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Additional resources online>>
STUART PALMER | DAVID GREENWOOD
BRYN HUMBERSTONE | JUSTIN ROBINSONJENNY GOODMAN | JENNIFER VAUGHAN
NSW SYLLABUS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM
CambridgeMATHS
YEAR
77
ISBN: 9781107626973
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
© David Greenwood et al. 2013 Cambridge University Press
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477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.
It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit ofeducation, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
www.cambridge.edu.auInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107626973
© Stuart Palmer, David Greenwood, Bryn Humberstone,Justin Robinson, Jenny Goodman, Jennifer Vaughan 2013
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place without the writtenpermission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2013
Cover design by Sardine DesignTypeset by Aptara Corp.Printed in Singapore by C.O.S Printers Pte Ltd
A Cataloguing-in-Publication entry is available from the catalogue
of the National Library of Australia at www.nla.gov.au
ISBN 978-1-107-62697-3 Paperback
Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.edu.au/GO
Reproduction and communication for educational purposes
The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum ofone chapter or 10% of the pages of this publication, whichever is the greater,to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institutionfor its educational purposes provided that the educational institution
(or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice toCopyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act.
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Copyright Agency LimitedLevel 15, 233 Castlereagh StreetSydney NSW 2000Telephone: (02) 9394 7600Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601Email: [email protected]
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Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright. The publisherapologises for any accidental infringement and welcomes information that would redress this situation.
ISBN: 9781107626973
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Table of ContentsTable of Contents
iii
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
iii
1 Number and Algebra
Computation with Integers
MA4–4NA
Strand and substrand
2 Measurement and Geometry
Angle Relationships
MA4–18MG
About the authors viii
Introduction and guide to this book ix
Acknowledgements xii
Computation with positive integers 2
Pre-test 4
1A Place value in ancient number systems FRINGE 51B Place value in Hindu-Arabic numbers REVISION 10
1C Adding and subtracting positive integers 14
1D Algorithms for adding and subtracting 19
1E Multiplying small positive integers 23
1F Multiplying large positive integers 27
1G Dividing positive integers and dealing with remainders 31
1H Estimating and rounding positive integers 36
1I Order of operations with positive integers 40
Investigation 44
Puzzles and challenges 46
Review: Chapter summary 47
Multiple-choice questions 48
Short-answer questions 49
Extended-response questions 50
Angle relationships 52
Pre-test 54
2A Points, lines, intervals and angles 55
2B Measuring and classifying angles REVISION 60
2C Adjacent angles and vertically opposite angles 66
2D Transversal lines and parallel lines 71
2E Solving geometry problems 78
2F Circles and constructions with ruler and compasses FRINGE 83
2G Constructions with dynamic geometry software EXTENSION 87
Investigation 90
Puzzles and challenges 91
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3 Number and Algebra
Computation with Integers
MA4–4NA
4 Number and Algebra
Fractions, Decimals and
Percentages
MA4–5NA
Review: Chapter summary 92
Multiple-choice questions 93
Short-answer questions 94
Extended-response questions 97
Computation with positive and negative integers 98
Pre-test 100
3A Working with negative integers 101
3B Adding or subtracting a positive integer 105
3C Adding or subtracting a negative integer 109
3D Multiplying or dividing by an integer 114
3E Order of operations with positive and negative integers 118
3F The Cartesian plane 122
Investigation 126
Puzzles and challenges 127
Review: Chapter summary 128
Multiple-choice questions 129
Short-answer questions 130
Extended-response questions 131
Understanding fractions, decimals and percentages 132
Pre-test 134
4A Factors and multiples 135
4B Highest common factor and lowest common multiple 1404C What are fractions? 144
4D Equivalent fractions and simplified fractions 150
4E Mixed numerals and improper fractions 156
4F Ordering positive and negative fractions 162
4G Place value in decimals and ordering decimals 168
4H Rounding decimals 172
4I Decimal and fraction conversions 176
4J Connecting percentages with fractions and decimals 181
4K Decimal and percentage conversions 188
4L Fraction and percentage conversions 193
4M Percentage of a quantity 198
4N Using fractions and percentages to compare two quantities 203
Investigation 208
Puzzles and challenges 210
Review: Chapter summary 212
Multiple-choice questions 213
Short-answer questions 214
Extended-response questions 216
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v
7 Measurement and Geometry
6 Number and Algebra
Fractions, Decimals and
Percentages
MA4–5NA
Time
MA4–13MG
5
Probability
MA4–21SP
Statistics and ProbabilityProbability 218
Pre-test 220
5A Describing probability 221
5B Theoretical probability in single-step experiments 228
5C Experimental probability in single-step experiments 233
5D Compound events in single-step experiments 238
5E Venn diagrams and two-way tables 243
5F Probability in two-step experiments EXTENSION 250
Investigation 255
Puzzles and challenges 257
Review: Chapter summary 259
Multiple-choice questions 260
Short-answer questions 261
Extended-response questions 262
Computation with decimals and fractions 264
Pre-test 266
6A Adding and subtracting decimals 267
6B Adding fractions 271
6C Subtracting fractions 278
6D Multiplying fractions 284
6E Multiplying and dividing decimals by 10, 100, 1000 etc. 292
6F Multiplying by a decimal 297
6G Dividing fractions 301
6H Dividing decimals 307
6I Computation with negative fractions EXTENSION 312
Investigation 318
Puzzles and challenges 321
Review: Chapter summary 322
Multiple-choice questions 323
Short-answer questions 323
Extended-response questions 325
Semester review 1 327
Time 336
Pre-test 338
7A Units of time 339
7B Working with time 344
7C Using time zones 349
Puzzles and challenges 355
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8 Number and Algebra
9 Number and Algebra
Review: Chapter summary 356
Multiple-choice questions 357
Short-answer questions 357
Extended-response question 359
Algebraic techniques 1 360
Pre-test 362
8A Introduction to formal algebra 363
8B Substituting positive numbers into algebraic expressions 368
8C Equivalent algebraic expressions 373
8D Like terms 377
8E Multiplying, dividing and mixed operations 381
8F Expanding brackets 385
8G Applying algebra EXTENSION 390
8H Substitution involving negative numbers and mixed operations 3958I Number patterns EXTENSION 398
8J Spatial patterns EXTENSION 403
8K Tables and rules EXTENSION 411
8L The Cartesian plane and graphs EXTENSION 417
Investigation 424
Puzzles and challenges 426
Review: Chapter summary 427
Multiple-choice questions 428
Short-answer questions 429
Extended-response questions 430
Equations 1 432
Pre-test 434
9A Introduction to equations 435
9B Solving equations by inspection 440
9C Equivalent equations 444
9D Solving equations systematically 449
9E Equations with fractions 456
9F Equations with brackets 4619G Formulas and relationships EXTENSION 465
9H Using equations to solve problems EXTENSION 469
Investigation 474
Puzzles and challenges 475
Review: Chapter summary 476
Multiple-choice questions 477
Short-answer questions 478
Extended-response questions 479
Algebraic Techniques
MA4–8NA
Equations
MA4–10NA
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vii
10 Measurement and Geometry
11 Number and Algebra
Measurement and computation of length, perimeter and area 480
Pre-test 482
10A Measurement systems of the past and present FRINGE 483
10B Using and converting units of length REVISION 489
10C Perimeter of rectilinear figures 493
10D Pi and circumference of circles 498
10E Arc length and perimeter of sectors and composite figures 503
10F Units of area and area of rectangles 509
10G Area of triangles 515
10H Area of parallelograms 521
10I Area of composite figures 525
10J Mass and temperature REVISION 530
Investigation 536
Puzzles and challenges 537Review: Chapter summary 538
Multiple-choice questions 539
Short-answer questions 540
Extended-response questions 543
Introducing indices 544
Pre-test 546
11A Divisibility tests 547
11B Prime numbers 552
11C Using indices 555
11D Prime decomposition 560
11E Squares, square roots, cubes and cube roots 564
11F The zero index and index laws 569
Investigation 574
Puzzles and challenges 575
Review: Chapter summary 577
Multiple-choice questions 578
Short-answer questions 579
Extended-response question 580Semester review 2 581
Answers 589
Index 645
Length and Area
MA4–12MG, MA4–13MG
Indices
MA4–9NA
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Table of Contents
ii
About the authors
ii
Stuart Palmer was born and educated in NSW. He is a high school mathematics teacher
with more than 25 years’ experience teaching students from all walks of life in a variety of
schools. Stuart has taught all the current NSW Mathematics courses in Stages 4, 5 and 6
numerous times. He has been a head of department in two schools and is now an
educational consultant who conducts professional development workshops for teachers all
over NSW and beyond. He also works with pre-service teachers at The University of
Sydney and The University of Western Sydney.
David Greenwood is the Head of Mathematics at Trinity Grammar School in Melbourne
and has 19 years’ experience teaching mathematics from Years 7 to 12. He has runnumerous workshops within Australia and overseas regarding the implementation of the
Australian Curriculum and the use of technology for the teaching of mathematics. He
has written more than 20 mathematics titles and has a particular interest in the sequencing
of curriculum content and working with the Australian Curriculum proficiency strands.
Bryn Humberstone graduated from University of Melbourne with an Honours degree in
Pure Mathematics, and is currently teaching both junior and senior mathematics in
Victoria. Bryn is particularly passionate about writing engaging mathematical
investigations and effective assessment tasks for students with a variety of backgrounds
and ability levels.
Justin Robinson is Head of Positive Education and a mathematics teacher at Geelong
Grammar School. Prior to this, he spent 20 years teaching mathematics and was a key writer
of in-house maths material. He has a keen interest in engaging all students through a wide
variety of effective teaching methods and materials.
Jenny Goodman has worked for 20 years in comprehensive State and selective high schools
in NSW and has a keen interest in teaching students of differing ability levels. She was
awarded the Jones medal for education at Sydney University and the Bourke prize for
Mathematics. She has written for Cambridge NSW and was involved in the Spectrum and
Spectrum Gold series.
Jennifer Vaughan has taught secondary mathematics for over 30 years in NSW, WA,
Queensland and New Zealand and has tutored and lectured in mathematics at Queensland
University of Technology. She is passionate about providing students of all ability levels with
opportunities to understand and to have success in using mathematics. She has taught special
needs students and has had extensive experience in developing resources that make
mathematical concepts more accessible; hence, facilitating student confidence, achievement
and an enjoyment of maths.
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Table of Contents
ix
Introduction andguide to this book
This resource has been developed from an analysis of the NSW Syllabus for the Australian Curriculum
and the Australian Curriculum: Mathematics. It is structured on a detailed teaching program for the
implementation of the NSW Syllabus, and a comprehensive copy of the teaching program can be found
on the companion website.
The chapters are based on a logical teaching and learning sequence for the syllabus topic concerned,
so that chapter sections can be used as ready-prepared lessons. Exercises have questions graded by
level of difficulty, as indicated in the teaching program, and are grouped according to the WorkingMathematically components of the NSW Syllabus, as indicated by badges in the margin of the exercises.
This facilitates the management of differentiated learning and reporting on students’ achievement.
For certain topics the prerequisite knowledge has been given in sections marked as REVISION,
whereas EXTENSION marks a few sections that go beyond the Syllabus. Similarly, the word FRINGE
is used to mark a few topics treated in a way that lies at the edge of the Syllabus requirements, but which
provide variety and stimulus. Apart from these, all topics are aligned exactly to the NSW Syllabus, as
indicated at the start of each chapter and in the teaching program.
In Stage 5, separate textbooks are provided for 5.1/5.2 and 5.1/5.2/5.3. In addition the NSW Syllabus
allocates topics to certain pathways, which are designated 5.2◊, 5.3§ and 5.3#. These categories, together
with Stage 4, 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3, are indicated for each chapter section by ‘ladder icons’ in the Year 9 and 10textbooks and teaching programs.
Guide to this book Features:
NSW Syllabus for the Australian
Curriculum: strands, substrands and
content outcomes for chapter (see
teaching program for more detail)
What you will learn: an
overview of chapter contents
Chapter introduction: use
to set a context for students
Chapter
Computation withpositive integers1What you will learn
Placevaluein ancientnumbersystems
Placevalue in Hindu-Arabic numbers
Adding and subtracting positiveintegers
Algorithms foradding and subtracting
Multiplying small positiveintegers
Multiplying largepositive integers
Dividing positiveintegers and dealing with remainders
Estimating and rounding positiveintegers
Orderof operations with positiveintegers
1A
1B
1C
1D
1E
1F
1G
1H
1I
Whole numbers in the ancientworld and now
Wholenumbers and numbersystems havebeen used
forthousands ofyears tohelp countobjects and
record information.
In ancientEgyptin about3000 BCE,ifone
hundred and twenty-fourblocks ofstone wereneededtobuild a monument,this numberwould havebeen
represented as
Today,weus ewhole numbers tohelp deal with all
sorts ofsituations.Herearesomeexamples:
• Recording thenumberofpoints in agame
• Calculating thenumberof pavers required fora
terrace
• Counting the numberofitems purchased ata shop
• Tallying thenumberof votes in an election
• Calculating theapproximate distancebetween
twotowns.
NSW Syllabus for the AustralianCurriculumStrand: Number and Algebra
Substrand: COMPUTATION WITH INTEGERS
Outcome:A studentcompares,orders,
and calculates with integers,applying a
rangeof strategies toaid computation
(MA4 —4NA)
3
Pre-test: establishes prior knowledge
(also available as a printable worksheet)
i i i i i
1 For each of the following, match the word with the symbol.
a add A −
b subtract B ÷
c multiply C +
d divide D ×
2 Write each of the following as numbers.
P r e -
t e s t
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Working Mathematically badges
All exercises are divided into sections marked by Working Mathematically badges, such as this example:
Understanding &
Communicating
W O RK
I N G
M A
T H E M A T I C
A L L Y
U F
R PSC
Fluency &
Communicating
W O RK I N G
M A
T H E M A T I C
A L L Y
U F
R PSC
Problem-solving &
Communicating
W O RK I N G
M A
T H E M A T I C
A L L Y
U F
R PSC
Reasoning &
Communicating
W O RK I N G
M A
T H E M A T I C
A L L Y
U F
R PSC
The letters U (Understanding), F (Fluency), PS (Problem-solving), R (Reasoning) and C (Communication) are
highlighted in colour to indicate which of these components apply mainly to the questions in that section. Naturally
there is some overlap between the components.
Additional resources online
TM
HOTmathsinteractive maths online
The CambridgeMATHS/ HOTmaths integrated program for the Australian Curriculum offers the
best of textbook and interactive online resources. It can be used with a HOTmaths account
(eg for class demos via IWBs or data projectors) or with student accounts, which enable
access to the full range of features, including use at home.
The integrated program is linked from icons and the topic
numbers in the textbooks, as detailed in a document available
(free) from the Cambridge website.
Interactive
simulations &
programs
Practice quizzes with competitive scoring option
Tests with learning management
system
Maths dictionary with links to
content
Interactive
examples
Worksheets
(also available as
workbooks)
All HOTmaths features are included in the program, eg:
xi
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Table of Contents
i
Acknowledgements
The author and publisher wish to thank the following sources for permission to reproduce material:
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