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no:UP/GBD-136/2011

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no:UP/GBD-136/2011

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NOVEMBER 2011 VOL 02 ISSUE NOVEMBER2011 VOL 02 ISSUE


2/55

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5/55Geospatial World November 2011

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Managing Editor Prof. Arup Dasgupta

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DESIGN TEAMSr. Creative Designer Deepak KumarGraphic Designer Manoj Kumar Singh

CIRCULATION TEAMCirculation Manager Vijay Kumar Singh

07 Editorial 08 News 51 Events

INTERVIEWS

Cadastre defines value of

life in the Netherlands

Director, Kadaster International

'Sustainability is key to land

administration'

Sustainable Development Department Social,Environment & Rural Development, East AsiaPacific Region, The World Bank

ARTICLES

Cadastre in Africa

A leap towards modernisationVaibhav Arora

Marine Cadastre

Implementing a potential DSSDr. Michael Sutherland

CASE STUDY

Flight to efficiency

CONFERENCE REPORTS

UN - GGIM

Asia Geospatial Forum 2011

Geospatial Technology Caravan

18

25

49

50

46

42

36

32

45

5

Advisory Board

Abbas Rajabifard

President,GSDI Association

Jack Dangermond

President, Esri

Shailesh Nayak

SecretaryMinistry of Earth SciencesGovernment of India

Mark Reichardt

President and CEOOpen Geospatial Consortium, Inc.

Aida Opoku Mensah

Director - ICT DivisionUN Economic Commission for Africa

Josef Strobl

Director, Centre for Geoinformatics,University of Salzburg, Austria

Vanessa Lawrence CB

Director General and CEO,Ordnance Survey, UK

Matthew M O'Connell

President and CEOGeoEye

Bryn Fosburgh

Vice PresidentTrimble

Juergen Dold

President, Hexagon Geosystems

Preetha Pulusani

Chairman and CEODeepTarget Inc.

Derek Clarke

Chief Director-Survey and Mapping& National Geospatial InformationDepartment of Rural Development &Land Reform, South Africa

Kamal K Singh

Chairman and CEORolta Group

CADASTRE

A catalyst for

economic growth

VVice Pice President, Tresident, Trimblerimble


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he United Nations' initiative on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM) has been

kicked off with the First High Level Forum in Seoul. This relatively quiet event has been in many

ways a path breaker. Let me confess - At the outset, I wasn't too sure that the Forum would address

the real issues besetting the geospatial community of the world. I have seen that most such 'initiatives'

ultimately end up on a technology 'high' and sweep under the carpet uncomfortable issues related to

sociological, managerial, administrative and even individual concerns. At some point, these issues come

back to haunt and ultimately undermine the technological framework. If geospatial technology has not

realised its potential in full, it is because of this dichotomy. It is because technologists aspire to become

administrators instead of becoming partners of administrators.

In this context, the Forum's observation that there is a need to keep

"geodetic, technical and institutional frameworks up-to-date asout-of-date regulations could hinder the effective operation of

NMOs" is very relevant. I may question, why only NMOs? It hampers

geospatial usage across the board. Technology must wait for the

institutional framework to catch up before embarking on new

ventures. This is easier said than done because every technology

has a bright side which is highlighted by the technologists and a

dark side which the administrators are wary of. Unless there is a

common meeting ground, this standoff brings all efforts to naught.

By highlighting the need for all frameworks to be in sync, the Forum

has addressed a key issue.

Another excellent point is the fact that industry can underpin nation-

al activities and add value to them. Apart from aiding in standardis-

ation, industry can and should contribute to data creation and DSS

development. The Forum has been bold enough to also note the

'fragility' of data sharing in GEOSS while noting the success in the

WMO and correctly attributing the success to legislation that

enables data sharing. Data sharing is an issue right down to the national level, not only because of

regulations past their 'use by' date but also a general reluctance to share data. The time has come to

move from managing geospatial data for our applications and turn our attention to managing our

applications geospatially. The UN has done the geospatial community a great service by focussing on

these issues in a comprehensive manner but will the member nations listen and act?

Coming to our current issue, we have covered the world of cadastre from various angles. Cadastre has

huge importance in terms of establishing the economic value of land. Marine cadastre has also become

very important with the need to realise the potential economic value of the sea and the land below it. The

UN-GGIM has highlighted the importance of the geodetic framework. This is the framework that ties

together land and marine cadastre. This is also an area where the best of technology is readily accepted

because the economic value of the information is visible and desirable. This is perhaps an excellent

example of managing our applications geospatially.

Sp

e

ak

7Geospatial World November 2011

Managing Editor

[email protected]

T

UN-GGIM: Will member nations

listen and act?


8/55

NEWS

8 Geospatial World November 2011

NIGERIA

NigeriaSat-2 sendsfirst high-res imageryThe Nigerian space agency (NASRDA)

confirmed receiving the first set of

high resolution imagery from

NigeriaSat-2. The 2.5-m-resolution

image shows the airport at Salt Lake

City in great detail. Manufactured by

Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd

(SSTL), the 300 kg satellite will be

used to map the entire country in

detail every four months.

NigeriaSat-2 will also be used to

complement its fellow disaster moni-

toring constellation satellites during

disasters.

KENYA

'Use GIS for disastermitigation'The Institution of Surveyors of Kenya

(ISK) called on the government to find

a lasting solution to the threat of dis-

asters. This came following the

recent Sinai fire tragedy. Citing exam-

ple of Kenya Pipeline Company Ltd

which embraced GIS for real-time

information about its pipelines,

Collins K'Owuor, Chairman of ISK,

recommended that disaster pre-

paredness and mitigation should

make use of GIS. K'Owuor observed

that working in a proactive manner is

necessary to forestall such misfor-

tunes in Kenya.

SOUTH AFRICA

SANSA set for anothersatellite launchSouth Africa is all set to work on its

second satellite next year and could

launch it by as early as 2014 if the

government supports the initiative by

providing adequate funding, accord-

ing to Dr Sandile Malinga, chief

executive of the South African

National Space Agency (SANSA).

The satellite would be built with the

help of Algeria and is estimated tocost around R400 million (USD 48

million approx). Malinga informed

that the new South African satellite

will be one of four remote sensing

spacecrafts built to make up the

African Resource Management

Satellite Constellation.

RWANDA

RNRA digitises three million plotsIn a bid to promote apt management of land records across the country, the

Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA) digitised over 3.3 million plots

of land, announced Didier Sagashya, Deputy Director General in charge of

Lands and Mapping at RNRA. "The promotion

of GIS will enable the country to get optimal

information concerning infrastructure and

business planning, which will put it in

a position to deal with land man-

agement issues," Sagashya

said. He also announced that

RNRA will carry out training

programmes across the

country to ensure that

people clearly under-

stand the importance of

GIS in national devel-

opment.

Salt Lake City airport

Sumbandilasat


9/55

INDIA

Weather sat putsnation in elite clubThe Indian Space Research Organisa-

tion (ISRO) launched Megha-Tropiques,

a 1,000 kg satellite, designed to study

the water cycle and energy exchanges

in the tropics. The launch, which is

the result of an Indo-French collabo-

ration made India the second nation

in the world (after US) to undertake

such a mission. The satellite will pro-

vide scientific data on contribution of

the water cycle to the tropical atmos-

phere with information on atmos-

phere, precipitation and evaporation.

Three more satellites were simulta-

neously launched by PSLV-C8, which

included the 10.9 kg SRMSAT, remote

sensing satellite Jugnu and the 28.7

kg VesselSat.

Deadline for Delhito Act

The Delhi State Government issued

November 15 as the deadline for

implementation of the Delhi Geo-

graphical Spatial Data Infrastructure

Act 2011. Under the Act, all State

departments and civic agencies have

to mandatorily access, use and share

information on all projects and

update Delhi's spatial database. The

database, an interconnected 3D glob-

al information system, captures the

demographics of the capital and

utilities like sewer lines, roads and

urban planning projects through

secured communication networks.

Geospatial Delhi Ltd. along with the

Chief Secretary of Delhi as its Chair-

man will be in charge of maintaining

and updating the database.

Bhuvan's dataavailable for all

Registered users now can download

satellite data from Bhuvan, a geopor-

tal of Indian Space Research Organi-sation (ISRO), which is also consid-

ered as Indias answer to Google

Earth. Presently, users can download

elevation data of CartoDEM-1arc sec-

ond and Resourcesat-1: AWiFS data

(56m) of the Indian region. Users will

also be able to access other data in

the near future. Satellite earth obser-

vation data of Indian cities and terrain

can be accessed by visiting www.bhu-

van.nrsc.gov.in.

Threat to nation'ssecurity

Pakistan Army downloaded the GPS

coordinates of all helipads along with

code signs and nicknames from

Indian army's helicopter, Cheetah.

The helicopter strayed across the

Line of Control (LoC) into Skardu

SOI unveils maps at 1:10,000 scaleVilasrao Deshmukh, Minister

of Science & Technology and

Earth Sciences, Government

of India (GOI), released two

innovative products of Survey

of India (SOI), the first map of

the country at 1:10,000 scale

and the Web Map Service

(WMS). The map of Jadcherla

Mandal, Mahabubnagar Dis-

trict in Andhra Pradesh, has

been prepared under an ambi-

tious plan of mapping the entire country at 1:10,000 scale. "This mam-

moth task of mapping over 3 million square kilometres at 1:10,000 scale is

going to be the biggest surveying and mapping operation in the world,"

informed Deshmukh. Another product, the launch of Web Map Service

(WMS), will make accessible map data of 1:50,000 scale to users.

9

Map release by Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh

Geospatial World November 2011


10/5510 Geospatial World November 2011

region (the sensitive Siachen Glacier-

Aksai Chin-Ladakh-Kargil sector)

due to bad weather. However, the

Indian helicopter along with the crew

was allowed to return by Pakistan.

The Nemu, Leh-based 14 Corps is

responsible for defence of Kargil-

Leh, Siachen Glacier and Line of

Actual Control (LAC) with Tibet.

GIS powers fightagainst Naxals

The Central Reserve Police Force

(CRPF) purchased 65 GIS mobile

workstations with an aim to use them

in the fight against Naxals. In addi-

tion, the force also procured 13 high-

end workstations. The GIS data has

been provided by the Indian Space

Research Organisation (ISRO). "The

workstations have turned out to be

quite useful in ensuring familiarisa-

tion about the terrain," said CRPF

Director General K Vijay Kumar.According to a CRPF spokesperson,

"These work-stations contain the

complete mapping of the states

of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and

Orissa."

PHILIPPINES

NAMRIA proposesGIS to SenateThe Office of Civil Defence (OCD) and

the National Mapping and Resource

Information Authority (NAMRIA)

urged the Senate to fund PHP 8-bil-

lion (PHP: Philippine Peso) to estab-

lish GIS and a spatial data infrastruc-

ture that can make disaster simula-

tions possible. Mapping agency chief

Peter Tiangco informed that the

maps currently available were based

on cartography surveys done

50 years ago. Civil Defence Under-

secretary Benito Ramos added that

topographic features in the national

cartography have been updated

using GPS but such an update was

inadequate to predict geologic

behaviours that may occur during

natural disasters.

UAE

Dubai Masterplan 2020 gets the nod

The 2020 Masterplan for the

city of Dubai has been

approved by the Executive

Council. It demarcates usage

of land in the emirate, accord-

ing to Director-General of

Dubai Municipality Hussain

Nasser Lootah. The new mas-

terplan will define the land

usage, which prohibits build-

ing of residential hi-rises onland that has been allocated

for some other use. "This

masterplan has taken all the

aspects - residential, industri-

al, commercial, schools, hos-

pital and even infrastructure -

into consideration. We have

taken it to the Executive Coun-

cil and they approved it," said Lootah.

UPC receives top GeoMaturity ratingThe Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC) has received one of the

highest possible ratings in the "2010 Abu Dhabi Stakeholder GeoMaturity

Assessment" programme for its success in implementing the latest,

state-of-the-art GIS in all of its urban planning processes. The Abu Dhabi

Systems and Information Centre's (ADSIC) GeoMaturity assessment was

conducted among all relevant entities within the Abu Dhabi Emirate with

the aim of determining how the high-tech capabilities of Geospatial Infor-

mation, Technology and Services (GITS) are being leveraged by various

entities to enhance their central business activities.

Dubai Towers

C

ourtesy:BusinessWeek


11/55Geospatial World November 2011 1

JAPAN

Cloud to help disastermanagement

Shizuoka Prefecture region in thecountry embraced a cloud-based dis-

aster management system run by

Salesforce.com. The system com-

bines GIS data with XML sent from

Japan's Meteorological Agency. Users

can also send email updates from the

field using their mobile phones, with

GPS coordinates and pictures

attached. "It would have cost a lot

more to run our own servers and

network, and if a disaster happened

managing something like that would

be very difficult, especially if the

prefecture office was damaged,"

said Keisuke Uchiyama, a Shizuoka

official who works with the system.The system was implemented with a

budget of about 200 million yen (USD

2.6 million).

UAE

Negotiations on formilitary satelliteThe United Arab Emirates reopened

negotiations with France for a mili-

tary surveillance satellite, underlining

the Persian Gulf State's concerns

about Iran's expansionist policies.

The move, however, could also be

linked to the protracted negotiations

to buy 60 Dassault Aviation Rafale

multi-role fighter jets, a deal which

could be worth up to USD 10 billion.

The satellite project was first mooted

in 2008, shortly after the six-nation

Gulf Cooperation Council, consisting

of Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Kuwait,

Qatar, Oman and Bahrain, scrapped

its HudHud programme.

CHINA

RS tech unearthsancient agro activityArcheologists from the Institute of

Geology and Geophysics under the

Chinese Academy of Sciences foundevidence indicating that the mysteri-

ous ancient city of Loulan (Kroraina)

once had highly-developed agricul-

tural systems. They used remote

sensing technology during their

study. Qin Xiaoguang, a member of

the research team, said that they also

found canal, measuring 10 to 20

metres wide and 1.6 metres deep in

the Loulan relics. The ancient city

was a pivotal stop along the famousSilk Road, but mysteriously disap-

peared around the third century AD.

HONG KONG

RICS appointsDirector for ASEANThe Royal Institution of Chartered

Surveyors (RICS) appointed Bill Jones

as RICS ASEAN Director. He will be

responsible for developing and deliv-

ering the ASEAN Business Plan

together with the Local Members

Boards / Committees. This includes

actively promoting adoption of RICS

standards and qualifications across

ASEAN, the achievement of member-

ship growth and retention targets.

TURKEY

RASAT begins image transmission

RASAT, the first Turkish

remote sensing satellite, sent

its first photos to the Scientif-

ic and Technological Research

Council of Turkey's (TBiTAK)land station located in Ankara.

The satellite has been built by

TBiTAK with the sponsorshipof the State Planning Organi-

zation (DPT). TBiTAK offi-cials said that RASAT will be a

cornerstone for Turkish space projects in the future. Universities andresearch centres will be able to use RASAT's data to carry out scientific

research. RASAT will publish photos and data with updates on its website

at rasat.uzay.tubitak.gov.tr.

Istanbul Hali



RUSSIA

First RS satellitelaunch in 2012The country's first remote sensing

(RS) satellite, Kondor, may be

launched in January 2012, according

to Deputy Head of the Russian space

agency (Roscosmos) Anatoly Shilov.

"We are developing Kondor and

Arkon satellites. Arkon is a distantfuture but Kondor will hopefully fly in

January," said Shilov. The Kondor

weighs 800 kg and is designed to pro-

vide high-resolution radar imagery

and terrain mapping in real time. It

will be launched as part of the Arkti-

ka earth observation satellite group-

ing. Shilov also said that the country

is planning to launch two earth opti-

cal observation satellites in 2012 that

will provide precision monitoring ofnatural and man-made disasters.

UK

SSTL builds low costSAR satelliteSurrey Satellite Technology Ltd.

(SSTL) announced its new, low-cost

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

satellite, NovaSAR-S. It can image

earth in all conditions, seeing

through cloud cover, both during the

day and night. The 400 kilogram

satellite combines SSTL's SSTL-300

platform with an innovative S-band

SAR payload, developed in collabora-

tion with Astrium Ltd. NovaSAR-S

acquires medium resolution radar

imagery of 6-30 m ground sample

distance, depending on the viewing

mode being employed. Its four view-

ing modes are optimised for numer-

ous applications, including flood

monitoring, agricultural crop assess-

ment, forest monitoring, land cover

classification, disaster management

and maritime applications.

GIS market to growat 9.5 pc

TechNavio, a market research firm,

predicted that the GIS market in

Europe would grow at a CAGR of 9.5percent over the period 2010-2014.

The report observed that the initiative

to create a borderless Europe is one

of the key factors contributing to this

growth. The market has also been

witnessing an increasing utilisation of

the technology for transportation

management. However, GIS vendors

are finding it difficult to adhere to the

legal limitations of each country,

which could pose a challenge to this

growth.

Surveyors emphasiseon sustainability

Findings from the 2010 Global Green

Gauge Survey showed that sustain-

ability remains high on the agenda of

Royal Institution of Chartered Survey-

ors' (RICS) members, despite eco-

nomic recession. About 75 percent of

people surveyed suggested that sus-

tainability is "highly relevant" to their

work and 60 percent suggested itwas more important than a year ago.

65 percent had received instructions

from clients relating to sustainability

advice.

According to the survey, many sur-

veying firms which practise interna-

tionally accept that land and build-

ings should be managed to promote

sustainable development. This is

important as land and property is a

key asset in many global businesses.

OS uses twitter forlive updates

Ordnance Survey (OS) staff across the

country started using Twitter to pro-

vide live updates as they map the

changing landscape of the country.

From surveyors, who map the outer

reaches of Scotland and inner city

London, to a member of OS's Flying

Unit, each will be tweeting about the

work to provide an insight into mod-

ern map making. OS makes around

5,000 changes to the national master

map every day. All OS tweeters' loca-

tion enabled tweets can also be

viewed on a special interactive map

built using the mapping agency's

Web mapping API, OS OpenSpace.


13/55Copyright 2011 Esri. All rights reser

25 V \C25KVA\ 25KV \C

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Empowering theMobile WorkforceWith Esri mobile solutions, you can quickly capture, update, and

share geospatial inormation using custom and ready-to-deploy

mobile applications. Mobile GIS saves time, increases data

accuracy, and makes your feld sta more productive.

Learn more at esri.com/geospwldmob



SWEDEN

EC strict with landparcel rulesThe European Commission (EC) fined

Sweden EUR 76.6 million for break-

ing the land parcel identification

rules. Out of the total fines amount-

ing to EUR 214 million handed down

by the commission, almost EUR

100 million were in relation to the

Land Parcel Identification System --

Geographical Information System

(LPIS-GIS). LPIS-GIS is better known

to farmers as the controversial 'digi-

tisation' process that has caused sig-

nificant delays in payments over the

past 12 months. Sweden fell foul of

the EC's land parcel identification

rules and was fined for weaknesses

in the LPIS-GIS. The other big offend-

ers included Italy (EUR 70.9m) and

Denmark (EUR 22.3m).

GIS to measure solarincidence levels

Researchers at GothenburgUniversity developed a GIS-based

tool that can determine solar

incidence levels. Together with

consultancy WSP, the scientists have

developed a GIS that can calculate

the suitability of a roof to house

solar panels.

The system is called SEES (Solar

Energy from Existing Structures) and

will be freely available to companies

and municipalities. The sun in the

model illuminates the 3D built envi-

ronment and simulates how sur-

rounding objects throw shadows.

The shadow effect can be calculated

for each month or year.

It is thus possible to calculate

the total solar radiation on each

part of a roof structure within a

given area.

'LBS market to touchEUR 300 mn'

Global location-based services (LBS)

market is projected to grow from

about EUR 150 million in 2010 to

EUR 300 million in 2016, according to

Berg Insight, a telecom research

firm. Ericsson (now in Sony group)

will remain the leading vendor in

terms of number of contracts for

location platforms, ahead of Nokia

Siemens Networks and TeleCommu-

nication Systems.

The research firm observed that

governments and telecom regulatorsin many parts of the world are intro-

ducing stricter emergency call and

lawful intercept mandates that

require network operators to invest in

location platforms.

FRANCE

G-tech to certifyorganic cropsOrganic agriculture provides

healthy food and protects the

environment by practicing methods

that avoid the use of chemicals. As

part of a new ESA Earth Observation

Market Development project, Keyobs,

VISTA and Belgium's University of

Lige under the guidance of Ecocert,

have developed a method that uses

satellite images to certify organic

crops.

According to Dr Pierre Ott from

Ecocert, the trial results were beyond

what had been envisioned initially.

"Accuracy rates of 80 to 100 percent

are a performance in itself. It seems

very promising as far as the potential

of future developments is

concerned," he said.

THE NETHERLANDS

Govt to release geodata

The Ministry for Economic

Affairs, Agriculture and Innova-

tion, announced the creation of

a national database for satellite

images that will be available to

the public and entrepreneurs.

The ministry has allocated 4

million Euros to create this

database. On the other hand,

the Ministry for Infrastructure

and Environment also

announced that it would con-tribute to the satellite database.

Minister Schultz van Haegen

will provide full access for free

to the government's 'base registry' of topographic data starting January

1st, 2012. At the moment access to the full database costs 50,000 Euros.



Geography vital inmedicine

The history of where you have lived

and worked is as vital in healthcare

diagnoses as your genetics and

lifestyle, according to Ann Bossard,

Esri Global Hospital and Health

Specialist. Speaking at the Health-

care Information and Management

System Society AsiaPac11 conference

in Melbourne, Bossard warned of therisks of ignoring 'place' in medicine.

"Medical practitioners have tradition-

ally relied on patient information

gathered through direct observation

and diagnostic testing, parental

health histories and prior treat-

ments," Bossard said. "However, this

information has limited use unless it

is combined with an understanding of

the environmental hazards a patient

has been exposed to throughouthis/her life."

Flood mapping datanot for insurers

Queensland government released an

interim mapping product and devel-

opment controls toolkit called "Plan-

ning for stronger, more resilient

floodplains". Queensland councils

welcomed this new approach to flood

mapping, but warned insurers not to

use the data to ramp up their premi-

ums. The toolkit and maps have been

developed in consultation with more

than 10 councils. Premier Anna Bligh

said that the new flood mapping

approach was developed on a whole-

of-catchment view, rather than coun-

cil by council.

Perth airport adoptsenterprise GIS

Perth airport partnered with Esri

Australia to introduce an enterprise-

wide GIS. Esri Australia's Business

Manager Tom Gardner said that the

centralised GIS would play a crucial

role in Westralia Airports Corpora-

tion's (WAC) plans to develop the air-

port into a major commercial and

industrial centre. "The airport estate

covers around 2100 hectares, which

includes areas used in the airport's

operation and others set aside for the

future development of infrastructure

and services," Gardner said. "Under-

standing the properties of any areas

slated for development is critical and

GIS technology is an essential com-

ponent of that."

NEW ZEALAND

Educational GIS portal for children

The New Zealand Geospatial Office launched a new website called the

Educational GIS web portal. It aims to educate children studying in the

country's high schools about the tremendous importance of GIS. "Through

the Educational GIS Web Portal we're looking to present teachers with a

Web-based GIS application that makes use of the government's broadband

initiative and brings pre-packaged lessons using GIS to the classroom toallow students to meet the requirements of the new Spatial Analysis

Achievement Standards," said Kathryn Salm, Geospatial capability leader

at the New Zealand Geospatial Office.

NIWA designs climatechange atlas

The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

(NIWA) designed the world's first climate change ocean

atlas. It maps out the country's resources within the

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), highlights climate

change related issues and shows how plants and

animals in the area may respond to the

changes. The atlas is a first look at what will

eventually become an interactive Web-

based tool. Over time, it will inform

policy makers about what is need-

ed to reduce uncertainties on the

future of the marine life in the EEZ.

Courtesy:NIWAAtla

s



APPLICATIONS

'Atmosphere losingheat quickly'A new NASA satellite research from

years 2000 to 2011 has shown that

earth's atmosphere has allowed "far

more heat to be released into space"

than computer models had earlier

predicted. A study conducted by Dr.

Roy Spencer of the University of

Alabama in Huntsville, indicated that

there will be "far less global warming

in the coming decades than the Unit-

ed Nations computer models have

predicted." This study supports prior

research which suggested that

"increase in atmosphere carbon-

dioxide actually traps far less heat

than alarmists have claimed since

the early 1980s."

Climate hotspots tobe mapped

Researchers are combining demo-graphic data such as population size,

birth and death rates, with geograph-

ic and spatial data to identify areas

where climate change might hit the

hardest. According to an article in the

Nature Climate Changejournal,

developing countries are facing a

"double whammy" of growing popula-

tion and an increase in climate

change impacts. But local-level

information about who the most

vulnerable are and where they live is

either lacking or lying unanalysed.

Mark Montgomery, an economics

professor at the State University of

New York said that having reliable

data on where people are at risk

might help populations adapt and

speed up disaster relief efforts.

BUSINESS

GeoEye, Google sign

enterprise agreementGeoEye signed a multi-year enter-

prise agreement with Google. Under

this agreement, GeoEye will be

allowed to access Google Earth

Builder, Google's cloud-based map

publishing platform. The company is

making this investment as part of its

strategy to increase online access to

its high-resolution colour imagery.

Tony Frazier, GeoEye's senior vicepresident of marketing said, "This

new offering will augment the

imagery that we currently make

available via Google Earth and Google

Maps with premium access to our

most recent collections and our

broader archive that contains over

500 million square kilometres of

imagery."

'Insurers needtailored GIS solutions'

The insurance industry has had to

deal with a variety of natural and

man-made disasters this year. In this

context, report titled "Location Intelli-

gence Solutions for Insurance: A

Solution Spectrum," observed that

enterprise-class GIS solutions must

Updated topo map of earth released

NASA, in coopera-

tion with Japan-

ese researchers,

developed an

improved version

of the digital topo-

graphic map of

earth. Known as

the global digital

elevation model,

the map was created from images collected by the Japanese Advanced

Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, or ASTER,

instrument aboard Terra aircraft. The first version of the map was released

in June 2009. The improved version adds 260,000 additional stereo-pair

images for superior coverage. It features enhanced spatial resolution,

increased accuracy and the ability to identify lakes as small as 0.6 miles

(1 kilometre) in diameter. The map is available online to users at no cost.



be tailored to the specialised needsof insurance companies. The report

noted that employing GIS may help

insurers better handle upcoming

regulatory changes, such as the

Solvency II requirements in the

European Union. Due to come into

force in 2012, Solvency II will require

insurance companies to model and

hold sufficient liquid assets to cover

the largest losses that could arise in

any area.

DigitalGlobe bagsGEOINT contract

The National Geospatial-Intelligence

Agency (NGA), under its new

Enhanced GEOINT Delivery (EGD)

programme, awarded a one-year

contract, worth USD 37.9 million

to DigitalGlobe. EGD expands the

EnhancedView contract to meet the

government's evolving requirements

for ortho-rectified products in large

quantities.

The new EGD product deliverables

will include three elements: a nearly

cloud-free wide-area mapping layer;

continuous delivery of daily images

via the web within 24 hours of collec-

tion; and quick-turnaround images of

NGA-designated high-priority geo-

graphic locations.

MISCELLANEOUS

LiDAR tech guidesdriverless carGoogle, in association with Toyota,

introduced a driverless car that is

guided by LiDAR technology. The car,

worth USD 75,000, provides passen-

gers with a 360 degree and 3D view

of the surroundings. The company

claimed that it performs well on all

congested roads, traffic signals as

well as in all weather conditions. It

has been designed specially for those

with mobility issues.

G-tech testing theFourth Amendment!

Geospatial technology is posing a

challenge to the Fourth Amendment

of the US Constitution that protects

against "unreasonable searches and

seizures". The issue of technological

searches inside homes is currently a

hotly debated topic in the US. Courtshave consistently ruled that the use

of a GPS device to track people out-

side their home is not a "search"

under the Fourth Amendment.

However, in 2001, the Supreme

Court said that the use of a thermal

imaging device that detected large

amounts of heat radiating from a

garage constituted a Fourth Amend-

ment search.

GEOINT

Symposium focuses on integrated

intelligenceThe GEOINT 2011 Sym-

posium, held in San

Antonio, Texas, brought

forth the importance of

geospatial technology

for the defence industry.

Letitia A. Long, Director,

National Geospatial-

Intelligence Agency

offered a progressreport on the agency's

past year performance and demonstrated some of the apps being

developed while US Air Force General C. Robert Kehler, Commander of

US Strategic Command, called for a single authority to help intelligence

processing capacity. In a joint keynote, US Congressmen Mike Rogers and

C.A. Dutch Ruppersberger predicted more intelligence budget cuts in

future. LTG Paul E. Menoher was named as the recipient of the 2011 Arthur

C. Lundahl Lifetime Achievement Award.

Therma

lAnalysis



CADASTRE I Bryn Fosburgh

Secure rights to own and use real property are a cornerstone of wealth in developednations. Research has shown that developing nations can obtain positive results by

implementing land information and titling systems


19/55

Around the world, billions of people reside on land

they do not own or have legal rights to occupy. In

some cases, they may have permission of the state

or landowner to use the land, but do not have a long-term

guarantee of the right to use the property. As a result,

these residents have little incentive to invest in property

improvements. In rural areas, a farmer who has no

tenure or assurance of access to land is unlikely to install

irrigation or other systems. In urban areas of developing

countries, the absence of defined property rights is a

common factor in slums and barrios, where residents

invest little or nothing in land improvements.

In many of these situations, it is nearly impossible to

gain secure title to land or real property. The reason for

this lies in the lack of mechanisms that can reliably

describe land and its ownership. For example, the bound-

ary of a parcel may be poorly defined (if it is defined at all)and known only by general reference to natural features.

Within families or clans, ownership of the land may be

assigned and transferred with little documentation and is

often subject to dispute. In some areas, people may have

so-called usufructuary rights to occupy real property

owned by others. But frequently, these rights carry no

secure or transferable financial benefits and the rights

often disappear once the grantee dies or moves away.

Clearly, if the risk of being pushed off the land is high,

then there is no incentive to invest or improve.

CADASTRE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

In the 2000 book "The Mystery of Capital," Hernando de

Soto presented the theory that a unified legal system of

property rights is the catalyst that releases the capital

value of land. By comparing the experience of western

nations with that of developing countries in South Ameri-

ca, de Soto demonstrates that secure title and valuation

of land and property are fundamental drivers to econom-

ic stability and growth. The success of the west comes in

part from centuries-old systems for gathering, managing

and sharing information about real property.

There is strong empirical support for de Soto's theo-

ry. In its International Property Rights Index 2009 Report,

the Property Rights Alliance provides an analysis based

on the quality of a country's land definition and ownership

systems together with the system of legal protection that

reinforces the ownership. The report's lead author, Anne

Chandima Dedigama, illustrates the positive relationship

between land titling and a country's economic strength or

gross domestic production (GDP). The report reveals that

even small countries that have strong land titling and

information systems tend to have greater wealth than

larger countries where these systems are lacking.

In a separate study, Sebastian Galiani and Ernesto

Shargrodsky researched the effect of property titling and

ownership within the San Francisco Solano barrio near

Buenos Aires, Argentina. Their data showed how poor

households with full property rights differ from nearby

homes that have only usufructuary land rights. The study

found that full property rights resulted in substantially

increased investment and improved living conditions. It

also found that families with property rights were small-

er and relied less on the presence of extended family

members. Education for the children in these families

tended to be higher. The study concluded, "In sum, enti-

tling the poor increases their investment, both in the

house and in the human capital of their children, whichwill contribute to reduce poverty of the next generation."

Dedigama agrees: "When a property has value, it

affords the owner an opportunity to participate in the eco-

nomic process through successful entrepreneurial

and/or agricultural activities. Property changes into an

incentive for the owner to engage in work which

enhances and contributes to the economy. With the

recognition of property rights and due process which

affords it marketability, an individual will become a par-

ticipant in the production cycle that creates profit and/or

loss, which in return contributes to the economic growthand raises the standard of living. This kind of economic

empowerment spreads beyond a nation to link countries

at a common ground, i.e. the international market."

Releasing the value of property provides benefits to

more than just the individual property owners. In sub-

Saharan Africa, municipal and metropolitan authorities

face debilitating challenges, often due to lack of money.

The lax, or even nonexistent tax base can be attributed to

the lack of functional cadastres. When the land is

described and titled, its value is not just released to the

owner. The land can also be assessed and taxed to pro-

Geospatial World November 2011 1

u


20/55

vide funds for local growth and investment. Thus, the fun-

damental role of the cadastre in economic development is

clear: The cadastre gathers, manages and shares info

that defines and reinforces property rights. In turn, the

property rights translate into economic development,

social stability and physical well-being.

TECHNOLOGY AND THE CADASTRE

A large percentage of land information is based on spatial

data, with maps and diagrams playing the key role.

Although some form of cadastre exists in many develop-

ing regions, the information has evolved and coalesced

from multiple, often haphazard systems. Paper records,

often incomplete and poorly organised, make up a large

percentage of the cadastral database in many regions.

Information cannot be verified, shared or comparedagainst other systems and thus does not satisfy require-

ments of financial institutions to release the capital value

of the land. Cadastres may be fragmented as well, with

bits of related information held by different agencies in

different locations. This introduces cost and complexity in

gaining rights to property, which hits hardest on the poor.

De Soto describes how it required 728 steps for a poor

person to obtain a title for property near Lima, Peru.

In contrast, a wealthy person has the means to

navigate the regulatory maze, bypass

delays and avoid high fees.Modern cadastral systems can

replace the old methods in a sustain-

able, cost-effective manner, and dig-

ital information is quickly replacing

paper maps and records. In digital

format, records are more easily

protected against fire or destruc-

tion and can be indexed for

access by search engines and

land information databases.

This can help to detect own-

ership conflicts and track

usage agreements

attached to parcels. A

central or regional data-

base based on a geo-

graphic information

system (GIS) is a

common, highly

effective platform

for managing cadastral information. Within a GIS, a series

of layers can be customised to handle cadastral informa-

tion. These layers provide accurate, secure records of the

description, ownership and usage rights for parcels. A

parcel's chain of title can be traced and managed, which

eliminates a source of risk for financial investors and

makes it easier to release the property's capital value.

The land information system can link cadastral data to

other attributes as well. For example, spatial and numer-ical information on topography, environmental conditions,

land use and natural resources can be linked to the

graphical depictions of real property.

In many countries, land rights were tied to informal,

paralegal processes that evolved over time and did not

provide secure ownership. Cadastral information must be

accurate and based on local conditions. Consider the les-

sons learned from the 1962 Ghana Land Registry Act. In a

paper at the XXIII FIG Congress in 2006, Rebecca Sittie

said that many challenges in Ghana's deed registration

system arose from weaknesses in land descriptions.

"Most plans attached to the deeds were more descriptive

in nature because lands were not properly surveyed and

demarcated. These inaccurate plans or maps often creat-

ed conflicts among landowners. Because registration was

based on the deed and not on the land it led to multiple

registrations for the same piece of land. There was no

system to detect multiple registrations."

The accurate spatial information needed for a suc-

cessful cadastre comes mainly from field data. In order


Benin map showing GNSS reference stations

20


21/55


22/55

for property descriptions to be consistent, the information

gathered by surveyors and mappers needs to have a com-

mon geographic reference frame to prevent gaps and

overlaps between parcels. A typical mature cadastre

includes defined practices for relating parcels to the ref-

erence frame. Common approaches include standardised

wording and description of cadastral points and lines,

relationships to adjoining parcels and accuracy and preci-

sion of positions. In developed countries, the reference

frame is provided by a system of defined geodetic coordi-

nates as manifested by physical monuments.

The requirements for physical positioning in a cadas-

tre create unique opportunities in developing countries. In

many regions, existing systems of geodetic control are

incomplete or outdated. The effort to update or re-estab-

lish the framework introduces costs, delays and inaccu-racy into efforts to create a modern cadastre. To solve

this, a country or region can establish a geographic refer-

ence framework by installing a number of Global Naviga-

tion Satellite System (GNSS) receivers to serve as geodet-

ic reference stations. The location of each continuously

operating reference station (CORS) can be precisely

determined and the resulting network provides a single,

consistent basis for positioning across the country.

Because of the speed, accuracy and cost effectiveness

of GNSS reference stations, they have emerged as the

enabling technology for new or greatly improved cadas-tral information systems. Surveyors and mappers can use

the information from the GNSS stations to capture posi-

tions on cadastral markers, natural features, local monu-

ments and other objects that define

property boundaries. This approach works well across an

array of property types. Work in urban or other high-value

regions may call for position precision of a few centime-

tres. In agricultural or rural areas, precision at the

decimetre level may be sufficient. And for environmental

and natural resource studies, metre-level positioning is

common. Because all the positions are tied to the GNSS

reference stations, independent field observations can be

traced and verified.

UPDATING INDIA'S CADASTRE

India has a legacy of well-organised land records and

administration that originated during British rule. This

foundation has put the country ahead of other developing

regions with little or no cadastral background and there is

little resistance to the concept of a cadastre in India. Butafter India gained independence from Great Britain in

1947, responsibility for land administration transferred

from the national level to the state governments.

In a 2001 report, McKinsey & Company stated that

most land parcels in India are subject to some degree of

dispute. Uncertain ownership creates difficulties to pur-

chase and transfer land. The problems also create

ambiguous and inefficient tax bases. Because municipal-

ities have no clear idea of the ownership and value of real

property, they lack the ability to finance new infrastruc-

ture and to recover the costs of existing facilities. Accord-ing to McKinsey, cadastral ineffi-

ciency restricts growth of the

country's GDP by an estimat-

ed 1.3 percent each year.

The problem is not lost on

financial and political leaders. In a

2007 review of India's land

22 Geospatial World November 2011


23/55 2Geospatial World November 2011

policies, the World Bank reported: "As land administra-

tion - through the revenue department - was the core of

the colonial structures and continues to be a key pillar of

local government today, issues relating to land have long

been the subject of an animated policy debate. There is

consensus among policy makers that land administration

- which fell into neglect as officers had to attend to other

duties - is in urgent need of improvement to effectively

fulfil its functions in the 21st century." The World Bank

identified the need for across-the-board improvements

and called for replacement of paper records with comput-

erised systems as well as improved methods for the spa-

tial components.

India is responding. In 2008, the Union Cabinet decid-

ed to implement a system for land registration and titling.

It gave instructions to the Department of Land Resourcesto define the model for a titling law that could be applied

throughout the country. Modernising the cadastral system

for a country of more than one billion is not easy. Although

the resistance may be low, difficulty lies in overcoming the

inertia of the old system and securing the financial

resources needed to modernise the cadastre. Fortunately,

existing geospatial technology is well suited to the task.

In a paper at the 2007 International Federation of Sur-

veyors (FIG) Working Week, Nirmalendu Kumar cited the

poor quality of India's existing maps as a key contributor

to the current inefficiencies. Kumar proposed creatingupdated orthophotos and maps using aerial and satellite

imaging supplemented by ground surveys. These docu-

ments, in digital form, would become the background for

a GIS at state or national levels. Land records can then be

digitised into the GIS. This work relies on accurate spatial

references tied to a geodetic coordinate system.

Some of the control work is already underway. The

Survey of India has taken steps to update the country's

geodetic reference frame, moving from the historic Ever-

est Ellipsoid to a system based on the WGS84 datum. This

includes defining the parameters for the transformation

and development of a new physical reference framework

of ground control points. The work is a significant step

towards improving the accuracy of the positional and

topological components of the Indian cadastre.

At the local level, the state of Gujarat has conducted

detailed cost analyses that has shown the economic ben-

efits of using modern geospatial technologies including

GNSS, total stations and satellite imagery. Gujarat has

developed specifications and requirements for cadastral

updates to achieve three objectives: Creating updated

cadastral databases via re-surveys and title verification;

creating integrated textual and graphical land records;

and replacing manual records with digital records. This

approach is serving as a model for the cadastral update

efforts in other states.

Maharashtra is also undertaking efforts to update itscadastre. The Land Records Department is using total

stations and electronic data collectors to conduct field

surveys. The electronic survey data is the basis for digital

mapping and computerised land records. Punjab and

Himachal Pradesh are among other states that are imple-

menting geospatial tools. But the task is enormous; even

the well-organised national and local efforts may not be

enough. To meet the goals of the 2008 decision, the public

agencies can work with private sector organisations to

develop the needed resources and skills.

Because of India's large size and strong geodeticfoundation, the country is in a good position to utilise

GNSS. Important gains can be made with the implemen-

tation of CORS and real-time GNSS networks to provide

fast registration of boundary marks. GNSS networks also

provide the basis for aerial and land-based photography

and LiDAR. In addition to these, GNSS networks will pro-

vide long-term benefits in private, commercial and infra-

structure development in India.

CADASTRAL DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

Because of the importance of land and tenure security in

reducing poverty and creating sustainable livelihoods,

land tenure issues remain firmly on the development

agenda of most African countries. While a number of

African countries have embarked on land reform

projects to enhance security of tenure, many are ham-

pered by the lack of a functional cadastral system.

To ensure the success of these efforts, countries need

to create modern cadastres that are supported by

nationwide reference systems for positioning. Among the

countries pursuing land reforms, four have begun imple-

t

n


24/55

mentation of national reference systems using GNSS.

In Ghana, the Land Administration Project Phase 1

modernised the geodetic reference system by installing

five CORS stations and additional densification of the net-

work is planned to make positioning accessible. In Nige-

ria, the late President, His Excellency Umaru Yaradua

launched a five-point agenda that included land reform to

facilitate productive use of land for economic develop-

ment. As part of the efforts, the Office of the Surveyor

General of the Federation installed seven CORS stations

to modernise the geodetic infrastructure. Burkina Faso isalso currently pursuing modernisation of its geodetic

infrastructure to support a rural land governance project

to provide titles for lands owned by the rural poor. Using

funding from the Millennium Challenge Corporation

(MCC), the country is installing nine CORS stations.

In Benin, MCC set aside USD 307 million in 2007 to

facilitate economic growth, including the creation of for-

mally documented land titles in the country's urban and

rural areas. The MCC funding also supported improve-

ments in land registration and documentation systems.

When the MCC work is complete, roughly 30,000 urban

occupancy permits will convert to titled land and more

than 80 thousand rural households will receive titles.

The GNSS infrastructure in Benin has enabled the

country to skip over earlier positioning technologies

based on conventional markers and techniques. A GIS-

based land information system can make a similar jump.

For example, developed countries such as Germany went

through several generations of record-keeping technolo-

gies including paper, microfilm, CAD and GIS before arriv-

ing at dedicated systems such as the ALKIS. Developing

countries can create new records directly in the GIS-

based cadastres and bypass the intermediate steps.

Beyond the cadastral uses, the Benin GNSS network

will provide benefits over long term with uses in agricul-

ture, construction and resource management. GNSS ref-

erence stations can play a broader role across sub-Saha-

ran Africa, with more countries implementing positioning

frameworks tied to the African Geodetic Reference

Frame. Information combining ground data with remote

sensing can be used in resource management.People within the positioning and land information

disciplines understand the value of GNSS as a basis for

cadastral development. Broader communities are

understanding its importance as the enabler for property

rights. In 2010, Ghana Supreme Court Justice S. Gbadegbe

described the need for modern positioning systems in

developing nations: "The preparation of maps of cities and

towns is a necessary requirement and a catalyst to deci-

sion making and it is obvious that the potential of GNSS

can be exploited for national development and poverty

alleviation, especially with the improved services of GPS."

The results of research and cadastral work in Africa,

Asia and South America are encouraging. Developing

nations can bypass the years of paper-based documenta-

tion and move directly to modern, low-cost cadastral sys-

tems, underpinned by modern spatial reference systems

provided by GNSS and CORS. The return on the invest-

ment will be rapid and will carry large, long-lasting social

and economic benefits.

, Vice President, Trimble




Kadaster is mainly responsible for the cadastral mapping

and cadastral system of the Netherlands. However, during

the last 10-15 years, our organisation has broadened its

scope drastically to include the topographic service of the

country in its mandate. We are nowadays responsible for

many more registrations in the country, so the Dutch

Kadaster is becoming more and more a kind of centre forgeoinformation in the Netherlands.

c

We have all kinds of systems where people can find infor-

mation, such as when they are buying or selling a house,

they can have the required information from the Kadaster.

Our data is all public and is easily accessible to the citi-

zens, professionals and government organisations.

Everybody can enter the cadastral data or have accessto the data of Kadaster. An excellent development that has

taken place over the years is that while ten years ago peo-

ple had to come to a regional office to collect the data,

now the same information can be accessed using the

internet from your home, on the mobile phone or the PDA.

It is worth mentioning here that while our data is

public, there is a nominal cost involved if someone wants

to use that data.

It is a bit different with user organisations because our

main focus in that case is to become a part of their busi-

ness processes. The Dutch Government is now trying to

connect all the different agencies under a system called

the 'national system of key registries'. For example, con-

necting the municipality system, which is responsible for

registering the persons, with our system of registering the

properties. As a policy in the Netherlands, every data of

the citizens can be collected only once, which means that

if you have given your data to the Municipality or Kadaster,

no other government organisation should come and ask

the same information again because once you have given

it to the government, it should be registered centrally and

used by all organisations. It is an ambitious project but we

are getting really far in connecting all these databases.

The Netherlands is one of the most data intensive coun-

tries in the world. We are a small country and have data

available at a very precise scale. At Kadaster, we have the

cadastral map which is available in the range of 1:500 to

1:1000. Our topographical mapping is from a

scale of 1:10,000 to 1:1 million. All of the

Netherlands, including the rural

areas, is available at a scale of

1:10,000. Besides, there is

also a large scale map of

1:500, which, at themoment, is the responsi-

bility of the municipalities.

What is also interesting

about the Netherlands is

that our rate of updating the

data is getting smaller and

smaller. While we used to

update our topographic maps

every four years in the past, it

has now come down to two

years and will be probably even

less in the future.

INTERVIEW I Kees de Zeeuw

Cadastre defines value

of life in the Netherlands

Kees de ZeeuwDirector

Kadaster International

2



There are two forms of cadastral systems around the

world, which include the ones run by governments and the

informal systems run by different groups in society. The

Netherlands system is created around the formal system

with almost no informal system in existence. Kadaster is a

very important part of this national organised setup. A

Dutch person would not believe if I send him a letter

saying that there is a mistake in the official records and

the property he lives on does not actually belong to him.

People would not believe that the government could be so

unreliable. However, in many other countries, it is never

clear what your actual property is. In the Netherlands, the

value of life is defined by the cadastral system.

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) comprises of five ele-

ments which include data, standards, people, institutions

and technology. Geonovum is a Dutch governmental

organisation that is specifically responsible for the nation-

al geoinformation standards. Geonovum is an important

party with respect to the standards, while Kadaster is an

important player in both technology and data. We are a

national data provider with a lot of data available and thus

become an important part of our NSDI.

Kadaster International is a consultancy service that we

provide the world over. Our focus is on government to gov-

ernment advisory. We started by showing other people the

working of our system and the tremendous benefits that it

can offer. However, over the years we have learnt that it is

not just about projecting our system to other countries but

also to advice people on how to setup their own systems.

Of course, it can be either formal or informal, depending

on the situation in a country. In that sense, we have devel-

oped ourselves a lot and

have become

consultants in

taking

account for

other

require-

ments and

systems.

We are at

present

involved in setting up the Social Tenure Domain Model,

which is designed to help other countries to not only put

together the formal rights of land and ownership but also

the informal rights. We can also help in using this system

in countries that have a majority of slums by helping them

in setting up the value of land, ownership of land and the

use of land. So, we are more in land use and land admin-

istration now rather than in cadastral mapping.

Kadaster International is allowed to do these activities but

not with profit motive, rather it should be based on a cost

recovery model. While we do ask for a tariff or price for

these services, in practice it means that most of the time

we have to look for a financing organisation like the WorldBank or the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. We use the

funds of these financing organisations to fill in the

demands of different countries around the world.

s

While in the Netherlands, we use tablet PCs, GPS and oth-

er such modern devices to map to centimetre accuracy, it

is extremely difficult to do so in a country like Rwanda. In

Rwanda, we went into the field and saw that the rural peo-ple can identify their own fields very well in an orthophoto

of their area. They could indicate their area with a pen. So

we suggested the use of digital pen, which turned out to

be a very quick way to collect data. It is a beautiful exam-

ple of a system that is very well adapted to the local level

of knowledge and technology.

r

Kadaster, together with ITC - Twente, has setup the United

Nations School for Land Administration, which is involved

in organising courses in the region. We have a course here

in the Netherlands where people can come over and be at

ITC for several weeks or months. As far as awareness and

knowledge sharing is concerned, this school is a very

important form of doing it for us. We use it in our promo-

tion and also to get people connected to land administra-

tion. Besides, we do a lot of projects and courses abroad

and participate in conferences to spread awareness.

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Southland District CouncilNew Zealand


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Land is an essential resource upon which the veryexistence of our society depends. Therefore, itbecomes imperative to optimise this valuable

asset for better economic development and social sta-bility, especially considering the fact that unlike mostother resources, land cannot grow in size. All theseaspects make it necessary for governments across theglobe to develop effective land administration systems.

In African countries, especially, the tremendous impor-

tance of land is not only reflected in its economic value but

also its spiritual significance. Land is the key for overall

growth and development of the African economy with

most countries relying heavily on agriculture for a signifi-cant share of their gross domestic product.

Signifying the importance of land for African people,

Aida Opoku-Mensah, Director-ICT & S&T Division (ISTD),

UN Economic Commission for Africa says, "Land is very

critical for the African people. It was the basis of our

struggle for independence and continues to be the key for

our future transformation and development. Today, land

reform is very high on the political agenda in Africa. The

transformation and reform of the land sector will have

immense economic opportunities for us."

According to experts, Africa's reliance on land willcontinue in the near future and thus the need for

improved land policies becomes even more significant.

CADASTRAL SYSTEM IN AFRICA

The existing cadastral systems in a majority of African

nations had been introduced by colonial powers, which

were primarily looking to satisfy their own interests with-

out paying much attention to the customary land tenure

laws. Although there have been several attempts to

transform the prevalent cadastral systems into traditional

practices, most of these have been unsuccessful because

of various issues such as lack of skilled manpower,

insufficient funds, scarcity of technical know-how and

Cadastre Catalyst to Growth -Www.geospatialword.net -November 2011

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Transcript of Cadastre Catalyst to Growth -Www.geospatialword.net -November 2011