Cafaro House Energy Upgrade · Cafaro House to monitor its own consumption and make energy usage...

2 0 1 1 N E C A / E L E C T R I I n t e r n a t i o n a l G r e e n E n e r g y C h a l l e n g e

Justin Hosseininejad

Jason Nutt

Ethan Parks

Michael Sammartino

Jarrett Scacchetti

David Wright

Advisor: Dr. S. R. Pansino

May 30th, 2011

2011

Cafaro House

Energy Upgrade 205 Madison Avenue | Youngstown, OH 44504-1611

Cafaro House Energy Upgrade 205 Madison Avenue | Youngstown, OH 44504-1611

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures and Tables ..................................................................................................................................... 2

A. Project Summary.............................................................................................................................................................. 4

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 4

Client Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

Mission Statement ................................................................................................................................................... 6

Youngstown State University Green Energy Challenge Team ............................................................... 6

Team Resumes .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

B. Lighting Retrofit Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 13

Existing Lighting System ..................................................................................................................................... 13

Dorm Rooms .................................................................................................................................................. 13

Common Areas .............................................................................................................................................. 13

Corridors ......................................................................................................................................................... 14

Computer Modeling of Existing System .............................................................................................. 14

Proposed Lighting System .................................................................................................................................. 21

Dorm Rooms .................................................................................................................................................. 21

Common Areas .............................................................................................................................................. 21

Corridors ......................................................................................................................................................... 21

Mercury Content Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 22

Computer Modeling of Proposed System ........................................................................................... 23

C. Energy Use Analysis and Retrofit ............................................................................................................................ 30

Summary of Energy Use ...................................................................................................................................... 30

Recommendations for Improvement ............................................................................................................ 31

Return on Investment Calculations ................................................................................................................ 32

D. Alternative Energy Design ......................................................................................................................................... 32

Photovoltaic Array................................................................................................................................................. 33

Wind Turbine System........................................................................................................................................... 35

Energy Storage and Distribution ..................................................................................................................... 35

E. Schematic Estimate and Schedule........................................................................................................................... 37

Energy Upgrade Coordination Schedule ...................................................................................................... 37

Cost Estimates ......................................................................................................................................................... 37

Lighting Retrofit ........................................................................................................................................... 37


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Distribution Upgrades and Additions .................................................................................................. 39

Alternative Energy Systems..................................................................................................................... 39

F. Financing Plan ................................................................................................................................................................. 40

Lighting Retrofit ..................................................................................................................................................... 41

Distribution Upgrades and Additions ............................................................................................................ 41

Alternative Energy Systems .............................................................................................................................. 41

Payback Analysis .................................................................................................................................................... 42

G. LEED for Existing Buildings (Version 2.0) Review .......................................................................................... 42

Overview of Evaluation ....................................................................................................................................... 42

Explanation of Proposed LEED Credits......................................................................................................... 42

H. Outreach Appendix ....................................................................................................................................................... 44

Student Energy Awareness ................................................................................................................................ 44

Feedback Letter from Facilities Maintenance at YSU ............................................................................. 46

Published Article .................................................................................................................................................... 47

Local NECA Chapter Interaction ...................................................................................................................... 48

I. Works Cited ...................................................................................................................................................................... 50

J. Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................................... 50

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1: Cafaro House (3-D Model) ............................................................................................................................................... 5

Figure 2: Typical Resident Room Lighting Layout.................................................................................................................. 13

Figure 3: Typical Resident Room Electrical Systems and Furniture Layout ............................................................... 13

Figure 4: Basement Common Area Lighting Layout .............................................................................................................. 14

Figure 5: Typical Corridor Lighting Layout ............................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 6: E0.1 - Dorm Lighting and Fixture Schedule ........................................................................................................... 15

Figure 7: E1.1 – Basement Ceiling Plan (Demo) ...................................................................................................................... 16

Figure 8: E1.2A – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (Demo) .............................................................................................. 17

Figure 9: E1.2B – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (Demo) ................................................................................................ 18

Figure 10: E1.3A – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (Demo) ................................................................................... 19

Figure 11: E1.3B – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (Demo) ..................................................................................... 20

Figure 12: 3-D Rendering of Dorm Lighting (Floor and Ceiling Views) ........................................................................ 23

Figure 13: E2.1 – Basement Ceiling Plan (New) ...................................................................................................................... 24

Figure 14: E2.2A – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (New) .............................................................................................. 25

Figure 15: E2.2B – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (New) ................................................................................................ 26

Figure 16: E2.3A – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (New) ...................................................................................... 27

Figure 17: E2.3B – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (New) ........................................................................................ 28


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Figure 18: E2.4 – Calculated Lighting Levels in Typical Areas .......................................................................................... 29

Figure 19: Distribution Panel, Electrical Room, Basement ................................................................................................. 30

Figure 20: Step-down Transformer, Electrical Room, Basement ..................................................................................... 30

Figure 21: Shark 100-S Sample Setup .......................................................................................................................................... 31

Figure 22: The Affinity Laws ............................................................................................................................................................ 31

Figure 23: Cafaro House Site - Geographical Information Systems, Mahoning County, Ohio .............................. 33

Figure 24: Proposed Alternative Energy Layout ..................................................................................................................... 33

Figure 25: Natural Renewable Energy Laboratory - United States Solar Atlas .......................................................... 34

Figure 26: E2.5 – Alternative Energy Riser Diagrams ........................................................................................................... 36

Figure 27: Coordination Schedule for Cafaro House ............................................................................................................. 37

Figure 28: Lighting Retrofit Cost Estimate ................................................................................................................................ 38

Figure 29: Distribution Upgrade and Additions Cost Estimate ......................................................................................... 39

Figure 30: Alternative Energy Systems Cost Estimate .......................................................................................................... 40

Figure 31: YSU Sustainable Endowments Institute Score ..................................................................................................... 44

Figure 32: YSU Green Initiative Announcement ...................................................................................................................... 45

Figure 33: YSU Vindicator Article (Part 1 of 2) ........................................................................................................................ 47

Figure 34: YSU Vindicator Article (Part 2 of 2) ........................................................................................................................ 48

Figure 35: Motor Controls Lab Demonstration ........................................................................................................................ 49

Figure 36: YSU Green Energy Challenge Team at JATC ........................................................................................................ 49

Table 1: Existing Lamp Mercury Levels ...................................................................................................................................... 22

Table 2: New Lamp Mercury Levels ............................................................................................................................................. 22

Table 3: Three-phase Induction Motors in Cafaro House .................................................................................................... 32

Table 4: Proposed System Payback Period ................................................................................................................................ 41

Table 5: LEED Existing Buildings Proposed Credit Summary ........................................................................................... 42


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PROJECT SUMMARY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Youngstown State University Green Energy Challenge Team was formed with the sole goal of

furthering the team’s knowledge of energy efficiency by producing an innovative green design for the

client’s alternative energy demands. The client, Youngstown State University, is an urban research

university that has high values of energy conservation and furthers these ideals by reducing campus-wide

usage and incorporating renewable on-site power generation. The selected residence hall, Cafaro House,

has many opportunities to serve as a green model for future campus projects. The team consists of six

students with six different backgrounds and one common goal: to produce the most energy-efficient site

possible. By designing with new technology, numerous possible routes were explored and incorporated

into the various aspects of the project. The main ideals of the design team included: innovative green

energy solutions, public safety, environmental impact, community influence, student awareness, and

overall client satisfaction.

First, along with the use of existing occupancy sensors, the lighting energy consumption will be

reduced by replacing energy-inefficient fixtures with high-efficiency lighting in almost every area of the

building, lessening usage demands for the customer. Restructuring distribution with a passive consumption

plan will then lessen peak demands. Combining both effective solutions makes energy reduction

renovations financially attractive for the client.

Second, in addition to lighting upgrades, all three-phase inductive motors in Cafaro House (except

elevators) will be retrofitted with a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD), allowing for slower starts and greater

energy savings and payback incentives.

Finally, the proposed energy upgrade design integrates a plan of renewable source generation to

offset energy consumption required to operate Cafaro House from utility-generated power. The proposed

power generation design incorporates the additions of wind and photovoltaic power systems. Two helical,

vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) with a power rating of 2 kW are proposed to be installed on the site of

Cafaro House, producing approximately 64 kWh per day. Installed as a both a ground and roof mount array,

fifty-six solar panels will produce 31.2 kWh daily and promote green energy in the community, creating

other opportunities for on-site power generation.

The Cafaro House energy upgrade will cost $225,415.00 and will be paid back within 11.18 years.

Note: Because the energy upgrade proposal is specifically strong in the area of “Lighting Retrofit

Analysis”, a 1.4 multiplier is requested in this area. Therefore, a 0.6 multiplier is requested in

the area of “Alternative Energy Design.”


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CLIENT SUMMARY

Youngstown State University, an urban research university, was founded in 1908 when a branch of the

YMCA established a School of Law in Downtown Youngstown. It has since grown to a composition of seven

colleges: (1) Beeghly College of Education; (2) Bitonte College of Health & Human Services; (3) College of

Fine & Performing Arts; (4) College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences; (5) College of Science, Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics; (6) Williamson College of Business Administration; and (7) School of

Graduate Studies & Research. Youngstown State University is situated on a 140-acre campus and continues

to make improvements with the recent addition of The Williamson Building with LEED Gold Certification

and the $10M Wattson and Tressel Training Center. There were approximately 15,000 students enrolled in

the Fall 2010 semester with a student to instructor ratio of 19:1.

Figure 1: Cafaro House (3-D Model)

Cafaro House is one of six residence halls at Youngstown State University. Cafaro House was named

after William M. Cafaro, founder of the Cafaro Company, which is one of the ten largest commercial real

estate developers in the United States. With construction documents completed in 1994, Cafaro House first

opened under YSU Housing and Residence Life in 1995. Rendered in Figure 1, the building consists of four

full stories with a basement on half of the ground floor. Cafaro House houses approximately 280 students

in the following programs: Leslie H. Cochran University Scholars program, Honors program, BS/MD

program, and the Emerging Leader Community. The building is co-ed by floor with 4-person, 8-person and

18-person suites. Within each suite, individual double-occupancy rooms (2, 4, or 9 rooms depending on

suite arrangement) surround a common area with a shared bathroom. Along with typical suites on four

floors, Cafaro House also has academic spaces (seminar rooms, a multipurpose room used for lectures and

guest speakers, a computer lab); offices (Honors Office, Housing Coordinator’s Offices); and common

spaces (kitchenette, laundry room, music practice rooms, study lounges, exercise facilities, TV lounge).

Cafaro House is also equipped with twenty-four hour surveillance and on-site resident assistants.


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MISSION STATEMENT

In collaboration with the local Mahoning Valley NECA Chapter and its executive director, Tom Travers, the YSU

Green Energy Challenge Team’s key goal is to use innovation and intelligent design as driving factors to ensure a

design incorporating original thinking with standards of excellence. This goal provides great potential to create

a site that will lessen negative environmental impacts and promote others to design with energy efficiency as

the number one priority. It is necessary to focus on two key concepts: reduction of overall energy consumption

and utilization of renewable energy sources. All energy efficient solutions incorporated in the Cafaro House

proposal were based on the main goal of conserving energy producing a potential LEED-certified site. All main

research areas of the proposed design have individualized goals that contribute to a more sustainable site in

several unique ways.

1. Lighting Retrofit Analysis:

It was the main goal of this research area to lessen energy consumption by using innovative LED options while

creating an environment with appropriate light levels in compliance with NEC/ASHRAE standards.

2. Energy Use Analysis and Retrofit:

Because Cafaro House was built in 1994, the distribution equipment was determined to be efficient, making a

complete overhaul unnecessary. Therefore, the main goal of this area was to evaluate existing distribution

equipment to analyze energy consumption throughout the course of each day. This creates a passive way for

Cafaro House to monitor its own consumption and make energy usage decisions based on these evaluations.

3. Alternative Energy Design:

It was a strong desire of the client to be energy-conscious and “green”. Therefore, the main goal of this area of

research was to incorporate an energy efficient design that utilizes all natural resources available on-site

accounting for the client’s energy demands. To accomplish this goal, two off-grid energy sources were

considered: solar and wind.

4. Schematic Estimate/Schedule and Financing:

The main goal of this area of research was to gather information from various experienced professional sources

to develop an accurate and realistic timeline, cost estimation, and financing plan.

5. LEED for Existing Buildings Review:

An expectation of LEED Gold certification was set by the client and GEC team. This was also a driving factor in

other research areas. It was the team’s goal to analyze each LEED credit and fulfill the 48 possible LEED points

necessary for this certification.

YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY GREEN ENERGY CHALLENGE TEAM

The 2011 Green Energy Challenge Team (GECT) from Youngstown State University consists of six core members:

Justin Hosseininejad and Michael Sammartino (Electrical Engineering); Jarrett Scacchetti (Applied Mathematics and

Electrical Engineering); Jason Nutt, Ethan Parks, and David Wright (Electrical Engineering Technology). With a strong

background in the electrical construction industry, having two members working for local engineering firms and two

for a local electrical contractor, the team is looking to utilize acquired knowledge and background to employ cost-

efficient energy-saving solutions to a relatively new facility. Through outreach and support from local contractors,

engineers, architects, and peers, the YSU team looks forward to putting together a model for energy consciousness

that the community can look to as template for the local green energy movement.


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TEAM RESUMES


[email protected] 171 Fair Meadow Drive Austintown, OH 44515

(330) 540-2507

NECA Green Energy Challenge Duties:

Act as Project Manager and LEED coordinator, concentrate on overall task assignment, plan competition goals, and review all team submissions. Conduct field visit for initial site assessment and serve as medium for communication between various professionals and companies throughout competition.

Objective:

To practically apply skills and knowledge gained at Youngstown State University by obtaining a career in the field of Electrical Engineering and pursuing a Master of Science in Engineering.

Profile:

Highly-motivated collegiate scholar in pursuit of Master of Science in Engineering. Expertise in: AutoCAD 2007 Building Systems, Microsoft Office Suite (Excel, Word,

PowerPoint), OrCAD PSpice software, VHDL design with Quartus II software. Experience with: Solid Works 2007, Visual Basic, Microsoft Windows XP/Vista/7, MathCAD,

Maple, LaTeX, and National Instrument LabVIEW. Additional Skills: experience in electrical systems design, strong communication skills, ability

to work in multi-disciplinary groups as leader and member to accomplish tasks.

Education:

YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Bachelor of Engineering - Summa Cum Laude, Scholars Program, Honors Program, May 2011 Major: Electrical and Computer Engineering (Pre-Medical Option) Minor: Mathematics Overall GPA: 4.00 / 4.00 Major GPA: 4.00 / 4.00

Honors/ Achievements:

Engineer Intern (E.I.) Certification (NCEES F.E. Exam), Dean’s List for the College of STEM at YSU, Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society, Pi Mu Epsilon Mathematics Honors Society, YSU Leslie H. Cochran University Scholar Award.

Relevant Coursework:

Basic Circuit Theory I and II Digital and Analog Circuits I Electromagnetic Theory I and II Digital Systems I Computer Design Electromagnetic Energy Conversion

Engineering Drawing Discrete Math Microeconomics Professional Ethics Engineering Concepts I and II Statics / Dynamics

Employment:

PHILLIP J. JAMINET ENGINEERING – Youngstown, OH: Electrical Engineering Intern, Electrical Systems/CAD designer : ( May 2009 – Present )

YSU READING AND STUDY SKILLS CENTER – Youngstown, OH: Peer Tutor, Mentor Tutor: (August 2008 – May 2010)

Affiliations/ Volunteer work:

National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter Member (2010-Present) Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (2009-Present) Leslie H. Cochran University Scholars Program (2007-2011) Honors Program (2007-2011)


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Jason A. Nutt

[email protected] 733 Lakeview Drive Cortland, OH 44410

(330) 770-0377


Conduct field visit for initial site assessment, analyze existing lighting system with computer software for accurate proposal, and draft proposed lighting plans.

Objective:

To practically apply skills and knowledge gained at Youngstown State University by obtaining a career in the field of Electrical Engineering.

Profile:

Highly-motivated undergraduate student. Expertise in: Microsoft Office Suite (Excel, Word, PowerPoint), PSpice software,

ASCII. Experience with: AutoCAD 2011, Revit MEP 2011, Microsoft Windows XP/Vista/7,

MathCAD, Acuity Visual, COMcheck. Additional Skills: strong communication skills, experience in electrical design and

construction field.

Education:

YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Major: Electrical Engineering Technology – Expected May 2013


Basic Circuit Theory I and II Digital and Analog Circuits I Electrical Machines Digital Systems I Electronics I and II

Engineering Drawing/Drafting Engineering Concepts Microprocessors I Programmable Logic Controllers

Employment:

CJL ENGINEERING – Youngstown, OH: Electrical Engineering Intern, Electrical Designer : ( May 2008 – Present ) YSU FACILITIES – Youngstown, OH: Drafting Assistant: (March 2007 – May 2008)

Affiliations:

National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter Member (2010-2011)


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Ethan Parks

[email protected] 9200 Lisbon Rd

Greenford Ohio 44422 (330) 502-1147


Conduct field visit for initial site assessment and outline financing plan for all aspects of proposed energy upgrade.

Objective:

To practically apply skills and knowledge gained at Youngstown State University by obtaining a career in the field of Electrical Engineering.

Profile:

Highly-motivated undergraduate student. Expertise in: knowledge of electrical construction components and materials. Experience with: AutoCAD 2008, Visual Basic, Microsoft Windows XP/Vista/7. Additional Skills: ability to develop creative ways to efficiently accomplish tasks.

Education:

YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Major: Electrical Engineering Technology – Expected May 2014 Overall GPA: 4.00 / 4.00 Major GPA: 4.00 / 4.00


Dean’s List for the College of STEM at YSU


Basic Circuit Theory I

Employment:

“JOE” DICKEY ELECTRIC INC. - North Lima, OH: (June 2010 - Present) PARKS GARDEN CENTER AND LANDSCAPING - Canfield, OH (November 2005 - June 2010)

Affiliations:

National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter Member (2010-2011)


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Michael T. Sammartino

[email protected] 3430 Warwick Ct.

Canfield, OH 44406 (330) 506-5903


Conduct field visit for initial site assessment and evaluate existing distribution system with proposals for design improvements and additions.

Objective:

Acquire the opportunity to apply skills and knowledge gained at Youngstown State University by obtaining a career in the field of Electrical Engineering.

Profile:

Highly motivated hard working undergraduate student. Expertise in: OrCAD PSpice, C++, UNIX, VHDL, Altera Quartus II, MATLAB, MAPLE, NI LabVIEW, Microsoft Office Suite (Word, Excel, PowerPoint), AVR Microcontrollers. Experience with: AutoCAD, SolidWorks, C# .NET, superconductors, high voltage/high current power supplies, testing and measurement equipment (DMM, oscilloscopes, etc.) Additional Skills: Strong communication skills and ability to work with diverse groups.

Education:

YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Major: Electrical and Computer Engineering (Computer/Digital Option) – Expected May 2012 Minor: Mathematics Overall GPA: 3.02 / 4.00 Major GPA: 4.00 / 4.00 COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF THE AIR FORCE – Maxwell Air Force Base, AL

Associates Degree in Criminal Justice

Distinguished Graduate in both Basic Military Training and CATM School.


Basic Circuit Theory I and II Digital and Analog Circuits Digital Circuit Design Computer Design Electromagnetic Theory I Electromagnetic Energy Conversion

Physics I and II Calculus I, II, and III Differential Equations Linear Algebra and Matrix Theory Chemistry Statics / Dynamics

Employment:

AKRON CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL – Boardman, OH: Security Officer (July 2009 - Present)

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE: (January 2007 – Present) Deployed in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Mobile Vehicle X-Ray operator (June 2008–March 2009)

MARC’S GROCERY STORE – Austintown, OH: (Feb 2005 – May 2008)

Affiliations/ Certifications:

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Student Chapter Vice President (2011) National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter President (2011) YSU IEEE Micromouse Competition lead hardware/controls designer (2011) Syncro Medical HTS Electromagnetic Coil Project- Undergraduate Student Leader

(2010-2011) Ajax Tocco Magnethermic Induction Heating Superconductor Project– Student Helper

(2010-2011) Air Force Reserve Command Airman of the Year (2009)


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Jarrett M. Scacchetti

[email protected] 24 Topaz Circle

Canfield, OH 44406 (330) 651-0490


Conduct field visit for initial site assessment and explore solar energy systems, such as panels, mounting, and general information as well as wind turbine options.

Objective:

An Engineering internship that will provide a hands-on opportunity and challenge abilities.

Profile:

Highly-motivated collegiate honors student. Expertise in: Microsoft Office Suite (Excel, Word, PowerPoint), OrCAD

PSpice software, VHDL design with Quartus II software, C++. Experience with: : AutoCAD 2010, Solid Works 2008, Visual Basic 6.0, MS Windows XP/7,

Linux, Mac OS X, Maple, LaTeX. Additional Skills: strong communication skills, interpersonal and social skills, and a team

player.

Education:

YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Major: Electrical and Computer Engineering (Computer/Digital Option) – Expected May 2012 Major: Applied Mathematics – Expected May 2013 Overall GPA: 3.96/ 4.00 Major GPA: 4.00 / 4.00


Dean’s List for the College of STEM at YSU, Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society (Vice President 2011-2012), Pi Mu Epsilon Mathematics Honors Society, Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi, Honorable Mention in the 2010 & 2011 COMAP Competition.


Basic Circuit Theory I and II Digital and Analog Circuits I Electromagnetic Theory I and II Digital Circuit Design I

Discrete Mathematics Statics / Dynamics Computer Design with VHDL Electromagnetic Energy Conversion

Employment:

YSU MEDIA & ACADEMIC COMPUTING – Youngstown, OH: Software Assistant 1 “Student” (October 2010 – Present)


National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter Member (2011-2012); Vice President (2011-2012)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Student Chapter Member (2009-2011); President (2011-2012)

Honors Program (2009-2011) Executive Board Member, NEOREP (Northeast Ohio Robotics Education Program) IEEE YSU SPAC Coordinator


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David E. Wright

[email protected] 583 Roxbury Ave.

Youngstown, Ohio 44502 (330) 402-5284

NECA Energy Green Challenge Duties:

Conduct field visit for initial site assessment and develop proposals for financing and overall cost estimates and take-offs.

Objective:

To combine my practical field experience, knowledge of the electrical trades, and the knowledge acquired through the Youngstown State Electrical Engineering program to advance existing career in the electrical construction industry.

Profile:

Knowledgeable individual with hands-on experience in the electrical trades and a commitment to continuing education Expertise in: Residential Electrical Construction, Commercial Electrical Estimating.

Experience with: AutoCAD, Small design-build projects. Additional Skills: Excellent working knowledge of the construction process; experience in

project coordination, employee training, and customer relations.

Education:

YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – ABET Accreditation Major: Electrical Engineering Technology – Expected May 2013 Overall GPA: 3.29 / 4.00 YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY – Youngstown, OH Williamson College of Business Administration Associate of Technical Study – Obtained December 16, 2007 Major: Business Technology Overall GPA: 3.23 / 4.00 IBEW/National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee – Youngstown, OH Residential Wireman Certification, May 31, 2004


MLK Jr. Scholarship, YSU Leadership Scholarship, Penn-Ohio NECA scholarship, Deans List.


NECA/IBEW Res. Wireman Courses AutoCAD 1 Drafting and Plan Reading

Basic Computer Digital Circuits Engineering Computing

Employment:

“JOE” DICKEY ELECTRIC INC. – North Lima, Ohio Electrical Estimator/ Engineering Intern (January 2008 – Present)

o Perform commercial estimating duties and project coordination tasks. Residential Journeyman Electrician (May 2004 – January 2008)

o Charged with the electrical construction of multiple new residential developments and provided on the job training for apprentices.

Residential Electrical Apprentice (August 2002 – May 2004) o Received residential electrical on the job training.

GULU ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS INC. – Youngstown, Ohio Residential Electrical Apprentice: (January 2002 – August 2002)

o Received residential electrical on the job training


National Electrical Contractors Association Student Chapter Member (2010-Present) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Member (2009 – Present) International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 64 member (2001 – Present) Habitat For Humanity and “Extreme Makeover: My Home Town”


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LIGHTING RETROFIT ANALYSIS

EXISTING LIGHTING SYSTEM

For the existing lighting study, Cafaro House was separated into three distinct areas of interest: (I) Dorm

Rooms, (II) Common Areas and (III) Corridors. The current lighting system uses 30.5 kW of electricity,

according to wattage ratings of each fixture.

DORM ROOMS

For the first area of interest, typical dorm rooms

consist of either two - 1’x4’ linear fluorescent

fixtures with two 34 W T12 Lamps each; or four -

1’x4’ linear fluorescent fixtures with two 34 W T12

Lamps each, Model Description: Lithonia SPG-240-

A12-125-277ES, as pictured in Figure 2. In most

cases, the dorm rooms have two - 1’x4’ linear

fluorescents. Upon further field investigation, it

was determined that ALL linear fluorescent fixtures

in the building were retrofitted with (2) 28 W T8

Lamps. This occurred in 2006 and was contracted

through Johnson Controls by the University in an

attempt to bring down energy costs. This upgrade

was a key factor in redesigning the areas of interest

and played a role in determining which fixtures

would be suitable for a lighting upgrade, within

reasonable cost. The overall resident room floor

plan with lighting and electrical systems can be

seen in Figure 3.

COMMON AREAS

For the second area of interest, common areas

consist of a variety of conference, computer and

lounge rooms. The Green Energy Challenge Team

(GECT) determined that the most applicable

common areas for an energy-conservative retrofit

would be the 8-person lounges on the 2nd, 3rd, and

4th floors, the basement lounge, and the 18-person

lounges located at ends of each wing of the building. These specific areas were chosen with the customers

upfront cost in mind in an attempt to have a cost effective retrofit with minimal capital needed for upfront

costs. The major fixtures are the 2’x4’ linear fluorescent fixtures, Lithonia 2SPG-240-A12-125-277ES, as

seen in Figure 4. Like the other linear fluorescents in the building, the 2’x4’ fixtures in the common areas

also contained (2) 28 W T8 lamps retrofitted from Johnson Controls.

Figure 2: Typical Resident Room Lighting Layout

Figure 3: Typical Resident Room Electrical Systems and

Furniture Layout


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CORRIDORS

Finally, the corridors consist of 6” compact

fluorescent down lights each with two F13TT

lamps, Model Description: Lithonia LGF-2/13TT-

6RW-T73-277-HPF, as pictured in Figure 5. The

corridor also houses 2’x4’ linear fluorescents

fixtures intermittently which gave the corridor an

unnecessarily contrasting luminance. Like the other

linear fluorescents in the building, the 2’x4’ fixtures

in the corridors also contained (2) 28 W T8 lamps

retrofitted from Johnson Controls.

The remainder of the building lighting

consists of emergency egress fixtures. The

emergency egress lights include exit signage and

weatherproof remote emergency heads at exterior

doors.

COMPUTER MODELING OF EXISTING SYSTEM

In order to propose an appropriate retrofit, computer models of Cafaro House were created in AutoCAD

2011 for 2-D lighting layout and field-verified with a light meter for photometric recommendations. A

computer-aided-drafting program by Autodesk, AutoCAD 2011 was used to create reflected ceiling plans

showing all existing lighting fixtures based upon as-built architectural floor plans. The correct lighting

placement was verified during the existing site conditions field visit. Figure 6 shows the existing lighting

layout for the dorm rooms. Figures 7-11 show existing reflected ceiling plans for each floor of the

building. Except for the interior corridors, these areas can utilize natural lighting to minimize energy costs.

All the areas with excessive or deficient lighting will be addressed in the proposed lighting plan conforming

to ASHRAE standards.

Figure 4: Basement Common Area Lighting Layout

Figure 5: Typical Corridor Lighting Layout


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Figure 6: E0.1 - Dorm Lighting and Fixture Schedule


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Figure 7: E1.1 – Basement Ceiling Plan (Demo)


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Figure 8: E1.2A – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (Demo)


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Figure 9: E1.2B – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (Demo)


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Figure 10: E1.3A – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (Demo)


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Figure 11: E1.3B – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (Demo)


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PROPOSED LIGHTING SYSTEM

After the field survey, a complete analysis of existing conditions at Cafaro House included, but was not

limited to: actual illumination meter readings, lighting fixture analysis, existing lamp mercury (Hg) content

calculations (picogram per lumen hour, pg/lm-h), and compliance with current area-specific IES

recommendations. The GECT composed a lighting upgrade proposal that concentrates on key factors that

affect overall energy consumption within the building. This proposal includes factors to provide an

environmentally conscious design in an attempt to maximize energy efficiency within the residence hall.

In order to provide an environmentally conscious lighting design, the GECT focused on mercury

content reduction in lamps and reducing overall waste produced from lamps with short life-spans. Careful

measures were taken to: (1) reduce existing lamp usage by suggesting longer-life lamps, (2) decrease

mercury content throughout the building by proposing fixtures with lamps that eliminate mercury or

significantly reduce the pg/lm-h value, (3) increase or match existing foot-candle levels in upgraded areas,

and (4) limit the number of lamps kept in owner-stock for replacement. These measures taken by the GECT

were applied to three areas of interest in the building: (I) Dorm Rooms, (II) Common Areas, and (III)

Corridors.

DORM ROOMS

Each dorm room was outfitted with 1x4 linear fluorescent fixtures containing (1) T5HO lamp. Existing

individual switching of fixtures was maintained while reducing mercury content and limiting the

quantity/type of lamps as replacement stock. Shown in Figure 12, the Focal Point fixtures proposed for the

dorm rooms were inserted into an Autodesk Revit 2011 MEP model to show a 3-D model of the actual

photometric output.

COMMON AREAS

Like the dorm rooms, the upgraded common areas included common areas (8-person and 18-person

suites) and the basement recreational area. The existing fixtures in these areas were replaced with new

Focal Point Equation fixtures. These fixtures require (1) T5HO lamp as opposed to the existing (2) T8

lamps. This fixture was chosen for cost-effectiveness, comparable lumen output, and reduction of mercury

content. The proposed lamps have a mercury content of 1.4 pg/lm-h, which is far less than the 1.7 pg/lm-h

of the T8 lamp. The mercury content of all of the existing lamps is shown in Table 1 and the new content

can be seen in Table 2.

CORRIDORS

Ranging from 0.6 fc to over 100 fc, many of the corridors throughout the facility lack a consistent foot-

candle level when measured with a Digital Light Meter. The GECT proposed a design for the corridors

establishing an even foot-candle level by retrofitting the existing 6” down lights with an LED fixture and

replacing the existing 2x4 linear fluorescent fixtures with the same LED fixture. (Refer to Drawing E0.1 in

Figure 6 for the proposed fixture schedule.) This uniform lighting layout saves money since fewer lamp

types will be kept in stock for replacement. The new fixture has a rated LED lamp life of 50,000 hours. This

is compared to the existing 28 W T8 lamps with a life of 24,000 hours and the 13 W compact fluorescent


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lamps with a rated life of 10,000 hours. This lamp-life comparison shows that fewer lamps will be needed

throughout the life of the fixture and the owner will save on overall maintenance and replacement costs.

MERCURY CONTENT ANALYSIS

Comparing the existing and proposed lighting systems, mercury content calculations were made to show

the major environmental impact that the new fixtures would have on the building. As per LEED guidelines,

an acceptable level of mercury from light fixtures in a building is 90 pg/lm-h. After Johnson Controls

retrofit in 2006, the total mercury content for all the areas to be upgraded was 32.22 pg/lm-h (as shown

Table 1). With the GECT proposed system, the total mercury levels was calculated at 11.79 pg/lm-h (as

shown in Table 2), which is one third of the existing mercury content. This significant difference marks a

large step toward preserving the environment and paves the way for a responsible green design process.

Table 1: Existing Lamp Mercury Levels

Table 2: New Lamp Mercury Levels

LEED EB Mercury Content: Existing/Actual Mercury Containing Lamps (during performance period)Type of Lamp Number of Existing

Lamps for Building

and Grounds

(during

performance

period)

One Lamp Hg

Content

(milligrams)

PicoGrams per

lumen hour for

each type of

Lamp

One Lamp

Mean (at 40%

of lamp life)

Light Output

(Lumens)

One Lamp

Life (Hours)

Total Hg Content

for All Lamps of

this Type (grams)

Total Lumen

Hours that will be

Delivered by All

Lamps of this

Type (Hours)

PHILLIPS 28W T8 854 1.7 27 2645 24,000 1.4518 54211920000

PHILIPS PLS - 13W/827 254 1.4 189 740 10,000 0.3556 1879600000

TOTALS 1.8074 56,091,520,000

Total Mercury Content of

Existing Lamps (during

performance period)

1.81

Total Lumen-Hours of Existing

Lamps (during performance

period)

56,091,520,000

Average Mercury Content of

Existing Lamps in Picograms

per Lumen Hour (during

performance period) 32.22

LEED EB Mercury Content: Existing/Actual Mercury Containing Lamps (during performance period)Type of Lamp Number of Existing

Lamps for Building

and Grounds

(during

performance

period)

One Lamp Hg

Content

(milligrams)

PicoGrams per

lumen hour for

each type of

Lamp

One Lamp

Mean (at 40%

of lamp life)

Light Output

(Lumens)

One Lamp

Life (Hours)

Total Hg Content

for All Lamps of

this Type (grams)

Total Lumen

Hours that will be

Delivered by All

Lamps of this

Type (Hours)

PHILLIPS F49T5HO/835 368 1.4 12 4750 25,000 0.5152 43700000000

TOTALS 0.5152 43,700,000,000

Total Mercury Content of

Existing Lamps (during

performance period)

0.52

Total Lumen-Hours of Existing

Lamps (during performance

period)

43,700,000,000

Average Mercury Content of

Existing Lamps in Picograms

per Lumen Hour (during

performance period) 11.79


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COMPUTER MODELING OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

Based on the proposed lighting retrofit, computer models of Cafaro House were created in AutoCAD 2011

for 2-D lighting layouts. These models were constructed using the same techniques and methods described

for the existing system, with substitutions made for proposed energy-efficient fixtures. Also, Visual 2.0 and

Autodesk Revit MEP 2011 were used to create 3-D photometric calculations and 3-D renderings of the new

lighting layout, respectively. Figure 6 shows the proposed lighting layout for the dorm rooms and new

light fixture schedule. Figures 13-18 show new reflected ceiling plans for each floor of the building and

lighting levels in typical areas.

A. Developed by Acuity Brands, Visual 2.0 was used to import 2-D CAD reflected ceiling plans and create a

3-D model of the building for artificial lighting analysis. The model was created from precise

measurements of existing drawings which accounted for appropriate floor, wall, and ceiling

reflectances. From this model, equivalent luminaire models were imported into the software from IES

files describing the lighting characteristics of proposed fixtures. From these simulations shown in

Figure 18, the varying foot-candle (fc) level in the dorm rooms, corridors, and common areas (8-

person and 18-person) can be examined and verified for accuracy.

B. Autodesk Revit MEP 2011 was used to create 3-D lighting renderings based on existing CAD files and

imported photometric files for new fixtures. Shown in Figure 12, these layouts are used to accurately

represent the foot-candles output into the existing spaces by the proposed fixtures.

Figure 12: 3-D Rendering of Dorm Lighting (Floor and Ceiling Views)


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Figure 13: E2.1 – Basement Ceiling Plan (New)


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Figure 14: E2.2A – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (New)


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Figure 15: E2.2B – 1st Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (New)


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Figure 16: E2.3A – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, West Wing (New)


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Figure 17: E2.3B – 2nd-4th Floor Ceiling Plan, East Wing (New)


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Figure 18: E2.4 – Calculated Lighting Levels in Typical Areas


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ENERGY USE ANALYSIS AND RETROFIT

SUMMARY OF ENERGY USE

Currently, the distribution system at Cafaro House is energy-efficient

and does not need further improvements. Mounted on the building

exterior, Cafaro House is being fed from a 750 kVA 3-phase pad-

mounted transformer with a 4160 V primary that is stepped down to

277/480 V on the secondary side. This transformer feeds a 1200 A

distribution panel located in the basement of the building (Figure

19). The distribution panel feeds various lighting panels, mechanical

panels, and mechanical equipment throughout the building.

On each of the four main floors, there are two electrical

rooms (one for each wing of the building) and a main electrical room

in the basement. In each electrical room, there is a 277/480 V 3-

phase panel serving as the lighting panel for the suites, corridors,

and common areas. These panels also feed 480 V Delta – 120/208 V

Wye 3-phase transformers that serve panels with receptacle loads

from the suites, corridors, and common areas. In total, there are five

transformers rated at 30 kVA and nine rated at 45 kVA. The lighting

and general purpose receptacle panels in the basement are located in

the main electrical room.

The major mechanical loads of the building consist

of two elevators, the fire pump, and the chiller. To offset

power requirements, the chiller utilizes a 40 kvar starting

capacitor. Combined, these loads are fused to reflect a total

load of 710 A at 480 V. There is also a 200 A panel at

277/480 V designated for other various mechanical loads

on normal power. An emergency generator in the basement

provides power to critical mechanical loads, emergency

lighting, life-safety systems (fire alarm and suppression)

and security systems during power outage situations. The

generator is a 3-phase unit rated at 60 kW that feeds one

200 A emergency panel fused at 125 A. The emergency

panel feeds a step-down transformer (Figure 20) and

120/208 V panel. The overall condition of the electrical distribution equipment throughout the facility is sufficient

enough to not require immediate upgrades. Since the building was constructed only 15 years ago, none of

the equipment is severely outdated or in need of replacement. Certain things, however, were looked into

such as the efficiency of the step-down transformers to ensure there was no unnecessary or excessive

power loss in the system.

Figure 19: Distribution Panel,

Electrical Room, Basement

Figure 20: Step-down Transformer, Electrical Room,

Basement


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The HVAC system for the building

primarily consists of a central heating and

cooling system utilizing four air handling

units (AHU). Heat is received from boilers

circulating hot water via hot water pumps to

the AHUs; air conditioning is received

through cold water chillers transferred by a

central chilled water pump. All units

operate off 480 V/3P and are located inside

the mechanical rooms. Seasonal Energy

Efficiency Ratio (SEER) is a measure of

heating/cooling output (in BTUs) to energy

input (in watt-hours). The U.S. Department

of Energy set forth the SEER 10 regulation in

1992, which was increased to SEER 13

requirement in 2006. Since the building was constructed in 1994, Cafaro House could benefit from a HVAC

upgrade to SEER 13, which is at minimum 30% more efficient than SEER 10.

Currently, Youngstown State University does not individually monitor buildings, which makes a

large power increase (due to failed equipment or devices) nearly impossible to detect. Even though only

Cafaro House was analyzed in this upgrade, it is suggested that YSU incorporates sub-metering into all of its

facilities to provide real-time energy consumption information. In order to monitor energy usage in the

future, a Shark 100-S sub-metering network can be retrofitted into existing buildings. This would allow the

monitoring of individual circuits at any instant. At $495.00 each, a minimum of five wireless meter units are

suggested totaling $2,475.00. Shown in Figure 21, this system integrates into YSU’s existing Wi-Fi and

wired networks, removing additional costs from creating an infrastructure to acquire data from the sub-

meters. Although payback is negligible, this system will promote energy conservation by making residents

and facility monitors aware of consumption, promoting future decreases in usage.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT

Consuming a large portion of energy, Variable Frequency Drives

(VFDs) should be incorporated into existing mechanical equipment

to save energy. VFDs on fans and motors save energy by matching

the system demand with actual volume (of air, water, etc.) needed.

Shown in Figure 22, energy consumption in centrifugal devices

(such as pumps and motors) follows “The Affinity Laws”. Therefore,

when only 80% of system demand is needed, the VFD will allow the

device to run at 80% of the rated speed, requiring only 50% of the

rated power. This will instantly cut the power consumption of

mechanical equipment by at least half. In this application, it would

only be practical to apply VFDs to 3-phase equipment (shown in

Table 3) since payback of single phase equipment would exceed the

life of the building.

Figure 21: Shark 100-S Sample Setup

Figure 22: The Affinity Laws


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Another advantage of VFDs is the ability to “soft

start” connected equipment. When connected at full

supply voltage, induction motors instantaneously draw a

large initial current several times greater than the rated

current. VFDs have the ability to control initial current,

start the motor far below the rated current, and then

gradually raise the speed to the required level. Since

there are approximately over 75,000 starts in the life of

the chiller at Cafaro House, this would be advantageous to

the remaining lifespan of the equipment. As a note, VFDs

also increase the power factor to about 0.95; however,

Youngstown State University is not penalized for having

an uncorrected power factor.

RETURN ON INVESTMENT CALCULATIONS

Combined, the mechanical equipment motors at full load

consume 1109 kWh/day, calculated on average as follows:

,*(

) (√ )( )( )( ( ))+ (

)-

+ ,*(

) (√ )( )( )( ( ))+ (

)-

= (

) (

) (

)

and costs $66.50/day, calculated as follows:

⁄ .

Arbitrarily choosing motors to run at 80% speed, reducing energy consumption by 50%, savings will be

554.5 kWh/day and $33.25/day. Since air conditioning and heating equipment will not run concurrently,

the total kWh usage was calculated for the entire year with air conditioning and heating equipment

operating for six months each. A typical industrial power factor of 0.86 was used.

Using (21) Schneider Electric AC-Drive-6MVC2 (for motors less than or equal to 5 HP) at $735.50

each and (4) Schneider Electric AC-Drive-6MVC5 (for motors greater than 5 HP) at $1,288.00 each, the

price to add VFDs to Cafaro House is $20,597.50 (not including labor or markups). Due to the location of

devices, motors cannot share VFDs in this application.

A daily savings of $33.25 and total equipment cost of $20,597.50 would yield an equipment payoff

in only 620 days (not including installation or markups). This payoff also does not include the savings

accrued from prolonging the life of equipment via soft starts. It is important to note that elevators were

NOT included in this analysis as it would pose a safety concern to install a VFD.

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DESIGN

After analyzing the current power consumption and proposing viable solutions for energy reduction, the

implementation of on-site alternative energies can further reduce electricity demands. When considering

the location size and region, both photovoltaic panels and wind energy can be employed simultaneously at

Table 3: Three-phase Induction Motors in Cafaro House

Device Volts/PH Rating

Unit Heater #3 480/3 3 HP

Exhaust Fan #10 480/3 3 HP

Exhaust Fan #12 480/3 3 HP

Hot Water Pump #1 480/3 5 HP

Hot Water Pump #2 480/3 5 HP

Chilled Water Pump 480/3 15 HP

Cooling Tower Pump 480/3 10 HP

Air Handling Unit #1 480/3 7.5 HP

Air Handling Unit #2 480/3 1 HP



Supply Fan 480/3 .75 HP

Boiler #1 480/3 1.5 HP

Boiler #2 480/3 1.5 HP

Control Air Compressor #1 480/3 5 HP

Control Air Compressor #2 480/3 5 HP

Chiller 480/3 43 HP

Cooling Tower Fan 480/3 15 HP

Return Exhaust Fan #1 480/3 1.5 HP

Return Exhaust Fan #2 480/3 1 HP

Duct Heater #1 480/3 20.8 FLA

Duct Heater #2 480/3 24.3 FLA

Air Conditioning Unit #1 480/3 35.7 FLA

Condensing Unit #1 480/3 4.4 FLA

Air Conditioning Unit #2 480/3 29.5 FLA

Condensing Unit #2 480/3 12.3 FLA

Elevator #1 480/3 30 HP

Elevator #2 480/3 30 HP


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the site. Before explaining the proposed alternative energy plan

shown in Figure 24, the following list of renewable systems and

other energy-reduction plans were suggested but proved

impractical for the site:

1. Geothermal energy was not found to be applicable in the

initial site survey since more mechanical rooms would

need to be installed to house the pumps and heat

exchanger used in a geothermal energy system. Also, an

unrealistic amount of re-piping would be needed to

retrofit the existing spaces which would have a heavy

upfront cost and no viable chance for payback. As seen

in Figure 23, there would also not be enough space to

put a geothermal well for a building of this size.

2. Due to location, hydropower, tidal power, and wave

power are not an option since the building is in an urban

area, not near a river.

3. Double exit doors create a vestibule that prevents

excessive fluctuations in internal temperatures. At

Cafaro House, only the main two entrances utilize this

energy-efficient design. Other exits are one-way doors

placed for students’ convenience and for emergency

purposes only. Therefore, for functionality and security

reasons, double exit doors will not be implemented at

those exits.

PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY

Solar energy is a renewable source that is inexpensive to

employ. To show the community the “green” changes to the

building and to produce an efficient amount of energy, both

roof-mounted panels and ground-mounted panels will be

implemented, as seen in Figure 24. Specifically, the ground-

mounted array can be used as an educational tool since

passersby can approach the system and see how it works. Also,

even though there is an empty courtyard to the southwest of the building, this area is a designated

recreational area for student use. Therefore, alternative energy sources will not be installed in that

location, leaving the upgrade to utilize the roof space (for solar panels) and small areas next to the building

(for both solar panels and wind turbines).

For maximum energy production, the solar array panels must be oriented true south. At the site

location in Youngstown, OH, according to Enphase Energy’s Solar Array Orientation Map, true south is eight

degrees west of magnetic south. As reported by the Natural Renewable Energy Laboratory’s United States

Figure 23: Cafaro House Site - Geographical

Information Systems, Mahoning County, Ohio

Figure 24: Proposed Alternative Energy Layout


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Solar Atlas in Figure 25, one

square-meter of solar panel area at

this site will produce an average of

4-4.5 kWh/day equal to 0.177 kW.

By using a total of fifty-six solar

panels, the solar system can

produce approximately 224-252

kWh/day. However, the proposed

solar array compensates only a

portion of the electricity demand due to inefficiencies in energy conversion and poor regional solar

statistics.

As a result of market availability, framed PV panels, rather than thin-film panels, were chosen.

Although many types of framed PV panels are available, this installation will use a Sharp Solar Panel

(Model ND-130UJF), which is a 130 W 12 V system. Therefore, the fifty-six panels would have a maximum

output of 7.280 kW or 174.72 kWh. These framed solar panels have a 12 VDC output and are compatible

with the proposed 8 kW Sunny Boy grid-tie inverting system, as seen in Figure 26. The Sharp solar panels

can be connected in series, with a maximum of thirty-four panels on the same series circuit. Therefore, the

proposed solar array will use two series circuits with the thirty-two ground-mounted panels on the first

circuit, and the twenty-four roof-mounted panels on the second. The surface area of each solar panel is

9278.00 cm2. Thus, the total area of the proposed arrays would be 51.957 m2 and receive a maximum

potential 9.912 kW from the sun. This particular model has a module conversion efficiency of 13.1%. With

this efficiency and considering NREL regional statistics, a more reasonable production output is 1.297 kW

or 31.136 kWh/day.

After deciding the panel arrangement, type, and quantity, a variety of mounting racks were

researched. The Solar FlexRack manufactured by a local aluminum extrusion company, Northern States

Metals, was chosen for this solar array application. Fabricated in Youngstown, Ohio, the Solar FlexRack

reduces material cost, shipping time, and installation demands for each panel installed. Compared to other

mounting solutions for PV panels, the Solar FlexRack comes pre-fabricated to the site, requiring only two

bolts to complete installation. Unlike the competition which takes forty-five minutes to assemble by hand

in the field, Northern States Metals product unfolds in an accordion-like fashion and can be setup in three

minutes. Also, the racks made by Northern States Metals are custom-designed to the specific solar panel

and location of the client, taking into consideration climate conditions such as snowfall and wind speeds.

Therefore, these racks are more suitable for the environment in which they are being used.

Using the Solar FlexRack and Sharp PV panels, the proposed solar array will consist of two ground-

mounted 4x4 panel racks, totaling thirty-two panels. Allowing for true south arrangement and a noticeable

presence, one array will be placed north of the building and another placed south of the building, as shown

in Figure 24. For the three roof-mounted 2x4 arrays, a pitched roof solar array mount from Xiamen

Stanwic Optoelectronics will be used. The system can be placed on the roof while lining up to true south

with minimal additional framework needed. The electrical distribution riser diagram for connecting the

proposed solar array system into Cafaro House’s existing electrical network can be seen in Figure 26.

kW

h/d

ay

pe

r m

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f so

lar

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Figure 25: Natural Renewable Energy Laboratory - United States Solar Atlas


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WIND TURBINE SYSTEM.

Wind is a natural, renewable source of energy that is utilized across the world. Unfortunately, the site’s

regional wind climate and urban location creates a challenge to making wind power generation

appropriate for the client. The use of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) mounted on the ground has been

considered the best option for this site. This choice was made due to the inability to utilize typical

horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) because of safety concerns. HAWTs need an uninhabited radius of

150-200% of the turbine height including blades. Therefore, due to close proximity to other buildings, a

ground-mounted VAWT would be ideal for both safety and energy generation.

Using a compact, elegant, and versatile design, the Helix S322, by Helix Wind Corp., was determined

as the best-fit turbine for the client. This model is a VAWT with a modular design that can be installed very

easily. The Helix turbine has a maximum power output of 2 kW and a cut-in speed of 11.1 mph. By placing

two turbines as shown in Figure 24, the energy produced will be a maximum of 4 kW or 96 kWh per day.

However, due to lower wind speeds on-site, a more realistic estimate of 2.667 kW or 64 kWh will be

expected at Cafaro House. The electrical distribution riser diagram for connecting the proposed wind

turbine system the existing electrical network can be seen in Figure 26.

ENERGY STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION

To properly utilize the power produced by on-site renewable energy sources, a grid-tie system is proposed.

From the riser diagram shown in Figure 26, the Sunny Boy inverter box takes DC output from the framed

solar panels, converts it, and outputs it as 3-phase AC at 60 Hz. The system will be directly tied into the

existing utility power grid. With this design, at times when the power demanded by the building is greater

than the power generated on-site (expected to be most of the time), the system will automatically pull

power from the utility company. Conversely, at times when more alternative energy power is produced

than demanded (possibly when the building is shutdown), the system will send power back to the utility.

This system would be installed in the basement of Cafaro House in the existing electric room. Only

one Sunny Boy inverter (rated at 8 kW) would be needed to appropriately handle the 1.3 kW and to

accommodate for future expansion of alternative energy systems. As seen in Figure 26, the two helix wind

turbines are shipped with an inverting system, only requiring connection to the utility grid.

Because of the proportionally small amount of energy being produced on-site, it is unrealistic that

the client will reach net-neutrality with these renewable systems alone. However, if future alternative

energies were implemented in an off-site location near Cafaro House, power generated can be sold back to

the utility company, a likely scenario on days where the building is unoccupied. If Cafaro House is

producing more energy than needed, the surplus energy will be put back into the utility grid, crediting

money towards overall utility costs. Even though surplus power lessens energy bills, the utility company

only buys energy back at 20% of the selling rate. Considering the growing green energy movement, it is

likely that the power company will adjust these tariffs to promote on-site energy production in the future.


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Figure 26: E2.5 – Alternative Energy Riser Diagrams


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SCHEMATIC ESTIMATE AND SCHEDULE

ENERGY UPGRADE COORDINATION SCHEDULE

Shown in Figure 27, a project

timeline was created for each

respective scope of work involved in

the energy upgrade. To maintain

normal operations during the entire

construction process, the work is

coordinated to minimize disruption

of facility operations. The only task

that may cause any major disruptions

to Youngstown State University or

the tenants of the building is the

installation of the new luminaries in

the dormitory rooms. This work is

scheduled to occur when students

will not be occupying the building

between semesters. All of the

processes of a normal construction

project were taken into consideration

including product lead time, the

submittal process, mobilization,

punch list completion/project close-

out, and realistic time allotments to

facilitate the installation of the new

equipment.

COST ESTIMATES

For all proposed retrofits, additions, and alternative power generation systems, the overall cost of energy

upgrades at Cafaro House is estimated to be approximately $225,415.00, a reasonable upfront cost to run a

large residence hall from renewable energy sources for many years. The main areas of this financing plan

include: (A) lighting retrofit at $89,720.00, (B) distribution upgrades/additions at $38,175.00, and

(C) alternative energy system at $97,520.00.

LIGHTING RETROFIT

For the lighting retrofit at Cafaro House, all fixture costs were obtained from a local lighting representative,

Mike Sell, from Jack Duffy & Assoc., Inc. With one of the team member’s working as an electrical estimator

by trade, the bid proposal was produced with commercial bidding software (Accubid) used by local

contractor, Dickey Electric. This software generated accurate cost estimates for each portion of the design.

All Systems

Notice to Proceed/Submittals 2 Weeks

Owner Submittal Approval 2 Weeks

Mobilization 2-3 Days

Punch List Items 2 Weeks

Lighting Retrofit

Fixture Lead Time 2-4 Weeks

Common Area Fixture Installation 3 Weeks

Dormatory Fixture Installation 2 Weeks

Distribution/Drive Improvements

Product Lead Time 1-2 Weeks

Drive Installation 4-5 Weeks

Sub Metering Installation 2 Days

Wind/Solar Installation

Product Lead Time 5-7 Weeks

Riser Conduit/Wiring 2-3 Weeks

Equipment Installation 2 Weeks

System Start-up/Commissioning 1 Day

Dates of Completion

7/2

5/2

01

1

8/1

/20

11

System/Task

6/2

0/2

01

1

6/2

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/20

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7/1

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8/2

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9/2

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Duration

8/8

/20

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Figure 27: Coordination Schedule for Cafaro House


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Referring Figure 28, the cost estimate obtained from the local lighting representative is reflected in

the line item entitled “Quoted Material Extension.” The other items of interest that appear on this pricing

breakdown table include: (A) the database material, (B) direct labor costs, (C) general

expenses/equipment, and (D) the contractor markup for labor and materials. Each of these categories

includes different aspects that contribute to the overall cost estimate:

A. The database material consists of all the branch conduit, wires, boxes, fittings, and miscellaneous

materials needed to complete the proposed work.

B. The direct labor consists of Journeyman Electricians and Apprentices from IBEW Local 64, the

locality in which Cafaro House resides. This is referred to as direct labor since none of the proposed

work would be completed by subcontractors of the electrical contractor.

C. The only item included in the budget under the category of general expenses for this project is the

cost incurred for electrical inspections of the work performed.

D. The contractor’s markup for labor and materials was also taken into consideration. Every

contractor has different markup methods used to account for overhead and to achieve desired

profit margins. For this project budget, a generic 5% overhead and 10% markup for all labor and

materials was used.

OVERALL PRICE OF LIGHTING RETROFIT: $89,720.00

Figure 28: Lighting Retrofit Cost Estimate


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DISTRIBUTION UPGRADES AND ADDITIONS

For the power system upgrades and building metering, the same software was utilized. For this portion,

only journeyman electricians were utilized because of the skill level needed to install these components. As

shown in Figure 29, the total quoted material (the VFDs and metering equipment) totals $20,597.50 and

the labor required was 220 hours. The miscellaneous materials needed to complete the installation and the

potential inspection fees were also taken into consideration for this estimate.

ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION UPGRADE AND ADDITIONS TOTAL COST: $38,175.00

Figure 29: Distribution Upgrade and Additions Cost Estimate

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Finally, the solar array/wind system equipment and installation costs were estimated. Even though solar

installations are labor intensive, the layout of the system and need for subcontractors to complete the

installation posed several challenges. Pricing had to be obtained for the equipment as well as costs for

excavation to complete trenches, boring under sidewalks, and foundations for the new equipment. As

illustrated in Figure 30, all the main cost factors have been incorporated in the estimate. This includes

allowances for electrical inspection and material freight charges not included in the pricing quotes.

Apprentice labor was also utilized for two reasons: (1) to keep costs down and (2) since apprentices in this

area are trained on the installation of this equipment.


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ESTIMATED ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS COST: $97,520.00

Figure 30: Alternative Energy Systems Cost Estimate

FINANCING PLAN

Since YSU is a state university, the funding for this energy upgrade will come from private donations, and

campus improvement allotments instead of tax credits. For the overall capital investment, YSU will offset

the energy upgrade cost with yearly reductions in utilities and various loan programs. At YSU, the main

organization providing capital investment for all scholarships, campus renovations, and other

improvements is the YSU Foundation. With offset utility savings, the major funding for this energy upgrade

will be provided by this charitable, non-profit organization. Finally, Along with seeking federal, state, and

local grant incentives, YSU will pursue other green energy rebates and renewable resource credits through

utility companies.

Youngstown State purchases its power from First Energy, a local utility service provider, at a

distribution rate significantly lower than the standard commercial cost per kWh. However, the cost

structure for their billing is similar to a normal customer since power factor and peak demand (in kW) are

also taken into consideration. After investigation and conversations with YSU Facilities Maintenance, it was

discovered that the university has a power factor in excess of 0.99 campus-wide and does not meter the


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majority of its facilities separately. Since Cafaro House is one of the buildings not metered separately, the

power factor and peak demand of the facility are unknown. Due to the magnitude of electrical load across

campus, it was also determined that any change in the power factor or peak demand at Cafaro House would

have virtually no effect on the peak demand structure portion of YSU’s billing. According to Ralph Morrone,

PE, LEED AP, and Facilities Engineer, YSU pays $0.06 per kWh, which was used in all calculations.

LIGHTING RETROFIT

Analyzing the F1 fixtures, the existing fixtures use 11,072 W yearly; running an average of eight hours per

day, these fixtures are powered for 2,416 hours per year. Therefore, existing F1 fixtures use 26,749.952

kWh. Replacing the existing fixture with the one listed in Figure 6 under the same conditions, the power

consumption is 9,861 W and 23,824.176 kWh, yearly. By replacing F1 fixtures, the energy savings is

2,925.776 kWh per year.

When analyzing the F2, A, and A1 fixtures, a significant change in power consumption is noticed

due to their 24-hour operation. The existing fixtures are used 7,248 hours per year, consume 13,952 W or

98,514.816 kWh per year. Replacing the existing fixtures with those listed in Figure 6 under the same

conditions, the power consumption is 6,270 W and 45,444.96 kWh, yearly. By replacing F2, A, and A1

fixtures, the energy savings is 53,069.856 kWh per year.

Therefore, this would save YSU approximately $3,359.77 per year in utilities. Also, Ohio Edison

offers a one-time incentive of $0.80/W for lighting retrofits. Therefore, YSU will receive a one-time credit

of $6,826.40. The lighting retrofit, which costs $89,720, will save 55,996 kWh per year. With a price of

$0.06/kW at YSU, this upgrade has an individual payback of 24.67 years, as seen in Table 4.

DISTRIBUTION UPGRADES AND ADDITIONS

Along with energy savings from the lighting retrofit, the installation of

VFD’s on mechanical equipment will reduce energy consumption

significantly and allow for utility incentives. Based on the Ohio Edison

“Motors and Drives Incentive”, for each horsepower in a motor with a

VFD installed, a one-time $35 credit will be given to the customer.

With the various induction motors listed in Table 3, Cafaro House

will be eligible for $4,541.00 in credits. As well as the credit incentive

from Ohio Edison/First Energy, the VFDs will save approximately

$10,080.78 in yearly utility costs. The distribution upgrade, which

costs $38,175.00, will save 168,013 kWh per year. With a price of

$0.06/kW at YSU, this upgrade has an individual payback of

3.34 years, as seen in Table 4.

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Costing $97,520.00, the alternative energy upgrade will produce

energy savings of 95,136 kWh per year. With a price of $0.06/kW at

YSU, this upgrade has an individual payback of 17.08 years, as seen in

Table 4.

Table 4: Proposed System Payback Period

TOTAL SYSTEM COSTS

LIGHTING $89,720.00

POWER $38,175.00

WIND/SOLAR $97,520.00

TOTAL PROJECT COST $225,415.00

INCENTIVES

LIGHTING $6,826.40

POWER (VFDs) $4,541.00

TOTAL INCENTIVES $11,367.40

TOTAL PROJECT ADJUSTED COST $214,047.60

ANNUAL kWh SAVINGS

AT 303 DAYS/YEAR

LIGHTING 55,995.59

POWER 168,013.50

WIND/SOLAR 95,136.00

TOTAL kWh SAVINGS 319,145.09

YSU'S COST/kWh $0.06

TOTAL YEARLY SAVINGS $19,148.71

TOTAL PAYBACK PERIOD 11.17818 YEARS

INDIVIDUAL PAYBACK

LIGHTING 24.67 YEARS

DISTRIBUTION 3.34 YEARS

WIND/SOLAR 17.08 YEARS


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PAYBACK ANALYSIS

According to grants, rebates, and incentives in the form of utility credits and energy savings listed in Table

4, the overall energy upgrade costing $225,415.00 can be paid back within 11.18 years. Although

renewable energy does not have immediate paybacks, the long-term benefits of utilizing less fossil fuels

significantly outweighs waiting for a return on investment.

LEED FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS (VERSION 2.0) REVIEW

OVERVIEW OF EVALUATION

For the energy upgrade proposed at Cafaro House, the design solutions represent unique opportunities for

the application of U.S. Green Building Council standards. According to the client’s long-term goals, the

resident hall should meet LEED certification, a goal promoted across the campus of YSU. To meet Gold

certification, the post-approval points from LEED for Existing Buildings (Version 2.0) have to total at least

48 out of 85 possible points.

Table 5: LEED Existing Buildings Proposed Credit Summary

Category Proposed Points Maximum Possible Points

Sustainable Sites 9 14 Water Efficiency 4 5 Energy and Atmosphere 16 23 Materials and Resources 5 16 Indoor Environmental Air Quality 14 22 Innovation and Design Process 5 5

PROJECT TOTALS: 53/85 POINTS (LEED GOLD CERTIFICATION)

From Table 5, after analyzing all six categories, FIFTY-THREE points can be obtained, thus receiving

potential LEED Gold certification at Cafaro House. Although all credits below will count toward the desired

certification, only some of the credits and implementations (marked with an *) directly correlate to the

energy upgrades proposed in this audit.

EXPLANATION OF PROPOSED LEED CREDITS

I. Sustainable Sites (NINE proposed points)

For this section of LEED for Existing Buildings (Version 2.0), the following NINE credits can be satisfied:

1.1-2, 3.1-4, 4.1, 5.1, and 7*. The prerequisites for Sustainable Sites are: (1) implementation of an

erosion/sedimentation control plan and (2) age of building is at least 2 years. These LEED credits can be

obtained at Cafaro House by:

Developing a plan for a green site/building exterior,

Promoting alternative transportation with: public transportation access, bicycle storage and

changing rooms, preferential parking spaces for alternative fuel vehicles, and

carpooling/telecommuting,

Protecting and restoring natural spaces on 50% of site area,

Reducing storm water runoff rate and quantity by 25%, and

Decreasing light pollution from site lighting*.


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II. Water Efficiency (FOUR proposed points)

For this section of LEED E.B. 2.0, the following FOUR credits can be satisfied: 1.1, 2, and 3.1-2. The

prerequisites for Water Efficiency are: (1) maintaining minimum water efficiency and (2) meeting

discharge water compliance. These LEED credits can be obtained at Cafaro House by:

Reducing water use in landscaping by 50%,

Providing innovative wastewater technologies, and

Reducing overall water usage by 20%.

III. Energy and Atmosphere (SIXTEEN proposed points)

For this section of LEED E.B. 2.0, the following SIXTEEN credits can be satisfied: 1*, 2.1-2*, 3.1-3*, 5.1-4*,

and 6*. The prerequisites for Energy and Atmosphere are: (1) ensuring existing building commissioning,

(2) documenting minimum energy performance, and (3) applying ozone protection. These LEED credits

can be obtained at Cafaro House by:

Optimizing energy performance (Energy Star Rating of 83)*,

Developing on-site (6%) OR purchasing off-site (30%) renewable energy*,

Educating staff on maintenance and monitoring*,

Providing enhanced metering* and emission reduction reporting, and

Documenting sustainable building cost impacts*.

IV. Materials and Resources (FIVE proposed points)

For this section of LEED E.B. 2.0, the following FIVE credits can be satisfied: 2.1-2*, 4.1, 5.1, and 6*. The

prerequisites for Materials and Resources are: (1) implementing a waste management policy, (2) storing

and collecting recyclables, and (3) reducing mercury content of light bulbs. These LEED credits can be


Optimizing use of alternative materials for 20% of total purchases*,

Using sustainable cleaning products and materials for 30% of annual purchases,

Ensuring occupant recycling by diverting 30% of waste stream, and

Reducing mercury content of light bulbs even more*.

V. Indoor Environmental Quality (FOURTEEN proposed points)

For this section of LEED for Existing Buildings (Version 2.0), the following FOURTEEN credits can be

satisfied: 1, 2, 3, 4.1-2, 5.1, 6.1-2*, 7.1-2*, 8.1-3*, 10.3. The prerequisites for Indoor Environmental Quality

are: (1) ensuring functionality of air intake/exhaust systems, (2) providing environmental tobacco smoke

control, (3) removing or encapsulating asbestos, and (4) removing PCBs. These LEED credits can be


Monitoring outside air delivery,

Increasing ventilation,

Constructing an indoor air quality management program,

Documenting productivity impacts of employee absenteeism, costs, and other factors,

Controlling lighting, temperature, and ventilation systems*,

Providing thermal comfort compliance and monitoring*,


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Utilizing daylight in 75% of high-occupancy spaces while providing direct line-of-sight-to-vision

glazing on 45% of outdoor views*, and

Implementing low environmental impact cleaning policy.

VI. Innovation and Design Process (FIVE proposed points)

For this section of LEED E.B. 2.0, the FIVE credits can be satisfied: 1.1-4* and 2*. There are no prerequisites

for Innovation and Design Process. Credit 1.1-4 can be obtained at Cafaro House by implementing various

innovations in operations and upgrades that (1) are not covered elsewhere in the LEED criteria or (2)

substantially exceed existing criteria. Credit 2 can be obtained by using a LEED Accredited Professional

(LEED AP). Collaborating with the YSU GECT, Ralph Morrone of YSU Facilities Maintenance is both a

Professional Engineer (PE) and a LEED AP.

OUTREACH APPENDIX

STUDENT ENERGY AWARENESS

Although the green energy movement is sweeping across campus, Youngstown State University received a

“C” for its “Green Report Card” (show in Figure 31) as reported by the Sustainable Endowments Institute,

one of the lowest grades of the seventeen Ohio universities evaluated for the 2011 year. This was despite

making major improvements by raising the grade up from an “F” that was received in 2009. In fact, only the

University of Akron and Ohio Northern University scored lower.

The positive aspects of this lack-luster performance are the “A” received in

Food and Recycling and the “B” received for Student Involvement. Showing the

willingness of YSU students to promote green energy on campus, it is the hope of

the GECT that the proposed ideas and program would be well received.

Representing existing green projects at YSU, recycling and “green” food preparation

and disposal have improved the campus community. Representing alternative

energy production and a learning opportunity, YSU is currently constructing an

array of solar panels atop Moser Hall, a building in the College of STEM. Building on

these initiatives, the YSU GECT goal was to implement a plan that would foster

green thinking in terms of alternative energy and energy efficient design.

In addition to making various classroom appearances and speaking about

the project, the YSU GECT developed a contest to further promote green energy and

student awareness. After developing the contest announcement and rules

(illustrated in Figure 32), the entire student body and faculty were notified via a “myYSU Personal

Announcement” email and notification banner on their personal webpage. Beginning in early Spring 2011

semester, the competition concluded on May 27th, 2011. Here are some of the key features and of the

contest:

This will be an annual contest sponsored every spring by the YSU NECA student chapter.

The top three ideas (as determined by the YSU NECA student chapter) will be rewarded monetarily.

The winning ideas will be submitted to The Jambar (YSU’S student newspaper) along with the

chapter’s feedback for publication.

Figure 31: YSU Sustainable

Endowments Institute Score


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Figure 32: YSU Green Initiative Announcement

The invitation for submittals was very well received. In fact, over 70 qualifying ideas were received

before the deadline. Shown below, the excerpts of the winning ideas illustrate the fact that the student body

is aware of green technologies and are capable of proposing creative ways to implement various

energy-efficient designs across campus.

Ralph Morrone, PE, LEED AP Jesse Plaskett

Kendal Malsch Andrew Emig

“There are many areas in many of the buildings throughout

campus that are simply too cold during the warm summer

months, or too warm during the cold winter months. We can

save money and reduce our energy demand by making wiser

use of our HVAC.”

“Used vegetable oil from dining halls and food courts could be

converted into biodiesel, which could then be used to run the

few diesel truck and tractors the campus owns”.

“Move classes into single buildings and shut down

buildings not in use during off peak months, nights,

and weekends. Also, generate campus power and

heat using on-site facilities with some modifications,

improving efficiency to 90-95%.”

“…Installing a couple of these wind turbines onto campus in

the windiest spots would allow the university to save a ton of

money on electric bills, and then use the money to better the

campus for the faculty and students.”


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FEEDBACK LETTER FROM FACILITIES MAINTENANCE AT YSU

Youngstown State University

One University Plaza

Youngstown, OH 44555

May 27th

, 2011


Captain, Youngstown State University Green Energy Challenge Team

Youngstown State University

One University Plaza

Youngstown, OH 44555

Dear Justin Hosseininejad:

We would like to express our greatest thanks for your leadership in the energy audit and

subsequent energy upgrade proposal for Cafaro House at Youngstown State University.

The determination and level of professionalism of yourself and your team members was

superior throughout all aspects of the project.

One area of great interest to YSU is promote alternative energy sources and energy-

conscious, “green” measures.

Your team established a single point of contact, a mission, a set of supporting goals and

objectives then began a paced non-intrusive assessment of Cafaro House’s current energy

use and equipment conditions. This team made several site visits and thoroughly

documented the electrical systems at the facility. The YSU team then prepared a draft

report, solicited and integrated comments, and then finalized their study. The way the

YSU team managed the project exemplifies the level of professionalism employers and

contractors require from engineering professionals.

There is a definite need among individuals and companies alike in this community to

become better informed on the topics of energy conservation and renewable energy. Your

submittal provided an excellent foundation for future work in this area.

Thank you again for such an informative proposal and your professionalism.

Sincerely,

Ralph C. Morrone, PE, LEED AP

Facilities Engineer, Youngstown State University


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PUBLISHED ARTICLE

Shown in Figure 33 and Figure 34, the following article was published in The Vindicator (a Mahoning

Valley newspaper) on May 9th, 2011 on the front page of the “Local & State” section.

Figure 33: YSU Vindicator Article (Part 1 of 2)


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Figure 34: YSU Vindicator Article (Part 2 of 2)

LOCAL NECA CHAPTER INTERACTION

The NECA student chapter at Youngstown State University has a growing interaction with the local NECA

chapter and NECA contractors. Building relationships and contacts with those in the industry in order to

learn from experience is one of the student chapter’s most important goals. The officers as well as the

entire student chapter has had the opportunity to meet with and learn from the Mahoning Valley NECA

Chapter executive director, Tom Travers, and several NECA contractors The majority of the student

chapter’s NECA contacts have been introduced by Tom Travers to whom the team is very appreciative.

Just within this past year, the student chapter has had the opportunity to visit and tour several

locations where the local NECA chapter is involved. As part of the NECA student chapter interaction, the

group took a trip to the Warren Electrical Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee (JATC) Training

Center. While at the training center the group witnessed a presentation by Dave McGeary of Titan LED and

took a tour of the facility. Representatives from many well-respected local NECA contractors were present,

which allowed the opportunity to introduce the NECA GECT. The YSU team explained the goals and current

engagements of the competition. The presentation and tour was organized by Mahoning Valley NECA


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Chapter executive director, Tom Travers. A Mahoning

Valley native, NECA President Rex Ferry was also in

attendance.

Besides the opportunity to network, there was

also a very strong educational aspect to this trip. The

presentation by Titan LED showcased some of the

emerging technology in the LED market and afforded the

YSU GECT the opportunity to have questions answered

about product applications and price points. Perhaps the

most enriching part of the experience, however, was the

tour of the facility. During the tour, which was conducted

by Eric Davis, the center’s training director, the day-to-

day operations of the facility, programs, equipment, and objectives were explained to the team. Shown in

Figure 35, the group listens to an explanation of the motor controls lab on-site.

The JATC is also an excellent example of how alternative energy sources can be incorporated in the

construction industry. The training center’s geothermal, wind, and solar arrays were described to the YSU

GECT in great detail. As shown in Figure 36, group members (Jason, Ethan, Mike, and Jarrett) stand in front

of the wind turbine and solar array outside of the facility. The Sunny Boy grid-tie inverter that is utilized at

the facility is similar to the one utilized in this proposal.

Other chapter interaction included the

consultation of Eric Carlson of “Joe” Dickey Electric for

suggestions on system design and feedback. Many face-

to-face, telephone, and email communications between

the local NECA chapter and YSU’s student chapter were

necessary to make these opportunities possible. Because

communications with the local NECA chapter are

frequent, it is a mutual feeling that the level of interaction

is a very healthy and beneficial relationship.

Figure 35: Motor Controls Lab Demonstration

Figure 36: YSU Green Energy Challenge Team at JATC


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WORKS CITED

Dunlop, James. Photovoltaic Systems. 2nd ed. Orland Parks: American Technical Publishers, 2009.

Greenterrafirma.com. 22 May 2011 <http://greenterrafirma.com/wind%20turbines.html>.

Helix Wind, Corp. 28 May 2011 <http://www.helixwind.com/en/S322.php>.

Mahoning County Ohio - Geographical Information Systems. 27 May 2011

<http://gis.mahoningcountyoh.gov/gis/asp.htm>.

Natural Renewable Energy Laboratory. United States Solar Atlas. 28 May 2011

<http://mapserve2.nrel.gov/website/L48NEWPVWatts/viewer.htm>.

National Electrical Contractors Association. An Energy Audit of Your Building Will Outline Savings Options.

25 May 2011 <http://www.electricaldesignlibrary.com>.

Oasis Montana, Inc. 24 May 2011 <http://www.grid-tie.com/SMA.html>.

Saadat, Hadi. Power System Analysis. 3rd ed. PSA Publishing, 2010.

Sharp Electronics. Commercial Products. 29 May 2011

<http://www.sharpusa.com/SolarElectricity/SolarProducts/CommercialSolarProducts.aspx>.

Solar FlexRack. 23 May 2011 <http://www.solarflexrack.com/ground-mount.html>.

Sustainable Endowments Institute. 29 May 2011 <http://www.greenreportcard.org>.

U.S. Green Building Council. Green Building Rating System: for Existing Building Upgrades, Operations, and

Maintenance. Vol. 2. U.S. Green Building Council, 2004.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Youngstown State University Green Energy Challenge Team would like to express its greatest appreciation

to the following individuals and their affiliated companies for their time, effort, and assistance with the

formation of this proposal for the 2011 NECA/ELECTRI International Green Energy Challenge:

Youngstown State University Housing and Residence Life

Dr. Salvatore R. Pansino of Youngstown State University

Tom Travers of the NECA Mahoning Valley Chapter

Ralph Morrone, PE, LEED AP of Youngstown State University

Eric Carlson of “Joe” Dickey Electric

Phillip J. Jaminet, PE of Phillip J. Jaminet Engineering

Denise Dick of The Vindicator

Dave McGeary of Titan LED

Eric Davis of Warren Electrical JATC

Rex Ferry, NECA President and CEO of Valley Electrical Consolidated

Through the knowledge gained by participating in the 2011 NECA/ELECTRI International Green Energy

Challenge, the engineers involved in this energy audit and upgrade proposal have obtained valuable knowledge

on renewable energy, green building, and environmental impacts. With the experience and professional

connections gained in this effort, the Youngstown State University Green Energy Challenge Team members have

become more energy-conscious engineers. After graduating and continuing through their careers, team

members will continue to design using innovative building practices that adhere to energy-efficient standards

throughout all phases of the proposed project. The team has acquired valuable lessons and looks forward to

competing in next year’s challenge.

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