Calorific Value of Coal

7/26/2019 Calorific Value of Coal

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Calorific Value of Coal

KP/COAL/004/16TH

August2012

(ForInternalUseOnly)

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SaurabhPriyadarshi

M.Sc.(Geology),MMEAI,MGMI,QCI

ChiefGeologist

IPL.

[email protected]

________________________________________________________________________________


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Abstract

Coalisgenerallyanalysedtodetermineitsphysical,chemical,thermal,mechanicalpropertieslikesizeconsist,

proximatevalues,ultimatevalues,calorificvalueandHGI.CalorificValue(CV)isanimportantthermalpropertyofcoalwhichindicatestheamountofheatenergythatcouldbe liberated oncombustion ofa specificquantity.The other important thermal properties of coal areplastic, agglutinating and agglomerating indices. These analyses enable determination of suitable end useindustrylikemetallurgical,thermalorcement.This knowledge piece isa scientific compendium ranging from energy orcalorie entrapment incoal to itsvariationwith rank, definition anddeterminationofCV,units of expression and interunitconversion ofCV,understanding effect of analyses bases ofCV , role ofCV in evolution of coal grading system ,impact ofmoistureonCVandimpactofCVoncoalquantityrequiredforpowergenerationandcost.

KeyWords:Coal,CalorificValue,Rank,kcal/kg,UHV,GCV,AR,ADGCV,UHV,Calorimeters.

_________________________________________________________________________________

1. Energy Entrapment.

Coal originates from plant debris buried some280-350 millions years ago in swamps. Thecontemporaneous solar energy irradiated theplants causing photosynthesis which promotedcellularentrapmentofenergyinformofcarbon,hydrogen,nitrogenandoxygen.

Prolonged burial ofplantdebris under dynamicheat and pressure metamorphosed them intodifferentranksofcoalwhichreleaseheatenergyoncombustion.Thisheatenergyiscalledcalorificvalue.

2 Types of Coal and Rank

The plantdebris undervarying regimesofheatandpressureismetamorphosedandtransforms

intofollowingfourtypes.

a. Lignite,b.

Sub-bituminous,c.

Bituminousandd. Anthracite.

Each of the above coal type has a specificdegreeofcoalification/rank,maturity,carbon

content, hardness and Calorific value indescendingorder.Each coal type has specific chemicalcomposition.Low rank coal is low in carbon and high inoxygenwhilehighrankcoalishighincarbonand

lowinoxygen.High carbon coal has high heat energy orcalorificvalue.

3. Definition of Calorific Value (CV)

CalorificValue/CV/heatofcombustion(Hc0)is

definedas theamount of heat energy releasedon burning a unit mass of coal in a bombcalorimeter with oxygen under specificconditions.

ThetermsFuelContent,HeatingValue,HeatofCombustion can be used interchangeably withCalorificValue. 4. Determination of CV

CVofcoalisdeterminedbytwomethods.

1. DirectMethod.


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2.

IndirectMethod.

4.1. Direct Method

1

A Bomb Calorimeter is used understatic(isothermal)oradiabaticconditionsinalaboraplanttodetermineCV.NB:ThetermBombismisleadingbutisgenerallyusedforsuch equipment. Technically, the term

decomposition

vessel ismoreappropriate.CVcanalsobedeterminedbyother apparatus like Solution Calorimeter, DifferentialScanning Calorimeter, Titration Calorimeter, GasCalorimeter and Reaction Calorimeter.

4.1.1. Procedure.

a.

Take about 1g of coal sample in acrucible and place inside a Bomb

Calorimeter filledwith 30 bar of oxygen(Quality:technicaloxygen99.98%).

b.

Ignite coal sample through a cottonthread connected to an ignition wireinsidethesteelcontainer.

c. During combustion, ensure that core

temperature in the Bomb Calorimetergoes upto 1000oC and pressure uptoapproximately 200 bars for fewmilliseconds.

d.

Measure the heat and express the heatunitsasdescribedinTable1.

Table 1: Expression of Heat

Test

Facility

Objective of Test Expression of Heat

(CV/Heat Units )

Laboratory.

Tomeasureheatunitsproducedonburningunitmassofthecoalatconstantvolumeinoxygenincludingtheheatofcondensationofsteam/watervapour.

GCV/HHV

Plant

Tomeasureheatunitsproducedonburningunitmassofthecoalatconstantvolumeinoxygenexcludingwatervapor.

NCV/LHV/UHV

4.1.2. Difference between GCV/HHV and

UHV/LHV/NCV

The major difference between GCV/HHV andUHV/LHV/NCVisthewatervapourorlatentheatproducedintheformer.

4.1.3. Why is UHV/LHV/NCV less than

GCV/HHV?

Because

a. UHV/LHV/NCV assumes that all watervapors or latent heat produced duringcombustion leave uncondensedandcannotberecovered.

b. GCV/HHV assumes that the all water

vapors or latent produced duringcombustion are condensed and can berecovered.

4.2. Indirect Method

2In this method the proximate and ultimateanalysis of coal is carriedout todetermine theradicalslistedin(a)and(b)andinputsof(b)areusedinformula(i)tocalculateapproximateCV.

a. Proximate analysis: moisture %, ash%,volatilematter%and fixedcarbon%bydifference.

Use:FixedcarbongivesaroughestimateofCV

ofcoal.

b.

Ultimate analysis: Carbon %, Hydrogen%,Nitrogen%,Oxygen%&Sulphur%.

DulongEquation:CV=(144.4%[C])+(610.2%[H])-(65.9%[O])+(0.39%[O]2)(i)

4.3. Does CV vary with Analyses Methods?

TheCVdetermineddirectlyisgreaterandclosertotherealfigureascomparedtoindirectmethodsince direct method accounts for all vapors orheatofcondensation.

5. Expression of CV.TheCVofasubstanceisgenerallyexpressedbytheunits-calories/pergram.InAsia,AustraliaandNewZealand,SIsystemofkcal/kgisused.


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InEuropeandtheAmericasfollowingunitsareinvogue.(Table2).

Table 2: Expression of CV.

5.1. Interunit Conversion

3

The CV of coal expressed in different units isinterconvertibel(Table3).

Table 3: Interunit Conversion Factors.

From To Multiply By Factor

MJ/kg 0.004187kcal/kg

Btu/lb

kcal/kg

1.8

kJ/kg 4.187

kcal/kg 238.8MJ/kg

Btu/lb

MJ/kg

429.9kcal/kg 0.5556Btu/lb

MJ/kg

Btu/lb

0.002326

kJ/kg Kcal/kg kJ/kg .23884

GCV(Kcal/kg)

NCV(Kcal/kg)

- Equation:GCV=NCV+53H(ii)WhereH=%ofhydrogenpresentinthecoalsampleincludinghydrogenofmoistureandofwaterofconstitution.

6. Bases of Coal Analyses.

Coal analyses is reported under differentconditionsorbaseslikeAR,AD,MF,DB,MAFandDAF.

Thebasesaresuffixedtotheanalyseseitherasasuperscriptorwithinbraces.

Eg:

Superscripts: GCVAR

/GCVAD

/GCVMF

/GCVDB

/GCVMAF

/GCV

DAF

or UHVAR

/UHVMF

/UHVAD

/UHVDB

/UHVMAF

/UHVDAF.

Braces:GCV(adb)/UHV(arb)

6.1. Meaning of Bases.

a. AR (As received): The coal sample isanalyzed as received. It contains TotalMoisture(surfaceandinherent) andashformingminerals.

b.

AD (AirDry)orMF(MoistureFree):Thecoal sample contains only InherentMoistureandashformingminerals.

c. DB (Dry Basis): The coal sample is

exclusiveofTotalMoisture (surfaceandinherent) but contains ash formingminerals.

d.

MAF (Moisture and Ash Free) or DAF(Dry and Ash Free): The coal samplesexclude TotalMoistureand ash forming

minerals.

7. Evolution of Coal Grading in India

5

Indian coalshavebeengraded on basisofashand moisture content using several methodssince 1924.As themethodswere dated, IndiangovernmentadvisedCFRI in1962 tostudy theprevalent grading system and recommend asuitablemethodcommensuratewithtimes.

7.1. CFRI Study

CFRI undertook an extensive study of Indiancoal Industry and practices and came out withtheir recommendations.Someof theaspectsofthestudyareasfollows.7.1.1. Distribution: Indian coals are distributedmostlyalongtheCentralandEasternbasins(Fig14).

SN System Unit Acronym

1 f-p-s Btu/lb Britishthermalunitperpound.

2. MKS MJ/kg MegaJouleperkilogram.

3. MKS kcal/kg kilocalorieperkilogram

4. MKS kJ/kg kiloJouleperkilogram


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Fig 14: Distribution of Indian Coal

7.1.2.

Characteristics: Indian coals are of drift

origin which causes widespread variation inquality.Indiancoalsrangefromsub-bituminoustobituminousandligniterank.

Someothercharacteristicsarementioned inTable4.Table 4: Coal Characteristics.

SN Characteristics

1 Driftorigin.

2 Driftoriginensuresinclusionofmineralmatterduringcoalification.

3 Duetomineralmatter,ashcontentishigh.

4 Ashcontentrangesfrom35%to50%.

5 Theinherentashcontentisintricatelyembeddedincoalandcantberemovednormally.

6 Removal of inherent ash content in coal requires coalbeneficiation.

7 Thewashabilitycurvesofcoalshowthatreductionofashbelowacertainlevelresultsingenerationofproportionaterejects,reductionofyieldduetoNGMandiscostly.

NGM:NearGravityMaterial

7.1.3. Mining ScenarioThe pre 1962 mining industry scenarios arelistedinTable5.

Table 5: Pre 1962 Mining Scenario.

SN Scenario Study Observations

1 MiningMethod Approximately85%ofcoalcamefromundergroundandrestfromopencastmines.

2 Quality QualitiesofUndergroundcoalsweresuperior.

3 Averagequality Ash%=:20-25; Moisture%=2-5; GCV(kcal/kg)=5000-5550.

4 KeyConsumers Railways(steamlocomotives)

5 KeyParametermonitoredbyConsumers

Lossofheatbysteamenginesthroughashincoal.

6 Derivation1 Theconstant8900camefromthehighestdmmfCVofcokingcoalsofJhariacoalfield.

7 Derivation2 Thefactor138comesfromlowmoistureandashlevel.

7.2. CFRI Recommendation

5

Basedonthestudyof IndianCoal Industryandassociated aspects, CFRI recommended UHVsystem forcoalgrading forIndiancoal(specificformulaforhighandlowmoisturecoals)

High moisture coals

UHV=8900138(A+M)(iii)WhereA:Ash%andM:Moisture%

Low moisture low volatile coal

UHV=8900138(A+M)150(19.0-VM)(iv)WhereA:Ash%andM:Moisture%,VM:VolatileMatter%

Whereash andmoisture% are determined asper IS: 1350-1959 standards after equilibratingcoal sample at60% relativehumidityand 40Ctemperature.NB:1.Incase ofcoalwithmoisture lessthan2% andvolatile contentless

than19%,theUHVshallbethevaluearrivedasabove,reducedby150kcal/kg for each 1%reduction involatilecontent below19%fractionpro-rata.

8. Correlation between UHV and GCV

5

?

IndiangovernmentadvisedMoCin2001-2003todetermine whether any correlation exists

betweenGCVandUHVofIndianCoalinordertofirmupa validscientific reason tomigratefromprevalent CFRI recommended UHV system totheinternationalpracticeofGCVsystemofcoalgrading.CFRIundertookstudyofsixmajorcoalfieldsofIndia, i.e. MCL, SECL, WCL, CCL, NCL and


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SCCL.In the process 103 ROM samples weredrawnforanalysesandstudy.The analyses of coalfield wise samples arepresentedin(Table67/2)

Table 6

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: Coalfield Weighted Average

Analyses.

Moist% Ash% Ash+Moist% GCV UHV

60%RH 60%RH 60%RH kcal/kg kcal/kg

Coalfields

Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg

WCL 1.5 9.1 5.3 18.9 60.8 39.9 27.4 65.7 46.6 2104 5379 3742 167 5119 2476

SECL 2.2 9.1 5.7 15.0 43.2 29.1 21.0 50.0 35.5 3555 6345 4950 2000 6002 4001

NCL 5.2 10 7.6 17.4 42.4 29.9 24.6 48.0 36.3 3541 5545 4543 2276 5505 3891

MCL 2.5 8.3 5.4 30.0 52.8 41.4 34.8 57.8 46.3 2585 4460 3523 924 3380 2152

CCL 0.8 8.4 4.6 23.5 46.5 35.0 27.1 52.0 39.6 3280 5635 4458 1724 5160 3442

SCCL 4.5 8.9 6.7 17.1 46.5 31.8 24.9 41.6 33.3 3311 5681 4496 1779 5464 3622

Coalfield wise analyses were studied by CFRI.From the study, CFRI inferred that intra coalfieldscattersbetweenGCVandUHVisfarlessthanthatinintercoalfield.(Fig27/2)Fig 2

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: Scatter Pattern of GCV and UHV

Scatter :GCV and UHV in Indian Coalfileds

1265.5

949

652.5

1370.5

1015.

5

874.5

3742

49504543

3523

4458 4496

2476

4001 3891

2152

3442 3622

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

WCL SECL NCL MCL CCL SCCL

CoalMines

kcal/kg

Intra Mine Diff between GCV and UHV(kcal/kg) Inter Mine GCV(kcal/kg)

Inter Mine UHV(kcal/kg)

CFRI further evaluated their inference andattributed the scatters to the prevalent (UHV)gradingsystem,wherein;

UHV system assumes that Ash andMoisture values are mostly similarintracoalfiledbutvariesintercoalfields.

GCV system considers organic andpetrographic composition of coal isalmost similar intracoalfiled but varieswithintercoalfiled.

TonullifytheeffectCFRIdevelopedacorelationbetweenGCVandUHV

GCV=2111+0.6812xUHV(v)

NB:IndiacontinuedwiththeUHVsystemevenaftertheGOIinstitutedtwomajorstudieswelluptoDecember2011.

9. UHV System Coal Grading System in India.

Government of India classified Indian NonCoking(NC)coalsinto7gradesonbasisofUHVfor marketing in India through notifications.(Table7)ThiswasinvoguetillDecember 2011Table 7: UHV System

Grade Useful Heat

Value (UHV)

(Kcal/Kg)

UHV= 8900-

138(A+M)

Corresponding

Ash +

Moisture

at (60 RH &

40

O

C)

Gross Calorific

Value GCV (Kcal/

Kg)

(at 5 moisture

level)

A Exceeding6200 Notexceeding19.5

Exceeding6454

B Exceeding5600butnotexceeding6200

19.6to23.8 Exceeding6049butnotexceeding6454

C Exceeding4940butnotexceeding5600

23.9to28.6 Exceeding5597butnotexceeding.6049

D Exceeding4200butnotexceeding4940

28.7to34.0 Exceeding5089butnotExceeding5597

E Exceeding3360butnotexceeding4200


F Exceeding2400butnotexceeding3360

40.1to47.0 Exceeding3865butnotexceeding.4324

G Exceeding1300butnotexceeding2400


NB:1.CoalfromAssam,ArunachalPradesh,Meghalaya,andNagalandarenotgraded.2. Coking coalused forsteel industry grade-I (ash


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11. GCV System of Coal Grading in India.

From January 20126 Coal India Limited (CIL)migratedfromUsefulHeatValue (UHV)systemof grading, marketing and pricing non-coking(NC)coalinvoguesince1979toGrossCalorificValue(GCV)systemfrom1stJanuary2012.

Under GCV system the NC coals have beenclassified into 17 bands of 300 KCal/Kg eachrangingfrom7000kcal/kgto2200kcal/kg(Table8 7/1).vis--vis 7 grades in the erstwhile UHVsystem.Table 8

7/1

GCV System.

Kcal/kgN Grade

GCV( Min) GCV(Max)

1 G1 7000

2 G2 6701 7000

3 G3 6401 6700

4 G4 6101 6400

5 G5 5801 6100

6 G6 5501 5800

7 G7 5201 5500

8 G8 4901 5200

9 G9 4601 4900

10 G10 4301 4600

11 G11 4001 4300

12 G12 3700 4000

13 G13 3400 3700

14 G14 3101 3400

15 G15 2801 3100

16 G16 2501 2800

17 G17 2201 2500

12. Grading Dilemma: GCV or UHV?

Coalisacomplexsubstance.Anunderstandingofcoal,itsexploitationandusageisnecessarytoresolvethedilemmaastheDNAofanymineralgradingsystemisencryptedinitsorigin,geologypetrography,quality,miningtechnologyandenduseetc.12.1. UHV Regime vs. Present Mining Practice

5

Comparative standout differences between theUHV regime and Present Mining Practices arepresented (Table 9.) .The appreciation of thecomparatives will facilitate resolution of thedilemma.

Table 9: Differences.

SN UHV Regime Present Mining Practice

1 The figure 8900 in theformula {UHV= 8900 -138(A+M)} came fromhighestdmmfCVofcokingcoals of Jharia coalfieldonly.

This figure 8900 isirrelevant today as coal isexcavated from several coalfields,i.e.Mahanadi,Ibvalley, North Karanpuraetc..

2 Coal quality presumablyconsistent.

Coalqualityvaries.

2.1 Ash%: 20-25 Ash%: >20-45

2.2 Moisture%: 2-5 Moisture%: 6-11

2.3 GCV(kcal/kg): 5000-5550

GCV(kcal/kg): 3500-5000

3 Figure 138 in the formula{UHV= 8900 - 138(A+M)}applicable to low range ofmoistureandash.

Weightage factor of 138 isnot applicable to presentdayhigh rangeof moistureandash.

4 Coal primarily consumedby steam engine ofrailways-one of the mostinefficientsteamgenerationequipment.

Coalconsumed bymodernindustries which use moreefficientstokerfiredsystem.

5 UHV determined indirectlyby deducting ash andmoisture.

GCVdetermineddirectlybyabombcalorimeter.

6 UHV employed in Indiaonlyforcoalgrading.

GCV employed almostgloballyforcoalgrading.

12.2 .Comparison: UHV vs. GCV

InUHVsystemthecoalisclassifiedinto

7 grades ranging between 600 to 1100kcal/kg while in GCV system coal hasbeen classified into 17 bands of 300kcal/kg each; which is much narrowerthanUHVsystem.

DuetonarrowcalorificbandwidthinGCVsystem the variation incoal quality shallbe far less than coals received underUHVsystem

Due to narrow GCV bandwidthconsumers can chose coals of desiredgradeandnotenduppayingforacoalinlargegradeband.

The graphic differences between GCVandUHVgradingsystemispresentedinFig37/1.


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Fig 3

7/1

: Difference: GCV vs. UHV Comparison: GCV vs.UHV Grade System

0.00

1000.00

2000.00

3000.00

4000.00

5000.00

6000.00

7000.00

8000.00

G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12 G13 G14 G15 G16 G17

Bands

kcal/kg

Rs/MT

Grade

GCV(New) Min

GCV(New) Max

UHV(Old) Max

UHV(Old) Min

GCV(Old) Min

GCV(Old) Max

12.3. Dilemma Resolved: Its GCV

From discussions in SN 11.1 and 11.2 it is

concludedthatUHVsystem isdatedandoutofsyncwith presentdayminingpractices.Figuresand tables highlight GCV as an unbiased andcontemporary system in terms of geology andconsumer.GCV system is relevant, scientific, ensuresconservation ofmineral and provides value formoneytoconsumeraswellasthesupplier.

12.4 India: Globally Aligned Coal Grading.

IndiaembracedGCV grading system in 2012 -after33longyearsandaligneditselfwithglobalcoalgradingsystem

12.5. Should India Continue with GCV?

GCV considers the potential energy /intrinsicenergy forexpressionof energycontent in coalwhichisanimportantphysicalprinciple.IndiashouldholdontotheGCVsystemandnotrelent tocartels. Indiashall do well tovoice its

scientific temper by seeking coal supplies forindustry specific use based on Ash, Moisture,Sulphur,HGIandHGIvalues.Such secondary parameters should remaincontemporaneouswithmining practiceandendusage.

13. Effect of Moisture on Calorific Value.

The combustible material in coal remainsunchanged right from the point of release(mines/stockyard/purchasepoint) to thepoint ofconsumption (power plant/steel plant/cementplantetc)exceptforTotalMoisture(TM)%.TMincoalcomprisesInherentMoisture(IM)andSurface Moisture(SM). IM is locked up in themolecularstructureofcoalandcanberemovedonlybyheating totemperature over1000C.SMlies onsurfaceofcoal and can beremoved byevaporation/prolongedexposuretoatmosphere.PresenceofmoistureinanyformreducestheCVofcoalasshowninTable10.Table 10: Effect of Moisture on CV of Coal.

Metrics Point of

Release

(PoR)

Point of Consumption

(PoC)

Total Moisture(TM)

InherentMoisture(%)SurfaceMoisture(%)

12.02.010.0

8.02.06.0

Calorific ValueGCV(kcal/kg)

4000

{(100-TM

PoC)/(100-TM

PoR}*GCV

PoR(ix)

={(100-8)/(100-12)}*4000=4181.81

Remarks

1. TM andGCV aredetermined

inlab.2. TM andGCV arereportedon ARbasis.

1. TM and GCV aredetermined in lab. Coalisspreadoutand

air dried to removeSurfaceMoisture.2.GCVis determinedby applying TotalMoisture Correctionand reported on ADbasis.

Fromtheaboveexample itis observed thatCVofcoalatpoint of releasewithhighmoisture islower than at the point of consumption due toreduction inmoisture which causes increase incombustiblesperkilogram.

14. Effect of Calorific Value on Coal Quantity and

Unit Cost of electricity.

Coal provides energy to heat up boilers in apowerplant.TheenergycomesfromCVofcoal.Hence CV of coal plays an important role indesignofboiler-turbine-generator andin firmingup quantity and quality requirements and in


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estimation of cost per unit of electricitygeneration.Eg:Samplecalculationfora1000MWcoalfiredpower plant (All figures in 11.1 to 11.7 areassumed)

14.1. CV of Coal / Energy Content

20000kJ/kg*or4760kcal/kgGCV(*Where1kJ=.238kcal).

14.2. Power Plant Efficiency.

Inapowerplant,energyconversiontakesplacein2stagesI

st

Stage: Boiler and Combustion Efficiency:

Efficiency of 88% on GCV basis (This is thenormalvalueforawelloptimizedpowerplant.)2

nd

Stage: Steam Cycle Efficiency:

Modern Rankine cycle adopted in coal firedpowerplants have efficienciesrangingbetween32%to42%.Thisdependsonsteamparameterslike pressure and temperature. Higher steampressuresandtemperaturesintherangeof230bars and 6000C respectively have efficienciesaround 42%.For calculation lets consider

Efficiencyof38%.

HenceoverallPowerPlantEfficiency

38%of88%=33.44%(x)

14.3. Heat Rate.

Heat rate is the amount of heat required toproduce one unit of electricity. One KW isequivalentto3600/kJ/hr.Ifenergyconversionis100%efficient then3600 kJwillbe required toproduceoneunitofelectricity.

ConsideringaPowerPlantEfficiencyof33.44%theheatratewouldbe

3600/33.44%=10765kJ/kW/hr(xi)

14.4. Coal Quantity

Forproducing1KW/hrwithcoalofCV20,000kJ/kg,coalquantitywillbe

10765/20000=.538kg/hr(xii)

Hencefor1000MW/hr,coalquantitywillbe.538x1000x1000=538000kg/hr=538000/1000=530.8T/hr.(xiii)

14.5. Coal Cost.

Coal cost includes all expenses starting fromminingtodeliveryofcoaltothepowerplant.CoalofCV20,000kJor4760GCV(whichisG9asperGCVgradingsystemintroducedinIndiafromJanuary2012)ismarketedatRs1844/MTHence the cost of coal required for 1000 MWPowerPlant/hrwillbe

530.8txRs1844/hr=Rs978795.20(xiv)14.6 Unit cost of electricity generation.

A 1000 MW Power Plant produces 10, 00,000unitsofelectricity.Hencethecostofcoalperunitwillbe

Rs978795.2/10,00,000=Rs0.9787.(xv)

15. ConclusionThisKPisaonestopshopforallthosewhowishtoknow and those who need to specifics of mineral

exploration, mine planning, geology, quality controland HSE. The present article is yet anothercontributiontotheKYC(KYC(KNOWYOURCOAL)series.

_______________________________________

References.

1.IKAWorkingofBombCalorimeter.2.PropertiesofCoal.

3.CoalConversionfacts.4.CoalInitiativeReport.5.CFRIDiamondJubileeConference.6.2ndVer.CoalPrice2012.7.TablesandGraphs.8.RevisedCoalPrice.


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Acronyms

_Releasedbyemailon21

stSeptember2012-09-2012

To:AllBDTeamMembersCC:CEO,VP(ATPP),VP(NTPP),

NB:Allreadersarerequestedtoemailtheirfeedbacks.

Term Expression

CV CalorificValueHGI HardgroveIndex

1g onegramoC Zerodegreecentigrade

% percent

GCV GrossCalorificValueHHV HigherHeatingValue

NCV NetCalorificValue

LHV LowerCalorificValueUHV UltimateHeatingValue

(f-p-s foot-pound-secondMKS Meter,Kilogram,Second

Btu Britishthermalunit

MJ MegaJouleLb pound

Kg kilogramkJ kiloJoule

SI SystemInternationale

Calorific Value of Coal

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