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CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
California Activities Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Guido Franco, Kelly Birkinshaw, Pierre DuVairCalifornia Energy Commission
Terry SurlesCalifornia Energy Commission
Kyoto, JapanOctober 1, 2002
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Overview
California: Economy, energy use Potential impacts to California Greenhouse gas emissions Some state activities addressing climate
change Energy research and technology
development
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
California in Context
Size of the economy Gross state product in 2000 was about $1.35 trillion
Population Population grew from about 30 million in 1990 to
about 34.5 million in 20002 History of encouraging economic growth,
while maintaining an aggressive record for environmental protection
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
GDP (2000)
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
U.S.
Japan
Germany
U.K.
CALIFORNIA
France
China
Italy
Canada
Brazil
Mexico
GDP (2000) [trillions of U.S. dollars]
9,900
GDP (2000)
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Water Year (October 1 - September 30)
Percent of Water Year Runoff
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
Our Principal Reservoir - The Sierra Snow Pack - Is Shrinking
Sacramento River Runoff (1906-2001)April to July as a Percent of Total Runoff
Source: California Protection Agency, Environmental Protection Indicators for California, 2001
Warmer Winters Have: Reduced snow pack Earlier snow melt Decreased Spring
runoff by 10% Major effects on
water supply, Cal Fed and Delta
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on California
Observed trend in earlier snow melts is extremely alarming Existing models can not tell us if the state will receive more
or less precipitation Serious implications for agriculture water availability
Source: Scripps Institution of Oceanography
SWE = snow water equivalent
“Dry” Scenario
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on California: Agriculture
Currently first in the nation major user of water (43%) and energy (2nd
largest user) This sector may be severely affected by
climate change but more studies are needed water availability exotic species
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
8.00
8.20
8.40
8.60
8.80
9.00
9.20
9.40
9.60
9.80
10.00
1850 1865 1880 1895 1910 1925 1940 1955 1970 1985 2000
Year
MSL (Feet)
Sea Level Is Rising Along California’s Coast
San Francisco Yearly Mean Sea Level(1855-2000)
Source: California Protection Agency, Environmental Protection Indicators for California, 2001
CA has already seen a 7” rise in 150 years
IPCC projects 4-35” sea level rise by 2100
Concerns over levee stability and salt water intrusion
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on California
Increased cooling degree days are already affecting electricity demand
Increased temperatures could increase energy expenditures significantly
Exacerbated by population growth, demographic shifts
Normalized 30-yr Average Cooling Degree Days
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
(1962-1991) (1965-1994) (1967-1996) (1969-1998) (1971-2000)
SacramentoFresnoSan Fran AirportLong BeachBurbankSan BernardinoSan DiegoYrekaBlythe
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Motor Gasoline37%
Residual Fuel1%
Oher Transp. Fuels1%
Distillate Fuel8%
Jet Fuel12%
Commercial 4%Industrial
13%
Electric Power 16%
Transportation58%
Residential 9%
GHG EmissionIn-State CO2 Emissions by Sector
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
California versus US Electricity Supply
California (2000)284 TWh
US (1999)3,752 TWh
Natural GasCoal
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
HydroImports
NG = 15%Hydro = 33%Coal = 52%
37.6 %
12.4 %
14.8 %
25.5 %
50.2 %
14.8 %
19.4 %
8.5 %
Renewables 8 .4 %
OilRenewables
3.3 %1.6 %
Geoth. 4.7 %Bio 2.1 %Wind 1.3 %Solar 0.3 %
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Year
Kilowatt-hours per person
US
California
GHG EmissionsPer-capita electricity consumption: effect of California energy efficiency programs
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
1990-1999 Relative Gross Greenhouse Gas Emissions
0.940.960.981.001.021.041.061.081.101.121.14
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999Emissions normalized to 1990 values
California United States
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
CO2 Emissions from the Combustion of Fossil Fuels: a Comparison with other Nations
California
Idaho
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Texas
United States
Vermont
South Dakota
D.C. Massachusetts
Connecticut
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
- 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Emissions/GSP (metric tons CO 2/thousand 1999 U.S. dollars)
Emissions/Capita (metric tons
CO2/person)
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Existing State Policies/Programs/Initiatives
Creation of a voluntary early action program (California Action Registry)
New carbon dioxide emission standard for cars projected to start in 2009
Renewable Energy Program Public Interest Energy Research Program
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Goals of the California Climate Action Registry
Adopt protocols for reporting and certification of GHG emission reductions
Support credible, nationwide registry transparent and defensible results extensive participation
Influence global debate on registries Assist development of GHG accounting, reporting
and certification standards
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
California Vehicular Emissions Reduction Bill
Requires the California Air Resources Board to develop regulations that achieve the maximum feasible reduction of GHGs emitted by passenger vehicles and light trucks
The regulations will apply to the 2009 model years and thereafter
The bill provides automobile manufacturers with maximum flexibility
The bill offers numerous alternatives for GHG reductions
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
New Automobile Fleet Characteristics and CO2 Emissions In Europe
Average CO2
emissions for new vehicles decreased significantly in Europe despite increases in vehicle mass, power, and engine capacity
Source: European Automobile Manufacturers Association and the Commission Services, “Monitoring of ACEA’s Commitment on CO2 Emission Reduction from Passenger Cars,” June 2002
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Renewable Energy Program Funding of $540M
(1998-2001) and $1.3B (2002-2011)
Capital cost buydowns Goal is 17% RE by 2006 from 12% in state in 2002
Aspects of program may be superceded due to passage of a renewable portfolio standard law
Goal is 20% by 2017The PV-powered Ferris wheel at the Santa
Monica Pier is powered by stored electricity produced during daylight hours by PV panels
like the one shown in the foreground.
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
CaliforniaRenewable Portfolio Standard
Requires utilities to increase renewable electricity by at least 1% per year to 2017, until 20% of retail sales are produced from renewables
Directs utilities to enter into contracts with renewable energy generators for at least 10 years’ duration
Requires the California Energy Commission to certify and fund renewable energy resources
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
CEC has a $62M/Yr Energy R&D Program for Improving Efficiency and Developing Distributed
Resources
Carbon Management
Decarbonization CO2
Btu<CO2 atm
CO2 produced<Sequestration
Btu GSP<
Efficiency
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
The CEC/Public Interest Energy Research Program:Two Redwoods and an Oak
Efficiency DER Environment
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Berkeley Lamp Model partnership between
CEC/DOE/California utilities PIER funded Phase 1 to develop
task/ambient lamp concept DOE funded Phase 2 to develop
specific lamp configuration PIER was instrumental in moving
the technology into the marketplace via coordination with the Utility Emerging Technology Coordinating Council
http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/pr.html
Project is both a technical success and a customer success
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Commercial Kitchen Exhaust Systems - Success Story
Issue:California food service facilities are typically designed without energy efficiency in mind.
PIER Project:Test alternative equipment configurations… to identify the most energy-efficient design alternative for providing makeup air.
“Schlieren” photo showing exhaust hood spilling effluent
Schlieren Flow Visualization
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
TechnologyRedesigned fumehood forcleaning contaminated indoor
air Benefits
Saves up to 50% of the energy Applicable in electronics
fabrication, pharmaceuticals,biomedical and chemical industries
30,000 fumehoods in California Potential to save $30 million
per year in California
RD&D for Industry, Agriculture & Water
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
PIER Buildings Program HighlightsNight Breeze
Provides ventilation and cooling at night, reducing or eliminating the need for air conditioning during the day
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
PowerLight’s PowerGuard
PowerLight’s insulated 30 year roof system reduces building air
conditioning loads while it’s PV surface generates electricity during hot and
expensive peak summer hours
While California is known for its hot dry summers, that same solar resource provides a clean, safe and reliable way
to generate electricity
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
WTCs Low Cost Wind Turbine
Wind parks supply over 1600 MW of California’s electricity capacity. An additional 5000 MW of new wind is undeveloped due to lower wind speeds that are too expensive to harness.
Capable of generating electricity at low cost in lower wind speed areas, WTC’s unique wind turbine will help harness California’s untapped wind potential.
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
The Yolo County Success
Accomplishments Is opening the way for landfill gas
electricity systems to be more widely used in California
• Accelerates gas production from over 30 years to less than 10 years, making landfill electricity more competitive
• Reduces volume of landfill which can extend landfill life by 20 percent
• Significantly reduces the chance for groundwater pollution from leachate release
Has become the leading bioreactor project within EPA’s XL Program and will strongly influence landfill regulations across the country
CEC’s Role Through the CEC’s R&D programs, we’re
bringing bioreactor technology from concept to reality
Control cell without bioreactor
Enhanced bioreactor cell
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Gas Turbine Semi-Radiant Burner - Alzeta Corporation
Description: Gas turbine combustor that
allows fuel to be premixed with large quantities of air prior to combustion
Benefits: Lower NOX emissions without
SCR; Cheaper than post-combustion
clean-up systems; Allows deployment of smaller
turbines for DG; and CEC is receiving royalties from
Alzeta
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Xonon Cool Combustion System - Catalytica Energy Systems, Inc.
Description: Gas turbine combustion
system that controls combustion temperature to prevent the formation of NOX.
Benefits: Lower NOX emissions without
SCR Allows deployment of smaller
turbines for DG Expandable to large, central
station turbines Use with Kawasaki turbine
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Dynamic Transmission Line Rating
Congestion cost $169M on Path 15 in 4th Qtr 2000
System monitors line’s tension in real-time
Path 15 demonstration indicating greater than 390 MW increased capacity
Environmental benefit through delay/avoidance of new transmission corridors
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Composite Reinforced Aluminum Conductor
Fiber optics (for future applications)
Composite plastics core toenhance mechanical strength
Aluminum cover
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Dry Cooling Spray Enhancement
Water shortfalls predicted to reach 2.4 million acre-feet in 2020
A 500 MW power plant uses 3 millions gpd of water
Dry cooling is an option but with decreased efficiency and higher costs
CEC is funding development of a hybrid system that couples traditional dry cooling with spray nozzles to improve efficiency
Spray enhancement provides 7-14 MW increase at Crockett on a hot day
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Climate Change Research and Assessment Activities are Just Starting
Research center on regional climate change:
Focus will be physical sciences and regional modeling
Additional studies on ecological and economic impacts
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
California Can Have a Voice in the On-Going Debate
Major emitter of GHG Excellent environmental track record
energy efficiency and fuel mix environmental laws
New policies and programs focused on GHG An aggressive Public Goods Energy R&D
Program for meeting the challenge