California Energy Commission - Public Interest Energy Research Program Public Interest Energy...

California Energy Commission - Public Interest Energy Research Program

Public Interest Energy Research Relevant to

Load Management Standards

Michael GravelyTeam Leader

PIER Energy Systems Integration TeamCalifornia Energy Commission

[email protected] / 916- 651- 0316


Outline

• Demand Response Research Center (DRRC)

Activities

• PIER Emerging Technology Development

• The Use of Reference Designs in

Commercialization Process

• Energy Storage and Peak Load Shifting

Technologies


Demand Response Research Center

Research Overview

Load Management Informational and Rulemaking Proceedings

March 3, 2008

Mary Ann Piette

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Roger Levy

Levy Associates


Presentation Outline• DRRC Research Guidance• DRRC Research Programs

• Automating Demand Response*• Behavior• Demand Response Value• Dynamic Tariffs

* (model for DRRC research)


Demand Response Research CenterResearch Objectives

Objective

Scope

Research Goals

Develop, prioritize, conduct and disseminate multi-institutional research to facilitate Demand Response.

Technologies, policies, programs, strategies and practices, emphasizing a market connection

• Cost – develop cost effective approaches to improve DR implementation and operation

• Technology – evaluate the readiness of customers and buildings to support DR

• Capability – evaluate and develop strategies to support price and reliability response.


Demand Response Research Center “Guiding DR Design Principles”

DR Success FactorsDesign Principles Explanation

Customer Choice

• Create adaptable, realistic operational strategies

• Minimize adverse impacts

• Maximize shifting and load impacts

Automation

• Enable and simplify customer choice

• Enable price and reliability response

• Integrate DR with system operations

Dynamic Rates

• Integrate efficiency and DR

• Reflect system costs and needs

• Establish a customer value function – “clear price and reliability signals that provide a relationship between how customers use energy and what they pay.”


Automated Demand Response (AutoDR)

• Targets commercial and industrial customers

• Provides customers with automated, electronic

price and reliability signals.

• Provides customers with capability to automate

site-specific DR strategies customized to their

needs and facilities.

• Provide utilities with automated, dispatchable

operational capability similar to conventional

generation resources.


• AutoDR is not a demand response program.

• AutoDR is an open, standardized communication and

automation framework that supports all forms of DR.

• AutoDR expands customer choice, improves DR

effectiveness and, addresses the operational needs of

the CAISO, and the CPUC vision the objectives

outlined in CPUC Rulemaking 07-01-041.

• AutoDR is being formalized as an open

communications standard through an industry

consortium lead by the DRRC that includes PG&E,

SCE, SDG&E, and CAISO.



Manual DR - Common Practice


DRAS Clients – 1. Software only (Smart)2. Software & Hardware

(Simple)

DR Automation Server and Client

4 Energy Management Control System (EMCS) and other systems carry out shed based on pre-programmed strategies.

3 Polling clients request price level and event data every minute

2 Price-Level and DR event signals sent on DRAS

Utility sends DR notification to DRAS1


Pilot TestsFirst Stage

Commercialization

Accelerate implementation in response to CPUC ACR

Expand application beyond critical peak pricing (CPP) to other DR options.

Expand deployment to market-based aggregators and other non-utility technical resources

Improve DR performance.

Proof of concept Technology Development Customer experience Impact evaluation Strategy development

Full Commercialization

National Standards State standards in DR design /

implementation Links to Building Code in

Title 24 Compliance – Title 24 Global

Temperature Adjustment Expansion to small C/I

2003-2006 2007-2008 Next Steps



Status of Automated DR Deployment

2006 2007*

Total Participants

13 CPP

37 CPP

53 DBP

62 CBP

152 Total

Total Base load 8 MW 80 MW

Total Peak Load Reduced

1 MW 25 MW

Average Peak Load Reduction

13 % 34%

Program Participants by Industry Type

4.8%

30.2%

4.8%

6.3%1.6%

47.6%

3.2% 1.6%

Biotechnology

Data Center

High Tech

Industrial Process

Municipal Government

Museum

Retail

School District

DR Programs under AutoDRCPP – Critical Peak PricingDBP – Demand BiddingCBP – Capacity Bidding



PG&E AutoDR Test Day – Non-Industrial AutoDR Participants

11000

12000

13000

14000

15000

16000

17000

18000

19000

20000

21000

12:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 Noon

3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00

Wh

ole

Bu

ild

ing

Po

wer

(kW

)

8-30-07 Loads

3-10 MABaseline

AutoDR saves

Energy

Auto-DR Load Impact – 8/30 Non-Industrial


Load Impact – 8/30 All Participants


PG&E AutoDR Test Day – All AutoDR Participants

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

12:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00

Wh

ole

Bu

ild

ing

Po

wer

(kW

)

8-30-07 Loads

3-10 Baseline

3-10 MABaseline

OAT Baseline

AutoDR saves

Energy

AutoDR saves

Capacity


2007 Customer Response by DR Option


Southern California

An EDISON INTERNATIONAL® Company®

®

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Ave

rag

e P

eak

Lo

ad R

edu

ctio

n

CP

P (

1)

DB

P (

3)

CP

P

(28

)

DB

P (

34

)

CP

P (

7)

CP

P (

1)

31%

51%

20%14%

53%

19%

Industrial Commercial Industrial

CB

P (

62)

50%

CommercialCommercial


CPP PerformanceWith and Without AutoDR

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Ave

rag

e S

hed

Auto CPP Non-Auto CPP

Average CCP Peak Load Reduction

8% w/AutoDR

-1% w/o AutoDR



Automation by Sector

Programmable Communicating

Thermostat

Demand Response Automation Client

Demand Response Automation Client

InternetInternet


Next Steps – Auto-DR and Related Research

Complete final draft of Open DR Automation Server and client specification (May 2008)

Facilitate implementation of open standards in state and national DR efforts

Explore links to Building Codes (Title 24) Ensure compliance of Global Temperature Adjustment

in 2008 Building Code (Title 24) Explore continuous energy minimization, energy

management systems, and building codes


Behavior Research

DR is a behaviorally driven system

Behavior research explores “why and the

how” not “who and the what”

Current projects – residential and small

commercial DR rates and technologies

Field tests in summer 2008


Rate Transition ProjectPurpose

Develop a framework for developing new, innovative and more

equitable rate and incentive designs that simultaneously support

energy efficiency and demand response.

Objectives Identify the leading issues in rate design Identify barriers and constraints Propose remedies and solutions Develop strawman rate designs that illustrate the solutions Draw out these themes in workshops Work closely with the regulators and utilities Guidance from a national Peer Review Group


Rate Transition Project

1. Revised Rate Design Principles

2. Recommendations for resolving rate related policy/design conflicts

3. Framework for side-by-side comparisons of rate design impacts on DR, equity, customer bills, risk, etc.

Example Products


Rate Transition Project

Example Products

Range of Annual Peak Reduction Forecasts

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Year

Pea

k R

ed

uc

tio

n (

MW

)

Upper Bound(7% of peak)

Lower Bound(1% of peak)

• The largest impacts are produced by a default CPP/TOU for residential and medium C&I customers, and default RTP for large C&I customers

• The smallest impacts are produced by an optional RTP for all customers


DR Value Project

1. Summarize key observations from previous DRRC-sponsored work;

2. Compile and review prior and ongoing DR valuation research and methodology development efforts

3. Develop a provisional list of DR benefit categories that includes all forms of demand response – (1) economic (pricing),(2) reliability (emergency), and (3) financial for both wholesale and retail markets.

4. Consider benefits across stakeholders (e.g., System/Market Operators, Electricity Services Providers, Non-Participating End-use Customers; Generators; and Regulators) characteristic of each type (e.g., price-based or reliability-based) Demand Response program

Objectives


PIER

Emerging Technology

Development


Demand Response Enabling Technologies

DR Business Network (DR BizNet)

• Elegant architecture allows utilities to simplify enrollment in DR and other programs

• Allows more direct control of DR assets

Proving ConceptsDeveloped and demonstrated a “proof of concept” PCT to ensure compatibility with commission standards, establish cost reasonableness and resolve technical issues

DR BizNet Architecture Overview

Equivalent Programmable Thermostat $12.70

Added

Interfaces

Communication Interface $3.45

Human-Machine Interface $0.15

HVAC Interface $2.15

Expansion Interface $1.75

Total Bill of Materials $20.20


Demand Response Enabling Technologies


Smaller, Cheaper Radio Components

• No External Components (inductors,

crystals, capacitors)

• 0.13mm CMOS

• Full digital SPI control of analog/RF

blocks

2mm

1mm


Testing Demand Response Enabling Technologies


Barrier Immune Radio Communications

GATEWAY

GATEWAY

GATEWAY

S

S

S

Facility Workstation

S

SS

S

S

S

S

S

S

SS

S

SensorNet

SensorNet

SensorNet

BIRC Backbone (wireless)

DR

LOAD

DR

LOAD

DR

LOAD

BIRC Communicates Wirelessly through Walls and Floors

to BIRC/Sensornet Gateways

BIRC

GATEWAY S= BIRC to SensorNet = DR Load Device = SensorNet Node


Use of Reference Designs toAccelerate Commercial Adoption

of Interoperable Devices and Systems

Erich W. Gunther

EnerNex Corporation

March 3, 2008


What is a Reference Design?

“Reference design refers to a technical blueprint of a system that is intended for others to copy. It contains the essential elements of the system; however, third parties may enhance or modify the design as required.

The main purpose of reference design is to support companies in development of next generation products using latest technologies. The reference product is proof of the platform concept and is usually targeted for specific applications.”

Source: Wikipedia


EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFUL REFERENCE DESIGNS

Cell Phone Personal Computer Point of Sale Terminals Automatic Teller Machines Cable Modems USB Thumb Drive


Facets of a Reference Design

Hardware Cell phone, GPS, meter, thermostat, ATM

Software Word processor, spreadsheet, customer

information system, billing application, ATM Networks

Internet, PSTN, cellular, ATM Information and Transactions

EDI, POS, ATM


Thumb Drive Reference Design


Benefits of a Reference Design

“Reference Design Packages enable a fast track to market thereby cutting costs and reducing risk in the customer's integration project. Reference designs enable customers to shorten their time to market.”1

Facilitates the rapid development and deployment of interoperable systems, reduces system cost, increases competetion, reduces the potential for vendor lock-in

1Source: Wikipedia


Cable Modem Evolution

LANcity (Nortel)LANcity (Nortel)

Com21Com21

TerayonTerayon

MotorolaMotorola

General InstrumentsGeneral Instruments

ZenithZenith

Hewlett-PackardHewlett-Packard

Cisco Systems Cisco Systems (DOCSIS reference design partners)(DOCSIS reference design partners)

Toshiba, Philips,…Toshiba, Philips,…

CM Proprietary CM Proprietary CM DOCSIS CM DOCSIS

CM ProprietaryCM Proprietary

CM Proprietary CM Proprietary

Cable Infrastructure, STB, CM ProprietaryCable Infrastructure, STB, CM Proprietary

Cable Infrastructure, STB, CM Proprietary w/ Telco ReturnCable Infrastructure, STB, CM Proprietary w/ Telco Return

CM Proprietary w/ Telco ReturnCM Proprietary w/ Telco Return

CM Proprietary CM Proprietary exited market in 1996 exited market in 1996

Vendor Lock-InVendor Lock-In(proprietary systems)(proprietary systems)

StandardsStandardsFormationFormation

Heterogeneous SolutionsHeterogeneous Solutions(DOCSIS best of breed & low cost)(DOCSIS best of breed & low cost)

19921992 19961996 20012001 20042004

Cable Modem Pricing

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1992 1996 1998 2001 2004

Year

Do

llars

(U

S$)

DOCSIS Standards DOCSIS Standards

Initiative StartedInitiative Started


Energy Industry Reference Designs

Revenue Meters

Substation Automation RTU

GEODE WebPAD RD for GE Smart Appliance

UtilityAMI/OpenHAN


Energy Storage

and

Peak Load Shifting

Technologies


California’s Electricity Demand is Dynamic


California’s Highest Peak Loads Occur Less Than 60 Hours Per Year


Price Duration Curve Full 8,760 Hours ISO's Real Time Price in Northern California

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1 1001 2001 3001 4001 5001 6001 7001 8001

$/M

Wh

1999

2000

$500/MWh Price Cap

$250/MWh Price Cap

California’s Highest Peak LoadsCan Result in High Energy Prices


Energy Storage Technologies Can Address California Challenges


Active Projects

Ultracapacitor Technology

Flywheel Technology

ZBB

VRB

NaS

CAES (underground and modular above ground)

PIER Energy Storage Research


Ultra Capacitor Technology


Flywheel Technology


ZBB Technology


VRB Technology


Battery Module

NAS Battery 8MW / 57.6MWh

Fuses

Cells

2.2 m1.7 m

MainPole

Sand

Heater

Vacuum Vessel

0.67 m

NaS Technology


Capital Cost Comparison of Energy Storage Plant Types

Technology $/kW + $/kWHTechnology $/kW + $/kWH** x H = Total Capital, $/kW x H = Total Capital, $/kW

Compressed Air, CAESCompressed Air, CAES- Large (100-500 MW)- Large (100-500 MW) 440440 1 1 1010 450 450- Small (10-20MW) AbvGr Str- Small (10-20MW) AbvGr Str 600600 80 80 2 2 760 760

Pumped Hydro, PHPumped Hydro, PH- Conventional PH (1000MW)- Conventional PH (1000MW) 13001300 4040 1010 17001700

Battery, BES (target) (10MW)Battery, BES (target) (10MW)- Lead Acid, commercial- Lead Acid, commercial 250 250 300300 2 2 11501150- Advanced (NaS/Flow)- Advanced (NaS/Flow) 250 250 500 500 22 12501250

Flywheel (target) (100kW)Flywheel (target) (100kW) 250 250 700700 2 2 16501650

Superconducting (1MW)Superconducting (1MW) 200 200 10001000 2 2 22002200Magnetic Storage, SMES (target)Magnetic Storage, SMES (target)

Super-Capacitors (best today)Super-Capacitors (best today) 250 250 12000 12000 1/601/60 450 450 (target)(target) 250 250 1200 1200 1/601/60 270 270

* This capital cost is for the storage "reservoir", expressed in $/kW for each hour* This capital cost is for the storage "reservoir", expressed in $/kW for each hour of storage. For battery plants, costs do not include expected cell replacements. of storage. For battery plants, costs do not include expected cell replacements.

EPRI updates these plant costs as technology improvements occur.EPRI updates these plant costs as technology improvements occur.

Technology $/kW + $/kWHTechnology $/kW + $/kWH** x H = Total Capital, $/kW x H = Total Capital, $/kW

Compressed Air, CAESCompressed Air, CAES- Large (100-500 MW)- Large (100-500 MW) 440440 1 1 1010 450 450- Small (10-20MW) AbvGr Str- Small (10-20MW) AbvGr Str 600600 80 80 2 2 760 760

Pumped Hydro, PHPumped Hydro, PH- Conventional PH (1000MW)- Conventional PH (1000MW) 13001300 4040 1010 17001700

Battery, BES (target) (10MW)Battery, BES (target) (10MW)- Lead Acid, commercial- Lead Acid, commercial 250 250 300300 2 2 11501150- Advanced (NaS/Flow)- Advanced (NaS/Flow) 250 250 500 500 22 12501250

Flywheel (target) (100kW)Flywheel (target) (100kW) 250 250 700700 2 2 16501650

Superconducting (1MW)Superconducting (1MW) 200 200 10001000 2 2 22002200Magnetic Storage, SMES (target)Magnetic Storage, SMES (target)

Super-Capacitors (best today)Super-Capacitors (best today) 250 250 12000 12000 1/601/60 450 450 (target)(target) 250 250 1200 1200 1/601/60 270 270

* This capital cost is for the storage "reservoir", expressed in $/kW for each hour* This capital cost is for the storage "reservoir", expressed in $/kW for each hour of storage. For battery plants, costs do not include expected cell replacements. of storage. For battery plants, costs do not include expected cell replacements.

EPRI updates these plant costs as technology improvements occur.EPRI updates these plant costs as technology improvements occur.


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