Cakmak agronomics

SYMPOSIA:

Biofortification through

Agronomic Practices

Zinc

Estimated

2 billion

Zn, Fe, Se and I Deficiencies:

Global Malnutrition Problem

www.harvestplus.org

Iron

Estimated 2

billion

Children particularly sensitive

>450,000 deaths/year

children under 5 – 4.4%

attributed to Zn

deficiency

Black et al. 2008

The Lancet Maternal and Child

Undernutrition Series

“ZINC SAVES KIDS”

Campaign

International Zinc Association

Major Reason: Low Dietary Intake

High Consumption Cereal Based Foods

with Low Micronutrient Concentrations

In number of developing countries,

cereals contributes nearly 75 % of

the daily calorie intake.

Solutions to Micronutrient Deficiencies

• Supplementation

• Food Fortification(not affordable in rural regions)

Golden Wheat Fortfied with Zn

Increase in Concentration of

Non-Nutritive Elements

(especially Cadmium and

Arsenic) in Food Crops is a

Growing Concern

Agricultural Solutions(Breeding and Fertilizer Approaches)

•Breeding

•Agronomy/Fertilizers

Biofortification through

Agronomic Practices

Short-Term Solution

F. Zhang

SYMPOSIA SPEAKERSIsmail Cakmak (Sabanci

University, Istanbul)

• Fertilizer Strategy forImproving Grain Zinc and Iron Concentrations

Maha V. Singh (Indian Institute of Soil Science -ICAR)

• Detrimental Effects of Soil Zinc Deficiency on Crop Production and Human Nutrition in India

Graham Lyons (University of Adelaide Waite Campus)

• Agronomic Biofortificationto Reduce SeleniumDeficiency in HumanPopulations: Achievements and Challenges

Cynthia Grant (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada)

• Agronomic Practices to Reduce Non-Nutritive Elements in Food Crops

Rapporteur: Rufus Chaney,

Research Agronomist, USDA

Fertilizer Strategy for Improving Grain

Zinc and Iron Concentrations

Ismail Cakmak

Sabanci University, Istanbul

Zn Deficiency: Global Micronutrient Deficiency in Soils

Alloway, 2007. IZA Publications, Brussels

Widespread

Medium

+Zn-Zn

When Zn is deficient in soil or plant

Grain Zn:

12 mg kg-1

Grain Zn:

35 mg kg-1

A successful breeding program for biofortifying cereals with micronutrients greatly depends

on the amount of plant-available pools of micronutrients in the soil and/or leaf tissue for

translocation into grain

On soils with low plant available Zn: 8-15 ppm

On soils with adeqate plant available Zn: 20-35 ppm

Cakmak et al., 2010 Cereal Chem.

Range of Grain Zn Concentration

in Wheat in Turkey:

For a better Zn and Fe nutrition of human beings, cereal grains should contain around

40-60 mg Zn or Fe kg-1

Current Situation: 10-30 mg kg-1

Human Zinc Deficiency

Moderate

Not sufficient data available

Low

High

http://www.izincg.org/

Widespread Zn Deficiency

Medium Zn DeficiencyAlloway, 2004. IZA Publications, Brussels

Soil Zinc Deficiency

Soil and Human Zn Deficiency: geographical overlap

Application of Micronutrient

Fertilizers

Application of Zn- or Fe-containing fertilizers

offers a rapid solution to the problem, and

represents an important complementary

approach to on-going breeding programs for

developing new genotypes with high Zn or Fe

density in grain.

Global Zinc Fertilizer Project

Canada Germany

Brazil

Zimbabwe

Zambia

Mozambique

South Africa

Ethiopia

Pakistan

India

Kazakhstan

Iran

Laos

China

Thailand

Australia

Turkey

International Zinc Assoc.

Coordinating Institution: Sabanci University

Global Zinc Fertilizer Project

Mexico

Project objectives

• to test Zn-containing N-P-K fertilizers for increasing root Zn uptake and improving grain Zn concentration

• to identify the effective foliar Zn application for promoting Zn accumulation in the grain

• to determine an effective combination of soil and foliar application of Zn fertilizers for increasing Zn concentration in the grain

• to characterize seed deposition of the leaf-applied Zn

• to achieve capacity building through close cooperation and dissemination activities among scientists, agronomists, extension staff and local farmers in the target countries

1) Standard/ Local Farmers’ Application (LS)

2) LS + Soil Zn (50 kg ZnSO4/ha)

3) LS +Foliar Zn (0.5 % for wheat and rice, 0.3 % for maize).

4) LS + Soil Zn+ Foliar Zn

5) LS + Foliar OMEX-Type-I

6) LS+ OMEX-Type-II

7) LS+Urea-Zn + adjustments (same rates of N, P, K

8) LS+Mosaic MESZ-Zn (and + adjustments)

9) LS+KALI KornKali-Zn (and + adjustments)

10) LS+KALI Korn Kali-Zn + Foliar Zn (+ adjustments)

11) LS+ Mosaic MESZ-Zn + Foliar Zn (+ adjustments)

12) LS+Urea MESZ+Kali+ foliar Zn

Fertilizer Treatments

Effect of Soil and/or Foliar Applied

ZnSO4 on Grain yield and Grain Zn

Concentrations in Wheat

Soil Zn Application : 25 to 50 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1

Foliar Zn Application: Generally 2 times: before and

after flowering (1 to 4 kg ZnSO4 ha-1)

Clinton Global Initiative highlighted the importance of

Zn-containing fertilizers to alleviate Zn deficiency

problem in human populations at 5th Annual Event in

September 24, 2009

Rice Trials in Thailand

Maize Trials in Zambia

Wheat Trials in India

Maize Trials in Zimbabwe

Trials in Pakistan

Maize Trials in Mozambique

Wheat trials in China, Yanglin-Xian

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

20

40

60

80

INDIA - Punjab State(Partner: Punjab Agricultural University)

Gra

in y

ield

, to

n h

a-1

Gra

in Z

n,

mg k

g-1

1. Control

3. Foliar Appl.

4. Soil + Foliar Appl.

Zn Applications

2. Soil Appl.

Location-I Location-II

25

61

49

65

0

2

4

6

8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Gra

in y

ield

, to

n h

a-1

Gra

in Z

n,

mg k

g-1

1. Control

3. Foliar Appl.

4. Soil + Foliar Appl.

Zn Applications

2. Soil Appl.

Location-I Location-II

27

48

28

44

PAKISTAN(Partner: Pakistan Atomic Energy Comission)

0

1

2

3

4

0

10

20

30

40

Control (No Zn)

Booting + Milk

Milk + Dough

Foliar Zn Applications

Stem + Booting

No Soil Zn Appl.

With Soil Zn Appl.

12

27

22

29G

rain

yie

ld,

ton h

a-1

Gra

in Z

n, m

g k

g-1

-Zn +Zn

-Zn +Zn

Cakmak et al., 2010,

J. Agric. Food. Chem.

TURKEY

(Partner: Ministry of Agriculture)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Gra

in Z

n, m

g k

g-1

1. Control

3. Booting

4. Tillering + Booting

Foliar Zn Spray

2. Tillering

5. Milk

Cultivar

Akmola

Cultivar

Trizo

KAZAKHSTAN

(Partner: CIMMYT Kazakhstan)

WHEAT

19

54

18

44

Grain Zn concentration in different countries with and without zinc fertilization

Average of all countries -Zn: 26 +Zn:50

Country/Location -Zn +Zn

IndiaVaranasi 29 47

PAU-I 25 81

PAU-II 28 77

PAU-III 26 61

PAU-IV 49 65

IARI 33 45

KazakhstanLoc-I 19 54

Loc-II 28 73

PakistanLoc-I 27 48

Loc-II 28 44

Loc-III 30 40

Loc-IV 29 60

mg kg-1


MexicoYear-I 21 45

Year-II 36 60

TurkeyKonya 12 29

Adana 32 57

Samsun 23 49

Eskisehir 22 43

ChinaLoc-I 28 54

Loc-II 19 26

Australia

Loc-I 18 39

GermanyAverage 20 32

IranAverage 17 28

BrazilAverage 30 52

mg kg-1


IndiaVaranasi 29 47

PAU-I 25 81

PAU-II 28 77

PAU-III 26 61

PAU-IV 49 65

IARI 33 45

KazakhstanLoc-I 19 54

Loc-II 28 73

PakistanLoc-I 27 48

Loc-II 28 44

Loc-III 30 40

Loc-IV 29 60

mg kg-1


MexicoYear-I 21 45

Year-II 36 60

TurkeyKonya 12 29

Adana 32 57

Samsun 23 49

Eskisehir 22 43

ChinaLoc-I 28 54

Loc-II 19 26

AustraliaLoc-I 18 39

GermanyAverage 20 32

IranAverage 17 28

BrazilAverage 30 52

mg kg-1

Average Concentrations

of Grain Zn(10 Countries with 32 locations)

-Zn: 26 ppm

+Zn: 50 ppm

Grain Zn concentration in different countries with and without zinc fertilization

Staining/Localization of Zinc in

Wheat Grain (red color)

EMBRYO

ENDOSPERM

ALEURONE

ALEURONE

Cakmak et al., 2010

Cereal Chemistry, 77: 10-20

Localization of Zn in grain

after foliar application?

LA-ICP-MS Tests on Seeds

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Distance (µm)

Zn

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/k

g)

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Distance (µm)

Zn

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/k

g)



White arrow: Zn in

entire cross section

Black arrow: Zn in

endosperm section

entire cross section

endosperm section

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Distance (µm)

Zn

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/k

g)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Distance (µm)

Zn

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/K

g)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Distance (µm)

Zn

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/k

g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Distance (µm)

Zn

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/k

g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Distance (µm)

Zn

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/k

g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Distance (µm)

Zn

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/K

g)

No Foliar Zn Application

Foliar Zn Application at Stem Elongation and Booting Stages

Foliar Zn Application at Milk and Dough Stages

B

cr

cr

cr

Endosperm

Endosperm

Endosperm

LA-ICP-MS Tests

Cakmak et al., 2010, J. Agric. Food. Chem. 58:9092-9102

No Zn

Zn applied at stem

elongation and boot

Zn applied at milk and

and dough stages

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Distance (µm)

Zn

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/k

g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Distance (µm)

Zn

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/k

g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Distance (µm)

Zn

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g/K

g)

Changes in Endosperm Zinc Concentrations



0

20

40

60

80

1. Control (No Zn)

3. Booting + Milk

4. Milk + Dough

2. Stem + Booting

Gra

inZ

n, m

g k

g-1

Turkey

32

57

23

49

Location

Adana

Location

Samsun

0

20

40

60

80

37

64

29

55

High Nitrogen

Low Nitrogen

58

51

Grain Zn Concentrations as Affected from Soil N

Fertilization and Foliar Zn Applications in Turkey

Cakmak et al., 2010

J. Agric Food Chem

Changes in shoot and grain

concentrations of Fe and Zn

depending on N supply

Nitrogen Effect

10

15

20

25

30G

RA

IN Z

n (

pp

m)

20

30

40

50

60

Zn

YIE

LD

(g/h

a)

0 40 80 120

N (kg/ha)

Zn YIELD (g/ha)

GRAIN Zn (ppm)

EFFECTS of N FERTILIZATION on GRAIN Zn

CONCENTRATIONS and GRAIN Zn-YIELD

Cakmak et al., 2010b

Possible Nitrogen/Protein Effects

on Zn/Fe Concentration of SeedsSeed Effect•protein synthesis•storage proteins•sink activity

Re-translocation/Phloem Loading•N-containing chelators•Transporter proteins

Transport•N-containing chelators•Proteins contributing to xylem loading•…

Mobilization & Uptake•Transporter proteins mediating uptake•Root exudation (e.g., phytosiderophores)•Root growth•Microbial activity

Effect of increasing N supply on root

uptake and root-to-shoot

translocation of Zn in wheat

65Zn uptake rates and root-to-shoot translocation rates

of 22-day-old wheat seedlings precultured with low (0.5

mM), medium (1.0 mM) or high (4.0 mM) N supply.

Erenoglu et al., 2010, New Phytologist

65Zn uptake rates root-to-shoot translocation

Grain K Concentration

No Foliar Application

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

Low Adequate High

Soil Zn Supply

Gra

in [

K]

(%)

Grain K Concentration

Foliar Zn Application

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

Low Adequate High

Soil Zn Supply

Gra

in [

K]

(%)

Grain Fe Concentration


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Low Adequate High

Soil Zn Supply

Gra

in [

Fe

] (m

g.k

g-1

)

Grain Fe Concentration


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Low Adequate High

Soil Zn Supply

Gra

in [

Fe

] (µ

g.g

-1)

Grain Zn Concentration


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Low Adequate High

Soil Zn Supply

Gra

in [

Zn

] (µ

g.g

-1)

Grain Zn Concentration


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Low Adequate High

Soil Zn Supply

Gra

in [

Zn

] (µ

g.g

-1)

Low N

Adequate N

High N

Zinc

Iron

Potassium

Effect of

Increasing

Supply of Zn

and N on Grain

Concentrations

of Zn, Fe and K

Kutman et al., 2010 Cereal Chem

65ZnSO4

65Zn

Effect of N nutrition on transport

and accumulation of 65Zn in grain

after the treatments of the flag

leaves with 65Zn-labelled solution

Growth at 3 N levels in soil

65Zn Flag Leaf

Erenoglu et al., 2010, New Phytol.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

60 180 540

Gra

in 6

5Z

n / F

lag

le

af

65Z

n (%

)

N supply, mg kg-1 soil

65Zn-Translocation Efficiency into Grain

Erenoglu et al., 2010, New Phytol. in press

Distribution and partitioning of Fe

and Zn among the stems, leaves,

husks and grains in wheat grown with

low and adequate N supply in

greenhouse

Kutman et al. 2010b

Shoot Part Low N High N Low N High N

Husks 9 7 10 6

Grains 38 60 59 78

Leaves 48 28 17 8

Stem 5 6 14 7

Fe Zn

Zinc and Iron Partitioning (%) at Maturity

Kutman et al. 2010, in review

Nitrogen Dependent

High Protein in Seed:

a Sink for Zn and Fe ?

Possible Nitrogen/Protein Effects

on Zn/Fe Concentration of SeedsSeed Effect•protein synthesis•storage proteins•sink activity

Re-translocation/Phloem Loading•N-containing chelators•Transporter proteins

Transport•N-containing chelators•Proteins contributing to xylem loading•…

Mobilization & Uptake•Transporter proteins mediating uptake•Root exudation (e.g., phytosiderophores)•Root growth•Microbial activity Cakmak et al., 2010 Cereal

Chem, 77: 10-20

Cakmak et al., 2010

Cereal Chem, 77: 10-20

Staining of Protein, Zinc and Iron in Wheat Grain

Protein Zinc Iron

Cakmak et al., 2010 Cereal

Chem, 77: 10-20

Staining of Protein, Zinc and Iron in Wheat Grain

Protein Zinc Iron

High Protein in Seed:

a Sink for Zn and Fe

Int’l Zinc Assoc.

Acknowledgement

Mosaic Co.K+S Kali

IFA IPNIOmex Agrifluids

Sabanci University

Thank you…

Thank You…

Sabanci University

Change in Nutrient Composition With Milling Affects

Bioavailability & Warrants Consideration in Breeding

% of Total

in

Unmilled

Grain

WHOLE

GRAIN

WHOLE

GRAIN

WHITE

FLOURMILLING

Phyta

te/Z

n r

atio

+Zn

-Zn

No foliar Zn application

After foliar Zn application

SEEDZINC

IncreasingResistance to

Diseases

DecreasingSeeding Rate

Better Seed Viability and

Seedling Vigor

Improving Abiotic Stress

Tolerance

ImprovingHuman

Nutrition

Higher Yield under Zn

Deficiency

Agronomic and human nutritional benefits

resulting from use of Zn-enriched seeds

Cakmak, 2008; Plant and Soil, 302: 1-17

Cakmak agronomics

Technology

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