PD0010800A 9-92

CALIBRATING METERS AND TRANSDUCERSWITH THE MODEL 1040C

PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

ARBITER SYSTEMS, INC.1324 VENDELS CIRCLE, SUITE 121PASO ROBLES, CA 93446(805) 237-3831 FAX (805) 238-5717 PD0010800A 9-92

ii

Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1

Using the 1040C for Calibrating Single Phase Devices............................................ 2

A.C. Voltage.................................................................................................. 2

A.C. Current .................................................................................................. 2

A.C. Power .................................................................................................... 3

A.C. Frequency ............................................................................................. 3

Phase Angle................................................................................................... 4

Power Factor ................................................................................................. 4

Volt-Amps and Volt-Amps Reactive ............................................................ 5

Using the 1040C for Calibrating Polyphase Devices................................................ 7

A.C. Voltage.................................................................................................. 7

A.C. Current .................................................................................................. 7

A.C. Power .................................................................................................... 7

Phase Angle................................................................................................... 8

Power Factor ................................................................................................. 8

Volt-Amps and Volt-Amps Reactive ............................................................ 10

Calibrating Transducers Using the Null Comparison Method.................................. 11

Connection Diagrams................................................................................................ 12

Phase, Power Factor, and VAR Convention Diagram .............................................. 23

Appendix A: Meter Examples.................................................................................. 24

1

Calibrating Meters and Transducerswith the Arbiter Systems 1040C

Panel Meter Calibrator

Introduction

Because of the variety of parametersinvolved, in-house and field calibration ofmeters and transducers used in the powerindustry has in the past required severalspecialized instruments. The ArbiterSystems Model 1040C Panel MeterCalibrator has incorporated all of thenecessary functions into a single portableunit, designed specifically for the task. Thepurpose of this document is to provide aguideline for using the 1040C to calibratecommonly used meters and transducers.

The 1040C Panel Meter Calibrator isused by service and calibration professionalsin the power generation and distributionfields, to measure and/or insure the accuracyof various meters and transducers used ingenerating facilities and substations. Theinstrument is also used by the U.S. Navy, toperform similar calibrations on equipmentused for shipboard power generation anddistribution.

The 1040C Panel Meter Calibrator can beconfigured to perform eight calibrationfunctions:

-Voltage (ac and dc);-Current (ac and dc);-Frequency;-Power;-Power Factor;-Phase;-VARs;-Synchroscope.

A front panel keyboard and display allowdirect selection of values for all of theparameters shown above. Entered values can

be further modified using a knob also locatedon the front panel. A percent deviation keyprovides a simple method of determining thepercentage of error for the meter ortransducer under test. An internal memoryallows storage of up to 99 instrumentconfigurations for repetitive calibration tasks.Many of the operations performed via thefront panel can be duplicated using theincluded hand-held control unit. Deviceswhich operate within the following rangescan be calibrated with the 1040C:

-A.C. Voltage: 1.5 Vrms to 750 Vrms.

-A.C. Current: 0.1 Arms to 7.5 Arms.

-D.C. Voltage: 0.01 Vdc to 1000 Vdc.

-D.C. Current: 0.1 mAdc to 10.5 Adc.

-Frequency: 50 Hz to 75 Hz, 333 Hzto 500 Hz.

-A.C. Power: 1.5 VA to 5625 VA.

-Power Factor: 0.0 to 1.0, lead or lag.

-Phase: +180 to -180 degrees.

-VARs: 1.5 VA to 5625 VA.

-Synchroscope: Selection between 0 and180 degrees.

2

Using the 1040C for Calibrating Single Phase Devices

A.C. Voltage

Representative schematics are given infigure 1 for typical circuit installations ofsingle phase ac voltage meters andtransducers. Connection of these instrumentsto the 1040C for calibration is a very simpleprocess, illustrated in figure 2. The 1040Ccurrent output leads are not used, and can beleft disconnected. The voltage output leadsshould be connected to the voltage input ofthe meter or transducer (figures 2a, 2c). Ifthe meter or transducer uses an externalpotential transformer, it must be insertedbetween the 1040C voltage output leads andthe input voltage leads of the unit under test(see Figure 2b, 2d). The user should thenselect the proper operating frequency, either60 Hz or 400 Hz, and press the "Voltage"key to put the instrument into the voltageoutput mode. The desired voltage shouldthen be entered, using the keypad, followedby the appropriate units. After this iscompleted, pressing the "Operate" key willenable the voltage output, which willincrease to the value entered. An equal signon the front panel display indicates that theoutput voltage has stabilized at the desiredvalue. The calibration procedure for themeter or transducer under test can then beperformed. For more complete instructionson operation of the 1040C in the ac voltagemode, refer to section 2.5.3 of the operationmanual.

A.C. Current

Calibration of a single phase transduceror meter for ac current follows virtually thesame process as for ac voltage meters andtransducers, except that only the currentoutput of the 1040C is used, rather than onlythe voltage output. Representativeschematics are given in figure 3 for typicalcircuit installations of single phase ac current

meters and transducers. Connection of theseinstruments to the 1040C for calibration isillustrated in figure 4. The 1040C voltageoutput leads are not used, and can be leftdisconnected. The current output leadsshould be connected to the current input ofthe meter or transducer (figures 4a, 4c). Ifthe meter or transducer uses an externalcurrent transformer, one output lead of the1040C should be routed through the center ofthe current transformer and connected to theother lead (see Figure 4b, 4d). The usershould then select the proper operatingfrequency, either 60 Hz or 400 Hz, and pressthe "Current" key to put the instrument intothe current output mode. The desired currentshould then be entered, using the keypad,followed by the appropriate units. After thisis completed, pressing the "Operate" key willenable the current output, which will increaseto the value entered. An equal sign on thefront panel display indicates that the outputcurrent has stabilized at the desired value.The calibration procedure for the meter ortransducer under test can then be performed.For more complete instructions on operationof the 1040C in the ac current mode, refer tosection 2.5.5 of the operation manual.

3

A.C. Power

Typical circuit connections for single-phase ac watt meters and transducers aregiven in figure 5. Calibration of these typesof devices requires use of both the voltageand current outputs of the 1040C.Representative calibration connectiondiagrams for these types of devices are givenin figure 6. The 1040C voltage output leadsare connected to the voltage terminals of themeter or transducer, and the 1040C currentoutput leads are connected to the currentinput terminals of the meter or transducer(figures 6a and 6c). If the meter ortransducer uses an external currenttransformer, one of the current output leadsof the 1040C should be passed through thecenter of the current transformer, and thenshorted to the other lead. If the meter ortransducer uses an external potentialtransformer, then likewise it must be insertedbetween the 1040C voltage output leads andthe input voltage leads of the unit under test.Refer to figures 6b and 6d for theseconnections. The user should then select theproper operating frequency, either 60 Hz or400 Hz. The "Power" key should be pressed,which will place the 1040C into the powermode, enabling both the voltage and currentoutputs for simultaneous operation. The"Voltage" key should then be pressed, andthe desired voltage entered using the keypad,followed by "V". After this, the "Current"key should be pressed and the desired currententered using the keypad, followed by "A".After this is completed, pressing the"Operate" key will enable the outputs, whichwill increase to the respective values entered.An equal sign on the front panel displayindicates that the current and voltage outputs,and the phase angle between them, havestabilized at the proper values. Thecalibration procedure for the meter ortransducer under test can then be performed.The power value can be varied using thecontrol knob or the up/down arrows, but it is

important to note that it is only the currentthat changes; the voltage remains constant.For more complete instructions on operationof the 1040C in the ac power mode, refer tosection 2.5.6 of the operation manual.

A.C. Frequency

Calibration of ac frequency is anotherprocedure that requires the use of only the1040C voltage output. The connections arethe same as for the volt meter or transducer(Figure 2). After connection, the frequencyrange (i.e. 60Hz, 400Hz) is selected, then"Voltage" is pressed. The operator thenenters the voltage value which is appropriatefor the device under test, followed by thevoltage unit key. Fine adjustment of thefrequency can be accomplished by firstpressing the "Frequency" key, then using theadjust knob or up/down keys to select thevalue. A value for frequency can also beentered via the keyboard, by first pressing"Frequency", entering the value, thenpressing the "Hz" key. When the "Operate"key is pressed, the voltage output will beenabled and the calibration procedure for thedevice under test may be performed. Formore complete instructions on frequencyoperation of the 1040C, refer to section 2.5.8of the operation manual.

4

Phase Angle

Calibration of phase angle meters ortransducers for single phase operationrequires use of both the voltage and currentoutputs of the 1040C. The representativecircuit connection diagrams for these types ofdevices are the same as for the ac powermeters and transducers, given in figure 5.Typical connections for calibration are alsothe same as for ac power meters andtransducers, and are given in figure 6. Forcalibration, the 1040C voltage output leadsare connected to the voltage terminals of themeter or transducer, and the 1040C currentoutput leads are connected to the currentinput terminals of the meter or transducer(figure 6a and 6c). If the meter or transduceruses an external current transformer, one ofthe current output leads of the 1040C shouldbe passed through the center of the currenttransformer, and then shorted to the otherlead. If the meter or transducer uses anexternal potential transformer, then likewiseit must be inserted between the 1040Cvoltage output leads and the input voltageleads of the unit under test. Refer to figures6b and 6d for these two types of connections.The 1040C should first be configured tooperate in the ac power mode, as described inparagraph 2.5.6, and the appropriate voltageand current values should be selected. Afterthe outputs have been enabled and the phaseangle meter or transducer under test has beenobserved to be indicating zero, press the"Phase" button. This will allow shifting ofthe relative phase between the voltage andthe current outputs. The desired phase anglecan now be entered directly, via the keypad,and followed by the appropriate units(degrees). A negative value for phase anglecorresponds to the output current lagging theoutput voltage. After entering the value forphase angle, the operator may adjust thevalue by using the control knob, or by usingthe "Up" or "Down" keys. For morecomplete instructions on operation of the

1040C for phase angle calibrations, refer tosection 2.5.1 of the operation manual.

Power Factor

The Power Factor in a circuit is equal tothe cosine of the phase angle between thevoltage and the current. With this in mind,any power factor can be simulated byadjusting the phase relationship between thevoltage and current, which can beaccomplished quite easily with the 1040C.Two methods can be used:

• The required phase angle can be entereddirectly via the keypad, as described inthe section on phase angle calibration;

• The power factor can be entered directly,by first pressing the "Power Factor" key,then using the adjust knob to vary thedisplayed power factor. This methodallows entry of lead or lag power factorvalues without having to first calculatethe corresponding phase angle.

For an illustration of the relationshipbetween phase angle and power factor in the1040C, refer to figure 12.

In order to accomplish power factorindication, some transducer manufacturersrecommend using one of their phase angletransducers and performing a mathematicalconversion on the output signal. This can bedone manually, using conversion tablessupplied by the manufacturer, orautomatically, using a meter having cosinescaling. Typical transducer applicationcircuit connections and calibration setupconnections are usually the same as those fora phase angle, watt, or var transducer, asshown in figures 5 and 6. Calibration can beperformed using the connections in figure 6and one of the methods outlined above, andin accordance with the transducermanufacturers recommendations.

Power factor output is also commonlyavailable as an additional feature on single

5

and multi-phase watt transducers. In thiscase, the transducer is connected in the samemanner as a conventional watt transducer(refer to figures 5 and 6).

Typical applications of power factormeters for single-phase systems involvecircuit connections which are similar, if notidentical to those employed by single phasewatt and var meters. In light of this,representative circuit and calibrationconnection diagrams for these meters areshown in figures 5 and 6. When connectedper the calibration setup diagram, calibrationof single-phase power factor meters can beperformed using one of the methods givenabove, and in accordance with the metermanufacturer's recommendations. For moredetailed instructions on operating the 1040Cfor calibration of power factor, refer tosection 2.5.1 of the operation manual.

Volt-Amps and Volt-Amps Reactive

Volt-Amps is the product of the rmsvoltage and the rms current in a circuit,without regard to the phase angle betweenthem. Another term commonly used todescribe this parameter is apparent power. Ifa separate rms ammeter and rms voltmeterwere used to measure the current andvoltage, respectively, and the two valueswere multiplied together, the result would bethe apparent power. This is not an indicationof the amount of work that can be done,however; if the phase angle is 90 degrees(power factor is zero), the true poweravailable is zero.

Volt-amps reactive (SI unit=var) is thesame as volt-amps, but with the phase anglebetween voltage and current factored in.Vars are a measure of the amount of powerrequired by the reactive portion of a load,and actually represents circulating current inthe circuit. Vars are calculated as theproduct of the RMS voltage, the RMScurrent, and the sine of the phase angle

between the two. For an illustration of therelationship between phase angle and varswhen using the 1040C, refer to figure 12.

The 1040C has a provision for displayingand modifying both volt-amps and vars;successively pressing the "Power" key duringoperation will first display watts, then vars,then volt-amps. The user can continueindefinitely to scroll through these threechoices.

Some points of interest regarding va andvar measurements:

It is important to note that unless there isa phase angle of greater than zerobetween voltage and current, the varvalue will be zero. Also, since va and varindications are sub-functions of thepower mode, adjustment of these valuesusing direct entry, the control knob, orthe up/down keys affects the value bychanging only the current, not the voltageor the phase angle. The current can onlybe modified to a point within the currentrange of the 1040C. If the necessarycurrent exceeds this range, the displaywill indicate "Entry Error". Additionally,if the phase angle is set to zero and theuser attempts to enter any var value otherthan zero, "Entry Error" will be indicated.This is because under these conditions,no value of voltage or current willproduce anything other than zero vars.

Typical applications of va and var metersor transducers for single-phase systemsinvolve circuit connections which aresimilar, if not identical to those employed bysingle phase watt and power factor metersand transducers. Therefore, representativecircuit connections and calibrationconnections for these devices are shown infigures 5 and 6, respectively. Whenconnected per the calibration setup diagram,calibration of these instruments can beperformed in accordance with the metermanufacturer's recommendations. For more

6

detailed instructions on operating the 1040Cin the volt-amps and volt-amps reactivemodes, refer to section 2.5.6 of the operationmanual.

7

Using the 1040C for Calibrating Polyphase Devices

A.C. Voltage

Commercially available multi-phasevoltage transducers frequently consist ofmore than one single-phase model from themanufacturers product line, repackaged intoa common enclosure. In many cases, theoutputs remain separate and independent.The procedure for calibration of these typesof transducers is virtually identical to that ofthe single-phase voltage transducer. Thethree elements can be connected in parallelacross the voltage output of the 1040C, asshown in figure 7a, provided that thecombined current demand of the elementsdoes not exceed the burden capability of the1040C (refer to table 1.2 in the operationmanual). Multiple voltmeters may also beconnected to the 1040C in the same manner,as shown in figure 7b, with the same totalcurrent burden restriction.

A.C. Current

Like their ac voltage counterparts,commercially available multi-phase currenttransducers frequently consist of more thanone single-phase model from themanufacturers product line, repackaged intoa common enclosure. In many cases, theoutputs remain separate and independent.The procedure for calibration of these typesof transducers is nearly identical to that ofthe single-phase current transducer. Thethree elements can be connected (in series)across the current output leads of the 1040C,as shown in figure 8a, provided that thecombined voltage drop across the elementsdoes not exceed the burden capability of the1040C (refer to table 1.1 in the operationmanual). Multiple current meters may alsobe connected to the 1040C in the samemanner, as shown in figure 8b, with the sametotal voltage burden restriction.

A.C. Power

Power measurement in a three-phase,four-wire system requires three completewatt meters or watt transducers (each wattmeter or transducer consists of one currentelement and one voltage element). Figure 9ashows a typical connection diagram formeasurements of this type. A current sensingelement is placed in series with each of thethree phases, and a voltage sensing elementis connected between each of the phases andthe neutral wire. It is unnecessary tomeasure the neutral current directly, sinceany current flowing in the neutral conductorwill be simultaneously flowing in one ormore of the phases and will thus bemeasured.

Power measurement in a three-phase,three-wire system requires two complete wattmeters or watt transducers. Figure 9b showsa connection diagram for this type ofmeasurement. Again, the number of currentelements required is equal to one less thanthe number of current-carrying conductors,since any current in the non-instrumentedconductor must simultaneously be flowing inone or both of the others. The voltageelements are connected to the two phaseshaving the current elements, with thecommon point for the voltage elements beingthe third phase.

Calibration of multi-element watttransducers or meters can be accomplishedusing the setup shown in figure 10.Basically, all of the current elements wouldbe connected in series and placed across thecurrent output of the 1040C, and all of thevoltage elements would be connected inparallel and placed across the voltage outputof the 1040C. Again, current and potentialtransformers are shown for reference.Phasing of the elements is of great

8

importance for accuracy of the calibration.All current elements should be wired thesame way, and all voltage elements should bein phase. The only exception to this rulewould be for 2 1/2 element transducers,which are sometimes used in order to savethe cost of one potential transformer. Themissing potential input is accounted formathematically, so during calibration one ofthe current transformers must be reversed,and special calculations apply. Whencalibrating 2 1/2 element transducers, theproduct documentation for the device shouldbe consulted for proper procedures.

Phase Angle

Wiring connections for phase angletransducers used in three-phase systems atfirst glance may appear somewhatunorthodox. Typically, a single voltageelement and a single current element areused. The current element is placed in serieswith one of the phases, or, if used, a currenttransformer is placed around the conductorfor that phase. The voltage element is wiredbetween the remaining two phases,sometimes employing a potentialtransformer. Refer to figure 11a for a typicalapplication circuit. If the phase anglebetween the voltage and the current in thecircuit is zero, the net voltage between thetwo measured phases (or the output voltageof the potential transformer) will be offsetfrom the current measured in the third phaseby 90 degrees. The two input signals arecompared internally, and a dc voltagecorresponding to the phase angle is outputfrom the transducer.

Connections for use of a 1040C tocalibrate this type of phase angle transducerare shown in figure 11b. The 1040C voltageoutput leads are connected to the voltageterminals of the transducer, and the 1040Ccurrent output leads are connected to thecurrent input terminals of the meter ortransducer. If the transducer uses an external

current transformer, one of the current outputleads of the 1040C should be passed throughthe center of the current transformer, andthen shorted to the other lead. If the meter ortransducer uses an external potentialtransformer, then likewise it must be insertedbetween the 1040C voltage output leads andthe input voltage leads of the unit under test.The 1040C should first be configured tooperate in the ac power mode, and theappropriate voltage and current values shouldbe selected. Next, a calibration phase anglevalue must be entered, keeping in mind thatfor indication of zero phase from thetransducer output, the input voltage must beoffset from the input current by 90 degrees(whether this is a lead or lag conditiondepends on the individual transducermanufacturer. The calibration procedure forthe phase angle transducer can now beperformed. For more complete instructionson operation of the 1040C for phase anglecalibrations, refer to section 2.5.1 of theoperation manual.

Power Factor

In order to accomplish power factorindication, some transducer manufacturersrecommend using one of their phase angletransducers and performing a mathematicalconversion on the output signal. This can bedone manually, using conversion tablessupplied by the manufacturer, orautomatically using a meter having cosinescaling. If a phase angle transducer isemployed for this purpose, the connectionswill be the same as those illustrated in figure11.

Power factor output is also commonlyavailable as an additional feature on singleand multi-phase watt transducers. In thiscase, the transducer is connected in the samemanner as a conventional multi-phase watttransducer (refer to figure 9).

9

Regardless of the type of transducer ormeter employed, the 1040C has a provisionfor direct calibration of power factor. Asstated earlier in this document, the powerfactor in a circuit is equal to the cosine of thephase angle between the voltage and thecurrent. With this in mind, any power factorcan be simulated by adjusting the phaserelationship between the voltage and current,which can be accomplished quite easily withthe 1040C. Two methods can be used:

• The required phase angle can be entereddirectly via the keypad, as described inthe section on phase angle calibration;

• The power factor can be entered directly,by first pressing the "Power Factor" key,then using the adjust knob to vary thedisplayed power factor. This methodallows entry of lead or lag power factorvalues without having to first calculatethe corresponding phase angle.

Calibration of the transducer should beperformed according to the instrumentmanufacturer's recom-mendations.

Typical applications of power factormeters for multi-phase systems involvecircuit connections which are similar, if notidentical to those employed by multi-phasephase angle transducers. Generally, thecurrent is measured in one phase, and acomparison is made between it and the netvoltage between the remaining two phases.Substituting a meter for the transducersshown in figure 11 will give a goodindication of the type of connectionsnecessary for typical applications andcalibration.

For more detailed instructions onoperating the 1040C for calibration of powerfactor, refer to section 2.5.1 of the operationmanual.

10

Volt-Amps and Volt-Amps Reactive

Refer to the single-phase volt-amps andvolt-amps reactive section of this documentfor definitions of these parameters.

The 1040C has a provision for displayingand modifying both volt-amps and vars;successively pressing the "Power" key duringoperation will first display watts, then vars,then volt-amps. The user can continueindefinitely to scroll through these threechoices.

Some points of interest regarding va andvar measurements:

It is important to note that unless there isa phase angle of greater than zero betweenvoltage and current, the var value will bezero. Also, since va and var indications aresub-functions of the power mode, adjustmentof these values using direct entry, the controlknob, or the up/down keys affects the valueby changing only the current, not the voltageor the phase angle. The current can only bemodified to a point within the current rangeof the 1040C. If the necessary currentexceeds this range, the display will indicate"Entry Error". Additionally, if the phaseangle is set to zero and the user attempts toenter any var value other than zero, "EntryError" will be indicated. This is becauseunder these conditions, no value of voltage orcurrent will produce anything other than zerovars.

Typical applications of va and var metersor transducers for multi-phase systemsinvolve circuit connections which aresimilar, if not identical to those employed bymulti-phase watt and power factor metersand transducers. Therefore, representativecircuit connections and calibrationconnections for these devices are shown infigures 9 and 10, respectively. Whenconnected per the calibration setup diagram,calibration of these instruments can be

performed in accordance with the metermanufacturer's recommendations. For moredetailed instructions on operating the 1040Cin the volt-amps and volt-amps reactivemodes, refer to section 2.5.6 of the operationmanual.

11

Calibrating Transducers Using the Null Comparison Method

The null comparison method isfrequently recommended by transducermanufacturers, since it eliminates many ofthe variables that can be encountered in thecourse of a conventional calibration. Thebasic procedure for performing a nullcomparison calibration is as follows: Theinputs of a precision standard are connectedin parallel with the inputs of the transducerunder test, and the appropriate sourcevoltages and/or currents are applied. Adifferential meter is connected between theoutputs of the precision standard and thetransducer under test, and the zero and spansettings of the transducer under test areadjusted until the differential meter dislayszero. The advantage of this method is thatsince the input signals are exactly the same,the accuracy of the source (and theequipment used to measure it) areinconsequential. The calibration accuracy isdependent only on the individual accuraciesof the precision standard and of thedifferential meter.

Precision standards are usually availablefrom the manufacturers of the transducers,and typically have accuracies of 0.1%. Thedisadvantage of using precision standards isthat for each type of transducer to becalibrated, a different precision standard isrequired. Use of the 1040C eliminates theneed for these various precision standards,since all of the necessary functions can begenerated from one unit. Also, since the1040C is a precision source and no externalmeters are necessary, the simplicity of thecalibration procedure is about the same asthat of the null comparison method.

12

a) Voltmeter, Typical Installation,no Potential Transformer

V

L1

N

L1

N

LINE

V

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

L1

N

LINE

L1

N

LOAD

c) Voltage Transducer, TypicalInstallation, no Potential Transformer

LOAD

Figure 1Single-Phase Voltage Meters and Transducers,

Typical Circuit Connections

V

LINE

L1

N

L1

N

b) Voltmeter, Typical Installation,with Potential Transformer

LOAD

V

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

L1

N

LINE

L1

N

d) Voltage Transducer, TypicalInstallation, with Potential Transformer

LOAD

13

a) Voltmeter Calibration Connections,no Potential Transformer

V

V

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

c) Voltage Transducer Calibration Connections,no Potential Transformer

Figure 2Single-Phase Voltage Meters and Transducers,

Typical Circuit Connections

1040C

Vout

1040C

Vout

R B

V

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

d) Voltage Transducer Calibration Connections,with Potential Transformer

1040C

Vout

R B

V

b) Voltmeter Calibration Connections,with Potential Transformer

1040C

Vout

R B

R B

14

a) Current Meter, Typical Installation,no Current Transformer

b) Current Meter, Typical Installation,with Current Transformer

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

L1

N

LOAD

L1

N

LINE

c) Current Transducer, Typical Installation,no Current Transformer

d) Current Transducer, Typical Installation,with Current Transformer

L1

N

L1

N

LINE

LOAD

Figure 3Single-Phase Current Meters and Transducers,

Typical Circuit Connections

LINE N

L1 L1

N

LOAD

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

LINE N

L1 L1

N

LOAD

15

a) Current Meter Calibration Connections,no Current Transformer

b) Current Meter Calibration Connections,with Current Transformer

c) Current Transducer Calibration Connections,no Current Transformer

d) Current Transducer Calibration Connections,with Current Transformer

Figure 4Single-Phase Current Meters and Transducers,

Calibration Connections

R B

1040C

out

1040C

out

R B

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

1040C

out

R B

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

1040C

out

R B

16

a) W/Var/PF Meter, Typical Installation,no Current or Potential Transformers

b) W/Var/PF Meter, Typical Installation,with Current and Potential Transformers

W/Var/PF

W/Var/PF/PA

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

c) W/Var/PF Transducer, Typical Installation,no Current or Potential Transformers

d) W/Var/PF/PA Transducer, Typical Installation,with Current and Potential Transformers

Figure 5Single-Phase Watt, Var, or Power Factor Meters and

Watt, Var, Power Factor, or Phase Transducers,Typical Circuit Connections

CurrentConnections

VoltageConnections

CurrentConnections

VoltageConnections

L1

N

LINE

LOAD

L1

N

W/Var/PF

CurrentConnections

VoltageConnections

L1L1

N N

LOAD

LINE

L1

N

LINE

LOAD

L1

N

W/Var/PF/PA

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

CurrentConnections

VoltageConnections

L1L1

N N

LOAD

LINE

17

W/Var/PF

a) W/Var/PF Meter Calibration Connections,no Current or Potential Transformers

b) W/Var/PF Meter Calibration Connections,with Current and Potential Transformers

W/Var/PF

W/Var/PF/PA

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

W/Var/PF/PA

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

c) W/Var/PF/PA Transducer Calibration Connections,no Current or Potential Transformers

d) W/Var/PF/PA Transducer Calibration Connections,with Current and Potential Transformers

Figure 6Single-Phase Watt, Var, or Power Factor Meters and

Watt, Var, Power Factor, or Phase Transducers, Calibration Connections

R B RB

1040C

out Vout

CurrentConnections

VoltageConnections

CurrentConnections

VoltageConnections

R B B R

1040C

out Vout

1040C

out Vout

RBR B

CurrentConnections

VoltageConnections

B R

1040C

out Vout

R B

CurrentConnections

VoltageConnections

18

Figure 7Calibration of Multiple Voltage Transducers or Meters

V

1

1 1 1ZA ZB ZC

Total Burden Current =

Where:V= Output Voltage of 1040C

Zx= Impedance of Transducer orMeter x, at Frequencyof Operation

c) Burden Calculation

b) Meters

1040C

out Vout

VA VB VC

R B

1040C

out Vout

A B C

Vin Vin Vin

+-+-+-

} Outputs,To DVM(s)

R B

a) Transducers

Inst.

Pwr.

+ +. . .

19

Figure 8Calibration of Multiple Current Transducers or Meters

Total Burden Voltage =

Where:= Output Current of 1040C

Zx= Impedance of Transducer xat Frequency of Operation

c) Burden Calculations

1040C

out

VA VB VC

b) Meters

a) Transducers

1040C

out

A B C

in in in

} Outputs,To DVM(s)

R B

Inst.

Pwr.

ZA + ZB + ZC . . .

+-+-+-

R B

20

Figure 9Multi-Phase Power Measurement Techniques

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

A B C

a) Circuit Connections for Power Measurement in a 3 Phase,4 Wire System, using a 3-Element Transducer

L1

L2

LINE

L1

L2

LOAD

L3

N

in Vin in inVin Vin

L3

N

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output

L1

L2

LINE

L3

in Vin in Vin

L1

L2

LOAD

L3

A B

b) Circuit Connections for Power Measurement in a 3 Phase,3 Wire System, Using a 2-Element Transducer

21

Figure 10Calibration Connections for 3-Element Watt Transducer.

Current and Potential Transformers are included for reference.

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output(to D.V.M.)

A B C

in Vin in inVin Vin

1040C

Vout out

R B

R B

22

Figure 11Phase Angle Transducer

a) Typical Circuit Connections

L1

L2

LINE

L1

L2

LOAD

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output(to D.V.M.)

in Vin

L3

N

L3

N

Note: Wiring Also Appliesfor 3 Phase 3 Wire System

Inst.Pwr.

+-

Output(to D.V.M.)

in Vin

1040C

Voutout

b) Typical Calibration Connections

R B

R B

23

Current Leads Voltage

Phase = +90˚PF = 0 LeadVars = -1.0 • VAW = 0

Voltage Leads Current

Phase = -90˚PF = 0 LagVars = +1.0 • VAW = 0

Phase = +135˚PF = -.707 LeadVars = -.707 • VAW = -.707 • VA

Phase = +45˚PF = +.707 LeadVars = -.707 • VAW = +.707 VA

Phase = 180˚PF = -1.0Vars = 0W = -VA

Phase = 0˚PF = 1.0Vars = 0W = VA

Phase = -135˚PF = -.707 LagVars = +.707 • VAW = -.707 • VA

Phase = -45˚PF = +.707 LagVars = +.707 • VAW = +.707 • VA

Conventions Used in the 1040C:

Power Factor = Cos θVars = Vrms • Irms • Sin (-θ)Watts = Vrms • Irms • Cos θVA = Vrms • rms

Where: θ (Theta) = Phase Angle betweenvoltage and current. A negativenumber indicates that currentis lagging voltage.Example:

Figure 12Phase, Power Factor, and VAR Conventions

Employed by the 1040C Panel Meter Calibrator

Phase Angle = -90˚

V

24

Appendix AMeter Examples

The following pages contain connection diagrams for use in calibrating various types ofYokogawa panel meters. These illustrations are for reference only; the manufacturer's datasheets should be consulted to insure proper connections.

25

+

AUX. V.

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

REMOTE

Black

Red

AC AMMETER

YOKOGAWA 103131

+

AUX. V.

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

REMOTE

Black

Red

AC VOLTMETERYOKOGAWA 103021

26

1

45 6

7 8

3

2

AUX. V.

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

REMOTE

Red

BlackB

lack

Red

3 WIRE, 3 PHASE WATTMETERYOKOGAWA 10322

103712

1

4 5 6

9 11

7 8

2

3

4 WIRE, 3 PHASE WATTMETER

AUX. V.

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

REMOTE

Red

Black

Red

Black

YOKOGAWA 10325103732

27

1

43

2

SINGLE PHASE WATTMETER AND VARMETER

AUX. V.

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

REMOTE

Red

Black

Black

Red

YOKOGAWA 1032110370210331103762

(WATT)(WATT)(VAR)(VAR)

1

4

5 6

7 8

3

2

3 WIRE, 3 PHASE VARMETER

AUX. V.

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

REMOTE

Black

Red

Red

Black

YOKOGAWA 1038121032810332103772

28

1

4

5

6

9 11

7 8

2

3

AUX. V.

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

REMOTE

Red

Red

Black

Black

4 WIRE, 3 PHASE, 2 1/2 ELEMENT VARMETER

YOKOGAWA 10329103742

+

FREQUENCY METER

AUX. V.

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

REMOTE

YOKOGAWA 103372

Black

Red

29

1

43

2

AUX. V.

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

REMOTE

Red

Black

BlackR

ed

SINGLE PHASE POWER FACTOR METERYOKOGAWA 103412

1

45 6

7 8

3

2

3 PHASE POWER FACTOR METERFOR BALANCED SYSTEM

AUX. V.

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

REMOTE

Red

Red

Black

Black

YOKOGAWA 103462

30

1

4

5

6

9 11

7 8

2

3

4 WIRE, 3 PHASE POWER FACTOR METER

AUX. V.

VOLTAGE

CURRENT

1040C PANEL METER CALIBRATOR

REMOTE

Black

RedB

lack

Red

YOKOGAWA 103472