for Trade 644capacity building 643–4lack of recognition 641–2market access 642–3special and differential treatment

643transfer of technology 644WTO negotiations 605–8

hot issues 608–35labour mobility 632–5

Australia and New Zealand605

labour supply 634–5market access 633–4

land tenure 637market entry 610negative trade balances 599openness to trade 598–9, 636

overview 16–18property rights 637regional integration 602–5

Cotonou Agreement 604EU EPAs 604MSG PTA 603, 636PACER 604PACER-plus 604–5PICTA 603–4recommendations 640SPARTECA 603

remittances 632–3use 635

rules of origin 624–5services 625–32

market access 626–7, 628–9recognition of standards 627–8,

630safeguards and GATS 627,

629–30supply-side issues 628,

630special and differential treatment

599–601, 621–2, 643state-owned enterprises

636strategic liberalisation 601–2, 611,

632technical assistance 595tourism 617, 632trade integration 602–8

global integration 641–5regional agreements 602–5risks 602trade diversion 611–12WTO negotiations 605–8

trade liberalisation 636–41duties 638–40education and skills 637–8entrenched interests 636infrastructure 637private sector 637, 638supply-side issues 636–8trade facilitation 638–41

trade preferences 608–11training 637–8Work Programme on Small

Economies 605–6




More information




790 index

Swaziland 610Switzerland 245, 277

Taiwan 485Tanzania

agriculture 431, 433, 447Aid for Trade 445–7BEST 428economy 430–4

growth 430sectors 431

export processing zones 428exports

growth 434poverty reduction and

434infrastructure 436–7LDC status 429MKURABITA 428poverty 430, 433privatisations 440, 441regional integration 428–9services 13, 359

GDP share 430, 432growth 432liberalisation 427–30, 442–5

small enterprises 446–7supply-side constraints 434–9

categorisation 437telecenter 374tourism 429, 430, 432, 442trade liberalisation 427–9transport 439–41

EU funding 440privatisations 441public-private partnerships

440–1shipping 440, 443World Bank funding 441

WTO commitments 429–30tariffs

agriculture 202–3effects 24ornamental fish farming 302revenues and trade liberalisation

41–2Tarr, D. 30, 42, 348, 349, 352Taukolo, Vaimoana 15

taxationFijian clothing industry 749, 750,

761policies 19remittances 503Samoa 115services liberalisation and tax

revenue 349TNCs 81, 82, 93Vietnamese IT sector 179–80

Taylor, Edward 490, 494, 541technical assistance

LDC status and 282–3SVEs 595transfer of technology 644

technological differences 45–7,55–6

telecomsAfrica 449, 452, 453impact of liberalisation on prices

345mobile phones 372, 452, 453, 457Pacific Islands 449–57, 460–1regulation 93Uganda. See UgandaVanuatu. See Vanuatu

Tenaglia, P. 355, 356Tendler, Judith 174Terry, D.F. 503Tevi, Odo 458textiles

See also Multi-Fibre AgreementCambodia. See CambodiaChina 8, 95, 97, 143–86, 755, 761Fiji. See FijiIndia 755Indonesia. See IndonesiaVietnam 103, 108

Thailandemigration 582FDI in 91–2GDP 79health tourism 391human trafficking 499life expectancy 80rice exports 307wages 76

Thomas, Clive 600, 613, 629




More information




index 791

Thorbecke, E. 49, 51Tibu, David 85Tiglao, R. 488Timmer, P. 27, 316, 318, 319Timor-Leste. See East TimorTitu Eki, A. 491–2TNCs. See transnational companiesTokarick, S. 53Tonga

Christianity 572cyclones 574economy 574emigration 573, 575employment 584–90

agriculture 589–90education 586–7labour force 572–3services 589tourism 574, 588–9training 585–6, 587

extended families 572future 590–1infrastructure 117land holding 573population 572poverty reduction 5reforms 456remittances 15, 632

best use 587–8future 590poverty reduction 575–9RSE scheme 581, 587savings 588significance 573–4use 581volume 575

RSE scheme with New Zealand 451concerns 582–4non-wage benefits 583overstayers 580–1, 583–4overview 579–84selection of workers 580–1, 634standards 580trade unions 580training 585transaction costs 583unrealistic expectations 583use of remittances 581, 587

work ethic 581–2services sector 625SPARTECA 116tariff revenue 609, 639telecoms 450, 457WTO accession 718

Torero, M. 346Toshiba 187tourism 358Toyota 120, 122trade

facilitation, definition 763free trade. See trade liberalisationopenness to 5, 598–9, 601, 636poverty reduction. See

trade/poverty reduction linkspreferences. See trade preferencesservices. See servicestrade diversion, SVEs 611–12

trade liberalisationcompetition gains 35–7dynamic effects 22, 42–54effect of increased competition

47–8effect on governments 41–2effect on wages 37–40growth effect 43–5increasing returns 47inequality and 49–51institutions and 23LDC dismal performance 426long-term effects 43–53medium-term effects 43nature 26price changes 38second-round effects 27–8, 347–8specialisation gains 32–42static effects 22, 32–42strategic liberalisation 19, 601–2,

611, 632supply-side constraints 427SVEs 636–41

trade/poverty reduction linksadaptability of economies 30–2agriculture 10–11, 207–11

policies 218–22context specificity 21, 58distribution channel 23, 24–8




More information




792 index

trade/poverty reduction links (cont.)dynamic effects 22, 42–54enterprise channel 23, 28external factors 53factors 54–8FDI and 77–80government channel 23, 29–30,

55growth and 48–9ICT sector 364Indian services 409–19Indonesian footwear industry

150–4labour mobility 13–15Nepal 266outsourcing and 173–4preconditions 5–7regional integration and 29Samoa and Yasaki 122–4static effects 22, 32–42theoretical shift 426TNCs. See transnational companiesTonga 5trade in services 11–13, 352–6transmission mechanisms 22–32,

426Vietnam electronics 188–90

trade preferencesAustralia. See AustraliaEuropean Union 97, 102, 148LDC status and 277–8New Zealand. See New Zealandrules of origin 608SVEs 608–11United States 7, 97, 104,

609WTO 609

trade unions 139–40, 170–1training

Fiji 757, 762–3Grenada 676, 683–4Indian services 420overriding strategy 18SVEs 637–8Tonga 585–6, 587Vietnam 177–8, 189

transfer of technology 644transnational companies

See also specific companies andcountries

agents of change 70–2critique 69–70debate 83–90efficiency 69FDI. See foreign direct investmentgender issues 87–8global supply chain 8–10, 90–2, 160good governance and 92–4labour standards 84–7motivation for investment 80–3numbers 69poverty reduction and 8–10, 77–80production sharing agreements

72–6regulatory environment 6taxation 81, 82, 93trade policies and corporate

strategies 76–83wage rates 88–90

Transparency International 184Treffer, D. 38Trinidad 676, 684Tunisia 345Turkey 36, 99, 214Turrini, A. 38Tuvalu 116, 579, 582, 620, 697Tybout, J.R. 48typhoons 210

Ugandadebt relief 366economic reforms 365–6, 369infrastructure 377internet 378mobile phones 372Nakaseke Telecentre 374–7

benefit of reforms 375constraints 377education and health services

376empowering the poor 375–6farming information 376lessons 378–9policy lessons 378–9women 376–7

openness to trade 5




More information




index 793

poverty 365regional integration 428remittances 526telecom reforms 12, 359, 366–9

better services 371–2exports 372FDI 369–70, 381GATS commitments 369–70global markets for local talent

372–3ICT policy 368–9impact 370–4independent regulation 366–7jobs for the poor 373lessons 632lower prices 371policy recommendations 379–80privatisation 367, 379rural areas 367–8, 373–4, 379

Ukraine 214UNCLOS 696UNCTAD 77–9, 81, 282, 347, 607, 626UNDP 254, 257, 282, 364UNEP 293UNESCAP 625UNIDO 255, 655Unilever 86, 92United Fruit Company 83–4United Kingdom

bird flu 214food aid 237, 245immigrants

Bangladeshis 527, 529East Timorese 713, 714Grenadians 676

Indian services trade 408mobility schemes 355Papua New Guinea and 744

United NationsConvention on Migrant Workers

(1990) 496ECOSOC 270, 276–7embargo on China 327food aid 237, 245migration and 477, 499World Food Programme 238, 246

United StatesCambodian policy 102, 103–4

Chinese policy 327development aid 445–6ethanol production 213Fiji textile market 749, 750fish imports 293, 302food aid 228, 235, 237, 245,

247immigrants

Bangladeshis 527, 529Filipinos 468, 482Grenadians 676Mexicans 474temporary migration 479Tongans 573, 575Vietnamese 485

Indian services trade 408Indonesian textile imports 132invasion of Grenada 666, 670preferences 7, 97, 104, 609rice exports 307sanctions on India 544SPARTECA and 116Vietnamese policy 178WTO banana wars 669

Uyen Ho 186

value-added tax 638Van Diermen, Peter 8, 94Vanuatu

emigration 579, 581–2growth 457monopolies 453MSG PTA 603political stability 458protectionism 636reforms 457–60SPARTECA membership 116telecoms 13, 450, 457, 458–60tourism 457, 625WTO accession 606, 718

VAT 638Vertovec, S. 475–6Vietnam

bird flu 214competition with Cambodian

textiles 103, 108competitive advantage 448corruption 176, 184




More information




794 index

Vietnam (cont.)economic liberalisation 176–7education and training 177–8, 189electronics 9, 96

export growth 188firms 187–8Intel investment 182–7poverty reduction 188–90public policy 179–82taxation regime 179–80

FDI in 77footwear industry 147–8high-tech park 181–2, 184human trafficking 499Information Technology Agreement

179Intel investment 182–7

employment 186–7global supply chain 185new assembly and test facility

184positive factors 183–4wages 186–7

path to high-tech economy 176–9policy change 175–6post-war 176regional integration 178–9remittances 485rice exports 307trade growth 2wages 76WTO accession 103, 178–9

volatility, growth and 49, 51–3, 56Von Braun, Joachim 346

wagesSee also specific countrieseffects of trade liberalisation 37–40Lewis model 40Stolper-Samuelson theory 37–40TNCs in developing countries

88–90Walmsley, T. 353, 354Warner, A.M. 44Warr, P. 311Washington Consensus 426water, agriculture and 216Wei, Shang-Jin 350Wellington Declaration 453

Westbrook, M.D. 48wheat 212, 235–6Wheat Aid Convention 240WIBDECO 666, 670, 674Wilson, Craig 70–1, 92Wilson, J.S. 25Wilson, S.R. 503, 504–5Windward Islands 666, 669Winter, Alan 513Winters, A 22, 28, 29, 36, 40, 51, 341,

353, 354Wiyono, Nur Hadi 15Wolf, Martin 71–2, 87–8, 92women

Bangladeshi migrants 531–2, 534Cambodian textile industry 97–8,

104–6, 110Fijian clothing industry 758,

761–2ICT access 377Indian services 412–15Indonesia

Lombok potters 16, 650, 652,663

Sasak women 648–9textile workers 135

Minibakti Soansari fishing group297

Nakaseke Telecentre 376–7remittances and 493

Bangladesh 528Cambodia 105–6

Samoan workers in Yazaki 118TNCs and gender 87–8

Women’s Edge Coalition 35Wood, A. 37, 39World Bank

Cambodian poverty reduction 98Chinese poverty reduction 72on Dar es Salaam 440DTIS 101, 109, 435East Timor 721Egyptian labour markets 30finance to Samoa 282Ghana capital market 31on Grenada 666, 672, 678on India 2Indonesian cyanide fishing

290




More information




index 795

Integrated Framework process 282labour mobility in Pacific Islands

577–8Mozambique cashew nuts and 27Papua New Guinea 731, 733poverty in East Asia 196–7poverty reduction and growth 48on remittances 469, 489, 502, 565,

632–3rice prices 311Tanzanian funding 441Ugandan ICT finance 373–4on Vanuatu 458Vanuatu funding 459–60Vietnamese electronics 189–90

World Fish Centre 698World Food Programme 238, 246Wougnet 369, 376–7WTO

See also Agriculture Agreementagriculture 204, 615–16banana wars 669Doha Round. See Doha Rounderosion of preferences 609farming issues 204fisheries 619, 620–1, 622–4

subsidies 690–5SVEs 703

food aid and 10, 230–1, 236, 241–3,246, 248

Marrakesh Decision 242–3GATS. See GATSGATT and handicrafts 656

Integrated Framework process100–2, 254, 280, 282–3,285

intellectual property rights 364membership 90NAMA subsidies 619negotiations on rice 308rules of origin 624simplification of customs procedures

25SPARTECA and 116SPS standards 216SVEs and 605–8, 641–2Work Programme on Small

Economies 605–6

Xu, B. 46

Yamamoto, Y. 763Yao, Shunli 11Yasaki 8, 94–5, 112–13, 273Yem, S. 104Yitzhaki, Shlomo 494, 541Yue Yuen 77

Zachariah, K.C. 543, 548Zambia 31, 36, 246Zemurray, Samuel 84Zhao, J. 47Zhong Funing 332–3, 336Zhu, S.C. 38Zimbabwe 31, 36Zoellick, Robert 175




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