Camacho 2016 USAHA Brucellosis Committee - Updated v3 2016 USAHA... · 1.For 50 years we collected...

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NATIONAL BRUCELLOSIS ERADICATION PROGRAM UPDATEUSAHA 2016

MARK CAMACHO DVM, MPHNAT IONAL CATTLE HEALTH EP IDEMIOLOGISTU.S . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECT ION SERV ICEVETER INARY SERV ICESOCTOBER 18 , 2016

Overview

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• Brief history of brucellosis eradication program

• US Basic control strategy

• Historical surveillance

• Current brucellosis status

• US cattle demographics

• Current surveillance/tracing

• Questions?

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History of Brucellosis

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• 450 BC: Described by Hippocrates

• 1859: Described by Marston (Malta Fever)

• 1884: Capt. David Bruce isolates B. melitensis from soldiers. Epi link to goats milk

• 1895: Danish Vet Path Benhard Bang identifies B. abortus in cattle

Fig 1. Crimean War soldiers recuperating in Cottonera Hospital ward, Malta ~1880. Source: Times of Malta

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History of US Brucellosis program

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• 1905 ‐ 1920: USDA BAI recognizes “bovine

infectious abortion” as a major problem…plus

serious public health concerns

• 1934: Start of US Brucellosis eradication program

• 1941: Strain 19 vaccination approved

• 1947: First UMR published, milk pasteurization

becoming standard in metropolitan areas

• 1952: BRT testing begins

• 1954: Congressional funds first approved

• 2000: No infected herds for 1st time in the USA

Fig 2. British Army Physician, Capt. David Bruce (1855 – 1931)

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• 1934: Seen as the most important

bovine disease at that time

• Reactor rate in US cattle > 11%

• 1954: Animal production and public

health concerns prompted

Congressional funds

• Designed as a cooperative program

between federal, state and industry

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• 1957: 124,000

affected US

herds

• Perhaps only

1/3 to ½ of

actual

number

Fig 3. Infected US herds in February 1957 – Source: VE Ragan / Veterinary Microbiology 90 (2002) 11–18

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8Fig 4. Infected US herds in 1955 ‐ 2000 – Source: VE Ragan / Veterinary Microbiology 90

(2002) 11–1811/4/2016

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9Fig 5. Human Brucellosis cases in the US 1934 ‐ 1999 – Source: VE Ragan / Veterinary

Microbiology 90 (2002) 11–1811/4/2016 10Source: Glynn MK, Lynn TV. Brucellosis J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233(6):90211/4/2016

Annual human brucellosis cases and cattle herd reactor rates in the US, 1951‐2001

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ = US Herd reactor rate____ = US # Human cases

Historical surveillance

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• Program started with “down the road” testing (area testing of all herds)

• Slaughter surveillance was then added later to the program

• BRT testing added to program in 1952

• Then, 1st point market testing was added in high risk areas in the 1970’s

• Indemnity was used to gain producer cooperation…

• And adult vaccination (live attenuated Strain 19) became an essential tool in cleaning up affected herds

• (Prior to 1941, Dr. John Buck of US BAI left brucellosis cultures on his desk for over a year and found that culture 19 was very stable with low pathogenicity. Originally used as a calf‐hood vaccination and could cause abortion in adults.)

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How did the brucellosis program start?

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• Program started with the Standard Plate and Tube tests

• Standardization of testing protocol was a problem … with 14

serologic tests

• Test herds – Area, slaughter, BRT, FPT, pre‐movement

• Vaccinate calves to increase resistance

• Remove reactors with indemnity or depopulate

• Epidemiologic trace testing and high risk area testing to

remove pockets of infection

• Use adult vaccination to clean up infected herds

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Historical surveillance

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• In 1956 there were ~124,000 affected herds

• By 1992, there were only ~ 700 affected herds (<99.4%)

• No infected dairies in the US since, 1998

Basic Program Standards

• 95% slaughter surveillance

• 2 – 4 rounds BRTs annually

• 95% case closures

• 90% MCI trace backs

• Mandatory annual reports

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Goals of Brucellosis program

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1. Detect 1 case per

100,000 animals with

95% confidence

2. Document ongoing

disease freedom

3. Meet OIE standard of

detecting .2% herd

prevalence

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Current National Slaughter Surveillance

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1. For 50 years we collected 95% of ~5‐7 million adult cull cattle per

year from all Top 40 adult kill plants

2. Today we sample 1.5/6 million (30%)

from 11 plants (9 cattle & 2 bison)

3. 55% of samples to KY Lab, rest to TX

4. Current plants chosen by geographic

footprint, GYA coverage and ability to

collect quality samples

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. .

.TX

NM

AK

HI

PR

AZ

CA

OR

WA

ID

MT

WY

NV

UT

CO

ND

SD

NE

KS

OK

MN

IA

MO

AR

LA

MS AL

GA

FL

SC

TN

KY

IL IN

WIMI

OH

NC

VAWV

PA

NY

ME

NHMA

RICT

NJ

DE

MD

VI

VT

Brucellosis Eradication Program

Class A StatusFree 6-10 yrs

Free 11-15 yrs

Free 16-20 yrs

Free 1-5 yrs

Free Current Year

State Status Classification 2016

Free 21+ yrs

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Current US Brucellosis Status

50 class free states since 2009

The Greater Yellowstone Area including Idaho, Montana

and Wyoming are now our primary focus for brucellosis

in livestock due to endemic disease in wild elk and bison

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2016 Brucellosis Affected Herds

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• Idaho herd released from QT in December 2015

• WY Antler Ranch bison herd released from QT in November 2015

• MT herd still under QT• In FY 2016, WY found two

new beef herds. One went off QT in July 2016 leaving just one still under QT.

Montana

Bison, Test and Remove

(



Wyoming

Idaho

Utah

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• Idaho herd released from QT in December 2015

• WY Antler Ranch bison herd released from QT in November 2015

• MT herd still under QT• In FY 2016, WY found two

new beef herds. One went off QT in July 2016 leaving just one still under QT.

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2016 US Cattle Demographics

• Total US cattle & calves (NASS 2016)

92 million head (up 3% from 2015)

• Total US adult cattle and cattle herds

40 million adults and 913,000 herds (2012 NASS)

• US Dairy cattle (1st calf heifers)

9.3 million head (10% of total) on ~44,000 dairy herds (5%)

• US Beef cattle

30.7 million head

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44,000

869,000

Total US Cattle Herds 2016(913,000 total herds)

Dairy Herds Beef Herds

Dairy herds = 4.8%Beef herds = 95.2%


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Total US Cattle 2016(92 million head)

Adults Heifers & Calves

Heifers & Calves

Adults


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9.3

30.7

Total US Adult Cattle 2016(40 million head)

Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle

Dairy cattle = 23%Beef cattle = 77%


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6.3

28.2

2.53

Total US Adult Cattle 2016(40 million head)

Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle Beef Culls Dairy Culls

Annual Adult culls = ~5‐7 million headAnnual Adult Dairy culls = ~3 millionAnnual Adult Beef culls = ~2.5 millionDairy cow cull rate = 32%Beef cow cull rate = 8%Total Adult cull rate = 15%

Used to collect blood on 95% of adults killed annually. These are legacy members of our national herd. Now collect 30% (1.5 M) of adults culls

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Surveillance Streams (prior to 2011)

1. Slaughter surveillance (95% adults)

2. BRT of dairies (2‐4 rds annually 100%)

3. FPT at selected markets

4. Herd certification testing

5. Infected herd trace testing (epidemiology)

6. Diagnostic testing by private practitioners

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2016 Surveillance Streams

1. Slaughter surveillance (9 cattle & 2 bison)

2. BRT of dairies (paid for by states now)

3. Herd certification testing (but very low)

4. Infected herd trace testing (epidemiology)

5. Diagnostic testing by private practitioners

6. GYA/DSA protocols

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Slaughter Plants collecting samples

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V.I.

P.R.

TX

CA

MT

AZ

ID

NV

NM

CO

IL

OR

UT

KS

IA

WY

NE

SD

MN

ND

OK

FL

MO

WI

AL GA

WA

AR

LA

MI

IN

NY

PA

NC

MS

TN

KYVA

OH

SC

ME

WV

VT

NH

MD

NJ

MA

CT

DE

RI

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2016 MCI Surveillance (thru Aug 2016)

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State Plant % to collect

Est. Samples

# collected (%) Testable samples

# missing & invalid

% missing & invalid

CA Cargill 100% 180,000 119,533 (66%) 116,494 3,039 2.54%

CO Brush* 100% 20,000 16,794 (84%) 16,386 408 2.43%

CO Double J* 100% 6,000 7,855 (131%) 7,580 275 3.50%

FL Central** 33% 16,665 17,370 (35%) 16,957 413 2.38%

MN Long Pr. 100% 138,000 136,122 (99%) 134,107 2,015 1.48%

NE Gibbon 100% 410,000 377,614 (92%) 363,373 14,241 3.77%

PA Taylor 33% 115,000 98,793 (86%) 92,908 5,885 5.96%

TX Caviness 100% 250,000 437,198 (175%) 432,172 5,026 1.15%

TX Lone Star 100% 188,000 252,580 (134%) 251,079 1,501 0.59%

UT D T Smith 100% 75,000 54,655 (74%) 54,163 492 0.90%

WI Valley Pride 100% 110,000 74,568 (68%) 72,532 2,036 2.73%

Totals 1,508,665 1,593,082(106%) 1,554,989 38,093 2.22%

* Bison plant. ** FL plant no longer in business and not collecting samples

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2015 ‐2016 Brucellosis Testing & Vaccination comparison

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Year Slaughter Testablesamples

GYA Testable samples

Total MCI tests

Calf hood vaccinations

Adult vaccination

Certified herds

2015 1,603,169 123,506 1,726,675 861,138 228,866 513

2016 1,554,989 162,166 1,717,155 3,955,575 127,348 914

Note: Vaccination numbers reported by states

Sample Size Calculations for surveillance

• USDA‐APHIS 2007 (NSU)

• Cannon & Roe 2001 – To detect 1:100,000 prevalence at 95% confidence assuming a protocol Se of 83% =

= 350,000 brucellosis samples

• US Brucellosis samples

• VS collects 1.7 million samples per year

• 5 times above our detection standard

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2016 Program Numbers (thru August 2016)

Market Cattle Identification (MCI) Surveillance:

1,717,155 head of cattle tested (slaughter + GYA)

1.7% of total US cattle were sampled

4% of all US slaughtered cattle

30% of annual adult cattle killed

Still can detect 2 cases/million head @ 95% Conf

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Brucellosis Slaughter Surveillance Plan Laboratories

Federal laboratory in Kentucky as the primary

surveillance laboratory.

Texas State laboratory test national slaughter

surveillance samples from 2 slaughter facilities in Texas.

State laboratories in the three GYA States for all samples

that are collected within those States.

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National Slaughter Testing Responder Rate

• The average responder rate (BAPA+ and FPA +) is roughly .01% or 10 per 100,000 or a specificity of around 99.99%. (Belfrage & Camacho)

• KY Lab consistently runs lower than TX Lab. Why?

• Significant variations away from 10 responders per 100,000 will trigger further investigation

• 2016 responder rate = 6.2 per 100,000

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2016 Brucellosis Lab Numbers (thru July 2016)

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State Lab # samples received

Testablesamples

# FPA non‐negatives (>20mP)

# FPA cases per 100,000

Average FPA(mP)

Test Regimen Specificity

KY Lab 874,343 855,522 21 2.4 136mP 99.998%

TX Lab 628,305 614,984 71 11 51mP 99.989%

Totals 1,502,648 1,470,506 92 6.25 N/A 99.994%

Total 2016 Trace Investigations 148 To 15 different states

2016 Brucellosis Trace Investigations

National Brucellosis Trace Statistics

• 92 FPA positives (>20mP) with no confirmed cases

• Labs contact states of origin to begin traces and Epis enter traces into EMRS

• 148 trace investigations reported (FPA suspects = (10mp ‐ 20mp)

• Only 34 Index cases entered in EMRS? CHC is updating EMRS investigation tracking protocol

• How to correlate NVSL non‐neg results to investigations?

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2016 Brucellosis Slaughter Tracing (example)

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Date Assigned Backtag #

DAH vet case

assigned to Herd Owner Slaughter Plant Case # Date retested

TTR/TTN COMMENTS

5/9/2016 35PR2634 Deveau Phil Kubishak Long Prairie, MN 31836No herd test required TTN

Closed herd, 100% vaccinated, cow was pregnant, sick with mastitis when shipped. Closed 5/13/16

6/23/2016 42TGW4329Doescher Rick OswaldEquity Coop, Waukon, IA 31918

No herd test required TTN

Trace sent back to Iowa (Had an Iowa brucellosis tag)

7/11/2016 35MX2896 DoescherRichard Wittmann Long Prairie, MN 31949 8/18/2016 TTR

53 herd samples tested negative

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2016 Brucellosis Slaughter Tracing (example)

• Kubishak Farm

The cow was a 4 year old official vaccinate who was shipped due to mastitis and Johnes ELISA positive and was also pregnant.

Herd closed since 2007 and no purchases for more than 10 years. No herd fertility problems observed. Herd veterinarian conducts monthly herd health visits.

Brucellosis epidemiologist decided no herd test was required.

• Oswald Farm

The animal had an Iowa ear tag. Rick Oswald does not purchase animals, all are home born and raised. All his heifers are Brucellosis vaccinated by local veterinarian.

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National Standardized Testing Protocol

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Classification of Brucellosis Tests in US testing protocol:

◦ Screening Test◦ BAPA◦ RAP

◦ Primary Confirmatory Test◦ FPA

◦ Secondary Confirmation Test◦ Complement Fixation

◦ Supplemental Test◦ 8% Card ◦ ELISA/BRT/HIRT◦ Plate/Standard Plate Test◦ Rivanol◦ Tube/Standard Tube Test◦ Western Blot

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National Standardized Testing Protocol

• Due to extremely low prevalence the US program requires very high specificity (minimize costs of false positives)

• Screening test followed by confirmatory

• Standardized Testing protocol (2014) =

BAPA/RAP >> FPA in series to maximize specificity, minimize cost

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Brucellosis Slaughter Surveillance Plan• 9 Cattle & 2 bison surveillance slaughter facilities• GYA statesNon‐DSA slaughter testingDSA slaughter testingMarket and On‐farm/ranch testing. Annual DSA, pre‐moveWildlife testing

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Brucellosis Rules

Combined Brucellosis/TB proposed rule Publish in the Federal Register

Published in December 2015

USDA is reviewing public comments and feedback

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Summary

• Brucellosis: Current Status

• Final Rule & Combined TB/Brucellosis Proposed Rule

• Brucellosis Surveillance Plan

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Questions?

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Name of SpeakerTitleU.S. Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceVeterinary ServicesPhone numberEmail address

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• US cattle slaughtered (NASS 2015)

29 million head (down 5% from 2014)

54% steers, 26% heifers, 20% cows & bulls

Average weight = 1360 lbs.

• US Adult cull cattle

5.5 million head (3 million dairy & 2.5 million beef)

• US Fed cattle

23 million head

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2016 Program Numbers (thru August 2016)

• Texas Brucellosis Surveillance Lab

• 628,305 samples from 2 plants

• 71 FPA positives (.011% FPs or 99.989% Sp) with no cases

• 11 cases / 100,000 samples responder rate

• Average FPA Positive result = 51mPs

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635.5

23.5


Non‐slaughtered Adults slaughtered Feds/Fats slaughtered

Adults killed = (3 million dairy & 2.5 million beef)

% slaughtered of Total = 31.5%Adult slaughtered = 6.0%Fed/Fats slaughtered = 25.5%Not slaughtered = 68.5%


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167.5

5.5

Total US Slaughter Cattle 2015(29 million head)

Steers Heifers Adults

Steers = 54%Adults = 20%Heifers= 26%Average weight = 1360 lbs.

Reduced Brucellosis Blood collection

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5.5

23.5


Non‐slaughtered Adults slaughtered Feds/Fats slaughtered

Used to collect blood on 95% of adults killed annually. These are legacy members of our national herd. Now collect 31% of adults culls

Adults killed = (3 million dairy & 2.5 million beef)

Note: But the US can still detect2 cases per million head @ 95% confidence at this level of slaughter surveillance.

2016 Program Numbers(thru August 2016)

• GYA Brucellosis Surveillance Labs

• State and local/private labs

• Approved by USDA to test for brucellosis

• Don’t have numbers on those laboratories

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• 2 affected beef herds –quarantine released

• 3 bison herds remain under test and remove herd plans from 2011 and 2012

• The ID & WY bison herds may be released from quarantine in 2016

• All GYA States remain classified as Class Free for bovine brucellosis.

Montana


(



Wyoming

Idaho

Utah

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Overview

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• Brucellosis: Current Status

•Combined TB/Brucellosis

Proposed Rule

• Brucellosis Surveillance Plan

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2015 Program Numbers

• Market Cattle Identification (MCI) Surveillance:

~ 1,726,675 head of cattle tested

National surveillance facilities

~ 123,506 GYA cattle tested

• Vaccination

~ 861,138 OCV

~ 228,866 AV

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2015 Program Numbers• Certified Brucellosis‐Free Herds

~ 513 herds

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2016 Brucellosis slaughter traces by State

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Camacho 2016 USAHA Brucellosis Committee - Updated v3 2016 USAHA... · 1.For 50 years we collected...

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