CALIFORNIA Invasive Plant

Invasive plants are one of the most serious environmental issues facing

California. They disrupt ecosystems by altering physical processes, displacing native plants, and degrading wildlife habitat. The California Invasive Plant Inventory is a vital resource for those working to protect the state’s natural areas. The Inventory summarizes the impacts, potential for spread, and distri-bution of more than 200 non-native plants that invade wildlands in California. The Inventory represents the best available knowledge of the state’s invasive plant experts. It is designed to prioritize plants for control at the state and local levels, to provide key information to those working in habitat restoration, to show areas where research is needed. to aid those preparing or commenting on envi-ronmental planning documents, and to educate public policy makers. Detailed assessments for each plant, with docu-mented sources, are available online at www.cal-ipc.org.

Front cover photo credits: Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) left, and Eichornia crassipes (water hyacinth) bottom right, by Bob Case. Cynara cardunculus (artichoke thistle) center right, by Jason and Jesse Giessow, Dendra, Inc.Delairea odorata (Cape-ivy) top right, by Carolyn Martus, California Native Plant Society.

California Invasive Plant CouncilProtecting California’s wildlands from invasive plants

through research, restoration, and education.www.cal-ipc.org

Pampasgrass (Cortaderia selloana) displaces native plant communities in coastal habitats. (Photo by Bob Case, California Native Plant Society).

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Cal-IPC Publication 2006-02, California Invasive Plant Council: Berkeley, CA.

Published by the California Invasive Plant Council

CALIFORNIA I n v a s i v e P l a n t

INVENTORY

PCcil

February 2006

February 2006

Published by the California Invasive Plant Council

CALIFORNIA I n v a s i v e P l a n t

INVENTORY

The California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC) formed as a non-profit organiza-tion in 1992 to address the growing ecological and economic impacts caused by invasive plants in California’s wildlands. We promote research, restoration, and education in pursuit of this goal. Formerly known as the California Exotic Pest Plant Council, Cal-IPC is a member-driven organization with land managers, re-searchers, policy makers, and concerned citizens working together to protect the state’s natural areas from invasive plants. For more information, visit our website at www.cal-ipc.org.

PROVIDING INPUT FOR FUTURE REVISIONSIf you have additional information to add to a plant assessment, please submit it to [email protected]. The Inventory Review Committee will meet periodically to consider additions and modifications to the Inventory.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe gratefully acknowledge the effort of all those who volunteered their time to write plant assessment forms, provide comments on assessments, or add observa-tions to fill gaps in information. Too many people contributed information for us to list them individually, but each assessment contains the name of its author and those who provided information on that species. In particular, we thank those who helped develop the criteria, including John Hall of The Nature Conservancy in Arizona, Ann Howald of Garcia and Associates, and Maria Ryan of University of Nevada Cooperative Extension. We also wish to thank Kristin Dzurella of UC Davis and John Knapp of the Catalina Island Conservancy for their contributions of time and data.

RECOMMENDED CITATIONCal-IPC. 2006. California Invasive Plant Inventory. Cal-IPC Publication 2006-02. California Invasive Plant Council: Berkeley, CA. Available: www.cal-ipc.org.

WITH FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROMThe Center for Invasive Plant Management and the Exotic/Invasive Pests and Diseases Research Program of the UC Statewide IPM Program and UC Riverside Center for Invasive Species Research, funded by USDA/CREES Special Research Grant Exotic Pests and Diseases (CA). General operating sup-port provided by the San Francisco Foundation, the Switzer Foundation, and the True North Foundation.

INVENTORY REVIEW COMMITTEE

Dr. Carla BossardProfessorSt. Mary’s College of CaliforniaMoraga, CA

Dr. Matt BrooksResearch BotanistUS Geological SurveyHenderson, NV

Dr. Joseph DiTomasoExtension Non-Crop Weed EcologistUniversity of California-DavisDavis, CA

Dr. John RandallDirector, Invasive Species InitiativeThe Nature ConservancyDavis, CA

Cynthia RoyeEnvironmental ScientistCalifornia State Parks Sacramento, CA

Jake SiggCalifornia Native Plant SocietySan Francisco, CA

Alison StantonResearch BotanistBMP EcosciencesSouth Lake Tahoe, CA

Peter WarnerEnvironmental ScientistCalifornia State ParksMendocino, CA

CAL-IPC STAFF

Dr. Elizabeth Brusati Project Manager

Doug Johnson Executive Director

Brianna Richardson

Gina Skurka Designed by Melanie Haage

Copyright © 2006 by California Invasive Plant Council

Contents

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Criteria for Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 1. The Criteria System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Inventory Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Reading the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Figure 2. Jepson Geographic Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Uses and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

TABLES

Table 1. Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California . . . . . . . . . 6

Table 2. Species Native to Part of California, but Invasive in Other Parts of the State. . . . 20

Table 3. Species Evaluated But Not Listed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Table 4. Species Nominated but Not Reviewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Listed Species by Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Appendix 2. Cal-IPC Species Listed by Other Ratings Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Appendix 3. Examples of Ecological Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Appendix 4. Species by Common Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Invasive plants damage ecosystems around the world. They displace native species, change

plant community structure, and reduce the value of habitat for wildlife.1 Invasive plants may disrupt physical ecosystem processes, such as fire regimes, sedimentation and erosion, light availability, and nu-trient cycling. In aquatic ecosystems, invasive plants clog lakes, streams, and waterways, reducing oxygen levels for fish and degrading habitat for waterbirds. The impact is especially severe in California, with its rich diversity of natural resources. The California Invasive Plant Inventory cat-egorizes non-native invasive plants that threaten the state’s wildlands. Categorization is based on an assessment of the ecological impacts of each plant. The Inventory represents the best available knowl-edge of invasive plant experts in the state. However, it has no regulatory authority, and should be used with full understanding of the limitations described later in this Introduction. California is home to 4,200 native plant species, and is recognized internationally as a “biodiversity hotspot.” Approximately 1,800 non-native plants also grow in the wild in the state. A small number of these, approximately 200, are the ones that this Inventory considers invasive. Improved understand-ing of their impacts will help those working to proj-ect California’s treasured biodiversity.

The InventoryThe Inventory categorizes plants as High, Moderate, or Limited, reflecting the level of each species’ nega-tive ecological impact in California. Other factors, such as economic impact or difficulty of manage-ment, are not included in this assessment. It is important to note that every species listed in Table 1 is invasive, regardless of its overall rating, and should be of concern to land managers. Although the impact of each plant varies regionally, its rating represents cumulative impacts statewide. Therefore, a plant whose statewide impacts are categorized as Limited may have more severe impacts in a particu-

Introduction

lar region. Conversely, a plant categorized as having a High cumulative impact across California may have very little impact in some regions. Members of the Inventory Review Committee, Cal-IPC staff, and volunteers drafted assessments for each plant based on the formal criteria system described below. The committee solicited informa-tion from land managers across the state to comple-ment the available literature. Assessments were released for public review before the committee finalized them. All plant assessments that form the basis for this summary document are available at www.cal-ipc.org. The final list includes 39 High spe-cies, 65 Moderate species, and 89 Limited species. Additional information, including updated observa-tions, will be added to the Cal-IPC website periodi-cally, with revisions tracked and dated.

DefinitionsThe Inventory categorizes “invasive non-native plants that threaten wildlands” according to the definitions below. Plants were evaluated only if they invade

In the past 15 years, approximately $15 million has been spent statewide to control Arundo donax (giant reed) in California. (Photo by David Chang, Santa Barbara County Agricultural Commissioner’s office)

CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY | 1

2 | CALIFORNIA INVASIVE PLANT INVENTORY

California wildlands with native habitat values. The Inventory does not include plants found solely in ar-eas of human-caused disturbance such as roadsides and cultivated agricultural fields.

• Wildlands are public and private lands that sup-port native ecosystems, including some working landscapes such as grazed rangeland and active timberland.

• Non-native plants are species introduced to California after European contact and as a direct or indirect result of human activity.

• Invasive non-native plants that threaten wildlands are plants that 1) are not native to, yet can spread into, wildland ecosystems, and that also 2) displace native species, hybridize with native species, alter biological communi-ties, or alter ecosystem processes.

Criteria for ListingThe California Invasive Plant Inventory updates the 1999 “Exotic Pest Plants of Greatest Ecological Concern in California.”2 Cal-IPC’s Inventory Review Committee met regularly between 2002 and 2005 to review 238 non-native species with known or sus-pected impacts in California wildlands. These assess-ments are based on the “Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands”3 which were developed in collaboration with the Southwestern Vegetation Management Association in Arizona (www.swvma.org) and the University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (www.unce.unr.

Dense mats formed by aquatic plants such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) reduce habitat for waterfowl and fish. (Photo by Bob Case, California Native Plant Society)

Figure 1. The Criteria System

Section 1. Ecological Impact 1.1 Impact on abiotic ecosystem processes

(e.g. hydrology, fire, nutrient cycling)1.2 Impact on native plant community

composition, structure, and interactions1.3 Impact on higher trophic levels,

including vertebrates and invertebrates1.4 Impact on genetic integrity of native

species (i.e. potential for hybridization)

Section 2. Invasive Potential 2.1 Ability to establish without

anthropogenic or natural disturbance 2.2 Local rate of spread with no

management2.3 Recent trend in total area infested

within state2.4 Innate reproductive potential (based on

multiple characteristics)2.5 Potential for human-caused dispersal2.6 Potential for natural long-distance (>1

km) dispersal2.7 Other regions invaded worldwide that

are similar to California

Section 3. Distribution 3.1 Ecological amplitude (ecological types

invaded in California)3.2 Ecological intensity (highest extent of

infestation in any one ecological type)

Documentation Levels Assessed as highest level of documentation for each criterion.

4 = Reviewed scientific publications3 = Other published material (reports or other

non-peer-reviewed documents)2 = Observational (unpublished information

confirmed by a professional in the field)1 = Anecdotal (unconfirmed information)0 = No information

Complete description of criteria system and detailed plant assessments available at www.cal-ipc.org.


edu) so that ratings could be applied across political boundaries and adjusted for regional variation. The goals of the criteria system and the Inventory are to:

• Provide a uniform methodology for categorizing non-native invasive plants that threaten wild-lands;

• Provide a clear explanation of the process used to evaluate and categorize plants;

• Provide flexibility so the criteria can be adapted to the particular needs of different regions and states;

• Encourage contributions of data and documen-tation on evaluated species;

• Educate policy makers, land managers, and the public about the biology, ecological impacts, and distribution of invasive non-native plants.

The criteria system generates a plant’s overall rating based on an evaluation of 13 criteria, which are divid-ed into three sections assessing Ecological Impacts, Invasive Potential, and Ecological Distribution (Fig. 1). Evaluators assign a score of A (severe) to D (no im-pact) for each criterion, with U indicating unknown.The scoring scheme is arranged in a tiered format, with individual criteria contributing to section scores that in turn generate an overall rating for the plant. Detailed plant assessment forms list the ratio-nale and applicable references used to arrive at each criterion’s score. The level of documentation for each question is also rated, and translated into a numeri-cal score for averaging (Fig. 1). The documentation score presented in the tables is a numeric average of the documentation levels for all 13 criteria.

Inventory CategoriesEach plant in Table 1 has received an overall rating of High, Moderate or Limited based on evaluation us-ing the criteria system. The meaning of these overall ratings is described below. In addition to the over-all ratings, specific combinations of section scores that indicate significant potential for invading new ecosystems triggers an Alert designation so that land managers may watch for range expansions. Table 3 lists plants categorized as Evaluated But Not Listed because either we lack sufficient information to as-sign a rating or the available information indicates that the species does not have significant impacts at the present time.

• High – These species have severe ecological impacts on physical processes, plant and animal communities, and vegetation structure. Their reproductive biology and other attributes are conducive to moderate to high rates of dispersal and establishment. Most are widely distributed ecologically.

• Moderate – These species have substantial and apparent—but generally not severe—ecological impacts on physical processes, plant and animal communities, and vegetation structure. Their reproductive biology and other attributes are conducive to moderate to high rates of dispersal, though establishment is generally dependent upon ecological disturbance. Ecological ampli-tude and distribution may range from limited to widespread.

• Limited – These species are invasive but their ecological impacts are minor on a statewide level or there was not enough information to justify a higher score. Their reproductive biology and other attributes result in low to moderate rates of invasiveness. Ecological amplitude and distribu-tion are generally limited, but these species may be locally persistent and problematic.

Reading the TablesThe core of the Inventory is Table 1, which lists those plants we have categorized as invasive plants that threaten California wildlands.. The types of in-formation contained in Table 1 is described below.

When Bromus tectorum (downy brome or cheatgrass) replaces native perennial grasses, the frequency of wildfires shortens from 60-100 years to 3-5 years. (Photo by Joe DiTomaso, UC Davis)


Table 2 contains four plants that are native to spe-cific regions of California but have become invasive in other regions of the state to which humans have moved them. Table 3 lists those plant species that were evaluated but did not meet the threshold for listing. Finally, Table 4 contains plants that were nominated for review but dismissed without a formal assessment because either they do not invade wild-lands (except for isolated instances) or the Inventory Review Committee lacked adequate information to answer the criteria questions. Table 1 summarizes rating information for all plant species categorized as invasive by this Inventory. The columns contain the following information: • A diamond (◆) in the first column designates an

Alert status for that species. • Scientific nomenclature for most species follows

The Jepson Manual.4

• For each species, the first common name is based on the Weed Science Society of America,5 followed by other names commonly used in California. (Appendix 4 provides an index of common names.)

• The overall rating for the plant (High, Moderate,

or Limited) is listed next. (Because Table 1 is or-ganized alphabetically, we have included a listing organized by rating level in Appendix 1.)

• Section scores are shown for Ecological Impact, Invasive Potential, and Distribution. These can typically be interpreted as A=high, B=moderate, C=limited, D=none, U=unknown.

• Documentation Level presents the average level of the references used to evaluate that species, from 0 (no information) to 4 (all information based on peer-reviewed scientific publications).

• Ecological Types Invaded and Other Comments provides additional information of interest. The classification of ecological types is adapted from a system developed by the California Department of Fish and Game.6 (Appendix 3 provides detailed examples of ecological types.)

• Regions Invaded are based on floristic regions de-scribed in The Jepson Manual4 (Fig. 2) and indi-cate heavily impacted areas. This information is incomplete for many species, so regions listed in this column should be considered the minimum area invaded.

Figure 2. Jepson Geographic Regions

Mojave Desert (DMoj)

Sierra Nevada (SN)

Eastern Sierra Nevada (SNE)

Modoc Plateau (MP)Northwest (NW)

Cascade Range (CaR)

Central West (CW)

Great Valley (GV)

Southwest (SW)

Sonoran Desert (DSon)

CA = all of California

CA-FP = California Floristic Province (NW, CaR, SN, GV, CW, SW)

GB = Great Basin Province (MP, SNE)

D = Desert Province (DMoj, DSon)

Reprinted from The Jepson Manual, J. Hickman, Ed., 1993, with permission from the Jepson Herbarium. © Regents of the University of California.

CA-FP GB

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Uses and LimitationsThe California Invasive Plant Inventory serves as a scientific and educational report. It is designed to prioritize plants for control, to provide information to those working on habitat restoration, to show areas where research is needed, to aid those who prepare or comment on environmental planning documents, and to educate public policy makers. Plants that lack published information may be good starting points for student research projects. The Inventory cannot address, and is not in-tended to address, the range of geographic variation in California, nor the inherently regional nature of invasive species impacts. While we have noted where each plant is invasive, only the cumulative statewide impacts of the species have been considered in the evaluation. The impact of these plants in specific geographic regions or habitats within California may be greater or lesser than their statewide rating indi-cates. Management actions for a species should be considered on a local and site-specific basis, as the

inventory does not attempt to suggest management needs for specific sites or regions. The criteria sys-tem was designed to be adapted at multiple scales, and local groups are encouraged to use the criteria for rating plants in their particular area.

REFERENCES1. Bossard, C. C., J. M. Randall, and M. C. Hoshovsky. 2000. Invasive Plants of California’s Wildlands. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.

2. Cal-EPPC. 1999. The Cal-EPPC List: Exotic Pest Plants of Greatest Ecological Concern in California. California Exotic Pest Plant Council: San Juan Capistrano, CA. Available: www.cal-ipc.org.

3. Warner, P.J., C. C. Bossard, M.L. Brooks, J. M. DiTomaso, J. A. Hall, A. M. Howald, D. W. Johnson, J. M. Randall, C. L. Roye, and A. E. Stanton. 2003. Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-native Plants that Threaten Wildlands. California Exotic Pest Plant Council and Southwest Vegetation Management Association. Available: www.cal-ipc.org.

4. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.

5. WSSA. 2005. Composite List of Weeds. Weed Science Society of America. Available: www.wssa.net.

6. Holland, R. F. 1986. Preliminary Descriptions of the Terrestrial Natural Communities of California. Unpublished report. California Department of Fish and Game: Sacramento, CA.

Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle) is spreading at high elevations, such as in Yosemite National Park. (Photo by Bob Case, California Native Plant Society)

Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed or tall whitetop) concentrates salt in marsh soils, threatening several rare plant species. (Photo by Bob Case)

TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California


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CW

, SW

◆A

spho

delu

s fistu

losu

son

ionw

eed

Mod

erat

eB

AC

2.9

Coa

stal

dun

es, p

rairi

e, g

rass

land

s. In

vasi

ve in

Aus

tral

ia.

Hig

h in

vasi

vene

ss b

ut li

mite

d di

strib

utio

n in

CA

.G

V, S

W

Atri

plex

sem

ibac

cata

A

ustr

alia

n

saltb

ush

Mod

erat

eB

BB

2.9

Coa

stal

gra

ssla

nds,

scr

ub, u

pper

sal

t mar

sh. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n, b

ut c

an b

e ve

ry in

vasi

ve re

gion

ally.

CA

exc

ept C

aR a

nd S

N

Av

ena

barb

ata

slen

der w

ild o

atM

oder

ate

BB

A3.

5C

oast

al s

crub

, gra

ssla

nds,

oak

woo

dlan

d, fo

rest

. Ver

y w

ides

prea

d, b

ut im

pact

s m

ore

seve

re in

des

ert r

egio

ns.

CA

-FP,

MP,

DM

oj

Aven

a fa

tua

wild

oat

Mod

erat

eB

BA

3.2

Coa

stal

scr

ub, c

hapa

rral

, gra

ssla

nds,

woo

dlan

d, fo

rest

. Ve

ry w

ides

prea

d, b

ut im

pact

s m

ore

seve

re in

des

ert

regi

ons.

CA

-FP,

MP,

DM

oj

Bassi

a hy

ssopi

folia

fiv

ehoo

k ba

ssia

Lim

ited

CC

B2.

7A

lkal

ine

habi

tats

. Wee

d of

agr

icul

ture

or d

istu

rbed

site

s.

Impa

cts

min

or in

wild

land

s.C

A e

xcep

t NW

Bel

lard

ia tr

ixag

o be

llard

iaLi

mite

dC

CC

1.9

Gra

ssla

nds,

incl

udin

g se

rpen

tine.

Impa

cts

and

inva

sive

-ne

ss a

ppea

r to

be m

inor

. N

W, C

W

◆B

rach

ypod

ium

sy

lvat

icum

pere

nnia

l fa

lse-

brom

eM

oder

ate

BA

D2.

5R

edw

oods

and

mix

ed e

verg

reen

fore

st in

San

ta C

ruz

Mtn

s. E

xpan

ding

rang

e ra

pidl

y in

OR

, pot

entia

lly v

ery

inva

sive

.

CW

Bra

ssic

a ni

gra

blac

k m

usta

rdM

oder

ate

BB

A2.

0W

ides

prea

d. P

rimar

ily a

wee

d of

dis

turb

ed s

ites,

but

ca

n be

loca

lly a

mor

e si

gnifi

cant

pro

blem

in w

ildla

nds.

CA

-FP

Bra

ssic

a ra

pa

bird

srap

e m

usta

rd,

field

mus

tard

Lim

ited

CB

B1.

8C

oast

al s

crub

, gra

ssla

nds

mea

dow

s, ri

paria

n. P

rimar

ily

in d

istu

rbed

are

as. I

mpa

cts

appe

ar to

be

min

or o

r un

know

n in

wild

land

s.

CA

-FP

Bra

ssic

a to

urne

fort

ii Sa

hara

n m

usta

rd,

Afr

ican

mus

tard

Hig

hA

AB

2.3

Des

ert d

unes

, des

ert a

nd c

oast

al s

crub

SW, D

Bri

za m

axim

abi

g qu

akin

ggra

ss,

rattl

esna

kegr

ass

Lim

ited

BC

B2.

3G

rass

land

s. W

ides

prea

d in

coa

st ra

nge.

Impa

cts

gene

r-al

ly m

inor

, but

loca

lly c

an b

e hi

gher

.N

W, S

N, C

W, S

W

Bro

mus

dia

ndru

srip

gut b

rom

eM

oder

ate

BB

A3.

3D

unes

, scr

ub, g

rass

land

, woo

dlan

d, fo

rest

. Ver

y w

ide-

spre

ad, b

ut m

onot

ypic

sta

nds

unco

mm

on.

CA

TABLE 1: Invasive Non-Native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in California (continued)

Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.



Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.

Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

Bro

mus

hor

deac

eus

soft

brom

eLi

mite

dB

CA

2.8

Gra

ssla

nds,

sag

ebru

sh, s

erpe

ntin

e so

ils, m

any

othe

r ha

bita

ts. V

ery

wid

espr

ead,

but

prim

arily

in c

onve

rted

an

nual

gra

ssla

nds.

CA

Brom

us m

adrit

ensis

ssp

. ru

bens

(=B.

rube

ns)

red

brom

eH

igh

AB

A3.

0Sc

rub,

gra

ssla

nd, d

eser

t was

hes,

woo

dlan

ds. I

mpa

cts

mos

t sig

nific

ant i

n de

sert

are

as.

CA

Brom

us te

ctor

umdo

wny

bro

me,

ch

eatg

rass

Hig

hA

BA

3.1

Inte

rior s

crub

, woo

dlan

ds, g

rass

land

s. M

ost w

idel

y di

strib

uted

inva

sive

pla

nt in

the

US.

SN, G

B, D

Cak

ile m

ariti

ma

Eur

opea

n

sea-

rock

etLi

mite

dC

BB

3.6

Coa

stal

dun

es. W

ides

prea

d, b

ut im

pact

s ap

pear

to b

e m

inor

.N

W, C

W, S

W

◆C

arda

ria c

hale

pens

is (=

C.

drab

a ss

p. c

hale

pens

is)le

ns-p

odde

d w

hite

top

Mod

erat

eB

BC

3.2

Cen

tral

Val

ley

wet

land

s. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n in

CA

. M

ay n

ot b

e as

inva

sive

as

C. d

raba

.C

A-F

P, G

B

Car

daria

dra

baho

ary

cres

sM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

6R

ipar

ian

area

s, m

arsh

es o

f cen

tral

coa

st. M

ore

seve

re

inva

sive

in n

orth

ern

CA

.C

W, S

W

Car

daria

pub

esce

nsha

iry w

hite

top

Lim

ited

CB

C2.

5G

rass

land

s an

d m

eado

ws.

Impa

cts

unkn

own

but m

ay b

e si

gnifi

cant

in m

eado

ws

of C

asca

de R

ange

.G

V, S

W

Car

duus

aca

ntho

ides

plum

eles

s th

istle

Lim

ited

BC

C3.

0Va

lley

and

foot

hill

gras

slan

ds. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n in

C

A, i

mpa

cts

high

er lo

cally

.N

W, S

N, C

W

Car

duus

nut

ans

mus

k th

istle

Mod

erat

eB

BB

3.1

Gra

ssla

nds.

Mor

e in

vasi

ve in

oth

er w

este

rn s

tate

s.

Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion

in C

A.

NW

, CaR

, SN

Car

duus

pyc

noce

phal

usIt

alia

n th

istle

Mod

erat

eB

BA

2.9

Fore

st, s

crub

, gra

ssla

nds,

woo

dlan

d. V

ery

wid

espr

ead.

Im

pact

s m

ay b

e va

riabl

e re

gion

ally.

NW

, SN

, CW

, SW

Car

duus

tenu

iflor

us

slen

derfl

ower

th

istle

Lim

ited

CC

B2.

8Va

lley

and

foot

hill

gras

slan

ds. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n.

Impa

cts

appe

ar to

be

min

or.

NW

, SN

, CW

, SW

Car

pobr

otus

chi

lens

is (a

nd C

. edu

lis x

chi

lens

is hy

brid

s)

sea-

fig,

icep

lant

Mod

erat

eB

BA

1.8

Coa

stal

dun

es, s

crub

, pra

irie.

Litt

le in

form

atio

n on

sp

ecie

s, m

ost i

nfer

red

from

C. e

dulis

.N

W, C

W, S

W

Car

pobr

otus

edu

lisH

otte

ntot

-fig,

ic

epla

ntH

igh

AB

A3.

3C

oast

al h

abita

ts, e

spec

ially

dun

esN

W, C

W, S

W

◆C

arth

amus

lana

tus

woo

lly d

ista

ff th

istle

Mod

erat

eA

BC

2.8

Gra

ssla

nds.

Exp

andi

ng in

coa

st ra

nges

, may

bec

ome

mor

e se

vere

. Cur

rent

dis

trib

utio

n lim

ited.

NW

, SN

, CW


Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

Cen

taur

ea c

alci

trapa

purp

le s

tart

hist

leM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

7G

rass

land

s. Im

pact

s re

gion

ally

var

iabl

e. R

elat

ivel

y lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

N

W, S

N, G

V, C

W, S

W

◆C

enta

urea

deb

eaux

ii (=

C. j

acea

x C

. nig

ra,

C. x

pra

tens

is)

mea

dow

kna

pwee

dM

oder

ate

BB

C2.

7G

rass

land

s. S

prea

ding

rapi

dly

in N

W C

A, b

ut li

mite

d di

strib

utio

n el

sew

here

. Litt

le k

now

n of

impa

cts.

NW

, CW

Cen

taur

ea d

iffus

adi

ffuse

kna

pwee

dM

oder

ate

BB

B3.

3G

reat

Bas

in s

crub

, coa

stal

pra

irie.

Sev

ere

impa

cts

in

othe

r wes

tern

sta

tes.

Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion

in C

A w

ith

impa

cts

high

er in

som

e lo

catio

ns.

Ca-

R, C

W, N

W, S

N

Cen

taur

ea m

acul

osa

(=C

. bib

erste

inii)

spot

ted

knap

wee

dH

igh

AB

B3.

4R

ipar

ian,

gra

ssla

nds,

wet

mea

dow

s, fo

rest

s. M

ore

wid

ely

dist

ribut

ed in

oth

er w

este

rn s

tate

s.C

A-F

P, G

B

Cen

taur

ea m

elite

nsis

Mal

ta s

tart

hist

le,

toca

lote

Mod

erat

eB

BB

2.6

Gra

ssla

nds,

oak

woo

dlan

d. S

omet

imes

mis

iden

tified

as

C. s

olsti

tialis

. Im

pact

s va

ry re

gion

ally.

CW

, SW

, D

Cen

taur

ea so

lstiti

alis

yello

w s

tart

hist

leH

igh

AB

A3.

0G

rass

land

s, w

oodl

ands

, occ

asio

nally

ripa

rian

CA

-FP

Cen

taur

ea v

irgat

a

var.

squa

rros

a

(=C

. squ

arro

sa)

squa

rros

e kn

apw

eed

Mod

erat

eB

BB

2.8

Scru

b, g

rass

land

, pin

yon-

juni

per w

oodl

and.

Hig

hly

inva

sive

in U

tah

and

othe

r wes

tern

sta

tes.

Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion

in C

A.

NW

, CaR

, MP

Cho

ndril

la ju

ncea

ru

sh s

kele

tonw

eed

Mod

erat

eB

BB

3.1

Gra

ssla

nds.

Ver

y in

vasi

ve in

oth

er w

este

rn s

tate

s, b

ut

curr

ently

lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion

in C

A.

NW

, CaR

, SN

, GV,

CW

,

Chr

ysan

them

um

coro

nariu

mcr

own

dais

yM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

0C

oast

al p

rairi

e, d

unes

, and

scr

ub. I

mpa

cts

gene

rally

low

to

mod

erat

e, b

ut c

an v

ary

regi

onal

ly.

CW

, SW

Cirs

ium

arv

ense

Can

ada

this

tleM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

8G

rass

land

s, ri

paria

n ar

eas,

fore

sts.

Sev

ere

impa

cts

in

othe

r wes

tern

sta

tes.

Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion

in C

A.

CA

-FP,

DM

oj

Cirs

ium

vul

gare

bu

ll th

istle

Mod

erat

eB

BB

3.3

Rip

aria

n ar

eas,

mar

shes

, mea

dow

s. W

ides

prea

d, c

an b

e ve

ry p

robl

emat

ic re

gion

ally.

CA

-FP,

GB

Con

icos

ia p

ugio

nifo

rmis

narr

owle

af

icep

lant

Lim

ited

CB

C2.

1C

oast

al d

unes

, scr

ub, g

rass

land

. Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

Im

pact

s ge

nera

lly m

inor

but

can

be

high

er lo

cally

.C

W

Con

ium

mac

ulat

um

pois

on-h

emlo

ckM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

8R

ipar

ian

woo

dlan

d, g

rass

land

. Wid

espr

ead

in d

istu

rbed

ar

eas.

Abi

otic

impa

cts

unkn

own.

Impa

cts

can

vary

lo-

cally

.

CA

-FP


Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.



Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.

Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

Cor

dylin

e au

stral

isgi

ant d

raca

ena,

N

ew Z

eala

nd-

cabb

age

tree

Lim

ited

CC

C2.

0C

onife

rous

fore

st. T

wo

repo

rts

of h

ortic

ultu

ral e

scap

e in

to w

ildla

nds.

App

ears

bes

t sui

ted

to m

oist

, coo

l cl

imat

es.

NW

, CW

Cor

tade

ria ju

bata

juba

tagr

ass

Hig

hA

AA

3.1

Man

y co

asta

l and

inte

rior h

abita

ts

NW

, CW

, SW

Cor

tade

ria se

lloan

apa

mpa

sgra

ssH

igh

AA

B3.

2C

oast

al d

unes

, coa

stal

scr

ub, M

onte

rey

pine

, rip

aria

n,

gras

slan

ds, w

etla

nds,

ser

pent

ine

soils

. Stil

l spr

eadi

ng

both

coa

stal

and

inla

nd.

CW

, SW

Cot

onea

ster f

ranc

hetii

oran

ge c

oton

east

erM

oder

ate

BA

B2.

6C

onife

rous

fore

st. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n. A

biot

ic im

pact

s la

rgel

y un

know

n.N

W, C

W

Cot

onea

ster l

acte

usP a

rney

’s co

tone

aste

rM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

1M

any

coas

tal h

abita

ts, m

ainl

y a

prob

lem

from

SF

Bay

Are

a no

rth

alon

g co

ast.

Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

Abi

otic

im

pact

s la

rgel

y un

know

n.

NW

, CW

Cot

onea

ster p

anno

sus

silv

erle

af

coto

neas

ter

Mod

erat

eB

AB

2.5

Man

y co

asta

l hab

itats

, mai

nly

a pr

oble

m fr

om S

F Ba

y A

rea

nort

h al

ong

coas

t. Li

mite

d di

strib

utio

n. A

biot

ic

impa

cts

larg

ely

unkn

own.

NW

, CW

Cot

ula

coro

nopi

folia

bras

sbut

tons

Lim

ited

CC

B2.

2Sa

lt an

d fr

eshw

ater

mar

shes

. Im

pact

s la

rgel

y un

know

n,

but a

ppea

r to

be m

inor

.N

W, C

W, S

W

Cra

taeg

us m

onog

yna

Eng

lish

haw

thor

nLi

mite

dC

BC

3.4

Rip

aria

n ha

bita

ts, w

oodl

and.

Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

Im

pact

s ap

pear

to b

e m

inor

.N

W, C

W, S

W

Cro

cosm

ia x

cr

ocos

miifl

ora

mon

tbre

tiaLi

mite

dC

BB

2.6

Coa

stal

scr

ub a

nd p

rairi

e, n

orth

coa

st fo

rest

s. A

biot

ic

impa

cts

unkn

own.

Hig

her i

nvas

iven

ess

in s

ome

area

s.N

W, C

W

Cru

pina

vul

garis

com

mon

cru

pina

, be

arde

d cr

eepe

rLi

mite

dB

CB

3.2

F ore

st, w

oodl

and,

gra

ssla

nd. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n. M

ore

inva

sive

in o

ther

wes

tern

sta

tes.

NW

, MP

Cyn

ara

card

uncu

lus

artic

hoke

this

tleM

oder

ate

BB

B4.

0C

oast

al g

rass

land

s. Im

pact

s m

ore

seve

re in

sou

ther

n C

A

whe

re m

onot

ypic

sta

nds

are

mor

e co

mm

on.

CW

, SW

Cyn

odon

dac

tylo

nbe

rmud

agra

ssM

oder

ate

BB

B3.

3R

ipar

ian

scru

b in

sou

ther

n C

A. C

omm

on la

ndsc

ape

wee

d, b

ut c

an b

e ve

ry in

vasi

ve in

des

ert w

ashe

s.SW

, DSo

n

Cyn

oglo

ssum

offi

cina

le

houn

dsto

ngue

Mod

erat

eB

BB

2.5

Woo

dlan

d, fo

rest

, int

erio

r dun

es. A

biot

ic im

pact

s un

-kn

own.

Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

Can

hav

e im

pact

s in

oth

er

wes

tern

sta

tes.

CaR

, SN


Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

Cyn

osur

us e

chin

atus

he

dgeh

og

dogt

ailg

rass

Mod

erat

eB

BA

2.5

Oak

woo

dlan

d, g

rass

land

. Wid

espr

ead,

impa

cts

vary

re

gion

ally,

but

typi

cally

not

in m

onot

ypic

sta

nds.

NW

, SN

, GV,

CW

, SW

Cyt

isus s

copa

rius

Scot

ch b

room

Hig

hA

BA

3.2

Coa

stal

scr

ub, o

ak w

oodl

and,

hor

ticul

tura

l var

ietie

s m

ay

also

be

inva

sive

.C

A-F

P

Cyt

isus s

triat

usPo

rtug

uese

bro

omM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

7C

oast

al s

crub

, gra

ssla

nds.

Ofte

n co

nfus

ed w

ith

C. s

copa

rius.

Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

NW

, CW

, SW

Dac

tylis

glo

mer

ata

orch

ardg

rass

Lim

ited

CB

B2.

9G

rass

land

s, b

road

leav

ed fo

rest

, woo

dlan

ds. C

omm

on

fora

ge s

peci

es. I

mpa

cts

appe

ar to

be

min

or.

CA

-FP

Del

aire

a od

orat

a (=

Sene

cio

mik

anio

ides

)C

ape-

ivy,

G

erm

an-iv

yH

igh

AA

B3.

1C

oast

al, o

ccas

iona

lly o

ther

ripa

rian

area

s.

CW

, SW

Des

cura

inia

soph

iafli

xwee

d,

tans

y m

usta

rdLi

mite

dC

BB

1.9

Scru

b, g

rass

land

, woo

dlan

d. Im

pact

s ap

pear

to b

e m

inor

, but

loca

lly m

ore

inva

sive

in N

E C

A.

CA

Dig

italis

pur

pure

afo

xglo

veLi

mite

dC

BB

2.4

Fore

st, w

oodl

and.

Wid

ely

esca

ped

orna

men

tal.

Impa

cts

larg

ely

unkn

own

or a

ppea

r to

be m

inor

.N

W, S

N, C

W

Dip

sacu

s ful

lonu

mco

mm

on te

asel

Mod

erat

eB

BB

3.8

Gra

ssla

nds,

see

p, ri

paria

n sc

rub.

Impa

cts

regi

onal

ly

varia

ble,

form

s de

nse

stan

ds o

n oc

casi

on.

NW

, CW

, SN

Dip

sacu

s sat

ivus

fulle

r’ s te

asel

Mod

erat

eB

BB

3.8

Gra

ssla

nds,

see

p, b

ogs.

Impa

cts

regi

onal

ly v

aria

ble,

fo

rms

dens

e st

ands

on

occa

sion

.N

W, C

W, S

W

◆D

ittric

hia

grav

eole

nsst

inkw

ort

Mod

erat

eB

AC

3.0

Gra

ssla

nds,

ripa

rian

scru

b. S

prea

ding

rapi

dly,

impa

cts

may

bec

ome

mor

e im

port

ant i

n fu

ture

.N

W, S

N, C

W, G

V, S

W

Ech

ium

can

dica

nspr

ide-

of-M

adei

raLi

mite

dC

BB

1.5

T wo

esca

ped

popu

latio

ns n

ear B

ig S

ur a

nd S

an E

lijo

Lago

on. L

ittle

info

rmat

ion

on im

pact

s.C

W, N

W, S

W

Ege

ria d

ensa

Braz

ilian

ege

riaH

igh

AA

B3.

1St

ream

s, p

onds

, slo

ughs

, lak

es, S

acra

men

to-S

an

Joaq

uin

Del

taSN

, GV,

SW

Ehr

harta

cal

ycin

apu

rple

vel

dtgr

ass

Hig

hA

AB

3.4

Sand

y so

ils, e

spec

ially

dun

es. R

apid

ly s

prea

ding

on

cent

ral c

oast

.C

W, S

W

Ehr

harta

ere

cta

erec

t vel

dtgr

ass

Mod

erat

eB

BB

2.2

Scru

b, g

rass

land

s, w

oodl

and,

fore

st. S

prea

ding

rapi

dly.

Impa

cts

may

bec

ome

mor

e im

port

ant i

n fu

ture

.C

W, S

W


Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.


Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

◆E

hrha

rta lo

ngifl

ora

long

-flow

ered

ve

ldtg

rass

Mod

erat

eB

BC

2.8

Coa

stal

scr

ub. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n, b

ut s

prea

ding

rap-

idly

in s

outh

ern

CA

. Im

pact

s la

rgel

y un

know

n.SW

◆E

ichh

orni

a cr

assip

esw

ater

hya

cint

hH

igh

AA

C3.

2A

quat

ic s

yste

ms

in S

acra

men

to-S

an Jo

aqui

n D

elta

G

V, C

W, S

W

Ela

eagn

us a

ngus

tifol

iaR

ussi

an-o

live

Mod

erat

eB

AB

3.3

Inte

rior r

ipar

ian.

Impa

cts

mor

e se

vere

in o

ther

wes

tern

st

ates

. Cur

rent

dis

trib

utio

n lim

ited

in C

A.

GV,

CW

, DM

oj

◆E

mex

spin

osa

spin

y em

ex,

devi

l’s-th

orn

Mod

erat

eB

BD

1.6

Edg

es o

f bea

ches

, oth

er c

oast

al h

abita

ts. I

nvas

ive

in

othe

r sta

tes

and

coun

trie

s. S

prea

ding

rapi

dly

in s

outh

-er

n C

A. I

mpa

cts

not w

ell k

now

n.

SW

Ere

chtit

es g

lom

erat

a,

E. m

inim

a A

ustr

alia

n fir

ewee

d,

Aus

tral

ian

burn

wee

d

Mod

erat

eC

BA

3.2

Coa

stal

woo

dlan

d, s

crub

, for

ests

. Wid

espr

ead

on c

oast

, bu

t im

pact

s lo

w o

vera

ll. M

ay v

ary

loca

lly.

NW

, CW

Ero

dium

cic

utar

ium

reds

tem

fila

ree

Lim

ited

CC

A3.

1M

any

habi

tats

. Wid

espr

ead.

Impa

cts

min

or in

wild

-la

nds.

Hig

h-de

nsity

pop

ulat

ions

are

tran

sien

t.C

A

Euc

alyp

tus c

amal

dule

nsis

red

gum

Lim

ited

CC

C2.

2M

ainl

y so

uthe

rn C

A u

rban

are

as. I

mpa

cts,

inva

sive

ness

an

d di

strib

utio

n al

l min

or.

NW

, GV,

CW

, SW

Euc

alyp

tus g

lobu

lus

T asm

ania

n bl

ue

gum

Mod

erat

eB

BB

2.8

Rip

aria

n ar

eas,

coa

stal

gra

ssla

nds,

scr

ub. I

mpa

cts

can

be m

uch

high

er in

coa

stal

are

as.

NW

, GV,

CW

, SW

◆E

upho

rbia

esu

lale

afy

spur

geH

igh

AA

C3.

5Fo

rest

s, w

oodl

ands

, jun

iper

fore

st. M

ore

wid

espr

ead

inva

sive

in n

orth

ern

stat

es.

NW

, CaR

, MP

Eup

horb

ia o

blon

gata

ob

long

spu

rge

Lim

ited

CC

B2.

0M

eado

ws,

woo

dlan

ds. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n. Im

pact

s un

know

n. L

ocal

ly in

den

se s

tand

s.G

V, C

W

◆E

upho

rbia

terr

acin

aca

rnat

ion

spur

geM

oder

ate

BB

C1.

7C

oast

al s

crub

. Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

Spr

eadi

ng in

sou

th-

ern

CA

. Im

pact

s un

know

n.SW

Festu

ca a

rund

inac

ea

tall

fesc

ueM

oder

ate

BB

A2.

9C

oast

al s

crub

, gra

ssla

nds;

com

mon

fora

ge g

rass

. W

ides

prea

d, a

biot

ic im

pact

s un

know

n.C

A-F

P

Ficu

s car

ica

edib

le fi

gM

oder

ate

BA

B2.

6R

ipar

ian

woo

dlan

d. C

an s

prea

d ra

pidl

y. A

biot

ic im

pact

s un

know

n. C

an b

e lo

cally

ver

y pr

oble

mat

ic.

CW

, SW

, GV

Foen

icul

um v

ulga

re

fenn

elH

igh

AB

A3.

0G

rass

land

s, s

crub

. C

A-F

P


Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.


Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

Gen

ista

mon

spes

sula

naFr

ench

bro

omH

igh

AA

B3.

2C

oast

al s

crub

, oak

woo

dlan

d, g

rass

land

s. H

ortic

ultu

ral

sele

ctio

ns m

ay a

lso

be in

vasi

ve.

NW

, CW

, SW

Ger

aniu

m d

issec

tum

cu

tleaf

ger

aniu

mLi

mite

dC

BA

1.7

Num

erou

s ha

bita

ts b

ut im

pact

s ap

pear

min

or.

CA

-FP

Gly

ceria

dec

linat

aw

axy

man

nagr

ass

Mod

erat

eB

BB

1.9

Vern

al p

ools

, moi

st g

rass

land

s. O

ften

conf

used

with

na

tive

Gly

ceria

. Im

pact

s la

rgel

y un

know

n, b

ut m

ay b

e si

gnifi

cant

in v

erna

l poo

ls.

GV

Hal

oget

on g

lom

erat

usha

loge

ton

Mod

erat

eB

AB

3.0

Scru

b, g

rass

land

s, p

inyo

n-ju

nipe

r woo

dlan

d. L

arge

r pr

oble

m in

NV .

Mon

otyp

ic s

tand

s ar

e ra

re.

CaR

, DM

oj, G

B

Hed

era

helix

, H

. can

arie

nsis

Eng

lish

ivy,

Alg

eria

n iv

yH

igh

AA

A2.

7C

oast

al fo

rest

s, ri

paria

n ar

eas.

Spe

cies

com

bine

d

due

to g

enet

ics

ques

tions

.C

A-F

P

Hel

ichr

ysum

pet

iola

relic

oric

epla

ntLi

mite

dC

BC

2.0

Nor

th c

oast

al s

crub

. Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

Impa

cts

unkn

own,

but

can

form

den

se s

tand

s.N

W, C

W

Hirs

chfe

ldia

inca

nash

ortp

od m

usta

rd,

sum

mer

mus

tard

Mod

erat

eB

BA

1.9

Scru

b, g

rass

land

s, ri

paria

n ar

eas.

Impa

cts

not w

ell u

n-de

rsto

od, b

ut a

ppea

r to

be g

reat

er in

sou

ther

n C

A.

CW

, GV,

NW

, SN

, SW

Hol

cus l

anat

us

com

mon

vel

vet-

gras

sM

oder

ate

BB

A2.

9C

oast

al g

rass

land

s, w

etla

nds.

Impa

cts

can

be m

ore

seve

re lo

cally

, esp

ecia

lly in

wet

land

are

as.

CA

-FP,

DM

oj, G

B

Hor

deum

mar

inum

, H

. mur

inum

Med

iterr

anea

n ba

rley ,

hare

bar

ley,

wal

l bar

ley

Mod

erat

eB

BA

2.8

Gra

ssla

nds.

H. m

arin

um in

vade

s dr

ier h

abita

ts, w

hile

H.

mur

inum

inva

des

wet

land

s. W

ides

prea

d, b

ut g

ener

ally

do

not

form

dom

inan

t sta

nds.

CA

◆H

ydril

la v

ertic

illat

ahy

drill

aH

igh

AB

C3.

2Fr

eshw

ater

aqu

atic

sys

tem

s. T

he m

ost i

mpo

rtan

t sub

-m

erge

d aq

uatic

inva

sive

in s

outh

ern

stat

es.

NW

, SN

, GV,

SW

, D

◆H

yper

icum

can

arie

nse

Can

ary

Isla

nd

hype

ricum

Mod

erat

eB

BC

1.2

Coa

stal

scr

ub, p

rairi

e. Im

pact

s un

know

n. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n. S

prea

ding

rapi

dly

on c

entr

al c

oast

.SW

, CW

Hyp

eric

um p

erfo

ratu

mc o

mm

on S

t.

John

swor

t,

klam

athw

eed

Mod

erat

eB

BB

3.7

Man

y no

rthe

rn C

A h

abita

ts. A

biot

ic im

pact

s lo

w.

Biol

ogic

al c

ontr

ol a

gent

s ha

ve re

duce

d ov

eral

l im

pact

.SN

, CW

, GV,

NW

, SW

Hyp

ocha

eris

glab

ra

smoo

th c

atse

arLi

mite

dC

BB

3.1

Scru

b an

d w

oodl

ands

. Wid

espr

ead.

Impa

cts

appe

ar to

be

min

or. S

ome

loca

l var

iabi

lity.

CA

-FP

Hyp

ocha

eris

radi

cata

roug

h ca

tsea

r , ha

iry d

ande

lion

Mod

erat

eC

BA

2.2

Coa

stal

dun

es, s

crub

, and

pra

irie,

woo

dlan

d, fo

rest

. W

ides

prea

d. Im

pact

s un

know

n or

app

ear t

o be

min

or.

CA

-FP


Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.


Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

◆Ile

x aq

uifo

lium

E

nglis

h ho

llyM

oder

ate

BB

C2.

7N

orth

coa

st fo

rest

s. E

xpan

ding

rang

e so

uth

from

O

rego

n.C

W, N

W

Iris

pseu

daco

rus

yello

wfla

g iri

sLi

mite

dC

BC

2.3

Rip

aria

n, w

etla

nd a

reas

, esp

ecia

lly s

outh

ern

CA

. Li

mite

d di

strib

utio

n. A

biot

ic im

pact

s un

know

n.SN

, GV,

CW

, SW

Isat

is tin

ctor

ia

dyer

’ s w

oad

Mod

erat

eB

BA

3.0

Gre

at B

asin

scr

ub a

nd g

rass

land

s, c

onife

rous

fore

st.

Mor

e se

vere

impa

cts

in o

ther

wes

tern

sta

tes,

but

can

be

loca

lly v

ery

inva

sive

in n

orth

ern

CA

.

CaR

, NW

, SN

, MP

Koc

hia

scop

aria

ko

chia

Lim

ited

BC

B3.

2Sc

rub,

cha

parr

al, g

rass

land

s. P

rimar

ily a

wee

d of

dis

-tu

rbed

site

s.C

W, G

V, D

, GB

Lepi

dium

latif

oliu

mpe

renn

ial p

eppe

r-w

eed,

tall

whi

teto

pH

igh

AA

A3.

1C

oast

al a

nd in

land

mar

shes

, rip

aria

n ar

eas,

wet

land

s,

gras

slan

ds. H

as p

oten

tial t

o in

vade

mon

tane

wet

land

s.C

A-F

P, G

B

Leuc

anth

emum

vul

gare

ox

eye

dais

yM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

5M

onta

ne m

eado

ws,

coa

stal

gra

ssla

nds,

coa

stal

scr

ub.

Exp

andi

ng ra

nge,

inva

sive

ness

var

ies

loca

lly.

CW

, NW

, SN

, SW

Lina

ria g

enist

ifolia

ssp

. da

lmat

ica

(=L.

dal

mat

ica)

Dal

mat

ion

toad

flax

Mod

erat

eB

BB

2.8

Gra

ssla

nds,

fore

st c

lear

ings

. Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

Mor

e se

vere

impa

cts

in o

ther

wes

tern

sta

tes.

CA

-FP

Lobu

laria

mar

itim

asw

eet a

lyss

umLi

mite

dC

BB

2.4

Coa

stal

dun

e, c

oast

al s

crub

, coa

stal

pra

irie,

ripa

rian.

NW

, CW

, SW

Loliu

m m

ultifl

orum

Ital

ian

ryeg

rass

Mod

erat

eB

BA

2.6

Gra

ssla

nds,

oak

woo

dlan

d, p

inyo

n-ju

nipe

r woo

dlan

d;

wid

ely

used

for p

ost-fi

re e

rosi

on c

ontr

ol. W

ides

prea

d.

Impa

cts

can

vary

with

regi

on.

CA

-FP

Ludw

igia

pep

loid

es s

sp.

mon

tevi

dens

iscr

eepi

ng

wat

er-p

rimro

seH

igh

AB

B2.

5Fr

eshw

ater

aqu

atic

sys

tem

s. C

larifi

catio

n ne

eded

on

taxo

nom

ic id

entifi

catio

n.N

W, S

N, G

V, C

W, S

W,

DM

oj

◆Lu

dwig

ia h

exap

etal

a (=

L. u

rugu

ayen

sis)

Uru

guay

w

ater

-prim

rose

Hig

hA

BC

2.6

Fres

hwat

er a

quat

ic s

yste

ms.

Cla

rifica

tion

need

ed o

n ta

xono

mic

iden

tifica

tion.

NW

, CW

, SW

Lyth

rum

hys

sopi

foliu

mhy

ssop

loos

estr

ifeLi

mite

dC

BB

3.0

Gra

ssla

nds,

wet

land

s, v

erna

l poo

ls. W

ides

prea

d.

Impa

cts

unkn

own,

but

app

ear t

o be

min

or.

CA

-FP

Lyth

rum

salic

aria

purp

le lo

oses

trife

Hig

hA

AB

3.8

Wet

land

s, m

arsh

es, r

ipar

ian

area

sN

W, G

V, M

P

Mar

rubi

um v

ulga

re

whi

te h

oreh

ound

Lim

ited

CC

B2.

8G

rass

land

s sc

rub,

ripa

rian

area

s. W

ides

prea

d. R

arel

y in

de

nse

stan

ds. I

mpa

cts

rela

tivel

y m

inor

.C

A-F

P, D

Moj


Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.


Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

Med

icag

o po

lym

orph

aC

alifo

rnia

bu

rclo

ver

Lim

ited

CC

A2.

8G

rass

land

s. W

ides

prea

d w

eed

of a

gric

ultu

re a

nd d

is-

turb

ed a

reas

. Im

pact

s in

wild

land

s m

inor

.C

A-F

P

Men

tha

pule

gium

penn

yroy

alM

oder

ate

CA

A2.

7V e

rnal

poo

ls, w

etla

nds.

Poi

sono

us to

live

stoc

k.

Spre

adin

g ra

pidl

y. Im

pact

s la

rgel

y un

know

n.C

W, G

V, N

W, S

W

◆M

esem

brya

nthe

mum

cr

ysta

llinu

mcr

ysta

lline

icep

lant

Mod

erat

eB

BC

3.7

Coa

stal

blu

ffs, d

unes

, scr

ubs,

gra

ssla

nds.

Lim

ited

dist

ri-bu

tion.

Loc

ally

pro

blem

atic

, esp

ecia

lly in

sou

ther

n C

A.

CW

, NW

, SW

Myo

poru

m la

etum

myo

poru

mM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

6C

oast

al h

abita

ts, r

ipar

ian

area

s. M

ostly

alo

ng th

e so

uth-

ern

coas

t. A

biot

ic im

pact

s un

know

n.C

W, S

W

Myo

sotis

latif

olia

com

mon

fo

rget

-me-

not

Lim

ited

CB

B2.

2C

onife

rous

fore

st, r

ipar

ian.

Litt

le in

form

atio

n on

impa

cts.

CA

-FP

◆M

yrio

phyl

lum

aqu

atic

umpa

rrot

feat

her

Hig

hA

BC

2.8

Fres

hwat

er a

quat

ic s

yste

ms

NW

, CaR

, CW

, SW

Myr

ioph

yllu

m sp

icat

umE

uras

ian

w

ater

milf

oil

Hig

hA

AB

2.8

Fres

hwat

er a

quat

ic s

yste

ms

SN, G

V, C

W

Nic

otia

na g

lauc

atr

ee to

bacc

oM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

5C

oast

al s

crub

, gra

ssla

nds,

ripa

rian

woo

dlan

d. A

biot

ic

impa

cts

unkn

own.

Impa

cts

vary

loca

lly. R

arel

y in

den

se

stan

ds.

NW

, SN

, GV,

SW

, D

Ole

a eu

ropa

eaol

ive

Lim

ited

CB

B2.

5A

pro

blem

in A

ustr

alia

. Rar

ely

esca

pes

in C

A b

ut is

a

conc

ern

due

to th

e po

ssib

ility

of s

prea

d fr

om p

lant

ed

grov

es.

CW

, GV,

NW

, SW

Ono

nis a

lope

curo

ides

foxt

ail r

esth

arro

wLi

mite

dC

BC

2.2

Gra

ssla

nds,

oak

woo

dlan

d. H

ighl

y in

vasi

ve b

ut im

pact

s un

know

n. N

early

era

dica

ted.

CW

Ono

pord

um a

cant

hium

Scot

ch th

istle

Hig

hA

BB

2.9

Wet

mea

dow

s, s

age

brus

h, ri

paria

n ar

eas

CA

-FP,

MP

Oxa

lis p

es-c

apra

ebu

tterc

up o

xalis

, Be

rmud

a bu

tter-

cup,

yel

low

oxa

lis

Mod

erat

eB

BB

2.9

Coa

stal

dun

es, s

crub

, oak

woo

dlan

d. Im

pact

s in

coa

stal

ar

eas

may

pro

ve m

ore

seve

re in

tim

e.C

W, N

W, S

W

Pare

ntuc

ellia

visc

osa

yello

w g

land

wee

d,

stic

ky p

aren

tu-

celli

a

Lim

ited

CB

B2.

5C

oast

al p

rairi

e, g

rass

land

, and

dun

es. I

mpa

cts

un-

know

n, b

ut c

an b

e lo

cally

sig

nific

ant.

NW

, CaR

, SN

, CW

, SW

Penn

isetu

m c

land

estin

umki

kuyu

gras

sLi

mite

dC

CB

2.3

Pres

ent a

t low

leve

ls in

num

erou

s w

ildla

nd h

abita

ts.

Impa

cts

unkn

own.

Com

mon

turf

wee

d.N

W, C

W, S

W


Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.


Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

Penn

isetu

m se

tace

um

crim

son

foun

tain

gras

sM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

9C

oast

al d

unes

and

scr

ub, c

hapa

rral

, gra

ssla

nds.

Som

e ho

rtic

ultu

ral c

ultiv

ars

ster

ile. V

ery

inva

sive

in H

awai

i.C

W, N

W, S

N, S

W

Phal

aris

aqua

tica

hard

ingg

rass

Mod

erat

eB

BB

2.6

Coa

stal

site

s, e

spec

ially

moi

st s

oils

. Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

Can

be

high

ly in

vasi

ve lo

cally

.C

W, N

W, S

N, S

W

Phoe

nix

cana

riens

isC

anar

y Is

land

da

te p

alm

Lim

ited

CB

D2.

3D

eser

t was

hes;

agr

icul

tura

l cro

p pl

ant.

Lim

ited

dist

ribu-

tion

in s

outh

ern

CA

. Im

pact

s ca

n be

hig

her l

ocal

ly.C

W, S

W

Picr

is ec

hioi

des

bris

tly o

xton

gue

Lim

ited

CB

B2.

4C

oast

al p

rairi

e, s

crub

, rip

aria

n w

oodl

and.

Wid

espr

ead

loca

lly. A

biot

ic im

pact

s un

know

n.C

A-F

P

Pipt

athe

rum

mili

aceu

msm

ilogr

ass

Lim

ited

CB

B2.

4C

oast

al d

unes

, scr

ub, r

ipar

ian,

gra

ssla

nd. E

xpan

ding

ra

nge.

Impa

cts

larg

ely

unkn

own.

GV,

CW

, SW

Plan

tago

lanc

eola

tabu

ckho

rn p

lant

ain,

E

nglis

h pl

anta

inLi

mite

dC

CB

2.1

Man

y ha

bita

ts. T

urf w

eed

prim

arily

. Low

den

sity

and

im

pact

in w

ildla

nds.

CA

-FP

Poa

prat

ensis

Ken

tuck

y bl

uegr

ass

Lim

ited

CB

B2.

7G

rass

land

s sc

rub,

ripa

rian

area

s. W

ides

prea

d tu

rf p

lant

. A

biot

ic im

pact

s un

know

n.C

A

◆Po

lygo

num

cus

pida

tum

(=

Fallo

pia

japo

nica

)Ja

pane

se

knot

wee

dM

oder

ate

BB

D2.

7R

ipar

ian

area

s, w

etla

nds,

fore

st e

dges

. Mor

e se

vere

im

pact

s in

NW

wet

land

s. D

istr

ibut

ion

limite

d in

CA

.N

W, C

aR, S

N, G

V,

CW

◆Po

lygo

num

sach

alin

ense

Sakh

alin

kno

twee

dM

oder

ate

BA

D2.

5R

ipar

ian

area

s. M

ore

seve

re im

pact

s in

NW

wet

land

s.

Dis

trib

utio

n lim

ited

in C

A.

NW

, CaR

, SN

, GV,

C

W

Poly

pogo

n m

onsp

elie

nsis

and

subs

pp.

rabb

itfoo

t po

lypo

gon,

ra

bbitg

oot g

rass

Lim

ited

CC

B2.

3M

argi

ns o

f pon

ds a

nd s

trea

ms,

sea

sona

lly w

et p

lace

s,

edge

of c

oast

al d

unes

. Wid

espr

ead.

Impa

cts

appe

ar to

be

min

or.

CA

Pota

mog

eton

cris

pus

curly

leaf

po

ndw

eed

Mod

erat

eB

BB

3.2

Fres

hwat

er a

quat

ic sy

stem

s. C

an b

e ve

ry in

vasiv

e lo

cally

.N

W, G

V, C

W, S

W,

DM

oj

Prun

us c

eras

ifera

cher

ry p

lum

, w

ild p

lum

Lim

ited

CB

B1.

8R

ipar

ian

habi

tats

, cha

parr

al, w

oodl

and.

Lim

ited

dist

ri-bu

tion.

Abi

otic

impa

cts

unkn

own.

NW

, CW

Pyra

cant

ha a

ngus

tifol

ia,

P. c

renu

lata

, P. c

occi

nea

pyra

cant

ha,

firet

horn

Lim

ited

CB

B2.

8C

oast

al s

crub

and

pra

irie,

ripa

rian

area

s. H

ortic

ultu

ral

esca

pe. I

mpa

cts

unkn

own

or m

inor

.N

W, C

W, S

W

Ranu

ncul

us re

pens

cree

ping

but

terc

upLi

mite

dC

CB

2.9

Rip

aria

n ar

eas,

con

ifero

us fo

rest

. Im

pact

s ap

pear

to b

e m

inor

to n

eglig

ible

in m

ost a

reas

.N

W, C

aR, S

N, C

W,

SW

Raph

anus

sativ

usra

dish

Lim

ited

CC

B2.

5Pr

esen

t at l

ow le

vels

in n

umer

ous

habi

tats

. Wid

espr

ead

in d

istu

rbed

site

s.C

A-F

P


Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.


Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

◆Re

tam

a m

onos

perm

abr

idal

bro

omM

oder

ate

BB

C1.

8C

oast

al s

crub

. Can

spr

ead

rapi

dly

but l

arge

ly if

unc

on-

trol

led.

Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion

in C

A.

SW

Rici

nus c

omm

unis

cast

orbe

anLi

mite

dC

BB

2.5

Coa

stal

scr

ub a

nd p

rairi

e, ri

paria

n ar

eas.

Wid

espr

ead

in

sout

hern

CA

. Im

pact

s lo

cally

var

iabl

e.G

V, C

W, S

W

Robi

nia

pseu

doac

acia

blac

k lo

cust

Lim

ited

CB

B2.

8R

ipar

ian

area

s, c

anyo

ns. S

ever

e im

pact

s in

sou

ther

n st

ates

. Im

pact

s m

inor

in C

A.

CA

-FP,

GB

Rubu

s arm

enia

cus

(= R

. disc

olor

)H

imal

aya

bl

ackb

erry

Hig

hA

AA

3.0

Rip

aria

n ar

eas,

mar

shes

, oak

woo

dlan

dsC

A-F

P

Rum

ex a

ceto

sella

red

sorr

el,

shee

p so

rrel

Mod

erat

eB

BA

2.3

Man

y ha

bita

ts, r

ipar

ian

area

s, fo

rest

, wet

land

s. W

ides

prea

d.

Abio

tic im

pact

s unk

now

n. Im

pact

s can

var

y lo

cally

.C

A-F

P

Rum

ex c

rispu

s cu

rly d

ock

Lim

ited

CC

A2.

7G

rass

land

s, v

erna

l poo

l, m

eado

ws,

ripa

rian.

W

ides

prea

d. Im

pact

s ap

pear

to b

e m

inor

.C

A

Salso

la p

aulse

nii

barb

wire

R

ussi

an-th

istle

Lim

ited

CC

C2.

9D

eser

t and

Gre

at B

asin

scr

ub. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n.

Impa

cts

in d

eser

t app

ear t

o be

min

or.

SW, S

NE

, DM

oj

Salso

la tr

agus

(=S.

kal

i)R

ussi

an-th

istle

Lim

ited

CB

B2.

8D

eser

t dun

es a

nd s

crub

, alk

ali p

laya

. Wid

espr

ead.

Im

pact

s m

inor

in w

ildla

nds.

CA

Salv

ia a

ethi

opis

Med

iterr

anea

n sa

geLi

mite

dC

BB

2.5

Sage

brus

h, ju

nipe

r, bu

nchg

rass

. Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

Im

pact

s m

inor

but

can

be

loca

lly h

ighe

r.M

P

◆Sa

lvin

ia m

oles

tagi

ant s

alvi

nia

Hig

hA

AC

2.9

Fres

hwat

er a

quat

ic s

yste

ms

CW

, DSo

n

◆Sa

pium

sebi

feru

m(=

Tria

dica

sebi

fera

)C

hine

se ta

llow

tree

Mod

erat

eB

BC

3.2

Rip

aria

n ar

eas.

Impa

cts

seve

re in

sou

thea

st U

S. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n, b

ut s

prea

ding

rapi

dly

regi

onal

ly.G

V

Sapo

naria

offi

cina

lis

boun

cing

bet

Lim

ited

CB

C2.

5R

ipar

ian

scru

b an

d w

oodl

and.

Impa

cts

unkn

own

or

min

or, b

ut a

ppea

r to

be lo

cally

var

iabl

e.N

W, G

V, C

W, S

W, G

B

Schi

nus m

olle

P e

ruvi

an

pepp

ertr

eeLi

mite

dC

BB

2.5

Rip

aria

n. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n. Im

pact

s la

rgel

y un

know

n in

CA

.G

V, S

N, C

W, S

W

Schi

nus t

ereb

inth

ifoliu

s Br

azili

an

pepp

ertr

eeLi

mite

dC

BC

2.6

Rip

aria

n. V

ery

inva

sive

in tr

opic

s. A

biot

ic im

pact

s un

know

n, b

ut a

ppea

r sig

nific

ant l

ocal

ly.SW


Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.


Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

Schi

smus

ara

bicu

s,

S. b

arba

tus

med

iterr

anea

n-gr

ass

Lim

ited

BC

A2.

3Sc

rub,

thor

n w

oodl

and.

Wid

espr

ead

in d

eser

ts. I

mpa

cts

can

be m

ore

impo

rtan

t loc

ally.

GV,

CW

, SW

, D

Sene

cio

jaco

baea

ta

nsy

ragw

ort

Lim

ited

CB

B2.

8G

rass

land

s, ri

paria

n. Im

pact

s ge

nera

lly m

inor

. Can

be

loca

lly im

port

ant i

n N

W C

A.

CA

-FP

◆Se

sban

ia p

unic

eare

d se

sban

ia,

scar

let w

iste

riaH

igh

AB

C3.

2R

ipar

ian

area

sG

V

Sily

bum

mar

ianu

mbl

esse

d m

ilkth

istle

Lim

ited

CC

A3.

5G

rass

land

s, ri

paria

n. W

ides

prea

d, p

rimar

ily in

dis

turb

ed

area

s. Im

pact

s ca

n be

hig

her l

ocal

lyN

W, G

V, C

W, S

W

Sina

pis a

rven

sis

wild

mus

tard

, ch

arlo

ckLi

mite

dC

CC

2.9

Gra

ssla

nds.

Prim

arily

in d

istu

rbed

site

s. Im

pact

s m

inor

or

unk

now

n in

wild

land

s.C

A-F

P

Sisy

mbr

ium

irio

Lo

ndon

rock

etM

oder

ate

BB

A1.

9Sc

rub,

gra

ssla

nds.

Wid

espr

ead.

Prim

arily

in d

istu

rbed

si

tes.

Impa

cts

vary

loca

lly.

GV,

SW

◆Sp

artin

a al

tern

iflor

a (a

nd S

. alte

rnifl

ora

x fo

liosa

hyb

rids)

smoo

th c

ordg

rass

&

hyb

rids,

Atla

ntic

co

rdgr

ass

Hig

hA

AC

3.5

San

Fran

cisc

o Ba

y sa

lt m

arsh

es a

nd m

udfla

ts.

Hyb

ridiz

es w

ith n

ativ

e S.

folio

sa.

CW

◆Sp

artin

a an

glic

aco

mm

on c

ordg

rass

Mod

erat

eB

BD

3.4

San

Fran

cisc

o Ba

y sa

lt m

arsh

es. V

ery

seve

re im

pact

in

othe

r cou

ntrie

s. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n in

CA

.C

W

◆Sp

artin

a de

nsifl

ora

dens

e-flo

wer

ed

cord

gras

sH

igh

AB

C3.

3Sa

n Fr

anci

sco

and

Hum

bold

t Bay

sal

t mar

shes

NW

, CW

Spar

tina

pate

nssa

ltmea

dow

co

rdgr

ass

Lim

ited

CC

D2.

9Sa

n Fr

anci

sco

Bay

salt

mar

shes

. Ver

y lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

Impa

cts

curr

ently

min

or in

CA

, but

hig

h in

ot

her c

ount

ries.

CW

Spar

tium

junc

eum

Span

ish

broo

mH

igh

AB

B3.

2C

oast

al sc

rub,

gra

ssla

nds,

wet

land

s, oa

k w

oodl

and,

fore

sts

NW

, CW

, SW

◆St

ipa

cape

nsis

Med

iterr

anea

n st

eppe

gras

s,

twis

ted-

awne

d sp

earg

rass

Mod

erat

eB

BD

1.9

Des

ert s

crub

. Firs

t rec

orde

d in

CA

199

5. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n, b

ut s

prea

ding

rapi

dly

in C

A d

eser

ts.

DSo

n

Taen

iath

erum

ca

put-m

edus

aem

edus

ahea

dH

igh

AA

A3.

4G

rass

land

s, s

crub

, woo

dlan

dC

aR, N

W, S

N, G

V, S

W


Scie

ntifi

c na

mes

bas

ed o

n T

he Je

pson

Man

ual.

For

each

spe

cies

, the

firs

t com

mon

nam

e is

bas

ed o

n th

e W

eed

Scie

nce

Soci

ety

of A

mer

ica’s

“C

ompo

site

Lis

t of W

eeds

” (w

ww

.wss

a.ne

t), f

ollo

wed

by

othe

r na

mes

use

d in

Cal

iforn

ia. S

core

s: A

= S

ever

e, B

= M

oder

ate,

C =

Lim

ited,

D =

Non

e, U

= U

nkno

wn.

Doc

umen

tatio

n le

vel a

vera

ged.

Reg

ions

inva

ded

base

d on

Jep

son

geog

raph

ic r

egio

ns. P

lant

ass

essm

ent f

orm

s, li

tera

ture

cita

tions

, and

full

ratin

g cr

iteri

a av

aila

ble

at w

ww

.cal

-ipc.

org.


Alert ◆

Scie

ntifi

c N

ame

Com

mon

Nam

eRa

ting

Impacts

Invasiveness

Distribution

Doc. Level

Ecol

ogic

al Ty

pes

Inva

ded

and

Oth

er C

omm

ents

Regi

ons

Inva

ded

Tam

arix

aph

ylla

athe

l tam

aris

kLi

mite

dC

BB

3.5

Des

ert w

ashe

s, ri

paria

n ar

eas.

Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion.

Im

pact

s m

inor

, but

can

be

loca

lly h

ighe

r.G

V, S

W, D

Tam

arix

par

viflo

rasm

allfl

ower

ta

mar

isk

Hig

hA

AB

3.1

Rip

aria

n ar

eas,

des

ert w

ashe

s, c

oast

al s

crub

NW

, GV,

CW

, Dm

oj

Tam

arix

ram

osiss

ima

saltc

edar

, tam

aris

kH

igh

AA

A3.

3D

eser

t was

hes,

ripa

rian

area

s, s

eeps

and

spr

ings

SN, G

V, C

W, S

W, D

, SN

E

Tana

cetu

m v

ulga

reco

mm

on ta

nsy

Mod

erat

eB

BB

2.3

Rip

aria

n ar

eas,

fore

st. L

imite

d di

strib

utio

n. S

ever

e pr

oble

m in

oth

er w

este

rn s

tate

s.N

W, C

aR,

Toril

is ar

vens

ishe

dgep

arsl

eyM

oder

ate

CB

A2.

3E

xpan

ding

rang

e. A

ppea

rs to

hav

e on

ly m

oder

ate

eco-

logi

cal i

mpa

cts.

CA

-FP,

esp

ecia

lly C

W,

NW

Trifo

lium

hirt

um

rose

clo

ver

Mod

erat

eC

BB

2.8

Gra

ssla

nds,

oak

woo

dlan

d. W

idel

y pl

ante

d in

CA

. Im

pact

s re

lativ

ely

min

or in

mos

t are

as.

CA

-FP

Ule

x eu

ropa

eus

gors

eH

igh

AB

B2.

9Sc

rub,

woo

dlan

d, fo

rest

, coa

stal

gra

ssla

ndN

W, C

aR, S

N, C

W

Und

aria

pin

natifi

daw

akam

eLi

mite

dC

BC

3.3

Alg

ae o

f est

uarie

s. F

irst r

ecor

ded

in C

A in

200

0.

Impa

cts

unkn

own,

but

do

not a

ppea

r to

be s

igni

fican

tC

W, S

W

Verb

ascu

m th

apsu

s co

mm

on m

ulle

in,

woo

lly m

ulle

inLi

mite

dC

BB

3.8

Mea

dow

s, ri

paria

n, s

ageb

rush

, pin

yon-

juni

per w

ood-

land

s. W

ides

prea

d. Im

pact

s m

inor

.N

W, C

aR, S

N

Vinc

a m

ajor

big

periw

inkl

eM

oder

ate

BB

B2.

8R

ipar

ian,

oak

woo

dlan

ds, c

oast

al s

crub

. Dis

trib

utio

n cu

rren

tly li

mite

d bu

t spr

eadi

ng in

ripa

rian

area

s.

Impa

cts

can

be h

ighe

r loc

ally.

CaR

, SW

, SN

, GV

Vulp

ia m

yuro

s ra

ttail

fesc

ueM

oder

ate

BB

A3.

0C

oast

al s

age

scru

b, c

hapa

rral

. Wid

espr

ead.

Rar

ely

form

s m

onot

ypic

sta

nds,

but

loca

lly p

robl

emat

ic.

CA

-FP,

D

◆W

ashi

ngto

nia

robu

staM

exic

an fa

n pa

lmM

oder

ate

BB

C2.

7D

eser

t was

hes.

Lim

ited

dist

ribut

ion

but s

prea

ding

in

sout

hern

CA

. Im

pact

s ca

n be

hig

her l

ocal

ly.SW

Wat

soni

a m

eria

nabu

lbil

wat

soni

aLi

mite

dC

BC

2.3

Coa

stal

pra

irie,

con

ifero

us fo

rest

. Abi

otic

impa

cts

unkn

own,

but

may

be

loca

lly d

ense

.N

W

Zant

esde

schi

a ae

thio

pica

calla

lily

Lim

ited

CB

C2.

1C

oast

al p

rairi

e, w

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A few native species have become invasive in regions outside their natural range. This table lists those species that cause negative impacts in their introduced range. No overall rating is provided, since impacts are not statewide, but the section scores for each of the three plants assessed would result in Moderate ratings for the areas in which they are invasive.

Scientific Name

Common Name

Impa

cts

Inva

sive

ness

Dist

ribut

ion

Doc.

Leve

l

Ecological Types Invaded and Other Comments

Native Range

Invasive Range

Cupressus macrocarpa

Monterey cypress B B B 2.3 Native to Monterey area. Invades coastal prairie, desert scrub, riparian areas.

CW NW

Lupinus arboreus yellow bush lupine B B B 3.5 Native south of Point Reyes. Invasive in north coast dunes.

SW, CW Bay Area

NW

Phragmites australis

common reed Unable to score.

Genetic issues make it unclear which strains are native to CA.

Uncertain

Pinus radiata cultivars

Monterey pine B B B 2.6 Five populations native to CA. Invades coastal scrub, prairie, and chaparral.

CW NW

TABLE 2: Species Native to Part of California, but Invasive in Other Parts of the State

Scientific names based on The Jepson Manual. For each species, the first common name is based on the Weed Science Society of America’s “Composite List of Weeds” (www.wssa.net), followed by other names used in California. Scores: A = Severe, B = Moderate, C = Limited, D = None, U = Unknown. Documentation level averaged. Regions invaded based on Jepson geographic regions. Plant assessment forms, literature citations, and full rating criteria available at www.cal-ipc.org.


In general, this designation is for species for which information is currently inadequate to respond with cer-tainty to the minimum number of criteria questions (i.e., too many “U” responses), or for which the sum effects of Ecological Impacts, Invasive Potential, and Ecological Amplitude and Distribution fall below the threshold for ranking (i.e. the overall score falls below Limited). Many such species are widespread but are not known to have substantial ecological impacts (though such evidence may appear in the future). All species receiving a D score for Ecological Impacts, regardless of other section scores, are by default placed into this category.

Scientific Name Common Name

Impa

cts

Inva

sive

ness

Dist

ribut

ion

Doc.

Leve

l

Comments

Acacia paradoxa kangaroothorn D C C 2.5 Does not spread in wildlands.

Aeschynomene rudis rough jointvetch D C D 3.2 Serious agricultural weed, but not known to have impacts in wildlands.

Aira caryophyllea silver hairgrass D C A 2.6 Widespread in grasslands, but impacts appear negligible.

Aira praecox European hairgrass D C C 2.8 Appears to be spreading locally, but impacts unknown.

Albizia lophantha plume acacia U B C 1.5 Present in Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Need more information

Allium triquetrum three-cornered leak U C C 1.6 Impacts unknown.

Anthemis cotula mayweed chamomile, dog fennel

D B B 2.4 Abiotic and wildife impacts unknown

Bellis perennis English daisy D C C 2.8 Present along trails, not known to spread into undisturbed areas.

Berberis darwinii Darwin barberry U B D 2.1 Impacts unknown.

Buddleja davidii butterflybush D B D 2.5 Not known to be invasive in CA, although it is a problem in Oregon.

Cestrum parqui willow jessamine U B C 2.0 Impacts unknown.

Chorispora tenella blue mustard U C C 1.5 Impacts unknown.

Cistus ladanifer gum rockrose D C C 3.3 Negligible known impacts in wildlands.

Convolvulus arvensis

field bindweed D B B 3.5 Only known as agricultural weed.

Daucus carota wild carrot, Queen Anne’s lace

D C B 2.7 Very widespread, but primarily in disturbed sites, particularly roadsides.

Dimorphotheca sinuata

African daisy D C B 1.8 Impacts to abiotic processes and plant communities unknown.

Erigeron karvinskianus

Mexican daisy U B C 1.9 Impacts unknown, but appears to be expanding. May become more problematic in future.

Erodium botrys broadleaf filaree D C A 2.8 Present in wildlands but known impacts are negligible. Often transient.

Erodium brachycarpum

short-fruited filaree D C A 2.6 Present in wildlands but known impacts are negligible. Often transient.

Erodium moschatum

whitestem filaree D C A 2.7 Primarily an agricultural weed, little impact in wildlands.

Euphorbia lathyris caper spurge D C B 2.2 Abiotic impacts unknown.

Fumaria officinalis fumitory D C D 2.3 Abiotic impacts unknown.

Geranium molle dovefoot geranium D B A 1.7 Present in wildlands, but known impacts are negligible.

TABLE 3: Species Evaluated But Not Listed


Scientific Name Common Name

Impa

cts

Inva

sive

ness

Dist

ribut

ion

Doc.

Leve

l

Comments

Geranium retrorsum New Zealand geranium D B B 1.9 Present in wildlands, but known impacts are negligible.

Geranium robertianum

herb-robert, Robert geranium

D B C 2.8 Present in wildlands, but known impacts are negligible.

Gleditsia triacanthos honey locust D B C 3.3 Very limited distribution.

Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce D C B 3.1 Primarily an agricultural and roadside weed.

Leptospermum laevigatum

Australian tea tree D C D 2.2 Very limited distribution.

Ligustrum lucidum glossy privet D B C 3.1 May prove problematic in riparian areas.

Lotus corniculatus birdsfoot trefoil D B B 2.8 Primarily a turf or agricultural weed in CA.

Malephora crocea coppery mesembryan-themum

D C C 2.0 A problem on southern CA islands, but statewide impacts are limited.

Maytenus boaria mayten D C D 2.4 Infestation on Angel Island, San Francisco Bay.

Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover D C C 3.3 Present in human-disturbed habitats only.

Nerium oleander oleander D B D 2.6 Not known to be invasive, although reported from riparian areas in Central Valley and San Bernardino Mtns.

Nothoscordum gracile

false garlic D B D 2.1 Mainly an urban garden weed.

Nymphaea odorata fragrant waterlily D B C 2.3 Present only at one site.

Oxalis corniculata creeping woodsorrel D C C 2.2 Primarily a turf weed in CA.

Parkinsonia aculeata

Mexican palo-verde D B D 2.2 Has not escaped into wildlands enough to cause impacts.

Pistachia chinensis Chinese pistache U C D 0.9 Impacts unknown.

Pittosporum undulatum

Victorian box D C D 2.7 Infestations in CA are small. More problematic on north coast.

Plantago coronopus cutleaf plaintain U C B 1.7 Impacts unknown. Common on north coast.

Solanum elaeagnifolium

silverleaf nightshade D B B 2.8 Primarily an agricultural weed, but escaping to wildlands in other countries. May prove to be more important in future.

Sonchus asper spiny sowthistle D B B 3.1 Primarily an agricultural weed.

Taraxacum officinale common dandelion D B B 2.8 Primarily a turf weed in CA.

Tragopogon dubius yellow salsify D C B 3.2 Generally a minor component of disturbed areas.

Tropaeolum majus garden nasturtium D C C 1.4 Impacts on abiotic processes and native plants unknown.

Ulmus pumila Siberian elm D B B 2.5 Impacts unknown.

Verbena bonariensis, V. litoralis

tall vervain, seashore vervain

D B C 2.1 Often in disturbed areas of irrigation canals.

Vicia villosa hairy vetch D C B 2.8 Primarily an agricultural weed. Widespread but impacts minor in wildlands.

Vulpia bromoides squirreltail fescue D C B 2.9 Less common than V. myuros.

TABLE 3: Species Evaluated But Not Listed (continued)


The following species were nominated for review, but not evaluated because either they are not known to escape into wildlands or we lacked sufficient information to complete an assessment.

Scientific Name Common Name Comments

Aptenia cordifolia baby sun rose, heartleaf iceplant

Occasional ornamental escape.

Araujia sericifera bladderflower Need more information.

Brassica oleracea cabbage Disturbed areas along north and central coast.

Catalpa bignonioides southern catalpa Reported from Sacramento/San Joaquin Valley riparian corridors. Need more information.

Chrysanthemum segetum corn daisy Disturbed areas only.

Coprosma repens creeping mirrorplant 1999 Cal-EPPC list indicated no evidence of wildland threat.

Crepis capillaris smooth hawksbeard Primarily in pastures and roadsides in coastal areas of northwest CA.

Erica lusitanica Spanish heath Reported from Humboldt and Del Norte Cos. Need more information.

Eriogonum fasciculatum California buckwheat Invades along roadsides and other areas of human disturbance. Not known to threaten wildlands.

Gazania linearis gazania Reported to invade in San Francisco Bay Area. Need more information.

Grindelia squarrosa curlycup gumweed, gumplant

Mainly along roadsides. More a problem in Nevada.

Kniphofia uvaria redhot poker Primarily along roadsides.

Lathyrus latifolius perennial sweetpea Reported from the north coast. Need more information.

Lathyrus tingitanus Tangier pea Along roadsides. Need more information.

Limonium ramosissimum ssp. provinciale

sea-lavender Present in salt marshes. Need more information.

Melilotus indicus Indian sweetclover Reported from disturbed sites. Need more information.

Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum slenderleaf iceplant Common in San Diego area along coast. Need more information on impacts.

Osteospermum fruticosum shrubby daisybush Occasional ornamental escape in southern CA. Does not appear to be invasive.

Passiflora caerulea blue passionflower Not known to invade wildlands.

Phalaris arundinacea reed canarygrass Jepson Manual lists it as native in CA. Acts like a native in most areas of the state. A problem in NW states.

Phoenix dactylifera date palm Reported from southern CA deserts. Need more information.

Phytolacca americana pokeweed Reported invading riparian areas in northern Sacramento Valley. Need more information.

Salsola soda glasswort Reported from San Francisco Bay shorelines and creek mouths. Need more information.

Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm Present in disturbed areas or old homesites only.

Watsonia borbonica watsonia May be confused with W. meriana, which is invasive in Mendocino Co.

Zoysia spp. zoysiagrass Does not appear to have escaped from turf.

TABLE 4: Species Nominated but Not Reviewed


APPENDIX 1. Species Listed by Category

◆ = Alert

High

Aegilops triuncialis (barb goatgrass)

◆ Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligatorweed)

Ammophila arenaria (European beachgrass)

Arundo donax (giant reed)

Brassica tournefortii (Saharan mustard, African mustard)

Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens (=B. rubens) (red brome)

Bromus tectorum (downy brome, cheatgrass)

Carpobrotus edulis (Hottentot-fig, iceplant)

Centaurea maculosa (=C. bibersteinii) (spotted knapweed)

Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle)

Cortaderia jubata (jubatagrass)

Cortaderia selloana (pampasgrass)

Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom)

Delairea odorata (=Senecio mikanioides) (Cape-ivy, German-ivy)

Egeria densa (Brazilian egeria)

Ehrharta calycina (purple veldtgrass)

◆ Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth)

◆ Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge)

Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)

Genista monspessulana (French broom)

Hedera helix, H. canariensis (English ivy, Algerian ivy)

◆ Hydrilla verticillata (hydrilla)

Lepidium latifolium (perennial pepperweed, tall whitetop)

◆ Ludwigia hexapetala (=L. uruguayensis) (Uruguay water-primrose)

Ludwigia peploides ssp. montevidensis (creeping water-primrose)

Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife)

◆ Myriophyllum aquaticum (parrotfeather)

Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil)

Onopordum acanthium (Scotch thistle)

Rubus armeniacus (=R. discolor) (Himalaya blackberry, Armenian blackberry)

◆ Salvinia molesta (giant salvinia)

◆ Sesbania punicea (red sesbania, scarlet wisteria)

◆ Spartina alterniflora hybrids (smooth cordgrass, Atlantic cordgrass)

◆ Spartina densiflora (dense-flowered cordgrass)

Spartium junceum (Spanish broom)

Taeniatherum caput-medusae (medusahead)

Tamarix parviflora (smallflower tamarisk)

Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar, tamarisk)

Ulex europaeus (gorse)

Moderate

Ageratina adenophora (croftonweed, eupatorium)

Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven)

Alhagi maurorum (=A. pseudalhagi) (camelthorn)

Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet vernalgrass)

◆ Arctotheca calendula (fertile) (fertile capeweed)

Arctotheca calendula (sterile) (sterile capeweed)

◆ Asparagus asparagoides (bridal creeper, smilax asparagus)

◆ Asphodelus fistulosus (onionweed)

Atriplex semibaccata (Australian saltbush)

Avena barbata (slender wild oat)

Avena fatua (wild oat)

◆ Brachypodium sylvaticum (perennial false-brome)

Brassica nigra (black mustard)

Bromus diandrus (ripgut brome)

◆ Cardaria chalepensis (=C. draba ssp. chalepensis) (lens-podded whitetop)

Cardaria draba (hoary cress)

Carduus nutans (musk thistle)

Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle)

Carpobrotus chilensis (sea-fig, iceplant)

◆ Carthamus lanatus (woolly distaff thistle)


Moderate (continued)

Centaurea calcitrapa (purple starthistle)

◆ Centaurea debeauxii (=C. x pratensis) (meadow knapweed)

Centaurea melitensis (Malta starthistle, tocalote)

Centaurea virgata ssp. squarrosa (=C. squarrosa) (squarrose knapweed)

Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed)

Chrysanthemum coronarium (crown daisy)

Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle)

Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle)

Conium maculatum (poison-hemlock)

Cotoneaster franchetii (orange cotoneaster)

Cotoneaster lacteus (Parney’s cotoneaster)

Cotoneaster pannosus (silverleaf cotoneaster)

Cynara cardunculus (artichoke thistle)

Cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass)

Cynoglossum officinale (houndstongue)

Cynosurus echinatus (hedgehog dogtailgrass)

Cytisus striatus (Portuguese broom, striated broom)

Dipsacus fullonum (wild teasel)

Dipsacus sativus (fuller’s teasel)

◆ Dittrichia graveolens (stinkwort)

Ehrharta erecta (erect veldtgrass)

◆ Ehrharta longiflora (long-flowered veldtgrass)

Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian-olive)

◆ Emex spinosa (spiny emex, devil’s thorn)

Erechtites glomerata, E. minima (Australian fireweed, Australian burnweed)

Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmanian blue gum)

◆ Euphorbia terracina (carnation spurge)

Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue)

Ficus carica (edible fig)

Geranium dissectum (cutleaf geranium)

Glyceria declinata (waxy mannagrass)

Halogeton glomeratus (halogeton)

Hirschfeldia incana (shortpod mustard, summer mustard)

Holcus lanatus (common velvetgrass)

Hordeum marinum, H. murinum (Mediterranean barley, hare barley, wall barley)

◆ Hypericum canariense (Canary Island hypericum)

Hypericum perforatum (common St. Johnswort, klamathweed)

Hypochaeris radicata (rough catsear, hairy dandelion)

◆ Ilex aquifolium (English holly)

Isatis tinctoria (dyer’s woad)

Kochia scoparia (kochia)

Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy)

Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (=L. dalmatica) (Dalmation toadflax)

Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)

Lythrum hyssopifolium (hyssop loosestrife)

Mentha pulegium (pennyroyal)

◆ Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (crystalline iceplant)

Myoporum laetum (myoporum)

Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco)

Oxalis pes-caprae (buttercup oxalis, yellow oxalis, Bermuda buttercup)

Pennisetum setaceum (crimson fountaingrass)

Phalaris aquatica (hardinggrass)

◆ Polygonum cuspidatum (=Fallopia japonica) (Japanese knotweed)

◆ Polygonum sachalinense (Sakhalin knotweed, giant knotweed)

Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed)

◆ Retama monosperma (bridal broom)

Rumex acetosella (red sorrel, sheep sorrel)

◆ Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallowtree)

Sisymbrium irio (London rocket)

◆ Spartina anglica (common cordgrass)

◆ Stipa capensis (Mediterranean steppegrass, twisted-awned speargrass)

Tanacetum vulgare (common tansy)

Torilis arvensis (hedgeparsley)

Trifolium hirtum (rose clover)

Vinca major (big periwinkle)

Vulpia myuros (rattail fescue)

◆ Washingtonia robusta (Mexican fan palm, Washington palm)

APPENDIX 1: Species Listed by Category (continued)


Limited

Acacia melanoxylon (black acacia, blackwood acacia)

Agrostis avenacea (Pacific bentgrass)

Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bentgrass)

Bassia hyssopifolia (fivehook bassia)

Bellardia trixago (bellardia)

Brassica rapa (birdsrape mustard, field mustard)

Briza maxima (big quackinggrass, rattlesnakegrass)

Bromus hordeaceus (soft brome)

Cakile maritima (European sea-rocket)

Cardaria pubescens (hairy whitetop)

Carduus acanthoides (plumeless thistle)

Carduus tenuifolius (slenderflower thistle)

Conicosia pugioniformis (narrowleaf iceplant)

Cordyline australis (giant dracaena, New Zealand-cabbage tree)

Cotula coronopifolia (brassbuttons)

Crataegus monogyna (English hawthorn)

Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora (montbretia)

Crupina vulgaris (common crupina, bearded creeper)

Dactylis glomerata (orchardgrass)

Descurainia sophia (flixweed, tansy mustard)

Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)

Echium candicans (pride-of-Madeira)

Erodium cicutarium (redstem filaree)

Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum)

Euphorbia oblongata (oblong spurge)

Helichrysum petiolare (licoriceplant)

Hypochaeris glabra (smooth catsear)

Iris pseudacorus (yellowflag iris)

Lobularia maritima (sweet alyssum)

Marrubium vulgare (white horehound)

Medicago polymorpha (California burclover)

Myosotis latifolia (common forget-me-not)

Olea europaea (olive)

Ononis alopecuroides (foxtail restharrow)

Parentucellia viscosa (yellow glandweed, sticky parentucellia)

Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyugrass)

Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm)

Picris echioides (bristly oxtongue)

Piptatherum miliaceum (smilograss)

Plantago lanceolata (buckhorn plantain, English plantain)

Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass)

Polypogon monspeliensis and subspp. (rabbitfoot polypogon, annual beardgrass, rabbitfoot grass)

Prunus cerasifera (cherry plum, wild plum)

Pyracantha angustifolia, P. crenulata, P. coccinea, etc. (pyracantha, firethorn)

Ranunculus repens (creeping buttercup)

Raphanus sativus (radish)

Ricinus communis (castorbean)

Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)

Rumex crispus (curly dock)

Salsola paulsenii (barbwire Russian-thistle)

Salsola tragus (Russian-thistle)

Salvia aethiopis (Mediterranean sage)

Saponaria officinalis (bouncingbet)

Schinus molle (Peruvian peppertree)

Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian peppertree)

Schismus arabicus, S. barbatus (mediterraneangrass)

Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort)

Silybum marianum (blessed milkthistle)

Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard, charlock)

Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass)

Tamarix aphylla (athel tamarisk)

Undaria pinnatifida (wakame)

Verbascum thapsus (common mullein, woolly mullein)

Watsonia meriana (bulbil watsonia)

Zantesdeschia aethiopica (calla lily)

APPENDIX 1: Species Listed by Category (continued)

This table is provided so that those familiar with other commonly-used ratings systems may compare those lists to the 2006 Cal-IPC ratings. See the cited websites for explanations of rating systems. Species not included in this appendix do not appear on any of these lists.

Cal-EPPC 1999 – Cal-EPPC. 1999. The Cal-EPPC List: Exotic Pest Plants of Greatest Ecological Concern in California. California Exotic Pest Plant Council: San Juan Capistrano, CA. Available: www.cal-ipc.org.

CDFA – CDFA. 2005. EncycloWeedia: Notes on Identification, Biology, and Management of Plants Defined as Noxious Weeds by California Law. California Department of Food and Agriculture: Sacramento, CA. Available: www.cdfa.ca.gov/weedhome.

USDA – Plant Protection and Quarantine. 2002. Federal Noxious Weed List. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. US Department of Agriculture: Washington, D.C. Available: plants.usda.gov.

AZ – Arizona Invasive Plant Working Group. 2005. Invasive Non-native Plants that Threaten Wildlands in Arizona. Southwest Vegetation Management Association. Available: www.swvma.org.

NatureServe – NatureServe. 2005. Invasive Species Impact Ranks for the United States: Summary of Results as of January 10, 2005. NatureServe: Arlington, VA. Available: www.natureserve.org.

Scientific Name Cal-EPPC 1999 CDFA USDA Arizona NatureServe

Acacia melanoxylon Need More Info Medium/Insignificant

Acacia paradoxa B

Acroptilon repens B High High/Medium

Aegilops triuncialis Annual Grasses B

Aeschynomene rudis Need More Info A

Ageratina adenophora B ✔

Agrostis avenacea Need More Info

Ailanthus altissima A-2 * Medium/Low

Aira caryophyllea Medium/Insignificant

Albizia lophantha Considered, not listed

Alhagi maurorum (=A. pseudalhagi) Red Alert A Medium Medium/Low

Alternanthera philoxeroides A Medium

Ammophila arenaria A-1 High/Medium

Anthemis cotula Medium/Insignificant

Anthoxanthum odoratum Considered, not listed

Aptenia cordifolia Need More Info

Araujia sericifera B

Arctotheca calendula (fertile strains) Red Alert A


APPENDIX 2. Cal-IPC Species Listed by Other Ratings Systems



Arundo donax A-1 * High High

Asparagus asparagoides Low/Insignificant

Asphodelus fistulosus Need More Info ✔ Low

Atriplex semibaccata A-2 High/Low

Avena barbata Annual Grasses

Avena fatua Annual Grasses Medium High/Low

Bassia hyssopifolia B Low/Insignificant

Bellardia trixago B Medium/Insignificant

Brachypodium sylvaticum High/Low

Brassica nigra B

Brassica tournefortii A-2 Medium High/Low

Bromus diandrus Annual Grasses Medium-Alert

Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens (=B. rubens) A-2 High

Bromus tectorum A-1 High High

Buddleja davidii High/Low

Cardaria chalepensis (=C. draba ssp. chalepensis) B B Medium-Alert

Cardaria draba A-2 B Medium-Alert

Cardaria pubescens B Medium-Alert

Carduus acanthoides Need More Info A Medium/Low

Carduus nutans A Medium High/Low

Carduus pycnocephalus B C Medium

Carduus tenuifolius C Unknown

Carpobrotus chilensis Considered, not listed Medium

Carpobrotus edulis A-1 High

Carthamus lanatus B

Centaurea debeauxii (=C. x pratensis) A

Centaurea diffusa A Medium

Centaurea maculosa (=C. bibersteinii) Red Alert A Medium

Centaurea melitensis B C Medium Medium/Low

Centaurea solstitialis A-1 C High High/Medium

Centaurea virgata ssp. squarrosa (=C. squarrosa) A

Chondrilla juncea A Medium-Alert Medium/Insignificant

Chorispora tenella B Insignificant

Cirsium arvense B B Medium

Cirsium vulgare B * Low

Cistus ladanifer Need More Info

Conicosia pugioniformis A-2

APPENDIX 2: Cal-IPC Species Listed by Other Rating Systems (continued)




Conium maculatum B Medium-Alert Medium/Low

Convolvulus arvensis Considered, not listed C Medium Medium/Low

Coprosma repens Considered, not listed

Cordyline australis Need More Info

Cortaderia jubata A-1 * Medium

Cortaderia selloana A-1 Medium Medium/Low

Cotoneaster franchetii Need More Info

Cotoneaster lacteus A-2

Cotoneaster pannosus A-2 Medium

Crataegus monogyna B

Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Considered, not listed

Crupina vulgaris Red Alert A ✔ Medium/Low

Cupressus macrocarpa Need More Info

Cynara cardunculus A-1 B Medium

Cynodon dactylon C Medium Medium/Low

Cynoglossum officinale Low Medium/Low

Cytisus scoparius A-1 C High/Medium

Cytisus striatus A-2

Dactylis glomerata Medium/Insig

Daucus carota Low

Delairea odorata A-1 * Medium

Descurainia sophia Need More Info Medium/Low

Digitalis purpurea Considered, not listed Medium/Insignificant

Dimorphotheca sinuata Need More Info

Dipsacus fullonum Considered, not listed High/Low

Dipsacus sativus Considered, not listed

Echium candicans Need More Info

Egeria densa A-2 C High/Medium

Ehrharta calycina A-2 Medium/Low

Ehrharta erecta B Medium/Insignificant

Ehrharta longiflora Need More Info

Eichhornia crassipes A-2 High-Alert High

Elaeagnus angustifolia A-2 High High

Emex spinosa ✔ Insignificant

Erechtites glomerata, E. minima B Medium/Insignificant

Erica lusitanica Need More Info

Erodium brachycarpum Insignificant




Erodium cicutarium Medium Medium/Low

Eucalyptus globulus A-1 Medium

Euphorbia esula A-2 A High-Alert High/Medium

Euphorbia lathyris Need More Info

Euphorbia oblongata B

Festuca arundinacea B

Ficus carica A-2 Medium

Foeniculum vulgare A-1 Medium/Low

Fumaria officinalis Considered, not listed

Gazania linearis Need More Info

Genista monspessulana A-1 C Medium

Glyceria declinata Need More Info

Halogeton glomeratus Red Alert A High/Medium

Hedera helix B High/Medium

Hedera canariensis Need More Info

Helichrysum petiolare Red Alert

Hirschfeldia incana Need More Info High/Low

Holcus lanatus B

Hordeum marinum, H. murinum Medium High/Low

Hydrilla verticillata Red Alert A ✔ Not listed High/Medium

Hypericum canariense Need More Info Low

Hypericum perforatum B C High/Medium

Hypochaeris radicata Need More Info High/Low

Ilex aquifolium B High/Low

Iris pseudacorus B

Isatis tinctoria Need More Info B High/Low

Lactuca serriola Low/Insignificant

Lepidium latifolium A-1 B High-Alert High

Leucanthemum vulgare B Low Medium/Low

Ligustrum lucidum Need More Info

Limonium ramosissimum ssp. provincale Need More Info

Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (=L. dalmatica) A Medium-Alert

Lolium multiflorum Annual Grasses

Lotus corniculatus Medium/Low

Ludwigia hexapetala (=L. uruguayensis) Need More Info

Lupinus arboreus A-2

Lythrum salicaria Red Alert B




Malephora crocea Need More Info

Marrubium vulgare Medium/Low

Maytenus boaria Need More Info

Medicago polymorpha Considered, not listed

Melilotus officinalis Considered, not listed Medium Medium/Low

Mentha pulegium A-2

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum B Low

Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum Need More Info Medium-Alert

Myoporum laetum A-2

Myriophyllum aquaticum B High-Alert High/Medium

Myriophyllum spicatum A-1 High-Alert High

Nerium oleander Considered, not listed Low/Insignificant

Nicotiana glauca Need More Info High/Low

Olea europaea B

Ononis alopecuroides Red Alert Q

Onopordum acanthium A Low

Oxalis pes-caprae Need More Info

Parentucellia viscosa Need More Info

Passiflora caerulea Need More Info

Pennisetum clandestinum Need More Info C ✔

Pennisetum setaceum A-1 High High/Medium

Phalaris aquatica B

Picris echioides Considered, not listed

Pinus radiata cultivars Need More Info

Piptatherum miliaceum Need More Info

Pistachia chinensis Need More Info

Pittosporum undulatum High/Low

Plantago lanceolata High/Low

Polygonum cuspidatum (=Fallopia japonica) B

Polygonum sachalinense High/Medium

Polypogon monspeliensis and subspp. High/Low

Potamogeton crispus B Medium

Prunus cerasifera Need More Info Medium/Insignificant

Pyracantha angustifolia, crenulata, coccinea, etc. Need More Info Hi/Low, Low/Insig

Ranunculus repens High/Medium

Retama monosperma Red Alert

Ricinus communis B




Robinia pseudoacacia B

Rubus armeniacus (=R. discolor) A-1 Medium-Alert Medium/Insignificant

Salsola paulsenii C Medium Low

Salsola soda Need More Info

Salsola tragus (=S. kali) Need More Info C Medium

Salvia aethiopis Need More Info B Low

Salvinia molesta Red Alert ✔ High-Alert Medium

Sapium sebiferum Red Alert

Saponaria officinalis A-2 Low/Insignificant

Schinus molle B Medium/Low

Schinus terebinthifolius B

Schismus arabicus, S. barbatus Annual Grasses Medium Medium, Hi/Medium

Senecio jacobaea B B Low

Sesbania punicea Red Alert

Silybum marianum Considered, not listed Medium/Low

Sisymbrium irio Medium/Insignificant

Solanum elaeagnifolium B

Sonchus asper Medium

Spartina alterniflora hybrids A-2

Spartina anglica Red Alert

Spartina densiflora Red Alert High/Medium

Spartina patens Red Alert

Spartium junceum B *

Stipa capensis Need More Info

Taeniatherum caput-medusae A-1 C High

Tamarix aphylla Need More Info Low

Tamarix parviflora A-1 *

Tamarix ramosissima A-1 * High High

Tanacetum vulgare Need More Info Low

Ulex europaeus A-1 B

Ulmus pumila Medium Medium/Low

Verbascum thapsus B Not listed Medium

Verbena bonariensis, V. litoralis Need More Info

Vinca major B Medium-Alert

Zantesdeschia aethiopica Considered, not listed Medium/Low

Zoysia spp. Considered, not listed


*Under consideration. Not yet rated.


APPENDIX 3. Examples of Ecological Types

These ecological types were used to score the Distribution section of plant assessment forms. Adapted from “Preliminary Descriptions of the Terrestrial Natural Communities of California” drafted by R. F. Holland for the California Department of Fish and Game (1986). Communities within minor ecotypes include all those listed in Holland (1986). Additional information from Sawyer, J. O., and T. Keeler-Wolf. 1995. A Manual of California Vegetation. California Native Plant Society: Sacramento, CA.

Major Ecological Types

Minor Ecological Types Communities within Minor Ecotypes

Marine Systems marine systems kelp and other macroalgae

Freshwater and Estuarine Aquatic Systems

lakes, ponds, reservoirs submergent and emergent vegetation in standing water

rivers, streams, canals submergent and emergent vegetation in moving ephemeral, intermittent or perennial water

estuaries submergent vegetation in estuaries (seagrass beds)

Dunes

coastal foredunes, dune scrub

desert desert dunes and sand fields

interior interior and relictual dunes, primarily in the Great Valley

Scrub and Chaparral

coastal bluff scrub northern and southern coastal bluff scrub

coastal scrub coyote bush, salal, silk-tassel, coastal sage, maritime succulent, Diegan coastal, Diablan, and Riversidian sage scrubs

Sonoran desert scrub Sonoran creosote bush, Sonoran mixed woody and succulent scrubs

Mojavean desert scrub Mojave creosote bush, blackbush, Mojave mixed woody, Mojave mixed steppe, and Mojave wash scrubs; Joshua tree woodland

Great Basin scrub big sagebrush and rabbitbrush scrubs; sagebrush steppe

chenopod scrub desert saltbush, desert sink, desert greasewood, shadscale, valley sink, and valley saltbush scrubs

montane dwarf scrub low sagebrush series

Upper Sonoran subshrub scrub bladderpod-California ephedra-narrowleaf goldenbush series

chaparral mixed, redshank, semi-desert, and montane (mixed, ceanothus, manzanita) chaparrals; chamise

Grasslands, Vernal Pools, Meadows, and other Herb Communities

coastal prairie coastal terrace and bald hills prairies

valley and foothill grassland valley needlegrass, valley sacaton, serpentine bunchgrass, valley wildrye and, pine bluegrass grasslands

Great Basin grassland open, steppe-like vegetation of perennial bunchgrasses

vernal pool hardpan, claypan, basalt flow, and San Diego mesa vernal pools

meadow and seep wet or dry montane meadows; wet or dry subalpine or alpine meadows; alkali meadows and seeps; freshwater seep

alkali playa low, grayish, microphyllous, and succulent shrubs primarily in transmontane deserts

pebble plain dense clay soils with quartzite pebbles


Major Ecological Types

Minor Ecological Types Communities within Minor Ecotypes

Bog and Marshbog and fen sphagnum bog, Darlingtonia bog, fen

marsh and swamp salt, brackish, freshwater, transmontane alkali, and vernal marshes; freshwater swamp

Riparian and Bottomland

riparian forest cottonwood, cottonwood-sycamore, red alder, white alder, aspen, willow, live oak, valley oak, Mojave, and mixed riparian forests; mesquite bosque

riparian woodland sycamore, sycamore-alder, desert dry wash, and fan palm oasis woodlands

riparian scrub riparian, mulefat, willow, mesquite, and buttonbush, desert wash, tamarisk and arrowweed scrubs; elderberry savanna; desert washes

Woodland

cismontane blue oak, coast live oak, interior live oak, valley oak, island oak, California walnut, and foothill pine woodlands

piñon and juniper juniper woodland and scrub, pinon woodland

Sonoran thorn crucifixion thorn and Arizona woodlands

Forest

broadleaved upland mixed evergreen, California bay, coast live oak, black oak, tan oak, red alder, and aspen forests

North Coast coniferous redwood , Sitka spruce-grand fir, western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and Port Orford Cedar forests

closed cone coniferous beach pine, bishop pine, Monterey pine, Torrey pine, Monterey cypress, pygmy cypress, interior cypress, knobcone pine forests

lower montane coniferous Coast Range coniferous, Klamath coniferous, ponderosa pine, Coulter pine, white pine, white fir, and big tree forests

upper montane coniferous Jeffrey pine, upper montane mixed coniferous, upper montane fir, and Klamath enriched coniferous forests

subalpine coniferous lodgepole pine, whitebark pine, foxtail pine, bristlecone pine, and limber pine forests

Alpine Habitats

alpine boulder and rock field

fell-field, talus and scree slope, snow margin

alpine dwarf scrub shrub dominated communities above the treeline

APPENDIX 3: Examples of Ecological Types (continued)


APPENDIX 4. Species by Common NameIncludes Species from Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4.

acacia, blackwood Acacia melanoxylon acacia, plume Albizia lophanthaalligatorweed Alternanthera philoxeroides alyssum, sweet Lobularia maritimaasparagus, smilax Asparagus asparagoidesbarberry, Darwin Berberis darwiniibarbwire Russian-thistle Salsola paulseniibarley, Mediterranean Hordeum marinum, barley, wall Hordeum murinumbeachgrass, European Ammophila arenaria beardgrass, annual Polypogon monspeliensis

and subspp.bellardia Bellardia trixago bentgrass, creeping Agrostis stoloniferabentgrass, Pacific Agrostis avenaceabermudagrass Cynodon dactylonbindweed, field Convolvulus arvensisbirdsfoot trefoil Lotus corniculatusblackberry, Armenian Rubus armeniacus

(=R. discolor)blackberry, Himalaya Rubus armeniacus

(=R. discolor)bladderflower Araujia sericiferabluegrass, Kentucky Poa pratensisblue gum, Tasmanian Eucalyptus globulus bouncingbet Saponaria officinalis brassbuttons Cotula coronopifoliabrome, downy Bromus tectorum brome, red Bromus madritensis ssp.

rubens (=B. rubens)brome, ripgut Bromus diandrusbrome, soft Bromus hordeaceus broom, bridal Retama monospermabroom, French Genista monspessulanabroom, Portuguese Cytisus striatusbroom, Scotch Cytisus scopariusbroom, Spanish Spartium junceum broom, striated Cytisus striatusbuckwheat, California Eriogonum fasciculatumburclover, California Medicago polymorphaburnweed, Australian Erechtites glomerata, E. minima buttercup, Bermuda Oxalis pes-capraebuttercup, creeping Ranunculus repensbutterflybush Buddleja davidiicabbage Brassica oleraceacabbage tree, New Zealand Cordyline australis calla lily Zantesdeschia aethiopica

camelthorn Alhagi maurorum (=A. pseudalhagi)

canarygrass, reed Phalaris arundinaceaCape-ivy Delairea odorata

(=Senecio mikanioides)capeweed, fertile Arctotheca calendula (fertile)capeweed, sterile Arctotheca calendula (sterile)carrot, wild Daucus carotacastorbean Ricinus communiscatalpa, southern Catalpa bignonioidescatsear, rough Hypochaeris radicatacatsear, smooth Hypochaeris glabrachamomile, mayweed Anthemis cotula charlock Sinapis arvensischeatgrass Bromus tectorum cherry plum Prunus cerasiferaChinese tallowtree Sapium sebiferumclover, California bur Medicago polymorphaclover, rose Trifolium hirtum cordgrass, Atlantic Spartina alterniflora cordgrass, common Spartina anglicacordgrass, dense-flowered Spartina densifloracordgrass, saltmeadow Spartina patenscordgrass, smooth Spartina alterniflora hybridscotoneaster, orange Cotoneaster franchetiicotoneaster, Parney’s Cotoneaster lacteuscotoneaster, silverleaf Cotoneaster pannosuscreeper, Australian bluebell Sollya heterophyllacreeper, bearded Crupina vulgariscreeper, bridal Asparagus asparagoidescress, hoary Cardaria drabacroftonweed Ageratina adenophoracrupina, common Crupina vulgariscypress, Monterey Cupressus macrocarpadaisy, African Dimorphotheca sinuatadaisy, corn Chrysanthemum segetumdaisy, crown Chrysanthemum coronariumdaisy, English Bellis perennisdaisy, Mexican Erigeron karvinskianusdaisy, oxeye Leucanthemum vulgare daisybush, shrubby Osteospermum fruticosumdandelion, common Taraxacum officinaledandelion, hairy Hypochaeris radicata devil’s thorn Emex spinosadock, curly Rumex crispus dogtailgrass, hedgehog Cynosurus echinatus dracaena, giant Cordyline australisdyer’s woad Isatis tinctoria egeria, Brazilian Egeria densa


elm, Chinese Ulmus parvifoliaelm, Siberian Ulmus pumilaemex, spiny Emex spinosaeupatorium Ageratina adenophorafalse-brome, perennial Brachypodium sylvaticumfennel Foeniculum vulgare fennel, dog Anthemis cotulafescue, rattail Vulpia myuros fescue, squirreltail Vulpia bromoidesfescue, tall Festuca arundinacea fig, edible Ficus caricafilaree, broadleaf Erodium botrysfilaree, redstem Erodium cicutariumfilaree, shortfruited Erodium brachycarpumfilaree, whitestem Erodium moschatumfirethorn Pyracantha spp.fireweed, Australian Erechtites glomerata, E. minima fivehook bassia Bassia hyssopifolia flixweed Descurainia sophiaforget-me-not, common Myosotis latifoliafountaingrass, crimson Pennisetum setaceum foxglove Digitalis purpureafoxtail restharrow Ononis alopecuroidesfumitory Fumaria officinalisgarlic, false Nothoscordum gracilegazania Gazania linearisgeranium, cutleaf Geranium dissectum geranium, dovefoot Geranium molle geranium, New Zealand Geranium retrorsumgeranium, Robert Geranium robertianumGerman-ivy Delairea odorata glandweed, yellow Parentucellia viscosaglasswort Salsola sodagoatgrass, barb Aegilops triuncialis gorse Ulex europaeusgrass, rabbitfoot Polypogon monspeliensis gumweed, curlycup Grindelia squarrosahairgrass, European Aira praecoxhairgrass, silver Aira caryophylleahalogeton Halogeton glomeratushardinggrass Phalaris aquatica hawksbeard, smooth Crepis capillarishawthorn, English Crataegus monogyna heath, Spanish Erica lusitanicahedgeparsley Torilis arvensisherb-robert Geranium robertianumholly, English Ilex aquifolium horehound, white Marrubium vulgare Hottentot-fig Carpobrotus edulis

houndstongue Cynoglossum officinale hydrilla Hydrilla verticillatahypericum, Canary Island Hypericum canarienseiceplant Carpobrotus chilensis iceplant Carpobrotus edulisiceplant, crystalline Mesembryanthemum

crystallinumiceplant, heartleaf Aptenia cordifoliaiceplant, narrowleaf Conicosia pugioniformis iceplant, slenderleaf Mesembryanthemum nodiflorumiris, yellowflag Iris pseudacorus ivy, Algerian Hedera canariensisivy, English Hedera helixjessamine, willow Cestrum parquijointvetch, rough Aeschynomene rudisjubatagrass Cortaderia jubata kangaroothorn Acacia paradoxa kikuyugrass Pennisetum clandestinumklamathweed Hypericum perforatum knapweed, diffuse Centaurea diffusaknapweed, meadow Centaurea debeauxii

(=C. x pratensis) knapweed, Russian Acroptilon repens knapweed, spotted Centaurea maculosa

(=C. bibersteinii)knapweed, squarrose Centaurea virgata ssp. squarrosa

(=C. squarrosa)knotweed, Japanese Polygonum cuspidatum

(=Fallopia japonica)knotweed, Sakhalin Polygonum sachalinensekochia Kochia scoparia leek, three-cornered Allium triquetrumlettuce, prickly Lactuca serriolalicoriceplant Helichrysum petiolarelocust, black Robinia pseudoacacialocust, honey Gleditsia triacanthosLondon rocket Sisymbrium irio loosestrife, hyssop Lythrum hyssopifoliumloosestrife, purple Lythrum salicarialupine, yellow bush Lupinus arboreusmannagrass, waxy Glyceria declinatamayten Maytenus boariaMediterraneangrass Schismus arabicus, S. barbatusMediterranean sage Salvia aethiopis medusahead Taeniatherum caput- medusaemesembryanthemum,

coppery Malephora croceamilkthistle, blessed Silybum marianummirrorplant, creeping Coprosma repens

APPENDIX 4: Species by Common Name (continued)


montbretia Crocosmia x crocosmiifloramullein, common Verbascum thapsus mullein, woolly Verbascum thapsus mustard, birdsrape Brassica rapa mustard, black Brassica nigramustard, blue Chorispora tenellamustard, field Brassica rapa mustard, Saharan Brassica tournefortii mustard, shortpod Hirschfeldia incanamustard, summer Hirschfeldia incana mustard, tansy Descurainia sophiamustard, wild Sinapis arvensis myoporum Myoporum laetumnasturtium, garden Tropaeolum majusnightshade, silverleaf Solanum elaeagnifolium oat, slender wild Avena barbataoat, wild Avena fatuaoleander Nerium oleanderolive, Russian- Elaeagnus angustifoliaolive Olea europaeaonionweed Asphodelus fistulosusorchardgrass Dactylis glomerataoxalis, buttercup Oxalis pes-capraeoxalis, yellow Oxalis pes-caprae oxtongue, bristly Picris echioidespalm, Canary Island date Phoenix canariensispalm, date Phoenix dactyliferapalm, Mexican fan Washingtonia robustapalm, Washington Washingtonia robustapaloverde, Mexican Parkinsonia aculeatapampasgrass Cortaderia selloana parentucellia, sticky Parentucellia viscosaparrotfeather Myriophyllum aquaticum passionflower, blue Passiflora caeruleapea, perennial sweet Lathyrus latifoliuspea, Tangier Lathyrus tingitanuspennyroyal Mentha pulegiumpeppertree, Brazilian Schinus terebinthifolius peppertree, Peruvian Schinus molle pepperweed, perennial Lepidium latifoliumperiwinkle, big Vinca majorpine, Monterey Pinus radiata cultivarspistache, Chinese Pistachia chinensisplantain, buckhorn Plantago lanceolataplantain, cutleaf Plantago coronopusplantain, English Plantago lanceolata plum, wild Prunus cerasifera poison-hemlock Conium maculatum pokeweed Phytolacca americana

polypogon, rabbitfoot Polypogon monspeliensis and subspp.

pondweed, curlyleaf Potamogeton crispuspride-of-Madeira Echium candicansprivet, glossy Ligustrum lucidumpyracantha Pyracantha spp. quackinggrass, big Briza maximaQueen Anne’s lace Daucus carotaradish Raphanus sativusragwort, tansy Senecio jacobaearattlesnakegrass Briza maximared gum Eucalyptus camaldulensisredhot poker Kniphofia uvariareed, common Phragmites australisreed, giant Arundo donax rockrose, gum Cistus ladaniferrose, baby sun Aptenia cordifoliaRussian-thistle Salsola tragusryegrass, Italian Lolium multiflorumsalsify, yellow Tragopogon dubiussaltbush, Australian Atriplex semibaccata saltcedar Tamarix ramosissimasalvinia, giant Salvinia molestasea-fig Carpobrotus chilensissea-lavender Limonium ramoissimum

ssp. provincalesea-rocket, European Cakile maritimasesbania, red Sesbania punicea skeletonweed, rush Chondrilla juncea smilograss Piptatherum miliaceumsorrel, red Rumex acetosellasorrel, sheep Rumex acetosellasowthistle, spiny Sonchus asper speargrass, twisted-awned Stipa capensisspiny emex Emex spinosaspurge, caper Euphorbia lathyrisspurge, carnation Euphorbia terracinaspurge, leafy Euphorbia esulaspurge, oblong Euphorbia oblongata St. Johnswort, common Hypericum perforatumstarthistle, Malta Centaurea melitensis starthistle, purple Centaurea calcitrapastarthistle, yellow Centaurea solstitialissteppegrass, Mediterranean Stipa capensisstinkwort Dittrichia graveolenssweetclover, Indian Melilotus indicussweetclover, yellow Melilotus officinalissweetpea, perennial Lathyrus latifoliustallowtree, Chinese Sapium sebiferum



tamarisk Tamarix ramosissimatamarisk, athel Tamarix aphyllatamarisk, smallflower Tamarix parvifloratansy, common Tanacetum vulgaretea tree, Australian Leptospermum laevigatumteasel, fuller’s Dipsacus sativusteasel, wild Dipsacus fullonumthistle, artichoke Cynara cardunculusthistle, bull Cirsium vulgare thistle, Canada Cirsium arvensethistle, Italian Carduus pycnocephalusthistle, musk Carduus nutansthistle, plumeless Carduus acanthoidesthistle, Scotch Onopordum acanthium thistle, slenderflower Carduus tenuifolius thistle, woolly distaff Carthamus lanatus toadflax, Dalmatian Linaria genistifolia ssp.

dalmatica (=L. dalmatica)tobacco, tree Nicotiana glaucatocalote Centaurea melitensistree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima veldtgrass, erect Ehrharta erecta veldtgrass, long-flowered Ehrharta longifloraveldtgrass, purple Ehrharta calycina

velvetgrass, common Holcus lanatus vernalgrass, sweet Anthoxanthum odoratumvervain, seashore Verbena litoralisvervain, tall Verbena bonariensisvetch, hairy Vicia villosaVictorian box Pittosporum undulatumwakame Undaria pinnatifidawater hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes waterlily, fragrant Nymphaea odoratawatermilfoil, Eurasian Myriophyllum spicatum water-primrose, creeping Ludwigia peploides ssp.

montevidensiswater-primrose, Uruguay Ludwigia hexapetala

(=L. uruguayensis) watsonia Watsonia borbonicawatsonia, bulbil Watsonia merianawhitetop, hairy Cardaria pubescenswhitetop, lens-podded Cardaria chalepensis

(=C. draba ssp. chalepensis)whitetop, tall Lepidium latifolium wisteria, scarlet Sesbania puniceawoodsorrel, creeping Oxalis corniculatazoysiagrass Zoysia spp.


The Nation Park Service’s Exotic Plant Management Team removes satellite infestations of Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) to prevent the plant’s spread. (Photo by Bobbi Simpson, Point Reyes National Seashore)


California Invasive Plant Council 2006 Board of Directors

Dan Gluesenkamp, PresidentAudubon Canyon Ranch

Mark Newhouser, Vice PresidentSonoma Ecology Center

Jennifer Erskine Ogden, TreasurerUniversity of California-Davis

Wendy West, SecretaryUniversity of California Cooperative Extension, El Dorado County

Steve Schoenig, Past PresidentCalifornia Department of Food & Agriculture

Christy BrighamNational Park Service, Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area

Bob CaseCalifornia Native Plant Society

David ChangSanta Barbara Agricultural Commissioner’s office

Chris ChristoffersonU.S. Forest Service, Plumas National Forest

Joanna ClinesU.S. Forest Service, Sierra National Forest

Jennifer DrewitzYolo County Resource Conservation District

Jason GiessowSanta Margarita/San Luis Rey Weed Management Area

John KnappCatalina Island Conservancy

Marla KnightU.S. Forest Service, Klamath National Forest

Brianna RichardsonMontgomery Law Group, LLP

(Affiliations for identification purposes only)

Circular clones of Spartina alterniflora x foliosa (smooth cordgrass hybrid) spread in San Francisco Bay. (Photo by Stephen Joseph, Invasive Spartina Project)

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