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6/226CAIUS JULIUS CiESAR.


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C^SAR,DE BELLO GALLICO

BOOK III.

roduction, Notes, Maps and Illustrations, ExercisesON Translation at Sight and on Re-Translation,

Hints on Translating Caesar,

the Vocahidanj of Ccesar prepared by S. Woods, M. A.

BYJ. C. ROBERTSON, B.A.,

Classical Master, Owen Sound Collegiate Institute.

TORONTO :W. J. GAGE & COMPANY,

1892.


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Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the Office of theMinister of Agriculture, by W. J. Gage & Co., in the year onethousand eight hundred and ninety-hvo.


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11 PREFACE.preparation for the class gets from the book much that is gen-erally given him now in the class, more time will thereby beleft for increasing his reading power by means of the exercisesgiven, and his knowledge of the language by the study ofpoints suggested in the more advanced notes. As for the sec-ond, if the pupil does not refer to the suggestions for translationin the appendix it will be because of laziness or because he doesnot need them. The reference to matter contained within thesame covers will leave no excuse for the former, while in the lat-ter case there is much less temptation to the student to dependtoo little on his own resources.The ideal edition of Cassar for schools will never be written.The present substitute for that missing ideal Avill doubtless befound open to criticism, and the editor will gladly receive sug-gestions for the improvement of the methods adopted in thisedition, or corrections if, in spite of all the care taken, anyinaccuracy has crept into the work.

Owen Sound, March 12, 1892.


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INTRODUOTIOlSr.I. Life of C.^sar.

II. Gaul and the Gauls.III. Cesar's Campaigns in Gaul.IV. The Commentaries of Caesar.V. The Army and Methods of Warfare.

I.LIFE OF C/ESAE.At the time of Caesar's birth Borne had become mistress of

lands bordering on the Mediterranean, so that foreignof conquest had virtually ceased, and during his boyhood

that struggle for supremacy in the State called thewars. This was at first a contest between the aristocraticthe popular party, but, as time went on, it became practi-a straggle between individuals for personal supremacy.

Caius Julius Caesar was born in 100 B.C. (or, as the historian


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IV INTRODUCTION.Mommsen holds, in 102 B.C.), of one of the oldest of the patri-cian or aristocratic families of Rome. The family Mas, how-ever, closely connected by man-iage -with the great jôpularleader Marius, and Caesar himself in 83 married the daughterof Cinna, Marius' leading supporter. His sympathies werethus from the first with the popular party, and on the defeatof that party by Sulla in 82, he barely escaped with his life.For several years after this Csesar served in the Eoman army

in Asia Minor, returning to Eome after Sulla's death in 78.At first he devoted himself to public oratory in the law courts,and in 76 went to Rhodes to study rhetoric under the famousteacher Molo. For several 3êars after his return to Rome in74 he busied liimself in strengthening his position with hisparty, and soon came to be looked on as one of its leaders.The senatorial party was at this time supreme, and Csesar hadto win his way to power gradually. He went through thevarious grades of office by which Roman citizens rose to therank of Consul, being in succession Quaestor, Curule Aedile,and Praetor. In 63 he was elected Pontifex Maximus, becomingtechnically the head of the Roman religion. This success overthe aristocratic jârty showed clearly that its power was wan-ing, and that Csesar was now one of the leaders of the Romanstate.In 61, immediately after his Praetorship, he went to Spain

as Propraetor or Military Governor. Here, in his first com-mand, he at once showed his ability as a general, in quellingthe rebellious native tribes. His manner of living at Rome(for he was not only one of the ablest but one of the most dis-solute of men during the earlier period of his manhood), and themeans by which he had obtained office and ingratiated himselfwith the people, had plunged him heavily into debt. But theGovernor of a Roman province had plenty of opportunities forenriching himself at the expense of the provincials, and oneyear in Spain freed him from all his debts, as well as makinghim known as a brilliant commander.


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INTRODUCTION. VIn 60 lie returned to the city and was elected Consul for 59,

with a colleague of the aristocratic party, who was, however,too weak and insignificant to be able to thwart his measures.The three leading men of Eome at this time were Pompey,representing the nobles ; Csesar, the leader of the popularparty ; and Crassus, whose influence was largely due to hisimmense wealth. Ctesar persuaded the other two to form acoalition with him, and thus get the practical supremacy' ofthe state in their own hands. In the end this bargain provedto be entirely to Caesar's advantage, as it prevented any activeopposition to him during the next few years while he wasabsent from Eome securing for himself experience, prestige,and a veteran army to assist him when the final struggle forsujDremacy came. For one of the results of the coalition wasthat Csesar was appointed for five years (58 to 54) governor ofIllyricum and the two Gauls, Cisalpine and Transalpine, (theformer being the northern part of Italy above the peninsulaproper, and the latter the southern part of France). In 55this command was extended for another period of five years, byan agreement with Pompey and Crassus, who were consulsthat 3'ear.For eight years (58 to 51) he was engaged in the conquest of

GauL At the end of that time the whole of Gaul, from theRhine to the Pyrenees, had been subjugated and made part ofthe Roman empire, and Ctesar had an army of experienced anddevoted veterans, such as the Roman state had never beforewitnessed. Crassus had fallen in battle in the far East, andCsesar and Pompey remained to compete for absolute suprem-acy in Rome, Pompey having the somewhat lukewarm supportof the Senate and the aristocratical party.

Civil war soon arose from the jealousy between these tAvorivals, and in 49 Caesar advanced with his legions into Italj^Pompey was not ready to oppose him, and crossed to Gi'oecowhere the Senatorial party gathered its foi-ces. MeanwhileCaesar hastened to Spain, where Pompoj' had strong supportei's,


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Vl INTRODUCTION.and quickly reduced them to submission. Eetuming to Romehe was made Consul for 48 and then crossed over to Greece.After a short summer campaign Pompey was decisively defeatedat Pharsalia, and fleeing to Egypt was assassinated thera

After short campaigns in Syria and Asia Minor (47) andAfrica (4G), in Avhich all remaining opposition was crusheil,Csesar returned to E.omo and occupied himself in securing hispower and settling affairs of state, surprising many by theclemency he showed to those who had lately opposed him.Pompey's sons meanwhile had raised a revolt in Spain, butthis was speedily crushed in the spring of 45.Csesar was now practically (though not nominally) supreme

ruler of the Roman world, and it seemed as though under theabsolute rule of so brilliant an administrator there would nowbe lasting peace and prosperity. But a conspiracy to assassin-ate him was formed by a number of eminent Romans, actu-ated some by jealousy, others by an honest but short-sighteddesire to bring back republican freedomj and in 44 B. C. , on the15th (the Ides) of March, he fell, pierced with the daggers ofhis murderers, at the base of Pompey's statuaThe result was that the struggle for supremacy was soon

renewed, and terminated only when, fourteen years later,Csesar's nephew (Octavianus, or Augustus) became sole rulerof the Roman world and established the empire of the Caesars.In person, Csesar was tall and slenderly built, his face

rather long and thin, his eyes black, vivacious, and keen, hisnose prominent, of the Roman type, his head somewhat baldin later life Allen and Greenourjh.His powers and genius were simply astonishing, a brilliant

leader, a skilful engineer, a profound jurist, a scientific astro-nomer, an eloquent orator and accomj^lished poetthere wasno region, practical or theoretical, in which he did not travelwith the greatest success. Waliiole.


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INTRODUCTION. Vll

11.GAUL AND THE GAULS.Long- before Caesar's time the Gauls had come into collisionwith the Romans. Before Rome's power extended over more

tlian the immediate neighborhood of the city, large numbersof Gauls had crossed the Alps and occupied the whole of thenorthern portion of Italy. By the beginning of the fourthcentmy B.C. they had made their way down into CentralItaly, and in 390 laid Rome in ashes. For more than a cen-tury Home was almost constantly engaged in wars with theneighboring tribes and states of Italy, and in many of thesewars the Gauls of Central and Northern Italy, either alone orin alliance with the Etruscans and Samnites, were opposed toHoma In 283 a crushing defeat was inflicted on the Gauls,and until 225 there was no more trouble with them. By thattime Eome had gained secure possession of the whole peninsula.By the end of 224 she had conquered the country of the Gaulssouth of the river Po, and in two j^oars more had extended herpower to the Aljis. The district extending from the Alps to thepeninsula was formed into a province called Gallia Citerior, orCisalpina, being politically quite distinct from the peninsula,Italy proper.The first steps towards the conquest of Transalpine Gaul

were taken in 154, when a Roman army crossed the Alps torepel an attack by the Gauls on two coast-settlements subjectto Massilia (Marseilles), a city which had been founded nearthe mouth of the Rhone by Greek traders, and which hadformed an alliance with Rome. In 125 these attacks wereagain renewed, and again the Romans interfered, and afterse\'eral years fighting, in which the Romans defeated the lead-ing tribes of the southern part of Gaul, they became mastersof the whole territory extending fi-om the eastern end of thePyrenees to the Alps, with the exception of Massilia, whichstill remained independent but in alliance Avith the Romans.Colonies were planted and the district organized into a pro-


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VIU INTRODUCTION.vince,the 'Provincia' of C


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INTRODUCTION. IXto get a footing in Gaul, and soon the Sequani found that theii-new allies were fast becoming their masters. Further, in 60 theHelvetii, living in what is now known as Switzerland, beganto prepare for a wholesale emigration into the more pleasantcountry of south-western GauLThe Romans' experience of the Gauls in Italy, and the more

recent terror caused by the invasion of the Cimbri and Teutonimade them feel alarm at these extensive and threatening move-ments of population. The Helvetians' route would lie close tothe province, and it was hazardous to allow the Germans tobecome firmly established in Gaul. The Romans did not atonce, however, respond to the ^dui's request for aid, but seemto have preferred to keep on good terms with Ariovistus, theGerman leader, till the moment for action came.Matters were in this position w^hen Caesar in 58 assumed the

governorship of the three Roman provinces, Gallia Cisalpina,Gallia Transalpina (or Provincia as he generally calls it), andIllyricum.Of these he depended mainly on the first for troops and sup-

plies. It was practically part of Italy, as populous and nearlyas wealthy and prosperous as the peninsula to the south.Gallia Transalpina had not yet been so thoroughly assimilated,and, with the exception of the neighborhood of the colonies andtrading cities on the coasts, doubtless differed little from'

' Free Gaul to the north and west.'

' The Gauls were an intellectual and prosperous people, farmore civilized than either Germans or Britons. The country,though extensively covered with forests, especially towards thenorth, was well provided with roads and bridges. The entirepopulation has been reckoned at about seven millions. Thepeople of the Gallic race were tall, fair-complexione


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X INTRODUCTION.Greece and Italy, but were merely places of residence andtrade,

'' The Gauls were not a nation, but a group of nations ortribes, about sixty in number, . . . the smaller ones often main-

taining only a nominal independence imder the protection ofsome larger one. They were for the most part rule


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INTRODUCTION. Zl

^AESAGALLICWAR


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Xll INTEODUCTION.Arar, and soon after near Bibracte inflicts a crushing defeat ontlie remainder, and orders the survivors to return to the homosthey had abandoned.The presence of so largo a body of troops and so successful acommander causes the leading men of several of the Gallic-,

tribes to ask his assistance against Ariovistus and his Germanfollowers (see page viiL ) Caesar undertakes the task, and atfirst tries argument and diplomacy, but in vain. The Romansoldiers are afraid to venture into unkno-svn lands against soformidable an enemy as the Germans were reported to be, butCaesar calms their fears, and as soon as he can come to a deci-sive engagement with Ai'iovistus, completely routs the Ger-mans and drives them back across the Rhine.By this campaign the Roman influence was extended overthe territory to the north of the province as far as the Treveri.

II.B.C. 57. Caesar advances into the territory of theBelgae, who, with the exception of the Remi (who form analliance with the Romans), combine to resist any attack ontheir country.The combined forces meeting a repulse disband and Caesar

advances farther into the country-. Here he is surprised by theNervii with some other tribes, and after a most desperateengagement, in T^hich Caesar's inspiriting example alone ralliesthe troops, the Ner\'ii are driven back with immense loss.

After the siege of an imjoortant town in this neighborhood,which capitulates when the enemy perceive the efficiency of theRomans' siege artillery, several other tribes submit, and as aresult of this second campaign Caesar's power extended fromthe Province northward to the English Channel and along thewhole northern coast of Gaul as far as the Veneti.

III.B. C. 56. During the winter Caesar sends one of hislieutenants to open up a new route between Italy and Gaulover the Alps, near the northern part of the Province, but thehill tribes offer such a resistance that the Romans are forcedto retire. The tribes on the north-west coast of Gaul, headed


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INTRODUCTION. Xlllby the Veneti, combine to recover their liberty. The campaignis carried on along the coast, both by land and sea, and theRomans at last conquer the Veneti in a sea fight by a com-bination of ingenuity and good fortune.Meanwhile Sabinus, a lieutenant of Csesar, succeeded in

quelling the revolt among the Venelli, and about the sametime another lieutenant, Crassus, advanced southward intoAquitania, and after a hard fight against overwhelming oddscame off victorious, and the different tribes of the Aquitanisubmitted to the Romans.

This campaign seciu'ed the results of the second year's workin the north-west of Gaul, while by the conquest of Aquitaniathe entire south from the Atlantic to the Alps acknowledgedthe Roman sway.

IV.B.O. 55. For some time the growing power of theSuebi, a German tribe, had been oppressing the neighboringtribes, and at last the Usipetes and Tencteri resolve to crossthe Rhine into Gaul. Csesar advances to the Rhine, and afterseveral conferences fights two battles with the invading Ger-mans and repulses them. To prevent any further inroad,Csesar builds a bridge across the Rhine, laj^s waste the landsof the Germans, and thus at once punishes and intimidates them.He then resolves on making an expedition to Britain, whichhad close relations with the Belgae, and for this purpose col-lects a fleet and sets sail in the early autumn. In the face ofa stubborn resistance he effects a landing, and receives thesubmission of a few states. Heavy losses to the Roman fleet,caused by a storm and high tides, encourage these states torevolt again. A Roman legion is siu'prised, but the attack isrepelled and soon after, owing the lateness of the season, Csesarreturns to Gaul without having ventured inland. On hisreturn he puts do\\Ti a rising of the MoiinLNo new territory -was added by this campaign, but the

north-east of Gaul was rendered secure from German invasionand the sphere of Roman influence was extended to Britain.


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Xiv INTRODUCTION.V.B.C. 51. With a larger fleet and stronger army than

before, Caesar again invades Britain and advances into theinterior a little beyond the Thames. The native trilses com-bine against him, but are defeated and compelled to promisetribute. In the autumn C*sar returns to Gaul, having madea display of his power and enterprise, but Tvithout adding anynew territoiy.On account of a drought and consequent scarcity of suppliesin Gaul, the forces are divided for the winter into severalportions and quartered among various tribes. The Gauls, whohad been beaten but not subdued, take advantage of this toattack three of the camps. The garrison (a legion and ahalf) of one is lured from the camp, falls into an ambush andis annihilated- Another camp is besieged by the Nervii, butwhen reduced to the last extremity relieved by Caesar. A thirdis attacked by the Treveri, who are however beaten back -ssithsevere loss. Affairs are in so desperate a condition that forthe first time Caesar spends the winter in Gaul instead ofItaly.VLB.C. 53. Caesar, with three additional legions, setsabout crushing out all resistance in Northern and North-eastern GauL A brief expedition is made across the Rhineinto Germany to stop all interfei'ence with GauL The extremenorth-east, where the legion and a half had been cut off theyear before, is completely devastated and an invasion by theSugambri (a German tribe) is repelled. This jxjrtion, at least,of Gaul has been now pretty effectually subdued.VII.B.C. 52. A general uprising of the central tribes of

Gaul, joined even by the hitherto faithful ^dui, is headed byVercingetorix, who on several occasions gains some advantageover Caesar but is in the end overcoma The greater part ofthe fighting (including three noteworthy sieges) takes place inthe country of the Arverni and the JEdui and the districts tothe north- After the defeat and capture of Vercingetorix thedifferent tribes are speedily reduced to submission.


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INTRODUCTION. XVVIII.B.C. 51. (The story of this campaign is told by

Aulus Hirtius). A few risings in various parts of Gaul arequelled, and Caesar, having by the middle of 50 completed theconquest of Gaul, proceeds soon after to Italy and becomesengaged in civil war with Pompey.

rV.THE COMMENTAEIES OF C^SAR.Commentarii means sketches, jottings, memoirs, and 'Caesar's

Commentaries are memoirs written by himself, descriptive ofhis different campaigns, in which he treats of himself in thethird person, and tells his story as it might have been told bysome accompanying scribe or secretary. ' That Csesar himselfwas the author, is amply proved by the fact that his contem-poraries ascribed it to him. It is uncertain whether it waswritten as the war went on and issued book by book, orwhether it was composed towards the end of the war.Each book contains the history of a single j^ear's campaign.

There are seven books in all, the history of the eighth year'soperations having been composed after Caesar's death by AulusHirtius, Caesar being doubtless too busy preparmg for thecoming war with Pompey to find time for literary work.As for the literary style of the Commentaries, the best

judges among Caesar's contemiooraries praised it for its purityof diction and its business-like directness of expression. Cicero,the best literary critic of his day, writes of Ceesar's Commen-taries, I pronounce them to bo, in fact, entirely commend-able : for they are simple, straightforward, of a charmingelegance, stripped of all rhetorical adornments ; and whilespeaking of them as intended not for a history but as materialsfor a history, says that their purity, brilliance and concisenessare such as to deter any man in his senses from attempting ahistory based on these materials.

Hirtius also bears witness to the ease and speed with whichCaesar wrote these books.

It should bo borne in mind that Caesar was one of the most


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xvi INTRODUCTION.eloquent and polished orators of his day, and that he also gaveattention to the rlictorical study of language, having writtena work on the Latin language, from Avhich Gellius quotes theadvice, ' to shun an uncommon or out of the way word as aship would a rock.An eminent modem writer says, To us who love to makeour language clear by the number of words used, and who inwriting rarely give ourselves time for condensation, theclosely-packed style of Ciesar is at first somewhat difficult ofcomprehension. It cannot be read othersvise than slowly tillthe reader's mind is trained by i)ractice to Cassarean expres-sions, and then not with rapidity Skipping is out of thequestion.The only other work of Csesar which has survived to us is a

history of the war between him and Pompey, Commentarii deBello Civili, in three books.

v.THE AEMY AND METHODS OF WAEFAKR(a) The Roman Forces. Caesar's army consisted of

{a) several legions of Roman soldiers, mostly enlisted in GalliaCisalpina, (6) light-armed troops (slingers and archers), leviedin some of the Roman provinces (Numidia, Crete and theBalearic islands are mentioned), and (c) auxiliary cavalryfurnished by or levied from the native tribes in alliance Aviththe Romans.The legion (legio) consisted nominally of 5,000 or 6,000

men, in reality of about 3,000 or 4,000. Losses incurred in acampaign were not made up by adding recruits to the legion,thus impairing its efficiency, but when necessary, new legionswere levied. Each legion was made up of ten cohorts (cohors),each cohort of three maniples or companies (manijnilus), eachmaniple of two centuiies (centuria or ordo), but the divisioninto cohorts is the important one in Caesar's time, the cohortbeing thus the unit of his army. The cavalry were divided


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INTRODUCTION.into squadrons (turma) and decuriae, each of uncertain size,the latter being the smaller.

Ci/ (O a.^^^C

(h) Arms and Equipments, The heavy armed soldier ofthe legion (miles legiouariiis), was equipped as follows :Defensive armor. 1. The helmet (galea), of leather, to

which were attached crests (insignia) to distinguish thesoldiers of the different legions. 2. The cuirass(lorica), of leather with a small iron breast-plate.3. The shield (scutum), oblong. 4 feet by 2J, andhalf cylindrical, of wood covered with leather,with metal rims at the top and bottom. [N.B.The round shield (clipeus) shown in the pre-ceding cut had long before Caesar's time been dis-carded for the oblong scutum shown in theaccompan^'ing cut. ]*

At an earli( r time greaves (ocreae) had been worn, but they seem not' ' '' 'ised in Csesar's time.


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XVlU INTROnUf'TION.Offensive armor. 1. Tlie

1 1 r ' .' r


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iNTRODUCTlOlfi XlXpaign, being entrusted with the occasional command of smalldetachments or with some administrative duties. 5, Theprefects or commanders {praefectus) -were also of equestrianrank and Avere placed iti command of the allied troops, for as ageneral thing the cavalry contributed by the native tribes wasoiEcered by Romans. 6. The centurions (centurio) were chosenfrom among the regular troops, there being 60 to each legionand six to each cohort. The centurions of a legion were notall of the same rank. There was a regular grade of promotionby which a centimon was advanced until he became the seniorcenturion of the legion (called primipilus or prlmi pili cen-turio.)* The centurions were the ordinary officers of thelegion upon whom depended mainly the efficiency of the troops.7. The decurion or sub-commander of cavalry (decurio),occupying a position inferior to the praefectus and commandinga small detachment of cavalry.

{< ) Tlie Camp. A Roman army never halted for thenight without entrenching itself. Towards the end of theda^'^s march a detachment was sent out in front to select aspot for encampment. A favorite site was the slope of a hill,especially if wood, water and grass were abundant in isneighborhood. The camp was square, the defenses consistingof a wall or ramjiart {vallum), and outside of this a trench ormoat (fossa), from which much of the material for the wallwas obtained. The tents (tentoria) of the soldiers were ofskins [peUcs). The camp had four gates (porta), those at theside being a little forward of the centre, and those in front (i.e.facing tlio enemy) and rear in the centre .f Before each gate

' Tho iinmown^ nvr'n at an oar'ior perioil when the anny was rlividedinU) inaiiiplrs raihcr th.iii cijhorts. an 1 into tlireo ranlts (knstdfi, ))n'ii


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XX INTRODUCTION.a picket or outpost (ulatio) was placed to guard againstsurprise. J

Si^ PRAETORIACa Z3 ES C3\ / e^ >^ 1^ E3 tsi

r-i' H. -,ivi-^,ifi.7i^r3Ba t^^-^

:: ::: 1::::::::; bi*^aA^3j stakes over his left shoulder, the left arm

bearing the shield and the right graspinghis javelin. The weight of the pack would be as much as 45

t Other names griven to these guards by Caesar are excubito7-es (nightguards), aud custodiae, or c^tstodes (watdies).


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INTRODUCTION. XXIpounds. Hence the soldier in this heavy marching order iscalled impeditus, when freed from his pack and in lightmarching order, expeditus.The standards of the army included (1) the eagle (aquila),

one to each legion, borne by the standard bearer of the legion{aquilifer) who was under the immediate command of the first

centurion of the legion ; (2) the standard or ensign{signum), of which each manipulus had one, borne

^M^.^P' (^ ^y ^ si//)iiyer, of different devices, to enable theiT^^ (p soldier to distinguish his own place ; and (3) thebanner (vexillum), a square piece of colored cloth

attached by a crosspiece to a pole, and servingas the standard for the cavalry and perhaps also

for the auxiliaries, being also used for detachments oflegionary soldiers sent out for special duties. A red vexillumwas disi:ilayed from the general's quarters as a signal for battle.For this same purpose, as well as for other signals, a straighttrumpet (tuba) was also used.

(/) The Army on the March and in Action. The armyon the march (agmen) advanced in a single column, with thebaggage of each legion immediately behind it. When near theenemy, the baggage of all the legions was thrown togetheralong with the packs of the soldiers, who thus marched infighting order. The vanguard is called iirimum agmen, therear novissimum agmen.When drawn up in line of battle (acies), each legion wasgenerally arranged in three lines (triplex acies), four cohorts(the pick of the legion) in the first line, and three in each ofthe others. These were stationed something like the followingorder, so that the second line could come into action without

interfering with the first The men stood 10 deep in the


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XXU INTKODUCTION,cohort. Occasionally other arrangements are mentionedthesinglelino, the double line (aciet) duplex) the wedge-shape


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INTKOCtrCTION. xxiiiit back, and then letting it swing forward with all the impetusit could be given.Engines {tormenta) for hurling huge stones or darts werealso employed.{g) Roman Vessels. Those used in war were of two kinds,

the shij^ of war or galley {iiavis longa) and the transport{navis oneraria). The former were long and narrow, riggedwith sails, but at the same time equipped with rowers. Aspecial feature was the beak (rostrum), a sharp projectionat the bow covered with metal for running down an enemy'sship. We also read of towers being built on the decks fromwliich iSissiles could be hurled on the enemy.


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O. JULTI CJESAEISCOMMENTAEIIDE BELLO GALLICO.LIBER TEETIUS.

1. Cum in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar, ServmmiGalbam cum legione duodecima et parte equitattis inNantuates Veragi'os Sedvinosque misit, qui a finibusAUobrogum et lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano adsummas Alpes pertinent. Causa inittendi fuit, quod iter 2per Alpes, quo magno cum periculo magnisque cumportoriis mercatores ire consuerant, patefieri volebat. Huic ?permisit, si opus- esse arbitraretur^'uti in his locis legionenjhiemandi causa ,collocaret. Galba secVmdis aliquot proeliis ifactis castellisqiie compluribus eorum expughatis , missisad eum undique legatis obsidibusque datis et pace facta

^

constituit cohortes duas in Nantuatibus collocare et ipsecum reliquis ejus legionis cohortibus in vico Veragrorum,qui appellatur OctodlTrus, hiemare ; qui vicus positus insvallov non magna adjecta planitie , altissimis' montibusrTiuundique continetur. Cum liic in duas partes fluminedivideretur, alteram partem ejus vici Gallis concessit,alteram vacuam ab his relictam cohortibus ad hiemandumattribuit. Eum locum vallo fossaque munlvit.

2. Cum dies hibernorum complures transissent, frument-iumque eo comportari jussisset, subito per exjiloratores certior


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2 i)fe BEttO GAttiCO. ''^^ ^factus est ex ea parte vici,/quam Gallis concesseraty onmesnoctu discessisse montesque, qui impenderent, a maxiina

2 multitudine Sedunorum. et Veragroruni teueri. Id aliquotde causis acciderat, ut subito Galli belji renovandi

slegionisque opprimendae consilium caperent^ primum,quod legionem heque earn pleiiissimairitdetractis cohortibusduabus et compluribus singillatim, qui-vcommeatus petendi

4 caiisa missi erant, projjter paucitatera despiciebant ; turnetiam, quod propter iniquitatem loci, cum, ipsi ex montubuîn vallem decurrerent et tela conjicerent, neiarimum quidem

5 posse iniiêtum suum sustineri existimabant. Accedebat,quod suos ab se liberos abstractos obsidum nominedolebant, et Romanos non solum itinerum causa, sed etiamperpetuae possessionis culmina Alpium occupare conari etea loca finitimae provinciae adjungere sibi persuasunihabebant.

1 3. His nuntiis acceptis Galba, cum neqre oixishibernorum mutiitionesque plene essent perfectae, nequede frumento- reliquoque commeatu satis esset provisum,quod deditione facta obsidibusque acceptis .nihil de bellotimendum existimaverat, consilio celeriter convocato

2 sententias exquirere coepit. Quo in consilio, cum tantumrepentini jjericuli praeter opinionem accidisset, ac jamomnia fere superiora loca multitudine a-rmatovum^completa conspicerentur, ifeque subsidio veniife''/ ileqffe

scomnieatus su|)portariînterclusis itineribus possent^ propejam desperata. sajute, nonnullae bujusmodi sententiaedicebantur, ut , imjDedimentis relictis eruptione facta isdemitineribus, quibus eo pervenissent, ad salutem contenderent.

4Majori tamen parti placuit^ lioc reservato ad extremumconsilio. interim rei eventum experiii et castra defendere.

I


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I.IBER TERTIUS.4. Brevi spatio interjecto, vix ut rebus, quas constituis-i

sent, coUocandis atque administrandis tempus daretur,hostes ex omnibus partibus ^ signo dato decurrere, lapidesaesaque in vallum conjicere. Nostri primo integris viribus^

fortiter repugnare neque \illum. fnistra telum ex locosuiêriore inittere, vit'>'''qtlaeque pars castrorum nudatadefensoribus pi'emi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxiliumferre, sed hoc superari, quod diiiturnitate pugnae hostessdefessi proelio excedebant, alii integris viribus succedebant,quarum rerum a nostris propter paucitatem fieri nihilpoterat, ac non modo defesso ex jKigna excedendi, sed ne*sauclo quidem ejus loci, iii)ir--t5onstiterat, relinquendi ac suireciiîendi facultas'dabatur. \.\

5. Cum jani 'amplius horis sex continenter pugnaretur iac. non solum vires, sed etiain tela uostros deficerent, atquehostes acrius instarent (languidioribusque nostris) vallumscindere et foss'as complere coepissent, resque esset jam adextremum jjerducta casum, P. Sextius Baculus, primi pdi 2centurio^ quem Nervico proelio compluribus coiafectumvulneribus diximus, et item Gains Volusenus, tribunusniilitum, vir et consilii magni et vu-tutis, ad Galbamaccurrunt atque unam esse siêm salutis docent, si .i,


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4 DE I5ELLO OALLICO.fortunaTeos, qui in spem jiotiiindorum castrornm venerant,undi(iue circumventos interficiunt et ex hominum niillibusamplius triginta, quern numerum barbarorum ^d castravenisse constabat, plus terti'a parte interfectif\ reliquosperterritos in fiugam conjiciunt ac ne in locis quidem

Ssuperioribus consistere patiuntur. Sic omnibus hostiumcopiis fusis armisque exutis se in castra munitionesquc

1 suas recipiunt. Quo proelio facto, quo4 saepivis fortimamtemptare Galba nolebat atque alio se in hiberna consilio-venisse meminerat, a-liis occurrisse rebus viderat, niaximefrumenti commeatusque inoj^ia ifpermotus postero dieomnibus ejus vici aedificiis incensis m provinciam reverticontendit ac nullo hoste prohibente aut iter demoranteincolumem legionem in Nantuates, inde in Allobrogcsjierduxit ibique liiemavit.

1 7. His ];ebus gestis cum omnibus de causis Caesarpacatani Galliam existimarct, superatis Belgis, expulsisGermanis, victis in Alpibus Sedunis, atque ita inita liiemein Illyricum profectus esset, quod eas quoque nationesadire et regiones cognoscere volebat, s,T^ifcum bellum in

2 Gallia coortum est. Ejus belli Eaec imtNcausa. P.Crassus adolescens cum legione septima proximus maresQceanum in Andibus liiemabat. Is, quod in liis locisinopia frumenti erat, praefectos tribunosque militumcomplures in finitimas civitates fi'umenti causa dimisit

i quo in numero est T. Terrasidiu^ missus in Esubios, M.Trebius Gallus in Curiosolitas, Q. Velanius cum T. 'Silio inVenetos.

1 8. Hujus est civitatis longe amplissima auctoritas omnisorae maritimae regionum earum, quod et naves liabentVeneti jjlurimas, quibus in Britanniam navigare consue-


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U

LIBER TERTIUS. 5runt, et scientiS atque usu nauticarum reriim reliquosantecediint et in magno impetu maris atque ajêrto paucisportibus interjectis, quos tenant ipsi, onines fere, qui eomari uti consuerunt, habent vectigales. Ab his fit initium.2retinendi STIii atque Velanii, quod per eos suos se obsides,quos Crasso dedissent, recuperaturos existimabant.Honim auctoritate finitimi adducti (ut sunt Galloi5m3subita et repentina consLlifi)^ eadem de causa TrebiumTerrasidiumque retinent, et ^'cfeleriter missis legatis persuos principes inter se conjurant,*îh.il nisi communiconsilio acturos eundemque omnis fortunae exitum esselaturos, reliquasque civitates solicitant, ut in ea libertate, 4quani a majoribus acceperint, permanere quam Roman-orum servitutem perferre malint. Omni ora maritimaSccleriter ad suam sententiam perducta communemlegationem ad P. Crassum mittunt/'si velit suos recipere^ -obsides sibi remittat.^ -*iii^^ .-^> .^\V/-4 (\ W ^ '^-^^ ,-^ :;y^ . \^ V^V- 'if-

9. Quibus de rebus Caesar ab Crasso certior factus, iquod ipse aberat longius, naves interim longas aedificari

^- in fluniine Ligere, quod influit in Oceanum, remiges exprovincia institui, najiias^jgubernatoresque compararijubet. His rebus celeriter administratis ipse, cum primum2

-peranni tempus potuit, ad exercitum contendit. Veneti3I reliquaeque item civitates jcognito Caesaris adventu, simul(quod, quantum in se facinus admisissent, intelligebant,>

^s^gatos,(quod nomen ad omnes nationes sanctum inviola-tumque^ seimêr fuisset, >, retentosâb se et in vinculaconjectosli pro magnitudine i)ericidi bellum j)arare, et

^^-maxime ea, quae ad usvim navium pertinent, providere v^

instituunt, hoc majore spe, quod nmltum natura loci v^^v^confidebant. Pedestria esse itinera concise aestuariisfî^^


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^:^/E BELLO GALLICO. \ ,-y> .^navigationem impeditam propter inscWtiam locorum

5 paucitatemqite porfcuvim sciebant, necjue nostros exercitusL- projiter fmmenti inopiam diutius apud se morari posse

/ confidebant : ac jam ut omnia contra opinionein acciderent,tgvHien se f)lurimum navibus posse, Romanos ' neque uUamfacultatem habere navium negueeorum locoranl, ubi bellum

Tgesturi essent, vada, portus, insulas^ôvissel ; ac longeajiaon esse navigationem in conclnso mari ajy^ê in vastis-

Ssimo atque apertissimo Oceano i)erspiciebant. His initisconsiliis oppida muniunt, frumenta ex agris in oppida

ocomportant, naves in Venetiam, ubi Caesarem pvimumbellum gesturum constabat, quam plurimas^possunt,

locogunt. Socios sibi ad id bellum Osismos, Lexovios,Namnetes, Ambili'atos, Morinos, Diablintes, Menapiosadsciscunt ; auxilia ex Britannia, quae contra eas r^gionesposita est, arcessunt. . 1 \ '' ll [-

\ '^ iJ^^'''1 10. Erant hae difficultates bellS gerendi, quap supraostendimus, sed multa Caesareni tamen ad id bellum

Smcitabant : injuria retentorum equitum Romanorum,rebellio facta jjost deditionem, defectio datis obsidibus, totcivitatum conjuratio, imprimis, ie (tac parte neglecjta^ r ,-,rii

sreliquae nationes sibi idem licere arbitrarentur, Itaquecum intelligeret omnes fere Gallos novis rebus studere etad bellum mobiliter celeriterqTteexcitari, omnes autemhomines ijat^'a libertati studere et conditionem. servitutisodisse, priusqviam plures civitates conspirairen^ partiendum ^j;^^^îî ^c latjus distribuendum^^cei-citum putavit.1 11. Itaqiie T. Labienum legatum in Treveros, qui2 proximi flumini Eheno sunt, cum equitatu mittit. Huicmandatj^Remos reliquosqiie Belgas adeat atque in officiocontineat Germanosque, qui auxUio a Belgis arce^siti U^{^

4


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tiBER TEETiUS. ?^ ^lij^^-Joîf^^dicebantur, si per vim navibns flumen transire conentur,proliibeat. P. Crassum cum cobortibus legionariissduodecim et magno numero equitatus in Aquitaniamproficisci jvibet, ne ex bis nationibus auxilia in Galliammittaijtur ac tantae nationes conjungantur. Q. Titurii.im4Sabinum legatuni cum legionibus tribus in VenellosCuriosolites Lexoviosque mittit, qui 'feamâniim distinen- idam curet. D. Brutum adolescentem classi GallicisqueSnavibus, quas ex Pictonibus et Santonis reliquisque pacatisregionibus convenire jusserat, praeficit et, cum primumposset, in Venetos proficisci jubet. Ipse eo pedestribuscopiis contendit. ^ ' y^/HPf

12. Erant ejusmodi fere sitiTs'' oppidorum, iit posita iulexti-emis lingulis proinontoriisque neê_ pedibus aditumbaberent, cum ex alto ' se aestus mcitavisset^ quod bisaccidit semi:)er horarum viginti quatuor spatio, nequenfvvdbus, I quod rursus minuente aestu naves in vadis

Ita iitraque re oppidorum oppugnatio2imiêdiebatur ; ac si quando magnitudine operis forte 3superati, extruso mari aggers ac molibt;s atque his oj^pidimoenibus adaequatis, suis fortunis desperare coeperaut,magno numero navium appulso, cujus rei summamfacultatem habebant, sua deportabaut omnia seque inproxima ojipida recipiebant : ibi se rursus Tsdem opportuni- 4tatibus loci defendebtint Haec eo facilius magnam5partem aestatis faciebant, quod nostrae naves tempestatibusdetinebantur, summaque erat vasto atque aperto mari,magnis aestibus, raris ac iH'ope nulljs portibus, difficultasnavigandi. \X''}ji^

13. Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum factaeiarmataeque erant : carinae aliquanto planiores quam

~U/V


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I)E BELLO GALLICO.nostrarixm navimn, quo facilius vada ac decessum aestus

2 excipere possent ; prorad admodum erectae atque itempvippes ad magnitudinem fluctuum tempestatumque

3 accommodatae ; naves totae factae ex robore ad qviamvis4 vim et contumeliam perferendam ; transtra ex pedalibusin altitudinem trabibus confixa clavis ferreis digiti pollicis

5 crassitudine ; ancorae pro funibus ferreis catenis revinctaeG pelles pro velis alutaeque tenuiter confectae, sive propterlini inopiam atque ejus usus inscientiam, sive eo, quod estmagis verisimile, quod tantas tempestates Oceani tantosqueimpetus ventorum sustineri ac tanta onera navium regi

^7-velis non satis commode posse arbitrabantur. Cum hisnavibus nostrae classi ejusmodi congressus erat, ut unaceleritate et pulsu remorum praestaret^^jreliqua pro locinatura, pro vi tempestatum illis assent a^tiora et accom-

8 modatiora. Neque enim his nostrae r^stro nocere poterant(tanta in iis erat iirmitudo), neque propter 'altitudine:n

yy^ facile telum adigebatur, et eadem de causa minus conunode9 copulisg&antifieb.antur. Accedebat, ut, cum saevire ventuscoepisset et se vento~Medissent, et tempestatem ferrentfacilius et in vadis consisterent tutius, et ab aestu relictaenihil saxa et cautes timerent ; quarum rerum omniumnostris navibus casus erat extimescendus._y^jv^

1 14. Compluribus expugnatis oppidis Caesar, ubi intel-lexit frustra tantum laborem sumi, neque hostium fugaracaptis oppidis reprimi neque iis noceri posse, statuit

2 exspectandam classenx Quae ubi convenit ac primum abhostibus visa est, circiter ducentae viginti naves eorumparatissimae atque omni genere annorum ornatissimae

3 profectae ex portu nostris adversae constiterunt ; nequesaftis Bruto, qui classi praeerat, vel tribunis militum


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/\\\jVvJSw/ tlBER TEKTIUS. 9centurionibusque, quibus singulae naves erant attributae,

/ constabat, quid agerent aut quam rationem piignaeI

insisterent. Rostro enim noceri non posse cognoverant : 4\ turribus autem excitatis tamen has altitude puppium ex\ barbaris navibus superabat, ut neqvi6'eX mferibre loco satiscommode tela adigi possent et missa ab Gallis graviusacciderent. Una erat magno usui res praeparata a nostris, 5

Calces praeacutae insertae affixaeque longuriis non absimiliformaTmuralriim falcium. His cum funes, qui antennas gad malos destinabant, compreliensi adductiiiiue erant,navigio remis incitato praerumpebantur. Quibus abscisis 7antennae necessario concidebant, ut, cum omnis G-allicislavibus spes in velis armamentisque cdnsisteret, his

ereptis omnis usus navium uno tempore eriperetur.Reliquum erat certamen positum in virtute, qua nostri 8milites facile sujêrabant, atque eo magis, quod in conspectiiCaesaris atque omnis exercitus res gerebatin-, vit nullumpaulo fortius factum latere posset ; omnes enim colles acloca superiora, unde erat propinquus d^pectus in mare, abexercitu tenebantur. Jj/v\jl^^'^ ^jU/V^^^

15, Disjectis, ut diximus, antenniS^vtirf singulas Mnaeiac ternae naves circums^tfiteraailfef'milites summa vi tran-scendere in hostium naves contendebant. Quod postquam 2barbari fieri animadverteiimt, expugnatis . compluribusnavibus, cum ei rei nullum reperiretur ' auxilium, fugasalutem petere contenderunt. Ac jam conversis in eamspartem navibus, quo ventus ferebat, tanta subito malaciaac tranquillitas exstitit, tit' se ex loco moverc non possent.Quae quidem res ad n sgotium ,conficiendum maxime fuit 1opportuna : nam îngulas nostri consectatiexpugnaverunt, 5vt perpauâe ex ^mni iiumero u(ictis interventu ad ten-am


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10 (VJ^ DE BELtO 6ALtIC0.pervenerint, cum ab hora fere quarta usque ad soilsoccasum pugnaretur.

1 16. Quo proelio bellum Venetorum totlusque orae2 maritimae confectum est. Nam cu,m omnis juventus,omnes etiam gravioris aetatis, in quibus aliquid consiliiaut dignitatis fuit, eo convenerant, turn navium quod

3 ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant ; quibus amissisreliqui neque quo se reciperent, neque quemadinodumoppida defenderent, habebant. Itaque se suaque omnia

4 Caesari dediderunt. In quos eo gravius Caesar vindican-dum statuit, quo diligentius in reliquum tempus a barbarisjus legatorum conservaretur. Itaq'uo omni senatvi necatoreliquos sub corona vendidit.

1 17. Dum haec in Venetis geruntur, Q. Titurius Sabinuscum iis copiis, quas a Caesare acceperat, in fines Venel-

2lorum pervenit. His praeerat Viridovix ac summamimperii tenebat earum omnium civitatum, quae defecerant,

3 ex quibus exercitum magnasque copias coegerat ; atquehis paucis diebus Aulerci Eburovices Lexoviique senatu suointerfecto, quod auctores belli esse nolebant, portas

4 clauserunt seque cum Viridovice conjunxerunt : magnaquepraeterea multitudo undique ex Gallia perditorum liominumlatronumque convenerat, quos spes praedandi studiumquebellandi ab agricultura et quotidiano labore revocabat.

5 Sabinvis idoneo omnibus rebus loco castris sese tenebatcum Viridovix contra eum duum millium spatio consedissetquotidieque productis copiis pugnandi potestatem faceret.ut jam non solum hostibus in contemptionem Sabinusveniret, sed etiam nostrorum militum vocibus nonnihil

6 carperetur ; tantamque opinionem timoris praebuit, ^^t jam1 ad vallum castrorum bostes accedere auderent. ^ Id ea de


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LIBER TBBTIUS. 11causa faciebat, quod cum tanta multitudine hostium,praesertim eo absente, qui summam imperii teneret, nisiaequo loco aut opportunitate aliqua data , legato dimican-dum non existimabat,

18. Hac confirmata opinione timoris idoneum quendamihorainem et callidum delegit, Galium, ex iis, quos auxiliicausa secum habebat. Huic magnis praemiis pollicitationi- 2Ijusque persuadet, uti ad hostes transeat, et, qviid fierivelit, edocet. Qui ubi pro perfuga ad eos venit, timorem 3Romanorum proponit, quibus angustiis ipse Caesar aVenetis prematur, docet, neque longius abesse, quin4'proxima nocte Sabinus clam ex castris exercitum educatet ad Caesarem auxilii fei'endi cavisa proficiscatur. Quodsubi auditum est, conclamant omnes occasionem negotiibene gerendi amittendam non esse : ad castra ire oportere.Multae i-es ad hoc consilium Gallos liortabantur : superi- eorum dierum Sabini cunctatio, perfugae confii-matio, inopiacibariorum, cui rei parum diligenter ab iis erat provisum,spes Venetici belli et quod fere, libenter homines id, quodvolunt, credunt. His rebus adducti jion prius Viridovicem? \ .^'^reliquosque duces ex concilio diinittunt, quam^ab hissit concessum, arma uti capiant et ad castra conteniani. r\\ r\^:Qua re concessa laeti, ut explorataT victori{r,-'sarmentis8^^ 'virgultisque collectis, quibus fossas Romanorum compleant,ad castra pergunt. ^VO' I '.

19. Locus erat castrorum editus et paulatim ab imoiacclivis circiter passus mille. Hue magno cursu contend-erunt, ut quam minimum spatii ad se coUigendosarmandosque Romanis daretur, exanimatique pervenervmt.Sabinus suos hortatus cupientibus signum dat. Impeditis 2hostibus propter ea, quae ferebant, onera subito duabus


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12 DE BEIiLO GALUCO.s portis ernptionem fieri jubet. Factum est opportunitateloci, hostivim inscientia ac defatigatione, vii'tute militumet superiormn pugnarum exercitatione, ut ne unum quidemnostronim impetum ferrent ac statim terga verterent.

4 Quos impeditos integris viribus milites nostri consecutimagnum numenim eorum occiderunt ; reliquos equites. > cansectati paucos, qui ex fuga evaserant, reliquerunt. Sicuno tempore et de navali pugna Sabinus et de Sabinivictoria Caesar certior factus est, civitatesque om.nes se6 statim Titurio dediderunt. Nam ut ad bella suscipiendaGallorum alacer ac promptus est animus, sic mollisac minime resistens ad calamitates perferendas menseorum est.

1 20. Eodem fere tempore P. Crassus, cum in Aquitan-iam pervenisset, quae pars, ut ante dictum est, et regionufoilatitudine et multitudine hominum ex tertia parte GalGaeest aestimanda, cimi intelligeret in iis locis sibi bellumgerendum, vibi paucis ante annis L. Valerius Praeconlnuslegatus exercitu pulso interfectus esset, atque unde L.Mallius proconsul impedimentis amissis profugisset, nonmediocrem sibi diligentiam. adbibendam^^^telligebat.

2 Itaque re frumentaria provisa. auxiliis equitatuque com-parato, mviltis praeterea vii-is fortibus Tolosa et Narbone,quae suiit civitates Galliaeprovinciae finitimae his regi(m-ibus, nominatim evocatis iff Sontlatum fines eiSrcirom

3 introduxit.' Gujus adventu cognito Sontiates magniscopiis coactis equitatuque, quo lilurimum valebant, initinere agmen nostrum adorti prinium equestre proelium

4 commiseriint, deinde equitatu suo pulso atque insequentibusnostris'subito pedestres copias, quas in convalle in insidiiscollocaverant, ostenderunt. Hi nostros disjectos adortiproelium renovarunt.


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LIBER TERTIUS. 1321. Pugnatum est diu atque acriter, Cum Sontiates i

superioribus victori^ freti in sua virtute totius Aquitaniaesalutem jjositam^Wtarent, riostri auteni, quid sine impei'a-tore et sine reliquis legionibus adolescentulo duce efficerepossent, perspici cuperent : tandem confecti vulneribusliostes terga vertere.' Quorum magno numero intertectD-2- * X ' 'Crassus ex itinere oppidum Sontiatum Oppugnare coepit.Quibus fortiter resisteiitibus vineas turresque egit. IJlisalias eruptione temptata, alias cuniculis ad aggerem viue-asque actis (cujus rei sunt longe peritissimi Aquitani,propterea quod multis locis apud eos aerariae secturaesunt), ubi diligentiSTnostroi-um jiihil his rebus profici posseintellexerunt, legatos ad Crassum mittunt sequ.e in dedi-tionem ut recipiat, petunt. Qua re impetrata arma traderejussi faciunt. :

22. Atque in ea re omnium nostrorum intentis animis alia iex parte oppidi Adiatunnus, qui summam imperii tenebat,cum sexcentis devotis, quos illi soldurios appellaif^^uorum 2liaec est conditio, uti omnibus in vita commodis una cumiis fruantur, quorum se amicitiae dediderint, si quid hisper vim accidat, , aut eundem casum una 'ferant a,ut sibimortem consciscantf; rieque adhuc' hominum memoriasrepertus est quisquam, quf eo interfecto, cujus se amicitiae ^devovisset, mori recusaretj5um his Adiatunnus, eruption- .1em facere conatus, clamore ab ea parte munitionis sufelato,cum ad arma milites concurrissent vehementerque ibipugnatum asset, repulsus in oppidmn tamen, uti eadeindeditionis conditione uteretur, a Crasso impetravit.

23. Armis obsidibusque acceptis Crassus in fines iVocatium et Tarusatium profectus est. Turn vero barbari acommoti, quod oppidum et natm-a loci et manu munituna -


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n '\14 DE BELLO GALLicO.paucis diebus, quibus eo ventum erat, expnj^atnm cogni-verant, legates quoquoversum dimittere, conjurare, obsides

3 inter se dare, copias parare coeperunt. Mittuntur etiamad eas civitates legati, quae sunt citerioris Hispaniaefinitimae Aquitaniae : inde auxilia ducesque arcessuntur.

4 Quorum adventu magna cum auctoritate et magna cum5 hominum multitudine bellum gerere conantur. Duces vero

ii deligiintvir, qui una cum Q. Sertorio omnes annosfuerant summamque scientiam rei militaris habere existi-

6 mabantur. Hi consuetudine populi Romani loca caj)ere,castra munire, commeatibus nostros intercludere instituunt.

7 Quod ubi Crassus animadvertit, suas copias j^ropter exigu-itatem non facile diduci, hostem et vagari et vias obsidereet castris satis praesidii relinquere, ob eam causam minuscommode frumentum commeatumque sibi supportari, indies hostium numerum augeri, non cunctandum exislim-

8 avit, quhi pugna decertaret. Hac re ad consilium delataubi omnes idem senth-e intellexit, posterum diem pugnaeconstituit.

1 24. Prima luce productis omnibus copiis duplici acieinstituta, auxiliis in mediam aciem conjectis, quid hostes

2 consilii caperent, exspectabat. Illi, etsi propter multitudi-nem et veterem belli gloriara paucitatemque nostrorum setuto dimicaturos existimabant, tamen lutius esse arbitra-bantur obsessis viis commeatu intercluso sine uUo vulnere

3 victoria potiri et, si propter inopiani' rei frumentariaeRomani sese recipere coepissent, impeditos in agmine et

4 sub sarcinis [infirmiore aninio] adoriri cogitabant. Hocconsilio probato a ducibus productis Eomanorum copiis

5 sese castris tenebant. Hac re perspecta Crassus, cum suacunctatione atque opinione tiiiioris hostes nostros milites

rrud^


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16 DE BELLO GALLICO.1 27. Hac audita pugna maxima pars Aquitaniae seseCrasso dedidit obsidesque ultro - m.isit, ; quo in numerofuerunt Tarbelli, Bijjerriones, Ptianii, Vocates, Taiiisates,Elusates, Gates, Ausci, Garumni, Sibuzates, Cocosates

2 paucae ultimae nationes anni tempore confisae, quod liiemssuberat, hoc facere neglexerunt,

1 28. Eodem fere tempore Caesar, etsi prope exactajam aestas erat, tamen, quod omni Gallia pacata MoriniMenapiiqvie supererant, qui in armis essent neque ad eumunquam legates de pace misissent, arbitratus id bellumceleriter confici posse eo exercitum adduxit ; qui longe alia

2ratione ac reliqui Galli bellum gerere coeperunt. Namquod intelligebant maxinaas nationes, quae proelio conten-dissent pulsas superatasque esse, continentesque silvas ac

spaludes liabebant, eo se suaque omnia contulerunt. Adquarum initium silvaiiim cum Caesar pervenisset castra-que munire instituisset, neque hostis interim visus esset,dispersis in opere nostris subito ex omnibus partibus silvae

4evolaverunt et in nostros impetum fecerunt. Nostriceleriter arma ceperunt eosque in silvas repulerunt etcompluribus interfectis longius impeditioribvis locis secutipaucos ex suis deperdiderunt.

1 29. Reliquis deinceps diebus Caesar silvas caedereinstituit, et ne quis inermibus imprudentibusque militibusab latere impetus fieri posset, omnem earn materiam, quaeerat caesa, conversam ad hostem coUocabat et pro vallo ad

2 utrumque latus exstruebat. Incredibili celeritate magnospatio paucis diebus confecto, cixm jam pecus atqueextrema impedimenta ab nostris tenerentur, ipsl densioressilvas peterent, ejusmodi suut temj^estates consecutae, uticpus necessario intermitteretur, et continuatione imbrium


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LIH^B TERTIUS. 17diutius sub pellibus milites contineri non possent. Itaque 3vastatis omnibus eorum agris, vicis aedificiisque incensisCaesar exercitum reduxit et in Aulercis Lexoviisque,reliquis item civitatibus, quae proxime bellum fecerant, inhibernis collocavit.


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s^,p.C. JULTI C^SAEIS

COMMENTARIIDE BELLO GALLICO.

LIBEE QUAHTUS.1. Ea, quae secuta est, hieme, qui fuit annus Cn, i

Pompeio, M. Crasso consulibus, TJsipetes Germani et itemT6ncteri magna cum multitudine hominum flumen Rlienumti'ansierunt, ^on longe a mari) quo Rlienus influit. Causa 2ti'anseundi fuit, quod ab Suebis complures annos exagitatibello premebantur et agricultura prohibebantur.j''V'*'^^

eborum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima 3 /OGermanorum omnium. Hi centum pagos habere dicuntur, iffi \ [ex quibvis quotannis singula mUlia -,jirmatorum^ellandicau.sa ex finibus educunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserunt, 5se atque illos alunt. Hi rursus in vicem anno post inarmis sunt, illi ^^mi remanent. Sic neque agricultura 6 , -nee ratio atque usus belli intermittitul^ Sed privati ac7 / (J%^separati agri apud eos niliU est, nequelongius^ annoremanere uno in loco iiicolendi causa licet. Neiiue nuiltum 8frumento, sed maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivuntmultumque sunt in venationibus ; quaeres et cibi genere9(j(l(,,V^J^Vet quotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae,fcum a puerisnullo officio aut disciplina assuefacti nihil omnino contra

^:M^-vxtaS


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J ] ,f^^20 DE BELIO GALLIOO.. ^ ^ I ^^voluntatem faciant,\ Qtvire^ alit et ^ immani coxTDOrum

10 magnituf^e homines emcit. Atque in earn se cOnsuetu-dinem aclduxeruiit, ut locis frigidissimia' neou^ vestituspraeter pelles haberent quicquam, (quarum propter exigui->.. .a.na est corpoHs pa. apeS^ W.ent influminibus. .'.C^^


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IIBER QUAETUS. 21Suebi miiltis saepe bellis expert propter amplitiidinemgravitatemque civitatis fuiibus expellere non potiiissent,tamen vectigales sibi fecerimt, ac multo humilioresinfirmioresque redegerunt.

4. In eadem causa fueriint Usipetes et. Tencteri,. quosisupra diximus, qui complures annos Sueborum vim sustin-uerunt ; ad extremum tamen agris expulsi et multis locis 2Germaniae triennivim vagati ad Rbenum pervenerunt ; quasregiones Menapii incolebant et ad vitramque rijiam fluminisagros, aedificia vicosque habebant ; sed tantae multitud- 3inis adventu perterriti ex iis aedificiis, quae trans flumenhabuerant, demigraverunt et cis Rbenum dispositispraesldiis Germanos transire probibebant. Illi omnia 4expert cum neque vi contendere propter inopiam naviumneque clam transire propter custodias Menapiorum jjossent,reverti se in suas sedes regionesque simulaverunt, et triduiviam progress rursus reverterunt atque omn hoc itinere 5una nocte equitatu confecto inscios inopinantesqueMenapios opj^resserunt, qui de Germanorum discessu per 6exploratores certiores facti sine metu trans Rbenum in suosvicos remigraverant. His interfectis navibusqiie eorum?occupatis, priusquam ea pars Menapiorum, quae citraRbenum erat, certior fiei'et, flumen transierunt atqueomnibus eoi'um aedificiis occupatis. reh'quam partembiemis se eorum copiis aluerunt. P'. ^/ v/ j . ,^^

5. His de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatemiGallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobileset novis pleinimque rebus student, nihil his committendum -^iJi/LiLexistimavit. Est enim hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, vAX^t? ^^.^'^*-viatores etiam invitos consistere cogant et, quid quisqueeorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoverit, quaerant, et


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22 nE BELLO GALLIOO.mercatores in oppidis valgus circumsistat quibusque exregionibus veniant quasque ibi res cognoverint, pronun-

, 3tiare cogant. His rebus atque auditionibus permoti desummis saepe rebus CQnsUia ineunt, quorum eos in vestigiopoenitere necesse est, cum incertis rumoribus serviant, etplerique ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant> .>,^ , /i L

1 6. Qvia consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne âviori bellooccurreret, maturius, quam consuerat, ad exercitum profi-

2 ciscitur. Eo cum. venisset, ea quae fore suspicatus erat3 facta Vognovit : fmissas'^gationes ab nonnullis civitatibusad Germanos invitatosque eos,' uti ab Rheno discederent,

4 omniaque, quae postulassent, ab se fore parata. Qua speaddvicti Germani latius vagabantur et in fines Eburonumet Condrusorum, qui sunt Treverorum clientes, pervenerant.

5 Principibus Galliae evocatis Caesar ea, quae cognoverat,dissimulanda sibi existimavit eorumque animis permulsiset confirmatis equitatuque imperato bellum cum Germanisgerere constituit.

1 7. He frumentaria comparata eqiiitibusque delectis iterin ea loca facere coepit, quibus in locis esse Germanos

2 audiebat. A quibus cum paucorum dierum jêr abepaet,3 legati ab his venerunt, quorum haec fuit oratio : Germanosneque priores populo Romano bellum inferre neque tamen

r~rHCusare, si lacessantur, quin armis contendant, qvtodGermanorum consuetudo sit a^majoribus tradita, quicum-

4 que bellum inferant, resistere -ineque deprecari. Haectamen dicere, venisse injitos, ejectos ; domo : si suamgratiam Romani velint, posse lis utiles esse amicos ; vel

^>-6ibi agros attribuant vel patiantiir eos tenere, quos armis' 5 possederint : sese unis Suebis concedî-e, quibus ne dii

quidem immortales pares esse possint/; reliquum quidemin terris esse nemineiifi, quem non superare possint.


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-J^ /^ (^ ^^LIBER QUARTUS. 23

8. Ad haec quae visum est Caesar respondiT; | sed exitus luit orationis : Si,^- nullam &u}ji his amicitiam esse posse,i in Gallia remanerent ; neque verum esse, .qui ^ws fines 2

non potuerint, alienos occupare ; neque ullos inGallia vacare agros, qui dari tantae praesertin^ multitu-ini sine injuria possint ; sed licere, si velint, in| Ubiorum 3

considere^ quorum sint legati apud se, et deSueborum injuriis querantur et a se auxilium petant : hoc ii^-se Ubiis imperaturum. ii' P' '^'>^*-^'(l:/

]p. Legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt et re deli-erata post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversuros : intereane propius se castra moveret, petierunt, Ne id quidem 2Caesar ab se impetrari posse dixit. Cognoverat enimamagnam partem equitq^tus ab iis aliquot diebus ^nte prae-dandi frumentandique ca'usa ad Ambivaritos trans Mosammissam ; hos exspectari equites atque ejus rei causa moraminterponi arbitrabatur.

10. Mosa profluit ex monte Vosego, qui est in finibus 1ingonum, et parte quadam ex Rlieno recepta, quae appel-

latur Vacalus, insulam efficit Batavorum, neque longius 2ab eo millibus passuum octoginta in Oceanum iufluit.Rhenus autem oritur ex Lepontiis, qui Alpes incolvmt, et 3lon^o spatio per fines Nantuatium, Helvetiorum, Seqiaan-orum, Mcdiomatricum, Tribocorum, Treverorum citatusertur et, ubi Oceano appropinquavit, in plures defluit4artes multis ingentibusque insulis effectis, quarum parsmagna a feris barbarisque nationibus incclitur, ex quibus5sunt, qui piscibus atque ovis avium yivere existimantur,multisque capitibus in Oceanum influit.-. ^^^aJJ*/| f ,\

11. Caesar cum ab hoste non amplius passuum duode-icim millibus abesset, ut erat constitutum, ad eum legati


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I > 1

24^

DE BELLO GALLICO.revertvTntixr ; qui in itinere congressi magnopere, ne longius

2 progrederetur, orabant. Cum id non impetrassent, pete-bant, iiti ad eos equites, qui jtgmen antecessissent,praemitteret eosque pugna probiberet, sibique ut potesta-

3 tern faceret in Ubios legates mittendi ; quoiiim si principesac senatus sibi jurejurando fidem fecisset, ea conditione,quae a Caesare tei'retur, se usuros ostendebant : ad has

4 res conficiendas sibi tridui spatium daret. Haec omniaCaesar eodem illo pertinere arbitrabatur, ut tridui morainterposita equites eorum, qui abessent, reverterenturtamen sese non longius millibus passuum quatuor aquati-

5 onis causa processurum eo die dixit ; hue postero die quamfrequentissimi convenirent, ut de eorum postulatis cognos-

6 ceret. Interim ad praefectos, qui cum omni equitatuantecesserant, mittit, qili nuntiarent, ne ho^'tes proeliolacesserent et, si ipsi lacesserentur, sustinerM%-quoad ipsecuiB. exercitu propius accessisset. --;' j^.j i-^'t^^'

1 12. At hostes ubiprimum nostros equites conspexerunt,quorum erat quinque millium numerus, ^^jf^/ipsi nonamplius octingentos equites haberent, quod ii, qui frumen-tandi causa ieraut trans Mosam, nondum redieraut, nihild:imentibus nostris, quod legati eorum paido ante a Caesarediscesserant atque is dies indutiis erat ab his petitus,

2 impetu facto celeriter nostros perturbaverunt ; rursusresistentibus consuetudine sua ad pedes desiluerunt, sub-fossis equis compluribusque nostris dejectis reliquos infugam conjecerunt atque ita perterritos egerunt, ut nonprius fvTga desisterent, quam in conspectum agmiais nostri

3 venissent. In eo proelio ex equitibus nostris interficiuntur4 quatuor et septuaginta, in his vir fortissimus, PisoAquitanus, amplissimo genere natus, cujus axws in civitate


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J )\-LIBER QUARTUS. 25

sua regnum obtinuerat amicus ab senatu nostro appellatus.Hie cum fratri intercluso ab hostibus auxilium ferret, 5ilium ex periculo eripuit, ipse equo vuliierato^ dejectus,quoad potuit, fortissirae restitit : cum circumventus multis 6vulneribus acceptis cecidisset, atque id frater, qui jamproelio excesserat, procul anim.advertisset, incitato equose hostibus obtulit atque interfectus est. ' r ,

13. Hoc facto proelio y Caesar neque jam sibi legatosiaudiendos neque conditiones accipiendas arbitrabatur abiis, qui per dplura. atque insidias, petita pace,uTtr'obellurtiintulissent : exsp6cta re vero, dum hostium copiae auger-2^, ^.entur equitatusque reverteretur, summae dementias ssejudicabat, et cognita Gallorum infirmitate, quantum jams

, apud eos bostes uno proelio auctoritatisessent consecuti,^(.'^sentiebat ; quibus ad consilia capienda nihil spatii dandumexistimabat. His constitutis rebus et consilio cum legatis 4et quaestore communicato, ne quem diem pugnae 'praeter-mitteret, opportunissima res accidit, quod postridie ejvisdiei mane eadem et perfidia et simvdatione usi Germani ' 'frequentes omnibus principibus niajoribusque natu adhib-itis ad eum in castra venernnt, gimul, ut dicebatur, sui5purgandi causa, quod Ciaitra atqte esset dictum et ipsipetissent, proelium pridie commisissent, simul ut, si quid U ,

,

possent, de indutiis fallendo impetrarent. Quos sibi Caesar (>oblatos ^ gavisus illos' ' r^tineri jussit, ipse omnes copiascastris eduxit equitatumque, quod recenti proelio perter-ritum esse existimabat, agmen subsequi jussit.

,. , ,. . ^

14. Acie triplici instituta et celeriter octo milliumiitinere confecto prius ad hostium castra pervenit, quam,quid ageretur, Germani sentire possent. Qui omnibus s^^us subito perterriti et celeritate adventus nostri et


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libKr quartds. / ^7

âMoravi praedandi frumentandique caiisa Mosam. transisseneque proelio interfnisse, post fugam suorum se transRhenum in fines Suganibrorum receperat seque cum. iisconjunxerat. \, Ad quos cum Caesar nuntiosjaisisset, (j,ui 3postularent, eos, qtit sibi Galliîeûe bellum iâtuHssent, \sibi dederent, responderunt : Populi Romani imperium iRhenum finire : si se invito Germanos in Galliam transire;non êquunt'exigtimaret, cur sui quicquam esse Imperii autpotestatis trans Rhenum postularet ? Ubii autem, qui uni 5ex Transrhenanis ad Caesarem legates miserant, amicitiamfecerant, obsides dederant, magnopere orabant, ut sibiauxiliura ferret, quod graviter ab Suebis premerentur ; vel, 6si id facere occupationibus reipublicae prohiberetur, exer- . ncitum mode Rhenum transportaret : id sibi ad auxiliuni^>fjiv^spemque reliqui temporis satis futurum. ''^ffantum esse? ,nomen atque opinionem ejus exercitus Aiuoyisto pulse etlipc novissimo proelio facto etiam ad ultimas GermanorumnatiOnfes, uti opinione et amicitia populi Romani tuti essepossint. Navium magnam copiam ad ti'ansportandum 8exercitum poUicebantur.

17. Caesar his de causis, quas commemoravi, Rhenum 1transire decreverat ; sed navibus transire neque satis tutumesse arbitrabatur, neque suae neque populi Romani digni- 4tatis esse statuebat. Itaque, etsi summa difficultas faciendi 2 ^^>>J^ *pontis proponebatur propter latitudinem, rapiditatem âltitudinenKiue fluminis, tamen id sibi contendendum a\vf^-7 ^-'Tkjia.-valiter non traducendum exei'citum existimabat. Rationem 3pontis hanc instituit. Tigna bina sesquipcdalia pauluraab imo praeacuta dimensa ad altitudinem fluminis inter-vallo peilum duorum inter se jungebat. Haec cum4^^v^^ -rmachinationibus immissa in flumen defixerat fistucisque


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LIBER QUARTUS. 29omnibus vicis aedificiisque incensis frumentisqvie succisisse in fines Ubiorum recepit, atque iis auxilium suumpollicitus, si ab Suebis premerentur, haec ab iis cognovitSuebos, posteaquam per exj^loratores pontem fieri comper- 2issent, more svio concilio habito nuntios in omnes partesdimisisse, titi de oppidis demigrarent, liberos uxores suaqueomnia in silvis deponerent, atque omnes, qui arma ferrepossent, ^^num in locum convenirent : hunc esse delectura 3medium fere regionum earum, quas Suebi obtinerent : hieRomanorum' adventum exspectare atque ibi decertare .constituisse. Qvxod ubi Caesar comperit, omnibus rebus 4

i'iis confectis, q\iarum rerum causa, traducere exercitumconstituerat, ut Germanis metum injiceret, ut Sugambrosulcisceretur, ut Ubios obsidione liberaret, diebus omninodecern et octo trans Rhenum consumptis. satis et ad laudemet ad utilitatem profectum arbitratus se in Galliam recepitl)ontemque rescidit.

aesar, etsi in hisilocis, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit, maturaesunt liiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci cpntendit,quod omnibus fere Gallicis belli^, hostibus nostris inde sub-ministrata ^uxilia intelligebat et, si tempus anni adbellumagerendum deficeret, tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitra-batur, si modo insulam adisset et genus hominumperspexisset, loca, portus, aditus -cognovisset ; quae omniafere Gallis erant incognita. Neque enim Ijemere praeter 3mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque iis ipsis quicquampraeter oram maritimam at(|uo eas regiones, quae suntcontra Gallias, notum est. Itaque vocatis ad se undique 4mercatoribus neque quanta esset insulae magnitude, nequequae ^ut (juantae natioue^ incolerent^ neque quern usum

\di^:


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30 I>K r.ELLO (iALLICO.be/li haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque quiessent ad majorum uavium miiltitudinein idonei portus,reperire poterat. yfctiuv

1 21. Ad haec cognoscenda, -^riusquam periculum faceret,idoneum esse arbitratus C. Volusenum cum navi longa

2 praemittit. Huic mandat, ut exploratis omnibus rebus ad3 se quam primum revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus copiis inMorinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britan-

4 niam trajectus. Hue naves undique ex finitimis regionibuset quam superiore aestate ad Veneticum bellum effecerat5 classem jubet convenire. Interim consilio ejus cognito etper mercatores perlato ad Britannos a conapluribus insulaecivitatibus ad eum legati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsides

6 dare atque imperio populi Roniani obtemperare. Quibusauditis liberaliter pollicitus hortatusque, ut in ea ^ententiapermanerent, eos domum remittit et cum iis una Commium,

7 quem ipse Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi constituerat,cujus et virtutem et consilium probabat et quem sibifidelem esse ai'bltrabatur, cujusque auctoritas in his regioni-

( 8 bus magni [habebatur, mittit. Huic imperat, quas possit,(, p adeat civitates horteturque, ut populi Romani fidem

9 sequantur, seque celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. Volusenusperspectis regionibus omnibus, quantum ei facultatis daripotuit, qui navi egredi ac se barbaris committere nonauderet, quinto die ad Caesarem revertitur quaecpe ibiperspexisset renvmtiat.

1 22, Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causamoratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati vene-runt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent,quod homines barbari et nostrae consuetudinis imperitifceUum populp Rpnaaiio fecjssent, seque ea, quae imperas^


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J

IIBER QUARTtTS. Si- . i

set, facturos pollicerentur. Hoc sibi Caesar satis 2opportune accidisse arbitratus, quod neque post tergumhostem relinquere volebat neque belli gerendi propter annitempus facultatem habebat neque has^ tantularum reriini -occupationes Britanniae anteponendas judicabat, magnumiis numerum obsidum imperat. Quibus adductis eos infidem recepit. Navibus circiter octoginta onerariis coactis 3contractisque, quot satis esse ad duas transportandaslegiones existimabat, quod praeterea navium longarumhabebat, quaestori legatis praefectisque distribviit. Hue*

^^ accedebant decern et octo onerariae naves, quae ex eo locoab millibus passuum octo vento tenebantur, quo minus ineundem portum venire possent : has equitibvis distribuit,Reliquum exercitum Q. Titurio Sabino et L. Aurunculeio5Cottae legatis in Menapios atque in eos pagos Morinorum,ab quibus ad eum legati non venerant^ ducendvim dedit;P. Sulpicium Rufum legatum cum eo praesidio, quod satis 6 ,> , >esse arbitrabatur, portum tenere jussit. i^-^ --

23. His constitutis rebus nactus idoneam ad navigan-dum tempestatem tertia fere vigilia 'solvit equitesque inulteriorem portiun progredi et naves conscendere et sesequi jussit. A quibus cum paulo tardius esset adminis- 2tratum, ipse liora diei circiter'^quarta cum primis navibusBritanniam attigit atque ibi in omnibus coUibus expositasliostium copias armatas conspexit. Cujus loci haec ei'at 3natvu'a, atque ita montibus anguste mare continebatur, utiex locis superioribus in litus telum adigi posset. Hunc ad 4egrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus, durareliquae naves eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancorisexspectavit. Interim logatis tribunisque militum convo-5catis et quae ex Voluseno cot;novisset, et quae fieri vellet,


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32 DE BELLO GALLICO>^'^ ^ ' '

ostendit monuitqueTfut rei militaris ratio,^axiine ut mari-timae res postularent, ut quae celerem atque instabilemmotvimjhaberent^'-ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis

^0~-6-administrarentur. His dimissis et ventum et aestxxm unotempore nactus secundum dato signo et sublatis ancoriscirciter millia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus apertoac piano litore i;iaves constituit. l i A (^ \JyuJ

1 24. At barbari consilio Romanorum cognito praemissoequitatu et essedariis/ quo plerumque genere in i:)roeliis uticonsuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti nostros navibus

2 egredi probibebant. Erat ob has causas sununa difficultas,quod naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui nonpoterant, militibus aixiem. ignotis locis, impeditis manibus,magno et gravi onere armorum oppressis simul et denavibus desiliendum et in fiuctibus consistendum et cum

3 hostibus erat pugnandum, cvim illi aut ex arido aut paulumin aquam progressi omnibus membris expeditis, notissimislocis audacter tela conjicerent et equos insuefactos uicita-

4 rent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti atque bujus oraninogeneris pugnae imperiti non eadem alacritate ac studio, quoin pedestribus uti proeliis consuerant, utebantur.

1 25. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas,quarum et species erat barbaris invisitatior et motus adusum expeditior, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus etremis incitari et ad latus apertum hostiiun constitui atqueinde fundis, sagittis, toraientis hostes propelli ac submov-

2 eri jussit ; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam etnavium figura et remorum motu et inusitato generetormentorum permoti barbari constiterunt ac paulum modo

3 pedem retulerunt. Atque nostris militibus cunctantibus,maxime propter altitudinem maris, qui decimae legionis


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LIBER TERTIUS. 35 \t1

afflictabat, neque ulla nostris facultas aut administrandiaut auxiliandi dabatur. Compluribus navibus fractisareliquae cum e^seni>#funibus, ancoris reliquisque arma-^mentis amissi^Jid navigandum inutiles, magna, id quodnecesse erat accidere, totius exercitus perturbatio facta est.^fejgg enim naves erant aliae, quibus reportari possent, Qt ômnia deerant, quae ad reficiendas naves erant usui, et,quod omnibus constabat hiemari in Gallia oportere,frumentum his in locis in hiemem provisum non erat.30. Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, quiipost proelium ad Caesarem convenerant, inter se collocuti,cum equites et naves et fi-umentum Eomanis deesse intel-ligerent et paucitatem. militum ex castrorum exiguitatecognoscerent, quae hoc erant etiam angustiora, quod sineimpedimentis Caesar legiones transportaverat, optimum 2factu esse duxerunt-iebellrione facta, frumento commeatn-que nostros prohibere et rem in hiemem i:)roducere, quodhis superatis aut reditu interclusis. neminem postea belliînferendi causa in Britanniam transitui-um' 'confidebant. . />^|Îtaqiie rursus conjuratione facta paulatim ex castrissdiscedere et suos clam ex agris deducere coeperunt.

31. At Caesar, etsinondum eorum consilia cognoverat, itamen et__ex eventu navium suarumjet ex eo, quod obsidesdare intermiserant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicabatur. -^ 'Itaque ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. Nam et.2frumentum ex agris quotidie inl castra conferebat et^quaegravissime afflictae erant naves, earumrlnateriS atque acread reliqiâs reficiendas utebatur et quae ad eas res erantUsui ex continenti comportati jubebat. Itaque, cum asummo studio a militibus administraretur, duodeciranavibus amissis, reliquis ut jlavigari coramode posset,effecit, ' ' ''Xai. \i*.-


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36 DE BELLO GALLICO.1 32. Bum ea geruntur, legione ex consuetvxdine unafrumentatum missai, quae appellabatur septima, neque ullaad id tempus belli suspicione interposita, cum pars homi-num in agris remaneret, ,a2. S etiam in castra ventitaret, ii,qui pro portis castrorum in station^ er.ant, Caesari nuntia-

A i, \ verunt pulverem majorem, qxiam consuetudo ferret, in ea' 2 parte videri, qviam in partem legio iter fecisset* Caesar id,

quod erat, susi^icatus, aliquid novi a barbaris initumconsilii, cbbortes, quae in stationibus erant, secum in earnpartem proficisci, ex reliquis duas in stationem cohortessuccedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi jussit.

3 Cum paulo longius a castris processisset, suos ab hostibuspremi atque aegre sustinere et conferta legione ex omnibus

4partibus tela conjici animadvertit. Nam quod omni exreliquis partibus demesso frumento pars una erat reliqua,suspicati liostes hue nostros esse venturos noctu in silvis

5 delituerant ; tum dispersos depositis armis in metendooccupatos subito adorti paucis interfectis reliquos incertisordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essediscircumdederant.

1 33. Genus toe est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per omnespartes perequitant et tela conjiciunt atque ipso terroreequorum et streijitu rotarum ordines plerumque perturbant,et cum se inter equitum turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis

2 desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae interim paulatimex proelio excedunt atque ita currus collocant, ut, si illi amultitudine bostium premantur, expeditum ad suos recep-

3 tum babeant. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatempeditum in proeliis praestant, ac tantum usu quotidiano etexercitatione eifieiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti locoincitatos equos sustinere et brevi moderari ac flectere et


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'V / \ubAk'tertius. 37per temonem percurrere et in jugo insistere et se inde inciu-rus citissime recipere consuerint.

34. Quibus rebus perturbatis nostris novitate piignaeJtempore opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit : naniqueejus adventu bostes constiterunt, nostri se ex timorereceperunt. Quo facto ad lacessendum hostem et ad com- ^mittendum proelium alienum esse tempus arbitratus suo seloco continuit et brevi tempore intermisso in castralegiones reduxit. Dum haec geruntur, nostris omnibus 3occupatis, qui erant in agi'is reliqui discesserunt. Secutae*sunt continues complures dies tempestates, quae et nostrosin castris continerent et bostem a pugna probiberent.Interim barbari nuntios in omnes partes dimiseruntspaucitatemque nostrorum militum suis praedicaverunt, et,quanta praedae faciendae atque in perjpetuum stii liberandifacultas daretur, si Romanes castris expulissent, demon-straverunt. His rebus celeriter magna multitudinespeditatns equitattisque coacta ad castra venerunt.

35. Caesar etsi idem, quod superioribus diebus accider-at,' fore videbat, ut, si essent. hostes pulsi, celeritatel^ericunim effvigerent, tamen nactus equites circiter trigintaquos Commius Atrebas, de qiio ante dictum est, .secmntransportaverat, legiones in acie pro castris con.stituit.Commisso proelio diutius nostrorum militum impetum 'hostes ferre non potuenint ac terga verterunt. Quos tanto aspatio secuti, quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt,complures ex iis occiderunt, deinde omnibus longe latequeaedificiis incensis se in castra receperunt.

36. Eodem die legati ab bostibus missi ad Caesarem de ipace venerunt. His Caesar numerum obsiduni, quern ante 2imperaverat, duplicavit eosque in continentem adducijiissit, quod propinqua die aequinoctii iufirmis navibus


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38 DE BELLO GALLICO.gliiemi navigationcin svibjicicndam non existimaliat. Ipseidoneam tempestatem nanctus paulo post mediam noctem

4 naves solvit;quae omnes incolumes ad continentempervenerunt ; sedex iis onerariae duae^eosdem, qiios reliqui.

portus capere non potneriint et paulo infca delatae sunt.1 37. Quib\is ex navibus cum essent expositi militescirciter trecenti atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quosCaesar in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquei'at,spe praedae adducti primo non ita magno suorum numerocircumsteterunt ac, si sese interfici nollent, arma ponere

L' jusserunt. Cum illi orbe facto sese defenderent, celeriterad clamorem liominum circiter millia sex convenerunt.Qua re nuntiata, Caesar omnem ex castris equitatiun suis

Sauxilio misit. Interim, nostri milites impetum liostiumsustinuerunt atque amplius horis quatuor fortissimepugnaverunt et paucis viilneribus accept is complures ex

4 his occidei'unt. Posteai^ve^^jjqtiam equitatus noster inconspectum venit, hostes abjectis armis terga verteruntmagnusque eorum numerus est occisus.

1 38. Caesar postero die T. Labienum legatum cum' iislegionibus, quas ex Britannia reduxerat^ in Morinos, qui

arebellionem fecerant, misit. Qui ciim. propter siccitatesjDaltidum, quo se reciperent, non liaberent, quo sujierioreanno perfugio fuerant usi, omnes fere in potestatero,

3 Labieni pervenerunt. At Q. Titurius et L. Cotta legati,qui in Menapiorum fines legiones duxerant, omnibus eorumagris vastatis, frumentis succisis, aedificiis incensis, quodMenapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdideraut, se ad

4 Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionumhiberna constituit. Eo duae pmnino civitates ex Britannia

6 obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestisex literis Caesaris dieruni viginti snpplicatio a senatu


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LIBER QUAETtJS. J5D

THE BEIDGE BUILT BY CiESAE, OVER THE RHINE(TO ILLUSTEATE BOOK IV. C. 17.)

1. tigna sesquipedalia,2. trabes bipedales.3. fibulae.4. directa materia.

5. longuril.6. crates.7. sublicae.8. defeusores.

wv^'VK* '^


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40 DE BELLO GALLICO.

IN THE NOTES THE FOLLOWING ABBREVIATIONSARE USED:

App.The suggestions for the translation of Latin contained in AppendixI., following the notes.

RCRobertson and Carruthers' Primary Latin Book, Part III.BA.Bradley's Arnold's Latin Prose Comiwsition.H.Harkness' Standard Latin Grammar.AG.Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar, (Revised Edition.)cChapter (of the same book unless otherwise stated).trans.translate or translatiori.lit.?where a free rendering has been given, to call attention to the

literal translation.fn.footnote.p.page.Where Caesar's style or usage is referred to, the B& Bella Oallico alone

is meant.


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%lJaMl^^ CAJ(:>- ' -^ (/-U-'^^'-'^-^u ^-^^^^i.^ c^t-o,/ ^ -lyy

ftNOTES ON BOOK III.CAP. I.

1. For the events described in Books I. and II. see Introduction, III.Cum in Italiam, etc.,At the end of Boole II. we read, AsCassar wa.sanxious to go to Italy and Illyricum, these embassies were told to return to

hiui early the next summer. He himself led his legions into winter-quarters among theCarnutes, Andes, and Turoni, and the states boi'deringon the district where he had been at war, and then set out for Italy.CumApp. .31, note, proficisceretur,App. 31. (EC. 99. f. H. 521. II.

2. AG. 32.').) cum legione,App. i;. in,-App. .qui pertinent, lit. 'who extend.' hut if the word 'country' has been

used in translating in, change to' which extends.'summas Alpes,'the summits of the Alps,' lit. 'the Alps (where)highest.'

2. Causa, ' the reason.' mittendi, Ajjp. 2. c. and 3ft. Add 'him' or' them ' in trans. (RC. 103. H542. 1. AG. 2'.>8.) quod,'that,' lit. 'becaase.'iter per, 'the route ( road) over,' lit. 'through.' [This route, the chiefone at that time, is now known as the Great St. Bernard Pass.]quo,not adv., ''lit abl. of relative pron. magno cum, etc.,' (though)

at great risk and sulyect to heavy tolls,' lit. 'mth.' (RC. 8.'). e. H. 41i).III. AG. 2 IS. N.) ire,from eo ; App. .33. consuerant=cosjwDe?-a??i(RC. G6. H. 23.'). A(t. 12S. a. 1.). Consuescn, I am becoming accustomed ;consucvi, I have become {i.e. I am) accustomed.patefieri,from/>a


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42 DE BELLO GALLICO.his locis,?^c's, 'district'; 7(?s implies that it has just been mentioned

where ? hiemandi causa,App. su. b. (RC. ma. AG. inis. c.; 318. b.)'i- secundis,lit. 'successful.' Pmelium facerc, to fifrht a battle;

secundum proelium Jacere, to jraiu a victory, factis,App. .5. a: soexpitgnatis , missis, datis, facta, but do not trans, all in same way. (RC.8.5. o. H. Cil. AG. 2.'>r).) castellis compluribus,'.several .strongholds';castellis eorum,' their strongholds.' App. 12. How must we translatethe two cxjiressions combined ?cohortes duas,See Introd. V. a. in,'among.' ipse,App. 17.

reliquis,' the other;' how many? ejus,App. 12. collocare,hiemare,App. 3.3. qui Octodurus,' which '; why not (/i0(Z.'' (RC. 79. H. 3i)2.2. 2. AG. 176. a. b.)

^. qui,App. 11. b. positus,'situated.' App. 37. a. non magna, etc.,Ajjp. 'i a. ' with a small jilain lying close to it,' lit.? altissimis,App. 10.montibus,App. .'>. b. continetur, ' is surrounded, (shut in.)'

fi. Cum,'since, fas I.' in,App. 6. divideretur,App. 31. (RC. 00.g. H. 517. AG. 32G.) alteram alteram,' (the) one the other.'Vacuvs, empty ; vacuum relinquo, I vacate. C'oncedo, I grant ; attribuo,I assign : what is the difference ? ad hiemandum,App. .30. (RC. 103.H. 512. III. AG. 300; 318. b.)

N.B.Order of Opening Words. [Generally in Caesar, th(? first words ofa sentence form a connecting link, by beginning the new

Caesars Debell Oga 00 Robe

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