Calving dates and stocking rates for weaner and yearling
Transcript of Calving dates and stocking rates for weaner and yearling
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Profitability of Tasmanian beef enterprises:
Libby Salmon, David Counsell and Tim Rhodes
Calving dates and stocking rates for weaner and yearling production systems
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
How can I make more from beef?
“Profitable grazing businesses generate more incomefor roughly the same costsas less profitable farms”
Holmes, Sackett and Associates, 2004
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
More income, same costsMeat production
(kg/ha)Beef price
(c/kg)
Stocking rate Type of enterprise, Genetics
Supplementary feed
• Pasture production
• Fertilizer management
Animal health
Time of calving
(Labour/DSE)
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Key questions for beef production systems in midlands TAS
What are the most profitable and sustainable:
1. stocking rates?
2. enterprises?
3. calving dates?
4. levels of supplementary feeding?
Specific for farm, over a range of seasons
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Farm resources
weather
pasturessoil
livestock
management
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia IncGrassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Putting the farm’s resources together
Management
$ ProfitRiskSustainability
• Depth• Water availability• Bulk density• Fertility
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Southern midlands-climate and pasture growth
Apsley42oS
Annual rainfall: 550 mm(1979-2004)
Elevation: 270 m
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Daily temperatures
oC
Max
Min
Average monthly temperatures
+ short days in winter
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Rainfall variability
Max
Min
Percentiles for monthly rainfall
mm
Best 10%
Worst 10%50%
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0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
0
100
200
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
-500
50100150200250300350400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
0100200300400
500600700800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
1980 1995 200019901985
Annualrainfall(mm)
Green pasture
(t DM/ha)
Meat production(kg LW/ha)
Grossmargin($/ha)
Feed(t/ha)
0200400600800
0
200
400
1000
200
300
1.0
0
1.5
0.5
02
46
8
Climate variability Production risk
Cocksfoot, annual grass, sub clover
Average = $248/ha
hay
Average = 190 kg LW/ha
Average = 550 mm
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
Pasture supply – S. Midlands
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
0
2
4
6
8
Green pasture
(tonnesDry Matter
/ha)
Stocking rate = 5 DSE/ha
Cocksfoot - annual grass - sub clover
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
Variability in pasture supply
Green pasture
(tonnesDry Matter
/ha)
0
2
4
6
8
Best 10% of seasons
Worst 10% of seasons
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
Reliability of pasture supply - S. Midlands vs SW Victoria
Hamilton, VICGreen pasture
(tonnesDry Matter
/ha)
0
2
4
6
8
Best 10%
Worst 10%
Stocking rate = 5 DSE/ha
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Beef systems tested
• Self-replacing herd: 550kg Angus cows – Weaner & Yearling production
– 5 stocking rates at 3 winter-spring calving dates
• Common weaning date (end Mar)
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
• Weaners sold on 1st April (7-9 months)
Assumptions for weaner system
185200215Heifers230250270Steers
> 300 kg< 300 kg< 285 kgWeaners prices (c/kg LW):
• CFA cows 130 c/kg LW
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
• Yearling steers sold on 15th Dec (15-17 months)
• Cull heifers sold on 1 Mar (18-20 months)
• Prices:
- Steers 220c/kg LW
- Heifers 175c/kg LW
- CFA cows 130c/kg LW
Assumptions for yearling system
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Profit driver: Stocking rate
Test 5 stocking rates:
0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 cows/ha
Over 25 years (1979-2004)
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Grazing pressure: cows/ha vs DSEs
0Followers/ha
Weaner System
8.5DSEs/ha on 1 Jul
0.9Cows/ha
(includes repl. heifers)
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
0.6 yearlings0Followers/ha
Yearling SystemWeaner System
12.78.5DSEs/ha on 1 Jul
0.90.9Cows/ha
(includes repl. heifers)
Grazing pressure: cows/ha vs DSEs
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
0.6 yearlings0Followers/ha
Yearling SystemWeaner System
12.78.5DSEs/ha on 1 Jul
0.90.9Cows/ha
(includes repl. heifers)
+50%
Grazing pressure: cows/ha vs DSEs
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Cost: Supplementary feeding
Feed to maintain condition above:• score 2.0 -cows • score 2.5 -weaners
Hay purchased at $150/t(not cut from surplus)
Gross margins calculated after cost of feeding
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Significant feeding needed at calving
kg/head/day
1.2 cows/ha
Percentiles for hay fed to mature cowsworst 4 years in 10
half the years
best 4 years in 10
Calving
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0
100
200
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8
Supplementary feeding depends on stocking rate
Annualfeed costaveraged
over 1979-2004
Jul
Aug
Sep
Calving date
Yearlingsystems
Weanersystems
cows/ha
($/ha/year)
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Key messages - feeding
• Significant feeding– at stocking rates over 0.6 cows/ha
• Yearling systems - more feeding than weaners
• Weaner systems carry less animals through winter
• In most years, yearlings also fed over winter to maintain weight
• Earlier calving = more feeding
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Profit driver: Time of calving
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
Green pasture
(tonnesDry Matter
/ha)
0
2
4
6
8
3 calving dates tested
15 Sep
15 Aug
15 Jul
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Time of calving: yearling vs weaner requirements
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
Green pasture
(tonnesDry Matter
/ha)
0
2
4
6
8 Calvingdate?
Pasture quality
Pasture quantity
0.75 t DM/ha
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Weaners: heavier sale weights from earlier calving and low stocking rates
150
200
250
300
350
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8
Weight of weaner steers at sale
Jul
Aug
Sep
Calving date
cows/ha
AverageLW(kg)
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
200 300 400 500 600
Live weight at sale (kg)
Probability 0.3
0.9
1.5
Yearlings: reaching target (400kg) more likely at low stocking rate
cows/ha
27%
58%
90%Probability
July calving
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
200 300 400 500 600
Live weight at sale (kg)
Probability
Jul
Aug
Sep
Calving date: little effect on reaching yearling target weight
Calving date
Probability
0.9 cows/ha
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0
100
200
300
400
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8
Stocking rate vs Profit (weaners)
Averagegross margin Jul
Calving date
cows/ha
($/ha)
$100/ha
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0
100
200
300
400
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8
Calving date vs Profit (weaners)
Averagegross margin Jul
Aug
Sep
Calving date
cows/ha
($/ha)
$50/ha
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More beef from higher stocking rates and from yearling systems
July calving
0
100
200
300
400
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
cows/ha
kg LW/ha weaneryearling
Meat production(kg LW/ha)
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Enterprise vs Profit
0
100
200
300
400
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8
Averagegross margin Jul
Aug
Sep
Calving date
Yearlingsystems
Weanersystems
cows/ha
($/ha)
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Enterprise (same stocking rate and calving date)
0
100
200
300
400
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8
Averagegross margin Jul
Aug
Sep
Calving date
Yearlingsystems
Weanersystems
cows/ha
($/ha)
$100/ha
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0
100
200
300
400
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8
Averagegross margin Jul
Aug
Sep
Calving date
Yearlingsystems
Weanersystems
cows/ha
($/ha)
Enterprise (stocking rate and calving optimised)
$45/ha
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Key messages Calving dates & Profit
Weaner system (April sales):– later calving less profitable
Yearling system: – calving dates had little effect on profit – (total amount of supplement high for all dates)
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
What has the greatest effect on Profit?
1. Stocking rate
3. Calving date
2. Enterprise
Boost to gross margin:
120-180%
15-30%
0-15%
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Stocking rate, profit & risk
– What are the downside risks for each system?– What are the opportunities?
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Risk = year-to-year variationRank gross margins from 25 years
Weaners- July calving
-200
600
1.5000
200
1.20000.90000.60000.3000
800
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
0
400
GM
($/h
a)
-200
200
0
400
600
800
Weaners - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
GrossMargins
1979-2004($/ha)
Middle value (median)
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Best year
Worst year
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Weaners- July calving
-200
600
1.5000
200
1.20000.90000.60000.3000
800
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
0
400
GM
($/h
a)
-200
200
0
400
600
800
Weaners - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
GrossMargins
1979-2004($/ha)
Middle 50% years
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Rank gross margins from 25 years
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Weaners- July calving
-200
600
1.5000
200
1.20000.90000.60000.3000
800
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
0
400
GM
($/h
a)
-200
200
0
400
600
800
Weaners - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
GrossMargins
1979-2004($/ha)
Middle 50% years
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Best 25% of years
Worst 25% of years
Rank gross margins from 25 years
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Stocking rate and riskWeaners- July calving
-200
600
1.5000
200
1.20000.90000.60000.3000
800
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
0
400
GM
($/h
a)
-200
200
0
400
600
800
Weaners - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
GrossMargins
1979-2004($/ha)
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
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Yearlings- July calving
1.50001.20000.90000.60000.3000
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Yearlings: more variable
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Weaners- July calving
-200
600
1.5000
200
1.20000.90000.60000.3000
800
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
0
400
GM
($/h
a)
-200
200
0
400
600
800
Weaners - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
Yearlings - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
GrossMargins
1979-2004($/ha)
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Yearlings- July calving
1.50001.20000.90000.60000.3000
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Yearlings: more upside opportunity
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Weaners- July calving
-200
600
1.5000
200
1.20000.90000.60000.3000
800
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
0
400
GM
($/h
a)
-200
200
0
400
600
800
Weaners - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
Yearlings - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
GrossMargins
1979-2004($/ha)
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Yearlings- July calving
1.50001.20000.90000.60000.3000
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Yearlings: similar downside risk
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Weaners- July calving
-200
600
1.5000
200
1.20000.90000.60000.3000
800
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
0
400
GM
($/h
a)
-200
200
0
400
600
800
Weaners - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
Yearlings - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
GrossMargins
1979-2004($/ha)
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Yearlings- July calving
1.50001.20000.90000.60000.3000
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Picking the best long-term stocking rate
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Weaners- July calving
-200
600
1.5000
200
1.20000.90000.60000.3000
800
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
0
400
GM
($/h
a)
-200
200
0
400
600
800
Weaners - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
Yearlings - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
GrossMargins
1979-2004($/ha)
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Yearlings-September calving
1.50001.20000.90000.60000.3000
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Yearlings- July calving
1.50001.20000.90000.60000.3000
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
Yearlings: calving date –so what?!
Stocking rate (cows/ha)
-200
200
0
400
600
800
Yearlings - July calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
Yearlings - Sep calving
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
GrossMargins
1979-2004($/ha)
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Stocking rates and risk
Yearlings: - more up side opportunity(more beef/ha)
Both: - similar down side risk at moderate stocking rates
- greater down side risk at higher stocking rates
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Opportunities for other GrassGro studies
• Are bigger cows more profitable?
• How would a later or early calving affect risk?
• Is it cost effective to feed steers over winter to reach higher target weights?
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
Profit-drivers in southern beef systems
1. Stocking rate
2. Enterprise type
(not calving date)
Keep focused: similar drivers, different targets
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc
What did GrassGro show?
Targeted information to support decisions
• Your grazing system’s potential
• A way to explore options
• Profit
• Production risks
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Grassland Society of Southern Australia Inc