California’s Efforts to Address Air Quality Impacts Related to

Goods Movement Activities

California Air Resources Board

Attain & Maintain Healthy Air Quality – Direct authority to address

• Mobile source emissions• Fuel specifications• Consumer products • Airborne toxics• Global climate change

– Work with local air districts in controlling stationary sources

Health Effects of Exposure to Ozone

Reduced lung function Respiratory ailments Airway inflammations Increased hospital and ER usage Increased school absenteeism

Health Effects of Exposure to PM

Increased premature deaths Reduced lung function Respiratory ailments Asthma attacks

Health Effects of Exposure to Diesel PM

Increases lung cancer Increased premature deaths in lung and

heart diseases Asthma attacks Aggravates bronchitis

Air Pollution Impacts Estimated Costs

(California)

Category Values / yr.

Premature Deaths $ 43 Billion

Hospitalization & Treatment $ 3.5 Billion

Asthma Treatment $ 1.3 Billion

Loss of Work 2.8 Million days

School Absences 1.3 Million days

Source: Health Effects of Particulate Matter and Ozone Air Pollution, January 2004 Joint report from the ARB and the American Lung Association of California

Emissions from Goods Movement

On-road heavy-duty diesel trucks Land-based cargo handling

and support equipment Ships Locomotives Airplanes

California Major Goods Movement Transportation Routes

Ships, Trucks, Planes and Trains are a Major and Growing Source of NOx Emissions

NOx Emissions (tons per day)2020

8%

7%

3%

5%

77%

Ships Diesel Trucks Planes Trains Other Mobile

NOx Emissions (tons per day)2003

5%25%

2%

7%

61%

Ships Diesel Trucks Planes Trains Other Mobile

Total NOx emissions =2,708 tpd

Total NOx emissions =1,274 tpd

Ships, Trucks, Planes and Trains are a Major and Growing Source of PM Emissions

PM Emissions (tons per day)2003

9% 12%

6%

4%69%

Ships Diesel Trucks Planes Trains Other Mobile PM Emissions (tons per day)2020

14% 7%

6%

4%69%

Ships Diesel Trucks Planes Trains Other Mobile

Total PM emissions = 124 tpd

Total PM emissions = 127 tpd

Need for Action

Public Health Is Imperative Will prevent attainment if not

addressed Localized exposure and risk a

significant concern

Future Trends Dramatic increase in trade More emissions from entire goods

movement system Concentrated near population centers Some sources still poorly controlled

California’s Framework for Air Quality Improvement

Diesel Risk Reduction Plan– Adopted in 2000

– 75% reduction in diesel PM by 2010

– 85% reduction in diesel PM by 2020

State Implementation Plan– Blueprint for meeting federal air quality standards for ozone and PM

Governor’s Environmental Action Plan– Calls for 50% reduction in air pollutant emissions by 2010

Reducing Air Quality Impacts due to Goods

Movement Will Require:

Effective new engine standards Clean fuels for all sectors Program to modernize in-use fleets Improving efficiencies

Need the Best Possible New Engine Standards

Engines Used by Trucks and other Goods Handling Equipment– U.S. EPA and ARB adopted effective new engine standards to reduce emissions

from on- and off-road engines by 95% as compared to uncontrolled emissions

Locomotive Engines– Standards adopted by U.S. EPA provide modest reductions– Much more effective national standards are needed and are feasible

Ship Engines– Standards recently adopted at both national and international level but levels far

exceed land-based engines– Much more effective standards technically possible and critically needed

Airplane Engines– Standards adopted at both national and international levels do not adequately

lower emissions

Percent Reduction of NOx Emissions as Compared to

Uncontrolled Emissions(Based on Adopted New Engine Standards)

Cleaner Fuels Also Needed

Reduce criteria and toxic emissions Enable advanced control technologies Beginning in 2007 all on- and off-road

equipment required to use 15 ppm sulfur diesel fuel in California

Alternative fuels such as CNG, electricity, and LPG also needed

In-Use Fleets Need To Be Cleaned Up

Long engine life of diesel engines requires steps to be taken to reduce emissions from in-use engines

Options for reducing emissions from in-use engines– retrofit

– repower

– replace

– restrict operation

Strategy for On-Road Trucks Clean Up New Trucks

– Truck idling restrictions– In-use testing

Existing On-Road Vehicles– Diesel in-use fleet rules– TRU regulations (adopted 2004)– Truck idling restrictions (adopted 2004)

• Extend idling restrictions to trucks equipped with sleeper cabs (2006)

Increased Truck & Bus Inspections in Highly Impacted Communities

Cleaner Fuels

Additional Near Term Action by ARB

California is developing a number of near term measures– Cargo handling equipment– Requirements for in-use harbor craft– Fuel requirements for locomotives and ships– Mitigation measures for locomotives– Measure for ocean going ships– Financial support programs

Measures for Cargo Handling Equipment

Cargo handling equipment rule for ports and rail intermodal facilities (2005)– statewide rule

– address equipment used to load and unload containers, dry bulk, etc.

Measures for Locomotives Federal New Engine Standards

– EPA’s rulemaking underway, ARB commented Aug 04 Cleaner Fuels

– Proposed rule for captive locomotives requiring use of California on-road diesel fuel

In-Use Strategies– Reduced idling

– Accelerate turn-over of older engines

– Memorandum of Understanding

Measures for Harbor Craft Federal New Engine Standards

– ARB seeking aftertreatment based standards in pending federal rulemaking

Cleaner Fuels– Proposed ARB rule requiring use of California on-road diesel fuel

in captive harbor craft

In-Use Strategies – Proposed ARB regulation requiring

clean-up of in-use harbor craft (4th Quarter 2005)

– Continued Carl Moyer funding of vessel repowers

Measures for Ocean-Going Ships

Internat’l & Federal New Engine Standards– States, USEPA pushing IMO for more stringent standards

– USEPA committed to more stringent standards for US flagged ships in 2007, should consider unilateral controls for all ships if IMO will not act

Cleaner Fuels– ARB rule for cleaner fuels in auxiliary engines (4th Q 2005)

• Will require additional reduction for frequent visitors

– Sulfur Emission Control Area designation• Best if done at national level

In-Use Strategies– Cold-ironing feasibility study

– Ship water emulsion demonstration

Additional Efforts Regarding Ports and Rail

Yards Inventory Development Health Risk Assessments for Nearby

Communities– Roseville Railyard

Voluntary Programs– Carl Moyer

Port and Railyard Statewide Comprehensive Strategy (2005)

Conclusion

Goods movement activities impact California air quality and these impacts will grow

ARB/Air Districts are moving forward on regulations and agreements to address emissions from trucks, cargo handlers, ships, and trains

Comprehensive strategy under development to ensure that increases in goods movement activities will not jeopardize continued air quality improvements

Success requires extensive collaboration and cooperation at the regional, national and international level