CAESAR AUGUSTUS AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE
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Transcript of CAESAR AUGUSTUS AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Unit 10
CAESAR AUGUSTUS AND
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
1. Who were the two men vying for power following Caesar’s death?
2. Who did Cicero support, Octavian or Antony?
3. Who made up the “Second Triumvirate”?
4. Over time, who did Antony rely more heavily upon?
5. T/F: Julius Caesar had a son
QUIZ ON OCTAVIAN READING
1. Cicero wrote the Philippics, which were speeches against ____________.
2. When Cicero said the Ides of March was a “deed half done”, he was telling the Roman people they needed to also kill ______________.
3. Name one problem with the murder plot on March 15 th.
SLIDES 1-8 QUIZ
1. Following Caesar’s death, who controlled his wealth?
2. Who was Octavian’s best friend?
SLIDES 8-14 QUIZ
1. Antony wanted to take over what region following the Caesar’s death?
2. Name one person who died during the Battle of Philippi
SLIDES 14-19 QUIZ
1. What region did Antony travel to when he realized he was desperate for money?
2. When Antony needed to reform his alliance with Octavian, who did he decide to marry?
SLIDES 20-24 QUIZ
1. They had no plans to prepare for the transition of power.
2. They allowed Antony to live “The Ides of March was a fine deed, but half done” -
Cicero
3. They misjudged the public’s reaction Many of Caesar’s soldiers were in Rome during the
Idea of March to “see Caesar off” to Parthia…
PROBLEMS WITH THE MURDER PLOT
TRANSITION AFTER CAESAR’S DEATH
• What effective arguments did Antony pose?
• What was Antony’s plan moving forward?
• Why was it in his best interest?
• Why did they not want to kill Antony?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJvAHMtN04c
Crowds did not support their plan Why did they only kill Caesar and not Antony or anyone else?
Murderers given amnesty, dictatorship abolished Caesar left a lot of his $ to the people of Rome. Brutus and
Cassius are now Enemy #1!
Caesar names Octavian as his heir This infuriates Antony!
Antony gives histrionic speech about Caesar’s assassination Angry masses rioted, liberators had to flee the city
Cicero’s Philippics support Octavian This will be something Cicero will come to regret…. Why did Cicero want to throw his support behind Octavian?
AFTERMATH OF CAESAR
63 B.C. – 14 A.D.
Fragile
Always sick, not physically strong Seemed to never be involved
in warfare….
Extremely intelligent
Became best friends with Marcus Agrippa Agrippa respected Octavian for
his loyalty
GAIUS OCTAVIUS
Barely knew Caesar
Left with Caesar’s wealth, but Antony controlled it…
Why would Octavian’s family try to convince him NOT to accept the adoption?
Took the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian
Antony broke off terms with the Senate
OCTAVIAN
Weak Liver
Kidney Stones
Didn’t like cold baths, would rather be rubbed with oil
Could not handle very hot or very cold weather
Catarrh
Weak left leg and left hip, walked with a limp
Shrunken and weak right index finger, had to wear a special ring to help him write
This poor health was often an excuse for Octavian to conveniently avoid the battlefield…
SICKLY OCTAVIAN
Why did Octavian give away so much money?
Why was Antony furious with him?
OCTAVIAN, BOTH SUBTLE AND CLEVER
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nw2qN62nGgc
Why is Cicero hesitant to allow Antony to have Cisalpine Gaul?
Why wasn’t Cicero intimidated by Antony?
CICERO AND MARC ANTONY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kac4T-9HkPI
OCTAVIAN AND ANTONY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BZyZ-__6z4
Antony used his consulship to claim Cisapline Gaul
Octavian combines his forces with others to fight Antony Stalemate, both consuls die and Octavian takes over the
legions
Octavian works with Cicero to become consul
Antony and Octavian still hate each other….
Oct. 43 B.C. - Antony, Lepidus and Octavian meet Form the Second Triumvirate
SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
Antony and Octavian begins proscriptions to try to gain wealth Antony reviewed every
proscribed head himself!
1. Continued posting names
2. Stole from safe deposit boxes in the Temple of Vesta
3. Taxed the Roman people!
Brutus and Cassius set up defenses at Philippi
SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
DEATH OF CICERO
HBO Rome: Season 2, Episode 6
Proscriptions: 3:05 – 6:00
Cicero’s Death: 16:24 – 22:45
64 B.C. – 12 B.C.
Best friend of Octavian
Led military forces throughout Octavian’s career
Later married Octavian’s sister, Octavia
MARCUS VIPSANIUS AGRIPPA
42 B.C.
Antony and Octavian land in Greece Antony leads force through
mud to surprise Cassius and Brutus
Brutus and Cassius both die “The last of the Romans” –
Marcus Brutus
Pinnacle of Mark Antony’s Career
Brutus’ Body: Antony covers it with
a general’s cloak
Octavian cuts his head off and has it thrown at the feet of the a statue of Caesar….
BATTLE OF PHILIPPI
BATTLE OF PHILIPPI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_hgcC2NFwo
Power resides fully in only 3 men But none of them actually wanted to rule with each
other!
Antony goes East, while Octavian is trying to govern Rome Why don’t Octavian and Antony have money from victory? What is the inevitable problem that will emerge?
Antony given power in the East, Octavian in the West (except Gaul – that is still Antony’s) Where did Antony want to invade? Why?
Octavian arbitrarily settled soldiers throughout Rome
AFTERMATH OF PHILIPPI
Sextus Pompey blockades Rome
Antony styled himself as the new incarnation of Dionysus What does Dionysus represent?
Antony is broke, looks toward Egypt and Cleopatra
Antony and Cleopatra have twins http://
news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/cleopatras-twin-babies-120420.htm
Antony’s brother and sister try to rebel against Octavian Octavian defeated the enemy forces Why would this military victory be important for Octavian?
FALL OF THE TRIUMVIRATE…?
ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA MEET
What are the various motivations for Antony and Cleopatra?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gacl8v0etCI
Octavian moves to Gaul; Antony gain allies in the South
Octavian and Antony’s forces meet at Brundisium “What if they threw a war and no one showed up?” Centurions told Antony and Octavian they refused to fight!
Mark Antony stay in the East, Octavian gets Gaul, Lepidus gets Africa.
Antony marries Octavia
Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Both of them were pregnant…..but that didn’t matter BEGINS THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY!
RECONCILIATION
DIVIDING ROME INTO THREE
Why wasn’t Octavian originally satisfied with their division of the Roman Empire?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SFsAqqN7fU
37 B.C. – Agrippa becomes consul; builds an enormous fleet
Octavian and Antony renew their alliance 120 ships = 4 legions Octavian doesn’t hold up his end of the bargain!
36 B.C. – Battle of Naulochus – Octavian and Agrippa defeat Sextus Pompey
Lepidus leaves the triumvirate
OCTAVIAN AND THE WEST
35 B.C. - While marching to Parthia, a Parthian cavalry flanks his troops and burns down his baggage train
Antony had to return to Greece Antony loses 25,000 of his 100,000 troops without ever fighting!
34 B.C. – Antony holds a triumph in Egypt!
Begins to dress in Eastern clothes, take part in Eastern rituals
DONATIONS OF ALEXANDRIA: Cleopatra – Queen of Kings Caesarion – True heir to Rome
Antony was turning the Eastern Empire into his own!
ANTONY AND THE EAST
33 B.C. – Octavian becomes consul; blames Antony for betraying Rome
Throughout 33 B.C. Octavian and Antony were involved in a war of words with each other
Second Triumvirate officially ends Therefore, Antony has no power left
Octavian reveals his true colors, 1/3 of Senate fled to Alexandria
Octavian steals Antony’s will from the Temple of Vesta! Requested to be buried in Alexandria Left his estate to his illegitimate children Caesarion is true heir to Rome
Octavian and the Senate declare war on Egypt!
WAR WITH EGYPT
31 B.C.
Antony mobilizes forces to Greece
Makes Cleopatra co-general of the fleet…..
Docks fleet in Ambracian Gulf, didn’t want to invade Italy
Why not??
Many men deserted Antony They were infuriated with Cleopatra’s significant role in the
battle
Sever malaria outbreak – made most of Antony’s ships undermanned!
BATTLE OF ACTIUM
BATTLE OF ACTIUM
Octavian/Agrippa: 250 galleysAntony: 290 galleys
Anti-climactic
Hole opens up, Cleopatra, Antony and the treasury all escapes back to Egypt
Octavian invades Egypt in 30 B.C.
Antony and Cleopatra both commit suicide, leaving Egypt to Octavian
DEATHS OF ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2X9ZpNQTXXg
31-27 B.C. – Octavian serves as consul
Erases ALL memory of Mark Antony
“Two Caesars is one too many” Who is he referring to? What does this mean?
“Settlement of 27 B.C.” Augustus tries to step down, Senate says no. He is awarded huge imperium Becomes tribune in perpetuity
During this settlement, Octavian is officially renamed Caesar Augustus “Augustus” means “revered one”
AFTERMATH OF THE CIVIL WAR
Augustus continued to become seriously sick throughout his life Agrippa was his tentative
replacement
Agrippa then marries Augustus’ daughter, Julia
20 B.C. - Augustus gets Crassus’ legionary standards back! This was a HUGE deal
for the Romans, Augustus is beloved by the people
AUGUSTUS’ REIGN
Augustus was INCREDIBLY wealthy How can this help him write laws and endear himself to the
people? Augustus invested lavishly and wildly
18 B.C. – Augustus took census, birth rate on decline People were being selfish and unfaithful How does the memory of the Battle of Cannae resonate with this?
Augustus outlaws adultery! Penalty is death…
Augustus continues to expand his empire and look for a potential replacement
12 B.C. – Agrippa falls ill and dies Augustus is TOTALLY crushed Why was Agrippa such a valuable ally for Augustus?
AUGUSTUS’ REIGN
JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY
Augustus forces Julia to marry Tiberius
Tiberius has become Augustus’ only option But then Tiberius sailed for Rhodes and retired!
Julia is found out to be Rome’s most promiscuous citizen… She is also exiled
Tiberius eventually is allowed to return to Rome
AUGUSTUS’ REIGN
9 A.D.
Publius Quinctilius Varus – Rome
Arminius – German
Arminius sets the trap
Not in formation; blindsided by the Germans
Varus loses 3 legions!
This was a HUGE shock to Rome, devastating Augustus
DISASTER AT TEUTOBURG
“Publius Varus, where are my legions?!”
SHORT TERM: Leave Germany alone
LONG TERM: Created a cultural divide between Germany and Rome
BATTLE OF TEUTOBURG FOREST
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDJjG8dQTtY
1:03 - END