CAIMANs Cruise and passenger ship Air quality Impact ... · Present emissioncomparison among the...

PresentPresent emissionemission comparisoncomparison

amongamong the the studystudy areasareas

Francesca Liguori , Silvia Pillon, ARPAVUNIGE, AUTH, Air PACA, IDAEA

Mitigatinig air pollution in Mediterranean Port-Citi es.The results of CAIMANs Project

Venice, 12 June 2015

Maritime Integrated Approach in the Mediterranean Area CAIMANs

Cruise and passenger ship Air quality ImpactMitigation ActioNs

Macro & Micro air pollution estimation[ARPAV code (Pillon, Elvini) mainly based on EMEP/EEA, 2013]

- macropollutants (NOx, CO, NMVOC, SO2, PM10/PM2.5)

- micropollutants (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn, PCDD/F, HCB and PCB)

by EMEP/EEA (2013) methodology based on two fuel classes (MDO/MGO and BFO) and ship gross tonnage

- CO2 from fuel consumption by EMEP/EEA (2013) and IPCC (2006) emission factors

- Benzo(a)pirene: Cooper and Gustafsson (2004), EF bassi e Agrawall et al. (2010), EF elevati.

For present emissions (year 2013):

- Starting from the call registration db in the five harbour areas

For future scenarios:

- mid-term trend and development scenarios (year 2020 or 2025)

- Local or common mitigation hypothsis

Mitigating air pollution in

Mediterranean Port-Cities.

The results of CAIMANs Project.

Venice, 12th June 2015

depending on size

domain and

harbour shape

Bunker Fuel Oil (BFO) and Marine Diesel Oil/Marine Gas Oil (MDO/MGO) undistinguished

EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 201 3 approach





# ##

#####

##

#

#

23x23 km2

30x30km230x30km212x12km2

10x10km2

Barcelona Le studied areas





Marseilles

Venice

Genoa

Thessaloniki

30x30km2

ARPAV implemented a

BottomUpHarbour program,

written in fortran 90 language,

that handles ASCII text input

and output files [Pillon,Elvini]

� Engine type : GT, HSD, MSD, SSD, ST

Main engine Auxiliary

� Fuel type: BFO, MDO/MGO

Fleet

composition

scheduled or

recorded

arrivals and

departures

EMEP / EEA

emission

factors

The CAIMANs tool for bottom up ship emissions

� Tier3: NOx, NMVOC, PM, Fuel

Consumption

(EF in g/kWh)

� Tier1: CO, SO2, micropollutants

(EF in (k)g/ton fuel)





BottomUpHarbour Program

� time spent in the differentnavigation phases: hotelling, manoeuvring and cruise

SOx Emission Factors – for current (2013) estimations

20*S kg/ton fuel,where S is the fuel sulphur content in mass %





All passenger in territorial waters: 1.5%

All ships at berth (hotelling phase): 0.1%

BFO: 2.7% as Global avarage fuel sold

MDO/MGO: 1% as upper limit

As set by directive 2005/33/EC

NOx emissions – Ro-Pax vs Cruise ships





0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

BCN MS GE VE THS

(Mg)

Ro-Pax and other passenger shipsNOx Annual emissions Year 2013

Hotelling + Manoeuvring

Hotelling Manoeuvring

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

BCN MS GE VE THS

(Mg)

Cruise shipsNOx Annual emissions Year 2013



0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

BCN MS GE VE THS

(hou

rs)

Ro-Pax and other passenger shipsTotal time spent in the various phases, Year 2013



0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

BCN MS GE VE THS

(hou

rs)

Cruise shipsTotal time spent in the various phases, Year 2013



PM (PM10/PM2.5) emissions – Ro-Pax vs Cruise ships





0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

BCN MS GE VE THS

(hou

rs)




0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

BCN MS GE VE THS

(hou

rs)




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

BCN MS GE VE THS

(Mg)

Ro-Pax and other passenger shipsPM Annual emissions Year 2013



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

BCN MS GE VE THS

(Mg)

Cruise shipsPM Annual emissions Year 2013



SO2 emissions – Ro-Pax vs Cruise ships





0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

BCN MS GE VE THS

(hou

rs)




0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

BCN MS GE VE THS

(hou

rs)




0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

BCN MS GE VE THS

(Mg)

Ro-Pax and other passenger shipsSO2 Annual emissions Year 2013



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

BCN MS GE VE THS

(Mg)

Cruise shipsSO2 Annual emissions Year 2013



Nickel emissions – Ro-Pax vs Cruise ships





0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

BCN MS GE VE THS

(hou

rs)




0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

BCN MS GE VE THS

(hou

rs)




0

50

100

150

200

250

BCN MS GE VE THS

(Mg)

Ro-Pax and other passenger shipsNickel Annual emissions Year 2013



0

50

100

150

200

250

BCN MS GE VE THS

(Mg)

Cruise shipsNickel Annual emissions Year 2013



All metals emissions – Ro-Pax vs Cruise ships

Metal Emissions in year 2013Cruise ships

Hotelling phase

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)

Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn

Barcelona

Marseilles

Genoa

Venice

Thessaloniki

Metal Emissions in year 2013Cruise ships

Manoeuvring phase

0

50

100

150

200

250



Barcelona

Marseilles

Genoa

Venice

Thessaloniki

Metal Emissions in year 2013Ro-Pax and other passenger ships

Hotelling phase

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20



Barcelona

Marseilles

Genoa

Venice

Thessaloniki

Metal Emissions in year 2013Ro-Pax and other passenger ships

Manoeuvring phase

0

50

100

150

200

250



Barcelona

Marseilles

Genoa

Venice

Thessaloniki





Organic micropollutant emissions – Ro-Pax vs Cruise ships

Organic Micropollutant Emissions in year 2013Ro-Pax and other passenger ships

Hotelling

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

(g) (mg) (g) (g)

PCB PCDD HCB BaP(Cooper)

Barcelona

Marseilles

Genoa

Venice

Thessaloniki

Organic Micropollutant Emissions in year 2013

Ro-Pax and other passenger shipsManoeuvring

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

(g) (mg) (g) (g)


Barcelona

Marseilles

Genoa

Venice

Thessaloniki

Organic Micropollutant Emissions in year 2013Cruise ships

Hotelling

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

(g) (mg) (g) (g)


Barcelona

Marseilles

Genoa

Venice

Thessaloniki

Organic Micropollutant Emissions in year 2013

Cruise shipsManoeuvring

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

(g) (mg) (g) (g)


Barcelona

Marseilles

Genoa

Venice

Thessaloniki





Macropollutant emissions by cruise ships

manoeuvring phase in 2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Barcelona Genoa Marseilles Venice Thessaloniki

PM

10/P

M2.

5 an

d S

O2

annu

al e

mis

sion

s (M

g)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

NO

x an

nual

em

issi

ons

(Mg)

PM10/PM2.5 SO2 NOx

Macropollutant emissions by cruise ships

hotelling phase in 2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140


PM

10/P

M2.

5 an

d S

O2

annu

al e

mis

sion

s (M

g)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

NO

x an

nual

em

issi

ons

(Mg)

PM10/PM2.5 SO2 NOx

Total time spent by all cruise ships in 2013

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000


Tot

al ti

me

(hou

rs)


Average and Total Gross Tonnage of all cruise ships in 2013

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

Barcelona Genoa Marseilles Venice ThessalonikiT

otal

Gro

ss T

onna

ge (

kt)

and

aver

age

Gro

ss T

onna

ge

(t)

Total Gross Tonnage (kt) Average Gross Tonnage (k)

Focus on cruise ships – Macropollutant emissions





Conclusions of the emission estimation step





First step of the Air Quality Impact Assessment:

input for the air dispersion models.

High detailed information on passenger ship emissions

hour by hour for the whole year 2013 based

on the passenger ships movements recorded in each harbours.

Comparison among the 5 harbours of yearly emissions of ro-pax and cruise ships.

Comparison within each harbour of ro-pax emissions vs cruise ship emissions.

Focus of cruise ships:

Effect of different size (tonnage) on the emissios

Effect of the Blue Flag 2 Agreement in Venice for SO2 and PM emissions in

manoeuvring phase.

CAIMANsCruise and passenger ship Air quality Impact

Mitigation ActioNs

Priority axis 2 Environment

Objective 3: Prevention of maritime risks and

strengthening of maritime safety

Lead Partner: Environmental Protection Agency of Veneto Region ARPAV – Padoa (IT) www.arpa.veneto.it

Partners:

University of Genoa, Department of Physics (IT) www.labfisa.ge.infn.it

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR) http://lap.physics.auth.gr

AIR PACA – Air quality observatory (FR) http://airpaca.org/

Spanish Research Council - Institute of Environmental Assessment

& Water Research IDAEA (ES) http://www.idaea.csic.es/

http://www.medmaritimeprojects.eu/section/caimans





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