CADAp CADApps Advanced Road Design for AutoCAD Training Notesps Advanced Road Design for AutoCAD...

Advanced Road Design - Survey Module Training Manual-Rural

This Manual is the property of CADApps Australia Pty Ltd. This Manual is made available only to person/s who have purchased, and/or during evaluation of, the Advanced Road Design software (inclusive of all its components). This Manual is not to be distributed to any other organization or to any other person in any format (electronic or otherwise) without the express written consent of CADApps Australia. Prepared by: Shane O’Rorke © Copyright - CADApps Australia Pty Ltd

CADApps Advanced Road Design

ADVANCED ROAD DESIGN

TRAINING NOTES

TUTORIAL AND TRAINING MANUAL

Head Office Address: 8 Johnson Street Oakleigh, Victoria 3166 AUSTRALIA

Ph +61 3 9568 0077 Fax +61 3 9568 0044 Technical Support and Sales

Prashant Joshi Ph 011 2689 7475 Mob 09811 552 380

Table of Contents



ADVANCED ROAD DESIGN 1

TRAINING NOTES 1

INTRODUCTION - THE SURVEY MODULE 4

SURVEY – CREATING CROSS SECTION POINTS 3 General 3 Importing Points 4

TERRAIN MODULE - CREATING 3D SURFACES 8 Building a Terrain Model - The Basics 8 Creating a Terrain Model - The Process 8 Building the Surface - Outputs 13 Editing a Terrain Model 15 Importing Contours 16

INTRODUCTION - THE ALIGNMENT MODULE 17

ALIGNMENT MODULE – ROAD GEOMETRY 18 Creating an Alignment - The Basics 18 Creating Alignments from Polylines 20 Editing Alignments 21

INTRODUCTION - THE ROADS MODULE 25

TUTORIAL 1 - DESIGNING A SIMPLE ROAD 26 Accessing Menu Options and Understanding the Menu Structure 26 Selecting and Creating a Road 27 Creating a Vertical Alignment 28

Viewing your Cross Sections 29 Default Design Data 30 Design Elements – Templates (Finished Surface and Subgrade) 31 Surface Templates 32

Viewing the Surface Templates 32 Managing/Creating Surface Templates 32 Applying a Template – Use the New Template 34

Adding Design Data - Table Drains 36 Subgrade Templates – Multiple Layers 36

Viewing a Subgrade Materials Template (Subgrade Layers File) 37 TUTORIAL 2 - CHANGING THE VERTICAL ALIGNMENT 40

Selecting a Road and String to Design – Displaying the Vertical Grading Editor (VGE) form 40 The Vertical Grading Editor – Interface 41

Zooming in the Vertical Grading Window and resizing the form 42 Controlling the Display of Information in the Vertical Grading Editor 43

Creating a Vertical Grading 43 Creating IPs 43 Editing and Deleting IP’s 46

Undo/Redo and Refresh 49

TUTORIAL 4 - SUPERELEVATION 50 Applying Superelevation – To Standard 50

Settings Tab 50



TUTORIAL 5 - REPORTS 52 Volume Reports 52

Setting Stripping, Cut and Fill Factors 52 Cut/Fill Volume Output 53

Cross Section Listing 54 Vertical Curve Listing 56

TUTORIAL 5 – PLOTTING LONG SECTIONS 57 Initiating a Long Section Plot 57

Displaying and Viewing the Plot Preview 58 Output Controls 58 Updating the Display 61

Adding a Title Block 62 Saving/ Recalling a Set of Plotting Parameters and other Options 62

Plotting the Long Section 62 Plotting Multiple Long Sections at Once - AutoPlot functionality 62

TUTORIAL 6 – PLOTTING CROSS SECTIONS 63 Initiating a Cross Section Plot 63 Displaying and Viewing the Plot Preview 64 Output Controls 65 Options Tab – Changing Colors and Linetypes 65 Updating the Display 67

Adding a Title Block 69 Saving/ Recalling a Set of Plotting Parameters 69

Plotting the Cross Sections 69 Plotting Multiple Cross Sections at Once - AutoPlot functionality 69

TUTORIAL 7 – SURFACE BUILDING – AUTO MODEL 70 General Introduction and Process 70

TUTORIALS – ALTERNATE DATA SET 73 Overall Site Plan: 73 Digital Terrain Model 73 Alignments Created 74

TUTORIAL 8 – ROAD RECONSTRUCTION AND STRING DESIGN 75

General Note 75 String Design – Introduction and Creation 75

String Design – Process for Designing Delawn Street 76 Horizontal Design – Defining Alignments 76 Creating a Road 77 Designing the Right Edge of Bitumen and Right Hand Side of the Road 78

Setting Up the Cross Sections – The Variation Form 78 Creating and Applying Template Strings 80 Assigning Levels to the REB String 80

The WidenString Command 82 Attaching the REB Template Label to the Delawn_REB String 82

Applying Design Constraints and Designing the Centreline String 84 Displaying the Design Constraints on Screen 86 Design Constraints (Envelopes) Report 87 Designing based on Constraints 87 Designing the Left Edge of Bitumen String 89



Creating and Applying a Subgrade 91 Resheet function – Alternative Method of Design 94

TUTORIAL 9 – INTERSECTION DESIGN 96 Creating Side Roads – Automated Process 96

Creating Additional Roads 98 Creating Kerb Returns 99

Create by Selection – Single Kerb Return 99 Automatic Kerb Returns – Creating Multiple Kerb Returns 103

Automatic naming convention for kerb returns is as follows: 105 Automatic Horizontal Realignment of Kerb Returns 106

TUTORIAL 10 – CUL-DE-SAC DESIGN 107 Defining the Cul-De-Sac 107 Grading the Cul-De-Sac 109

TUTORIAL 11 – CROSS SECTION VARIATIONS 111 The Variation Form – How it Works 111 Marin Street – Creating a Road Widening for Parking Bays 111 Creating a Parking Bay Alignment 112 Proposed Template Variations - Methodology 113 Creating an Open Dished Channel – the Insert Command 115 Creating the Parking Bay – the Vary and Widen Commands 116

Widen the Face of the Kerb along the Parking Bay alignment 117 Varying the Alignment of the Footpath 118

Defining a Subgrade Template 120 Applying Subgrade Templates 122 Contouring the Parking Bays 122

Introduction - The Survey Module

The design process for undertaking a complete road design using the Advanced Road Design software is as follows:

1. Survey Module - used to convert raw survey data into point objects and for the creation of 2D polylines (for drafting control) and 3D polylines (used for terrain modeling)

2. Terrain Module - used to create surface models from AutoCAD point objects and 3D polylines. Data used for surface creation is normally created using the Survey Module.

3. Alignment Module - used to create alignments (road centrelines, kerb returns, cul-de-sacs and other road features).

4. Roads Module - used to create complete road networks, including creation of 3D model/s, with full design control and documentation (inc. long sections and cross sections). Road elements are created from Alignments (created in the Alignments Module) and using surface information (created in the Terrain Module) for existing levels.

The Survey module consists of a set of commands used to automate output of survey information, including the creation of points and addition of breaklines to build terrain models.

The Survey module includes two primary components:


This Manual is the property of CADApps Australia Pty Ltd. This Manual is made available only to person/s who have purchased, and/or during evaluation of, the software referred to in this document. This Manual is not to be distributed to any other organization or to any other person in any format (electronic or otherwise) without the express written consent of CADApps Australia. © Copyright - CADApps Australia Pty Ltd

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o Reducer - enables download and editing of files directly from a data recorder (in the native format of the survey equipment) and conversion to a suitable file format for inclusion as points (Commercial Version Only).

o Survey - Create ACAD points from an external points file and automatically create polylines for display and adding to a surface model. In this case users will be using the software to create points from a cross section file that includes Chainage, Offset and Level information to describe cross sections along a road centerline (polyline)

All of the Survey help files are based on a single drawing (ARDTraining-Rural.dwg), which includes a road centerline, and the cross section points file ganga_.txt.

This data set will be used as a basis for most of the following Tutorials.

Note: This data file is in metric units SPECIAL NOTE:

The Advanced Road Design software stores all of the road data in a series of external files. All of the Advanced Road Design data is contained in the same location as the drawing file (.dwg file) in a folder with the name ‘<Name of Drawing File>-Data’.

If you make copies of the base drawing file or move the base drawing file, you must ensure that the associated folder is moved with the drawing and/or is copied and renamed to reflect the current drawing file being used.



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Survey – Creating Cross Section Points

Goals:

o Learn how to create AutoCAD points from a cross section points (file format: Chainage, Offset, Level) file.

o Learn how to create AutoCAD points from a Points file with format PointNo, Easting, Northing, Elevation, Description

Time Required: 10 minutes

General

In this Tutorial ACAD Survey will be used to Creates AutoCAD points from a cross section file, for use in building a terrain (surface) model. The cross section points file ganga_.txt will be applied to a road centerline polyline.

The Tutorial drawing file ARDTraining-Rural.dwg is as follows.

The Road centerline is shown in black and is drawn as a 2D polyline on the layer RD_XSCL_2D.

This centerline will be used as a basis for creating AutoCAD points (used to make a surface model).

The viewport has been split to show a close up view of the start of the polyline (below) and the entire polyline (above).



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Importing Points

The points file canga_.csv is as follows:

Note that this is a comma separated file with the following attributes to describe each point: Chainage, Offset, Level.

Cross section points are created on the current layer – make the Layer ACAD Points current (if not already set as the current layer).

To create the points start the command [Survey5]=>[Create Points from Chainage/Offset File]:

Navigate to the file ganga_.csv. This is located in the folder C:\Program Files\CADApps\Bloomfield\trainingdata. Click Open to use the file.

Click on Open to use the ganga_.csv cross section points file.



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The command line prompt will read ‘Select Polyline Centreline’. Click on the existing polyline.

At the prompt ‘Enter Chainage of Start <0>’ type 0 and press return:

All the AutoCAD Point Objects have now been imported into the drawing. In the view to the left the screen has been split in two to show a zoomed in section of the drawing.

The points have been created on the layer ACAD Points and are described by a cross and circle.

It is now time to build a surface from the points in the drawing.

Importing points from Points file

o Points can be imported from a file with the comma separated format PointNo, Easting, Northing, Elevation, Description.

o Open a new drawing and save it under the name ARDTrainingPointImport o Start the Import Points command and select the file

C:\Program Files\CADApps\Bloomfield\TrainingData\TrainingData.txt

o Note that the Demo version of the program has the supplied file hard coded and you cannot select any other file.

o After importing the points use the AutoCAD zoom extents command to zoom to the extents of the imported data.

Summary:



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In this tutorial you have:

o Learnt how to use the Survey Module to import cross section point files into your drawing, using a road centerline polyline to define the final point locations.

o Learnt how to create AutoCAD points from a Points file with format PointNo, Easting, Northing, Elevation, Description

o



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Introduction - The Terrain Module The design process for undertaking a complete road design using the Advanced Road Design software is as follows:





The Terrain Module tutorials assume that the Survey Module Tutorials has been used to create AutoCAD point objects (and 3D polylines – depending on the data source) in an AutoCAD drawing. The Terrain Module works by reading attribute data (AutoCAD points and/or 3D polylines) located on certain layers in the drawing and building a surface from this information (displayed using contours and/or 3D faces).

If you do not have a drawing file that includes 3D polylines and AutoCAD points please refer to the Survey Tutorials. If you have completed the Survey Module Tutorials but did not save the drawing, the drawing file ARDTraining-DTM-Rural.dwg (included in the training documents) can be used.

SPECIAL NOTE:





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Terrain Module - Creating 3D Surfaces Goals:

o Learn how to build an Advanced Road Design surface (terrain) model o Understand the options for displaying surface data in AutoCAD o Learn how to add a surface boundary to control the extents of the surface model


Building a Terrain Model - The Basics

A Terrain surface (Digital Terrain Model) is built using the following inputs:

o AutoCAD points - these are all created on a single layers called 'CONTOURABLEPTS' in this Tutorial data set

o 3D Polylines - these are normally created by running the Join All command in the Survey Module. In the Tutorial data set the 3D polylines have all be created on the layer 'TOPO_3D' and 'TO_3D'.

Note that the drawing file already includes a polyline to define the boundary of the surface model - it is located on the layer 'Border'. If it is not shown use the Layer Manager to turn it on for display.

A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is a three dimensional representation of a real surface. The software works by creating 3 dimensional triangles (3D faces) with levels extracted from the imported points and/or 3D polylines.

In the absence of breaklines (the 3D polyline data) the software will use its own algorithm to connect up points to form a triangulated surface. The 3D polylines are used to control how the triangles are created by forcing the triangulation to be created along these 3D polyines.

Creating a Terrain Model - The Process

Step 1: Open your current drawing file, having completed the Tutorials in the Survey Module (or open the drawing file ARDTraining-DTM-Rural.dwg).

This drawing file includes AutoCAD points (on the layer 'ACAD Points'). The current status of the drawing is as follows:



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This is a split view showing the entire length of the road polyline drawn (above) and a detailed section of the drawing showing the AutoCAD points created.

The AutoCAD points are represented by a cross and circle, on the layer ACAD Points.

At this time no surface has been created.

Note the orange polyline around the outside of the model - this polyline will be used to form a boundary and 'trim' any unwanted triangles from the model. It has been drawn on the layer ‘Border’

It is important that this boundary is close to points in the drawing and it is usual for designers to first create the model with 3D faces and then create a boundary to exclude the unwanted triangulation.

In this instance the boundary was created simply by making a 7.5m offset left and right of the centerline – this simple boundary was created with the knowledge that the majority of surveyed points extend up to 7.25m left and right of the centerline polyline.

Step 2: To create a Terrain Model, start the command [Terrain5]=>[Create/Edit DTM]. Since no surfaces have been created, the software will immediately open up the Create DTM form:

This is the form for creating surface models.

There are five components to the form:

o Breaklines - add breaklines by selecting the layer/s that include the 3D polylines

o Points - add point data by selecting the layer that includes the AutoCAD points

o Boundary - add a boundary to the model by selecting the layer that the boundary has been drawn on and by specifying a maximum breakline length

o Contours - control what contour information is displayed in AutoCAD to describe the surface

o Import Mesh - set the layer that the 3D faces are created on.

Users are able to control whether or not to apply the boundary, to draw contours for the surface and whether to import the 3D faces (triangles) for the surface.



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Users must input a Surface Name in order to create a surface model. For this Tutorial type the name Survey in this field.

Step 3: Add data to the terrain model by cycling through the input tabs at the top (ignoring the Breaklines tab since the surface will not be created using any 3D polylines):

Adding Points

Step 4: Click on the Points tab at the top of the form:

Points created using the command [Survey5]=>[Create Points from Chainage/Offset File] are inserted on the layer that was current at the time the command was started. In this Tutorial the points created with the Advanced Road Design software have been created on the layer 'ACAD Points'.

The pick list at the top right shows all the layers that include AutoCAD point data. Select the layer ACAD POINTS in the pick list.

To make use of the points on this layer click on Add Layer. The ACAD POINTS layer is added to the list (top left) and will be used in building the surface model Survey.



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Adding a Boundary - Input Data

Step 4: Click on the Boundary tab at the top of the form:

A boundary is used to control unwanted triangulation between points around edges of the model.

For this Tutorial set a 2D polyline has been created on the layer 'Border' to use as a boundary for the model.

Use the pick list to select the layer Border.

The Maximum side length factor prevents the creation of long triangles by automatically removing triangles with any side which exceeds the 'maximum side length'. Use this with caution as any triangulation inside the model that is outside this criteria will NOT be created (resulting in a hole in the model). In this instance the length zero has been used.

Experiment: Try creating the surface WITHOUT selecting the Boundary layer. Note the stray triangulation in the concave areas of the surveyed data.

You can edit the surface inputs/outputs using the command [Terrain5]=[Create/Edit DTM], selecting Survey from the picklist and clicking OK - you will be given access to this form again.



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Creating Contours - Output Control

Step 4: Click on the Contours tab at the top of the form:

This section of the form enables the user to exert full control over how contours are created and represented in the drawing.

By default, the software will create contour data on a layer with the prefix being the name of the surface. The three top left fields enable the user to set what layers the contour data goes on. The data that is plotted on the plan includes the Minor contours (set by the Minor Interval), Major contours (set by the Major Interval) and the contour labels (on the Major contours only)

The top three boxes on the right control what colors the different contour data will come in on. Simply click on the box, click on a layer in the Colour Selector form that pops up (shown, left) and click OK to set this color.

You can set the Minor Interval (m) and Major Interval (m) for contouring.

The Label Height should be set to 2.5mm. The Label Spacing controls the spacing between labels along a single contour. The Label Height will automatically be adjusted to suit the Scale 1: - set this to 250. The software will automatically scale the text to be 0.625mm in the model (to plot at 2.5mm text height at 1:250 scale).



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Creating a 3D 'Mesh' - Output Control

Step 4: Click on the Import Mesh tab at the top of the form:

This section of the form enables the user to control how the 3D faces (representing the 3D 'Mesh') will display in the drawing.

Users can set what layer the 3D faces are created on by typing information in at the text input field at the top of this tab. Toggling on 'Add Surface Name to Layer Prefix' will append the surface name to end of the layer name (eg: the 3D faces will be created on the layer 'ARD-Tin-Survey' with the inputs as shown, left)

Click on the Layer Color button to change the color of the 3D faces created. From the list select Cyan.

Building the Surface - Outputs

Step 5: Once you are happy with all the input controls, click on the button Build Surface to compile all the data outputs and to generate the outputs selected (Draw Contours and Import Triangles). The drawing output is as follows:

The software has now calculated a terrain surface (Digital Terrain Model, DTM) based on the points and boundary information supplied.

The contours are displayed on screen at the intervals and colors specified, including contour labeling.

The triangulation (3D faces) are also displayed on the screen in a Cyan color.

To view the surface in 3D undertake the following steps:



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o Start the command [View]=>[Shade]=>[Gouraud Shaded]. This will 'color in' the 3D faces and represent them as solid objects

o Start the command [View]=>[3D Orbit]. A green circle will be displayed on the screen, with four small circles at each quarter point. You can click and drag the top/bottom circles to view the 3D faces at different elevations and click and drag the left/right circles to rotate the model.

This view was obtained by isolating the 3D faces layer (turning all the other layers off).

The existing road corridor is clearly defined. Note that the points are also displayed in 3D.

Once you have reviewed the model in 3D don't forget to change the view back to [View]=>[Shade]=>[2D Wireframe] to return to the previous style of display.

The Survey surface has now been created and can be used for natural surface levels in a Road design.



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Editing and Display Controls Goals:

o Learn how to edit and re-build terrain models o Understand how to control the contour range o Learn how to add surface level information to points in the drawing


Editing a Terrain Model

To edit a terrain model start the command [Terrain5]=>[Create/Edit DTM]:

You have the option to select a surface using the Select Surface pick list. Choose the surface Survey and click OK to edit the surface parameters.

The button New Surface does as the name suggests.

Users can change the inputs, add data and/or control the output display. Click on the Contours tab to make adjustments to the contours created:

The user is able to change any of the input data sources or output controls for the surface.

Make a change to the output of information by changing the contour layer colors and the contour interval

Click on the Contours tab in this form:

o Change the Minor Colour to Grey

o Change the Minor Interval to 0.2

Toggle off the option to Import Triangles.

Click on Build Surface to redisplay the surface data on screen



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Note that the contour interval has been changed and accordingly many more contours are being displayed on screen.

The 3D faces were not recreated upon re-building the surface, so the surface is now represented by contours only.

Importing Contours

Importing contours for a surface provides the user with additional control over the elevation range within which to contour.

To check this out start the command [Terrain]=>[Contour DTM]:

Any Surface that has been created can be contoured by choosing a surface from the pick list.

Labelling controls are essentially the same as in the Create DTM form.

There is however significant functionality increase in this form with the inclusion of the option to set a Start Level and End Level.

In this way users can control the generation of contours within a specified elevation range.

The elevation range is shown in the field with the heading 'Data Range'.

Summary:


o Learnt how surfaces are created in Advanced Road Design and the inputs required o Learnt how to create a new surface (terrain) model and control the surface display. o Learnt how to edit surfaces created in Advanced Road Design o Learnt how to display contour information for any surface.



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Introduction - The Alignment Module

The design process for undertaking a complete road design using the Advanced Road Design software is as follows:





The Alignment Module tutorials assume that the Terrain Module Tutorials have been completed and users have created a Terrain surface with the Advanced Road Design software. Alignments must be created inside a terrain surface.

The Roads Module cannot be accessed until users have at least one Terrain Surface and one Alignment created in their drawing.

If you do not have a drawing file that includes the surface model ‘Survey’ please refer to the Terrain Tutorials. If you have completed the Terrain Module Tutorials but did not save the drawing, the drawing file ARDTraining-Align-Rural.dwg (included in the training documents) can be used.

SPECIAL NOTE:





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Alignment Module – Road Geometry Goals:

o Learn how to create Advanced Road Design alignments o Understand the options for creating different types of road elements o Learn how to use the alignment editing tools to change the geometry of your alignments


Creating an Alignment - The Basics

An alignment can be created from two distinct methods

o Using the Advanced Road Design Layout tools ([Alignment5]=>[Create/Edit Alignment]) o Selecting a polyline ([Alignment5]=>[Create from Polyline])

users need to be aware that the software simply takes note of the polyline geomtetry and stores this data externally. The ONLY way to edit the alignment is to use the Advanced Road Design Layout/Editing tools

Important Notes:

When naming an alignment do not use any spaces – the software will not allow you to create alignments with any spaces in the name.

The software makes use of the Description field of the alignment to identify that the user is creating particular types of Road elements:

o r- : road centrelines (the Auto Road Creation command creates roads from any alignment with r- in the Description field)

o k- : kerb returns o cds- :cul-de-sacs o i- : roundabouts, median and traffic islands (excludes any Roads with alignments which have

i- in the description field from the Auto Model process) o nr- : used for open drains, pathways and other features that are not road type elements

(excludes any Roads with alignments which have i- in the description field from the Auto Model process)

Alignments should only be created where the sampled surface exists – do not create alignments that start/end outside the boundaries of the surface or where part of the alignment is outside the surface.

Special Note to Evaluation Customers: In the evaluation version of the software, designers are limited to creating a total of 200m of ‘roads’ (inclusive of road centerlines, kerb returns, cul-de-sacs, islands and ‘non roads’) per project.



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In this Tutorial users will be creating a short section of alignment (approximately 175m in length). Commercial customers are encouraged to create an alignment that stretches the full length of the survey.



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Creating Alignments from Polylines

Step 1: Open your current drawing file, having completed the Tutorials in the Survey and Terrain Modules (or open the drawing file ARDTraining-Align-Rural.dwg).

This drawing file includes a polyline on the layer Road_CL_Design – it is Cyan in color. This polyline will be used to create an alignment in Advanced Road Design.

If this polyline is not displayed use the Layer Properties Manager to turn the Road_CL_Design layer on.

This is a view of the polyline that is to be used to create an alignment.

This polyline was created from the original polyline used to create the offset point.

This polyline includes two tangents connected by a horizontal curve.

At this time the alignment has not been created.

Step 2: Start the command [Alignment5]=>[Create from Polyline].

Complete the following information at the command prompt:

Alignment Inputs

Input Required

1. Enter an Alignment Name: RoadCL

2. Set the Road design speed: 65 km/hr

3. Confirm the number of lanes in each direction: 1

4. Input the Alignment Description (set the type of Road Element): r-



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5. Enter the Start Chainage of the Alignment: zero

You will be prompted to select a polyline from the screen. Select the polyline on the layer Road_CL_Design to create an alignment from this polyline.

Note: There will be no apparent creation of the alignment. However, the geometry of the polyline is now stored as an alignment in an external database. To review the alignment created use the command [Alignment5]=>[Import Alignment]:

The alignment is created as a polyline on a different layer.

The image on the left shows the imported polyline that represents the Advanced Road Design alignment (highlighted). Note that the grips shown can NOT be used to edit the alignment geometry.

Editing Alignments

It is not uncommon for users to want to adjust the geometry of their alignments. Users have two options in this regard:

o Use the command [Alignment5]=>[Delete Alignment] to delete the alignment. Redraw the polyline and use the command [Alignment5]=>[Create from Polyline] to recreate the alignment, or

o Use the command [Alignment5]=>[Create/Edit Alignment] to adjust the existing alignment

In this Tutorial we will use the editing tools in Advanced Road Design to adjust the radius of the alignment created.

Step 3: Start the command [Alignment5]=>[Create/Edit Alignment]. At the command line type L and press return to show a list of the existing alignments:

Select the alignment ROADCL from the list and select OK to edit the alignment:



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This form confirms the alignment name.

Users can use the pick list next to the title ‘Standard Descriptions’ to change the ‘Description’ of the alignment.

This form also enables users to adjust the ‘Start Chainage’.

Click OK to proceed to the alignment editing.

Note that there is a yellow circle at an IP for the alignment (bottom left of the screen) – this is the current IP that can be edited.

The software generates a line from the end of the alignment to the cross hair location – you can click further along to extend the alignment and add a new IP.

There are a number of options available for the current (circled) IP (the bold letter should be typed at the command line to start this editing option):

• Insert IP - inserts an IP BEFORE the current IP

• Delete IP – delete the current IP • Radius – change the radius

applied to an IP. Note: no radius can be applied to the first or last IP

• Move IP – change the location of the current IP

• Next – toggle to the next IP • Previous – toggle to the previous

IP • Start – toggle to the first IP

created • Finish – toggle to the last IP

created • REgen – redisplay the alignment• Locate – select an IP from the

screen to make it current • Exit – stop the alignment editing

command • Undo – undo an edit



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These command options are also displayed when creating an alignment by layout.

Step 4: Edit the alignment by changing the radius. Select the IP for the horizontal curve by typing ‘l’ and pressing ‘Enter’:

Choose the IP for the horizontal curve by clicking in the middle of the curve. You do not need to use any snaps – the software will work out which IP you have clicked closest to an make that IP current.

Note that the yellow circle has now moved to the intersection point of the two tangents – this is now the current IP.

To change the radius, type ‘r’ at the command line and press ‘Enter’:

Note the form for editing Horizontal IP’s.

Change the Radius from the current value to 780.

Click OK to make the edit to the radius of this horizontal curve.



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Experiment:

o Move the IP by typing ‘m’ at the command line, pressing ‘Enter’ and selecting a new location on screen.

o Create a new alignment using the command [Alignment5[=>[Create/Edit Alignment]. Type N for New at the command line to create a new alignment – give it a name. Click on the screen to create IP’s – you will be prompted to select the horizontal curves and/or spirals to be applied at IP’s connecting two tangents.

Note: The software will prevent overlapping curves from being created and will generate an error message.

Summary:


o Learnt how to create Advanced Road Design alignments from polylines o Learnt how to edit alignments using the editing tools available in the software o Experimented with the tools available to create alignments using the layout tools available in

Advanced Road Design

It is now time to create Roads from the alignment created.



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Introduction - The Roads Module The design process for undertaking a complete road design using the Advanced Road Design software is as follows:





The Roads Module Tutorials assume that there is at least one surface and one alignment to use – it is a prerequisite that users have completed the Survey, Terrain and Alignment Modules of the software to ensure that surfaces and alignments have been created and are suitable to use for building road/s.

If you do not have a drawing file that includes the requisite surface and alignment/s please refer to the Survey, Terrain and Alignment Tutorials. If you have completed these tutorials but did not save the drawing, the drawing file ARDTraining-Roads-Rural.dwg (included in the training documents) can be used.

Please note that some of the tutorials are working on a different data set and a different drawing file – special note will be made in these cases.

SPECIAL NOTE:





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Tutorial 1 - Designing A Simple Road Goals:

o Become familiar with the Menu Options o Select and Create a Road o Use the Vertical Grading Editor o View your Cross Sections o Default Design Data – Finished Surface Template and Batters o Create, View and Use Finished Surface Templates o Create and Use a (simple) Subgrade Template

Time Required: 30-35 minutes

Accessing Menu Options and Understanding the Menu Structure

To improve efficiency and work flow, commands have been grouped into the following categories within the menu:

o Help o Design o Edit o Plan Drafting o Plot o Reports o Data Exchange o Miscellaneous Tools

A full description of the menu and new structure is detailed elsewhere in the Help system.

All commands are accessible by clicking on the Roads menu or via the Vertical Grading Editor form – a list of available commands will drop down from the [Roads5] menu for users to make a selection.

You can also access the major commands with the Advanced Roads toolbar:

General Toolbar Layout (C3D Version Shown)

The commands (from left to right) are:

o Change Drawing o Select/Create Road Element o Vertical Grading Editor o Auto Kerb Returns o Plot Long Section o Plot Cross Sections o Auto Model



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Selecting and Creating a Road

To create your first road, follow the following steps:

Step 1: Start the command [Roads5]=>[Select/Create Road Element].

At the command line you will be prompted to Select required road alignment. Click on or around the centreline alignment of Marin Street.

(Note: Advanced Road Design finds the alignment by searching for the nearest one to the selected point. It is not essential to snap to the alignment.)

Step 2: This displays the form Select Alignment for New Road

The alignment name is used for the road name.

Select a sampling surface from the pick list adjacent to the words Selected Surface – in this tutorial pick Survey as the surface.

The cross section sampling spacings and widths can be controlled from the Cross Sections and Extra Chainages command – for now accept the defaults (cross sections at 10m spacings, start and end of the alignment and all T.P.’s. cross section widths 10m left and 10m right of the road centreline).

The section of the form entitled Start/End VC Details to Match at Intersections is used by the software to automatically create an automatic vertical curve to match this road to any ‘main’ road it finds at either the start and/or end of the alignment. This functionality will be explored later in these tutorials as new roads and intersections are created (See Tutorial 8 – Intersection Design).

For now adopt the default values by leaving the Use Defaults button ticked on. The defaults are for a 20m vertical curve with the IP located 10m from the edge of the main (intersecting) road.

Step 3: Select OK to turn the alignment into a Road

This will:



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o exit the form and display yellow lines on the screen at the sampled cross section locations; and

o open up the Vertical Grading Editor for you to do a vertical grading on the Road centreline

Creating a Vertical Alignment

The Vertical Grading Editor (VGE) will be immediately loaded to finally ‘create’ a vertical grading:

This is the Vertical Grading Editor (with the road in the background).

Note: The background to the Vertical Grading Editor is black by default.



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In the plan view the yellow lines represent the cross section sampling and the green triangular ‘pointer’ tracks the location in plan of the cursor in the Vertical Grading Editor.

The Vertical Grading Editor is the main interface for doing vertical grading in Advanced Road Design for any and all strings that represent the centreline and other lines of interest for your Roads.

The screen gives you full information about the vertical grading. Tool tips are displayed for each command when you ‘hover’ over each button.

The software automatically does a first pass vertical grading to generate a 'best fit' design matching closely to the sampled surface levels (within a maximum tolerance for cut/fill heights) by creating and connecting up IP's (blue lines and blue dots) and including generation of vertical curves between (red lines). The levels to the sampled (Survey) surface is represented by the green line.

Congratulations! You have just done your first simple road design!

Viewing your Cross Sections

Step 4: To view your cross sections, click on the button on the left hand side of the Vertical Grading Editor:

You can resize and relocate the cross section by using the command buttons at the bottom left corner of the Vertical Grading Editor. By default the cross sections display to the right of the vertical grading.



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Display different cross sections by right clicking in the vertical grading – this updates the cross section to the nearest chainage. There is also a pick list that shows the current cross section chainage which can be used to select the cross section you want to view.

Cross section details include:

o Design surface – shown blue o Natural surface – shown green o Design element labels – shown light green, OR o Cross section grades (Toggle on the box next to the '%' symbol at the top of the cross

section view to display grades instead of Labels)

Offsets and levels can be read off the cross section screen as you move the mouse pointer around in the cross section.

Cross sections automatically and dynamically update as you make a change in the vertical grading.

The background of both the Vertical Grading Window and Cross Section window can be changed to black as desired by the user.

Default Design Data

Upon creating a new Road a ‘standard’ template and a single set of slope conditions is applied. These are automatically created in the Design Data Form. You can control what the starting template and slope conditions are when a road is created by setting the road defaults via the command [Roads5]=>[Settings]=>[Set Road Defaults].

Step 5: Click on to access the Design Data form:

Details are as follows:

o Slope Batters: Cut and Fill, both left and right: 1:1 slopes o Template Applied: The ‘One’ template comes as a default local template for any project.



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Step 6: Click OK to exit the form.

Additional Design Data can be added to the cross sections by attaching them to the Road centreline String.

Design Elements – Templates (Finished Surface and Subgrade)

Typical cross sections (Templates) are used throughout the road design software. Designers must understand how to create, modify and apply templates.

There are two conceptually different methods available for changing the cross section details along the road length:

1. Create different templates and apply them at the chainages where they are required (the software can also ‘merge’ between applied templates)

2. Use the Variations form to Insert and Delete legs of the template and use the Vary command (or the Superelevation tools) to change the slope and/or width of template leg/s. These commands will be explored in further detail in subsequent Tutorials

Method 2 includes far more powerful options for controlling your cross section details and will be used throughout these Tutorials.



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Surface Templates

Viewing the Surface Templates

From the Vertical Grading Editor:

Step 1: Click on to open the Editing Template form (You can also create and edit templates from the command [Roads5]=>[Settings]=>[Create/Edit Templates...]):

The current template (Local One) is noted at the top of the form.

You can select other templates using the Select button and selecting from the list, or you can toggle between templates with the Next and Previous buttons.

A view of the created template is shown below the data entry fields – the view is automatically updated to reflect changes you make in the data. The template view can be rescaled using the pick list at the bottom of the screen (currently reading 5.0) and buttons at the bottom right enable zooming and scrolling the view. Offset and level are shown as you move the mouse pointer within the view – the centreline is set to offset 0 and a nominal 100m RL.

Managing/Creating Surface Templates



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To explain the template form we will create a new template:

Step 2: Click on the button New Local (or Local Copy).

Step 3: At the prompt, enter a name (Rural) for your new template.

This will display an empty data form and blank template view.

Step 4: Enter the details as shown below (or modify if you made a copy of the One template):

For a symmetric template, do one side only and use the L->R (copy left to right) or R->L (copy right to left) buttons to copy the left hand side data to the right side or vice versa. Note that the software automatically puts the R in front of the labels in place of the L.

The Horizontal Distance specifies the width of each element of the template (referred to as legs).

The Slope or Vertical Distance is used to specify either the crossfall for the leg or the vertical distance. Only complete data for one of these fields for each leg.

The Plot column specifies whether:

o The label will be shown on the template viewer or in the cross sections of the Vertical Grading Editor

o Offsets and levels are plotted on the cross sections for the template element.



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Toggle Yes to plot or No to not show the detail.

The Label column is extremely important because it allows you to easily identify points on your cross sections during design and is used to join together similar points on different cross sections to obtain a 3D model of the road.

Important:

The LEB, LINV, LBK, REB, RINV and RBK are special codes as they are used throughout the software to link with other data (such as when creating kerb returns and cul-de-sacs and doing drainage design). You must have one LEB and one REB (Left/Right edge of bitumen) code in the data defining your cross-section details at every cross section.

Step 5: Click on OK to exit the form.

Note: The template you have added is a Local Template meaning that it is local to the current project ONLY. For templates that are to be accessible for any project, create a Public Template.

Applying a Template – Use the New Template


Step 6: Click on to access the Design Data form.

Step 7: Click on the existing Template entry on the left.

Step 8: In the fields on the right modify the following information and click Update:

Step 9: The information is changed on the Design Data form. Note that the data fields are shown in comma separated format. Clicking on any of the design data items will display the data inputs in the list on the right.



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Step 10: Exit the form by clicking OK. Review your cross sections to confirm that the new template has been applied.

The cross sections have changed to represent the applied template.

In this image the Slopes entry was also adjusted for 1:4 batter slopes in cut or fill on both the left and right sides. You are encouraged to adjust the Slopes entry to suit your requirements.

The Variations form and Superelevation form will be used later to fully explore the options to vary cross sections details along the road.



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Adding Design Data - Table Drains

The Table Drain command adds up to two new legs in the Template on the left and/or the right of the centreline before applying batter slopes. An example of the Table Drain command is shown for Stawell Street:

The software will automatically add the table drain if the end of the template is in cut (Meet option OFF) or if the bottom of the table drain would be in cut (Meet option ON).

Click on to access the Design Data form.

Click on the button Add Entry to see all the different types of design elements you can add to your road. Select TableDrain and click OK. Input the data as shown and click Update to add the entry:

Note that Meet Left is toggled ON and Meet Right is not. Click OK to apply this entry: Before Table Drain After Table Drain

Scroll through your cross sections to view the effects of the Table Drain entry. At any time you can go back to the Design Data form and edit/delete this entry.

Subgrade Templates – Multiple Layers

There are two steps to putting a subgrade on your design:



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1. Define a subgrade materials template in a .csv file and save it in the …\Bloomfield\Common directory.

2. Apply the template to a road.

This form of multi-layer subgrade is not represented on the cross sections in the Vertical Grading Editor and are not used in volume calculations. They are used only during cross section plotting and enable the user to take area calculations for the cross sections. Should you wish to create a subgrade template that is reflected in the volume calculations (bottom of the subgrade) please refer to the help files accessible from the command [Roads]=>[Help] - navigate to Manual-Settings-Create/Edit Subgrade to view the information on this command.

Viewing a Subgrade Materials Template (Subgrade Layers File)

To view the existing subgrade materials template open up the following file:

C:\Program Files\CADApps\Bloomfield\Common\NormalSubgrade.csv.

(change the file location if you have installed the software to a different place on your computer)



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Note the inputs in the file:

Users are required to use these tools to create closed polylines that define a subgrade material layer and to assign materials to the different layers created.

It is recommended that you read the notes carefully and analyse the format for creating your own material layers. Experiment with adding more layers if you are comfortable with the format and what the result will be on the cross sections. Otherwise simply close the form.

Note: It is expected that users will make multiple subgrade material files, so if you want to experiment first make a copy of the NormalSubgrade.csv file.



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To apply the subgrade

Step 11: Start the [Roads5]=>Edit[Subgrade Layer Selection] command.

This will display the following form:

Set the Start and End Chainages to establish the chainage range. Use the picklist to select the ‘Subgrade Layer File'

You can have different subgrade layers across different sections of the road.

Click OK to apply the subgrade material template file.

If the Vertical Grading Editor is open, click OK on the form to close it down.

Summary:

In this tutorial you have learnt:

o How to create and do a vertical grading on a Road in Advanced Road Design o How to display cross sections on the screen and modify the display of the cross sections o That default design data is attached to the road when it is created o How to create, manage and apply road surface templates o How to create and apply subgrade material templates (aka Subgrade Layer Files)



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Tutorial 2 - Changing the Vertical Alignment

Goals:

o Select a Road to do a Vertical Grading on it. o Understand the Vertical Grading Editor Interface o Zooming and screen resizing o Control the display of information: Set Parameters form o Create your own vertical grading

Learn how to Insert IP’s and assign vertical curves Graphically move an IP and dynamically update cross sections Delete an IP Edit an IP by input

o Create contours and output in plan Drawing batters in plan Creating contours the click of a button

o Undo and Redo o Learn how to Exit from the Vertical Grading Editor and save your work


Selecting a Road and String to Design – Displaying the Vertical Grading Editor (VGE) form

To access all the roads which have been created, including kerb returns and cul-de-sacs, start the [Roads5]=>[Vertical Grading Editor…] command.

This will display the following list:



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o Click on + and – to expand/collapse each folder o The Expand button at the bottom left will expand all

out fully, Collapse does the opposite.

o denotes the ‘current’ road (used for setout, reports, editing, etc)

o denotes open Vertical Grading Editor forms.

Each ‘Road’ has one or more Strings associated with it. Select a String (CL of Marin Street in this case) and click OK to display the Vertical Grading Editor for the Road String.

An alternative method for opening the Vertical Grading Editor for a particular String is to use the [Roads5]=>[Select and Grade a Road Element] command – this bypasses the Select String form.

The Vertical Grading Editor – Interface

The Vertical Grading Editor is the design centre for your roads – from here you can create new strings, implement road widenings, vary cross sections both by width and slope, create and attach templates, add design elements, do vertical gradings on the current Road String and more.

A view of the VGE interface is shown below:



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The details of the form are fully covered in the Vertical Grading Editor command description elsewhere within these Help Files

Note: The automatic vertical grading applied by the software can be removed by clicking on

the button on the right of the form (immediately above the vertical grading window). This has been done (above) to enable you to practice adding new IP's manually.

Zooming in the Vertical Grading Window and resizing the form

By default, the vertical alignment is shown from the start to the end of the alignment.

Zooming in the Vertical Grading window is made from the four ‘Magnifying Glass’ icons – the

and simply zoom in/out at a fixed ratio. puts the whole road length in the window.

allows you to draw a ‘window’ to zoom to. You are also able to pan (the middle mouse button

can also be used to pan) and zoom to a nominated point - the zoom to point command simply shifts the Vertical Grading form to make the selected chainage centrally located in the window.

The Vertical Grading Editor form can be resized vertically and horizontally simply by grabbing an edge of the form and dragging to the preferred location.

Use the Zoom Road (ZR) button to zoom the model space so that the entire road is shown on the AutoCAD screen. Alternatively you can simply click outside the Vertical Grading Editor form to make the Model space active and rescale using available AutoCAD functionality.



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Controlling the Display of Information in the Vertical Grading Editor

By default the Vertical Grading Editor window displays the chainage, design surface level and difference between the design and sampled surface levels. To change the display of information in

the Vertical Grading Editor and to control certain outputs click on the Set Parameters icon :

For this exercise, experiment by toggling on and off different display items in the top right area of the form and clicking OK. View the change in data displayed in the Vertical Grading Window. Other items of note are the Maximum and Minimum Grade fields. These set the data used by the boxes in the Vertical Grading Editor form for displaying the acceptability of grades between IP’s changes. The boxes between red (too steep/flat) and green (slopes OK).

Creating a Vertical Grading

Creating IPs

To simply add an IP:

Step 1: Click on the Add IP button. This will prompt you to graphically select a location for the new IP. Click somewhere on the Vertical Grading Window (say, around chainage 80 and close to the ‘natural’ surface line). The following form will be displayed:



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Step 2: Confirm that you are happy with the chainage and level – these can be modified on this form. Enter a vertical curve Length of 60m and OK.

An IP is inserted on screen with the chainage, level and vertical curvature specified. The vertical curve is shown in a different color from the tangents.

Note that the Maximum Length is showing you the largest vertical curve that can be inserted – the software will prevent overlapping vertical curves. The K Length specifies the minimum vertical curve length to be applied to achieve the minimum K value set in the Set Parameters form.

If a vertical curve length is not required leave the Length field set to 0.01.



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Step 3: Add another IP by clicking on the Add IP button. Select a point near the natural surface at or around chainage 140. At the Add IP form, select the button Set In Grade from the Grade Selection are of the form. Set the Chainage at 140, Length to 40, the In Grade to -0.35% and OK.

A new IP has been created with the level set such that the incoming grade from the previous IP is 0.35% (confirm this by hovering over the point and viewing the incoming/outgoing grade boxes at the top of the form (background colors are green or red).

You have now successfully added two IP’s based on different requirements.



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Experiment: Add additional IP’s near the end of Marin Street to generally match into the existing ground conditions. Don’t worry if you make a mistake in where you put an IP - see below for the methods of editing.

Editing and Deleting IP’s

Step 4: Use the cross section viewer with the Vertical Alignment by clicking on the button. This will allow you to track the results of your edits of IP’s

Step 5: To graphical edit an IP, click on the Free Move button and select one of the internal IP’s. This allows the IP to be moved anywhere on the screen up to the next IP or so that vertical curves will not overlap. Right click on the Vertical Grading window at a point of interest to show the nearest cross section and note how the cross section dynamically updates as the IP is moved.

Click on the IP again to complete the command.

Step 6: Experiment with the main graphical IP editing tools to see what they do:

Move IP up/down on the screen only

Slid IP on grade – select the side of the IP with the grade you want to fix and move



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Move IP left/right on the screen only

Step 7: To change an IP by numerical input, click on the Edit IP button and select an IP on the screen to edit. This displays the form:

All the numbers that are not greyed out can be edited through this window.

To make the other inputs In Grade and/or Out Grade active click on one of the other Grade Selection options.

Note: if you significantly change the chainage the sequence of IP’s will be altered.

Click OK when you are happy with the changes you have made.

Step 8: Experiment with the other numerical IP editing tools to see what they do:

Click on an IP to set its level by selecting a chainage and level required on the vertical grading.

Will change the level of all IP’s by the specified amount.

Will raise/lower all IP’s by a fixed amount to achieve a specified overall volume of cut or fill along the road.

This command will enable the designer to raise/lower an IP by a fixed amount. The process is to:

o Click on the left button (above) to start the command; o Select an IP from the screen to edit; o Input a fixed amount to change levels by; and o Use the Up/Down spinner to raise/lower the IP by the fixed amount



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Access the Set Parameters form, toggle on the Show Volumes on Increment IP option and OK. When you use the Increment IP command (above) and select and IP to edit a Volume table will be displayed on the screen with the following information:

As you raise/lower an IP incrementally the volumes change on the form.

Important:

The software will automatically set IP levels to match any main roads at the start and end of the current road – therefore if IP’s in the zone of the main road/s are edited the editing will be overwritten when the intersection levels are recomputed.

Step 9: Delete an IP by clicking the Delete IP button and selecting an IP from the screen. Any IP’s that are part of the automated intersection match-in cannot be deleted (see note above) and the software will ensure that at least two IP’s remain at all times.

Creating Contours and Surfaces for a Road during Editing You can obtain outputs of your road design as you are editing. Once you have created a first pass or make a change to the vertical grading, do the following:

Step 1: Click on the Bat button to draw the batters in plan. Press Return again to go back to the Vertical Grading Editor

Step 2: Click on the Cont button to create a surface of the current road and display the surface on screen.

Experiment: Change the vertical grading and use these commands to update the batters and contouring.



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Undo/Redo and Refresh

If you make a mistake (or a series of mistakes) use the Undo (reverse arrow) command to undo each of your edits (up to when you opened the form). Use the Redo command button to redo your edits.

The Refresh button should be used to update level details on the screen if the screen does not automatically update.

Experiment: Move around and add/delete IP’s to make a design you are happy with. You are now ready to generate reports on your design, obtain volumes and do plotting

Summary:


o How to use the Select String form to select a Road and/or String on which to do a Vertical Grading.

o How to navigate in the Vertical Grading Editor. o How to control the display of information by using the Set Parameters form. o How to create IP’s including vertical curves. o About the options available to edit IP’s graphically and by numerical input. o How to delete IP’s. o That you can create batters and contours of your Road during editing in the Vertical Grading

Editor. o How to undo your ‘mistakes’ and how to refresh the screen.

Learn how to Insert IP’s and assign vertical curves. Graphically move an IP and dynamically update cross sections. Delete an IP. Edit an IP by input.

o How to create surfaces and output in plan Drawing batters in plan. Creating a surface model of the current road at a button click.

o About the Undo, Redo and Refresh commands



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Tutorial 4 - Superelevation

Goals:

o Learn how to automatically calculate and apply superelevation to your Road o Understand how to edit the superelevation parameters


Applying Superelevation – To Standard

To create superelevation on your road that satisfies Indian standards, start the command [Roads5]=>Edit[Compute and Apply Superelevation].

Settings Tab

These are the standard settings for applying superelevation.

Set the normal camber to 3%, the Terrain to PLAIN, the lanes to 1, design speed to 65 and Maximum Super to 6.

The software will use this information to evaluate the superelevation to apply through each curve.

Data Values Tab

Click on the Data Values tab to see the effect of applying the superelevation parameters.



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Click on the Update/Apply button at the bottom of the form.

The Data Values spreadsheet will be populated with the calculated superelevation:

Users can edit these figures to suit any other constraints and to override the software’s automatic calculations.

The superelevation has now been applied to the road. Return to this form to edit the crossfalls or use the Variation form on the Vertical grading Editor to make changes.

Exercie: Open the Vertical Grading Editor and review your cross sections – note the superelevation of the pavement through the bend.

Summary:


o How to set the superelevation parameters o How to apply and modify the superelevation applied to a road.



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Tutorial 5 - Reports

Goals:

o Obtain volume reports Stripping Volume Control Setting Cut/Fill volume factors and Output

o Other Reports Cross Section Listing Vertical Curve Listing


Volume Reports

Volume reports can be generated for each road you create. Volume reports include stripping volumes, pavement volumes, cut and fill volumes and the overall earthworks volume.

This is a two step process:

Setting Stripping, Cut and Fill Factors

Step 1: From the Vertical Grading Editor click on to open the Road form.

Step 2: Click on the button Add Entry, highlight VolsFactors and OK:



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Step 3: Select a chainage and input cut and fill factors. Select Update once you are happy with the factors specified.

Step 4: Click on the button Add Entry, highlight VolsStripping and OK.

Step 5: Select a chainage to start and input the stripping depth. Select Update once you are happy with the depth and chainage inputted.

The data entry area is to the right of the form and is command sensitive – the data inputs are particular to the entry type. See below for examples of the data area for the volume factors and top soil stripping depth and the completed form:

Important: You can select the chainage from the screen by clicking on the ? to the right of the input field and then selecting a point in the model space – this will automatically populate the field with the nearest sampled cross section.

You can change the cut/fill or Stripping volumes over different chainages by adding new entries with the Add Entry command. The data will be sorted in increasing order and cut/fill or Stripping volumes linearly interpolated over the chainage range between specified cut/fill or Stripping volumes at chainages (excepting the before the start chainage and after the end chainage specified). Refer to the Help files regarding Volume Factors and Top Soil Stripping for more detail on how the software calculates cut/fill volumes between specified chainages in this form.

Step 5: Select OK to exit the form

Cut/Fill Volume Output

To obtain a Volume Report, click on the Volume button on the Vertical Grading Editor.



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This will calculate the volumes and create a form in Wordpad listing the cut and fill volumes at each chainage and the cumulative volumes. A summary is included at the end of the report and accounts

for the cut and fill factors and stripping depths specified in the form.

Cross Section Listing

A wide range of reports that can be generated showing various details of the designed Roads. Reports are generated for the ‘current’ road – use the command [Roads5]=>[Set Current Road Element…] to ensure that you have the right road selected when creating reports. This becomes very important as the number of Roads increases.

It is recommended that you explore these at your leisure – two commands will be covered in this tutorial. The first of these is the Cross Section Listing:

Step 1: Start the command [Roads5]=>[Reports]=>[Cross Section Listing].

The following form is shown, relating to Marin Street:



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To control the listing, select items from each of the frames.

By Chainage lists all the selected surfaces at the one chainage together.

By Surface lists each surface individually.

If you don’t have any surfaces toggled on under Select Surface the software will list the chainages, centreline co-ordinates, bearing and radius only.

Step 2: Choose By Chainage, show the Natural and Design surface, leave the Chainages and Show fields and click OK.

A message is displayed advising the user to click on the Wordpad Icon in the Windows toolbar. The text report has been generated and opened in a minimised session of Wordpad.

Note: This message will be displayed for most commands associated with reports. All reports in the Advanced Road Design program are created as text and the file is opened using Wordpad to allow the user to read it, edit it, print it, and/or save it to any file name and location.



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Vertical Curve Listing

Step 3: Start the command [Roads5]=>[Reports]=>[Vertical Curve Listing]

A message comes up and a Wordpad report is generated.

Summary:


o How to set cut/fill and stripping factors o How to output a volume report to Wordpad o About some of the reports available, such as the Cross Section Listing and Vertical Curve

Listing reports.



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Tutorial 5 – Plotting Long Sections

Goals:

o Understand how Select Sections works o To Display Long Sections on Screen o To zoom and view pages of the Plot Preview o To control scales and other outputs o To add a title block o Plot the Long Sections


If you have not closed the RoadCL Vertical Grading Editor form, do so now by clicking OK on this form. The data is automatically saved on exit from the form.

Initiating a Long Section Plot

To start the command click on [Roads5]=>[Plot Long Sections…]. This will display the following form:

You can control which cross sections will plot through the command [Roads]=>[Plot Settings]=>[Select Sections to Plot…]. After using this command you can choose to Use Selected Sections Only in your plots (both for long and cross sections).

Select Use all data in this instance to proceed with the plot.



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Displaying and Viewing the Plot Preview

This will automatically create a plot preview and open up the Long Section Plotting form, as shown below:

To zoom in on a section (as per the standard AutoCAD Zoom window command) click on the icon and draw a ‘window’ around the area of interest. Before selecting the window use your wheel mouse to zoom and pan around the drawing. You can stay in the drawing until such time as you pick the zoom window.

To zoom to the entire plot preview layout click on the icon.

Use the pick list at the bottom of the form to select which layout you would like to view – the software details the chainage range that applies to the current (sheet) layout.

Output Controls

There are a wide variety of options that can be utilised to change the output details of the long section plot. You are strongly encouraged to explore the options available so that you know you can meet your specific plotting needs.



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For this Tutorial, details in the General tab, Alignment Tab and Surfaces tab will be adjusted to change the output plot:

Click on the General Tab and input the following details:

Click on the Alignment Tab and input the following details:

Only add a Title Block if one already exists in the pick list – see notes below.

Change the vertical scale to 1:25

Choose to Show Horizontal and Show Cut/Fill by changing the adjacent fields to Yes



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Click on the Surfaces Tab:

Make the DES String Line Color and Figure Color blue.

You can add additional cross section details to plot by adding the row as shown above – Select DES Code from the Row Selection, select the template label/code LEB in the Value Field, choose to Plot Lines, make the Line Color and Figure Color red, give it a Plot Title (Left Edge of Bitumen), select a Line Type and click Yes to plot the row

Close the form by clicking on the X at the top right. This will return you to the Plot Preview form.



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Updating the Display

Once you are happy with the new inputs click on Update to update the view to including the requested changes:

Before Changes After Changes (Update)

Note that the color of the Design String has been changed to a blue color, the horizontal scale has been adjusted, and the cut and fill and horizontal details are included details in the output. Two additional lines of data have also been added to the left and right edges of bitumen including the vertical gradings.



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Adding a Title Block

In Advanced Road Design, you can simply call in a Title Block for use in the layout of your long and cross sections and for plotting output.

The full details of creating a Title Block for use in ARD is covered elsewhere in these Help files, however the general process is as follows:

o Draw your title block (millimetre units) in AutoCAD with the lower left corner at 0,0 and save as a drawing file (e.g.: A1 Title.dwg) in the ..\Bloomfield\Common directory

o Edit the Titles.txt file located in the ..\Bloomfield\Common directory to include the drawing file and specifying the plotting limits.

Saving/ Recalling a Set of Plotting Parameters and other Options

At the bottom of the Long Section plot form are the options to Save Plot and Load Plot. Once you have adjusted all the display parameters to suit your requirements, you can save these parameters to a file by selecting Save Plot and naming the parameter settings at the next prompt.

Calling up these parameters can then be made at the click of the Load Plot button.

Plotting the Long Section

Once you are happy with your changes and have updated the display, click on to plot the long sections to a series of sheet (Layouts) – the software will automatically create as many sheets as necessary to cater for the length of road, scales and printing area specified. A plan view of the long section is also automatically created in the upper section of the layout – this can be deleted or modified pending user requirements

The output is to a standard Layout in AutoCAD enabling full drafting control.

Plotting Multiple Long Sections at Once - AutoPlot functionality

You may have noticed the button AutoPlot . This button enables you to plot the cross sections of multiple Roads at once, either to paper space or to external drawing files (for xrefing in as required).

This can be a great time saver in medium to large road networks (typical subdivision), since you don't have to 'visit' each Road and run the plotting routine. You need to set up how the long sections should plot first via the command [Roads5]=>Plot[Settings]=>Auto Plot Setup[Long Sections]



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Tutorial 6 – Plotting Cross Sections

Goals:

o To Display Cross Sections on Screen o To zoom and view pages of the Plot Preview o To control scales o To add a title block o Plot the Cross Sections


Initiating a Cross Section Plot

To start the command click on [Roads5]=>[Plot Cross Sections…]. This will display the following form:

Select Use all data in this instance to proceed with the plot.



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Displaying and Viewing the Plot Preview

This will automatically create a plot preview and open up the Cross Section Plotting form, as shown below:

To zoom in on a section click on the Zoom button and draw a ‘window’ around the area of interest.

To zoom to the entire plot preview layout click on the Zoom Extents button.

Use the pick lists at the bottom of the form to select which page layout you would like to view and which chainage (which individual cross section).



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Output Controls

There are a wide variety of options that can be utilised to change the output details of the cross section plot. You are should explore all the options available to ensure that all your plotting options and maybe some you hadn't thought of are covered.

For this Tutorial, details in the Options tab, Alignment Tab and Surfaces tab will be adjusted to change the output plot:

Options Tab – Changing Colors and Linetypes

The process for controlling the display of different elements of your cross section is as follows:

Step 1 From the Options tab, click on the Preferences button. The screen grabs below highlight this process:

This opens the Select List Required form. Click OK on this form to display the Plotting Preferences form.



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Click on the Check Layers button to display the Layer List Cross Sections form.

Step 2 At this point you are able to create new layers which can be assigned to different elements of the cross section plot in the Plotting Preferences form. Add in new layers named Design, Existing and Subgrade – give them color and linetype definition. You can also change the color of the existing Text layer.

Step 3 Press OK once you are happy with the layers you have created. Now use the pick lists under the headings Text Layer and Line Layer to call in the layers you have created. Change the line and text layers for the XSect Natural Surface, XSect Design Surface and the XSect Subgrade Surface, as shown below:



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Exit this form and return to the Options form by clicking the OK button.

Click on the General Tab and input the following details:

Click on the CrossFalls Tab and input the following details:

You can only add a Title Block if one already exists in the pick list – see notes below.

Choose to Show Cross falls by changing the adjacent fields to Design All

Updating the Display



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Once you are happy with the new inputs click on Update to update the view to include the requested changes:

Before Changes

After Changes (Update)

Note the changes to the colors and addition of cross section details on the design surface.



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Adding a Title Block

The full details of creating a Title Block for use in Advanced Road Design is covered elsewhere in these Help files and the general process has been detailed in the Tutorial 5 – Long Section Plotting.

Saving/ Recalling a Set of Plotting Parameters

On the Options tab of the Cross Section plot form are the options to Save Plot and Load Plot – these have the exact same function as the Save/Load Plot buttons in the Long Section Plotting form.

Plotting the Cross Sections

Once you are happy with your changes and have updated the display, click on to plot the cross sections to a series of sheet (Layouts) – the software will automatically create as many sheets as necessary to cater for the number of cross sections generated.

The output is to a standard Layout in AutoCAD enabling full drafting control.

Plotting Multiple Cross Sections at Once - AutoPlot functionality

You may have noticed the button AutoPlot . This button enables you to plot the cross sections of multiple Roads at once, either to paper space or to external drawing files (for xrefing in as required).

This can be a great time saver in medium to large road networks (typical subdivision), since you don't have to 'visit' each Road and run the plotting routine

You need to set up how the long sections should plot first via the command [Roads5]=>Plot[Settings]=>Auto Plot Setup[Cross Sections]



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Tutorial 7 – Surface Building – Auto Model

Goals:

o To create a surface from the whole road network (even if this is only one) o To contour the surface and view in three dimensions


General Introduction and Process

The software automatically creates a model based on all the Roads in the network (except for Roads with ‘i-‘ or 'nr-' in the description field), and will automatically do all the necessary trimming and deletions for adding cul-de-sacs and intersections to the network.

Prior to building the model it is recommended that all the available road alignments be converted into Roads.

To build a model start the command [Roads5]=>[Auto Model]. This will collect all the roads you have created, including kerb returns and cul-de-sacs, and create a single surface of them all.

You will be asked whether or not to update the kerb returns – if you have recently changed road levels or cross section details, select yes, otherwise click no.

You will then be asked if you want to apply a boundary to the model. It is usual to select Yes at this prompt.

The software will then link up all the batters of the roads and insert them into the surface model as boundaries.



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The surface display on the screen will vary depending on the Autodesk Operating Platform, however it is usual that contours are drawn in and a surface named TotalModel will be created – you are able to add additional breakline data or otherwise edit the surface as you require (subject to the Autodesk platform).

In the screen grab, the cyan lines show the formation of 3D faces (triangulated surface). The green and red lines represent the contours that have been created.

Note how the table drain has formed for part of the road length on the south side.

As part of the Auto Model process the plan features of the roads, kerb returns and cul-de-sacs (if designed) are outputted in the model space.

Note that you can use the command [Roads]=>[Clean Up] to quickly remove unwanted drafting created by Advanced Road Design.

Three Dimensional Views

Please refer to previous Tutorials for information regarding the creation of 3D views of the surface model - the processes are different for each Autodesk operating platform.

This is a 3D view of the finished surface model.

Note the clearly defined table drains and crown of the road.

Important Note: You can run this command at any time – the software will simply empty out and replace the terrain data to suit any changes you make in the design.



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Summary:


o How to build a total surface model of the road network o That you can view the model in 3D.



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Tutorials – Alternate Data Set The balance of the tutorials have all been based on a different data set.

It is expected that these training notes will be further developed on data sets specific to the Indian market in future releases of this product.

Overall Site Plan:

Digital Terrain Model

The existing ground Surface NS has already been created.



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The methodology for accessing, editing and displaying the surface information is covered in previous Tutorials.

Alignments Created

For this tutorial data set the centreline alignments of each road has been defined:

Road Alignments Alignment Description: Other Alignments Alignmeo Marin o Stawell o Delawn o Perth o Adelaide o Melbourne o Sydney o Canberra o Brisbane o Cairns o Darwin o Hobart

r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r-

Road Widening/String Alignment

o MarinREB o Delawn_LEB o Delawn_REB o Delawn_RINV o Delawn_RTK o Delawn_RBK o Delawn_RFP1

Kerb Return

o Delawn-Marin-NE-Return

.

k-

Note the use of the Alignment Description field for the Road (C.L.) alignments and kerb return alignment.

Excepting Tutorial 9, Tutorial 12 and Tutorial 13 these will be all the alignments used in this series of tutorials, however you are strongly encouraged to draw and create additional alignments to change the horizontal and vertical alignments of additional elements of your road template/s.

Note: Ensure that any alignment you create fall entirely within the terrain model – ARD will create a truncated ‘road’ alignment at the first instance where the alignment ‘falls off’ the terrain model and many of the automated features may not work as expected.



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Tutorial 8 – Road Reconstruction and String Design

Goals:

o To understand the uses of string lines o Creating Strings o Independent Strings o Template Strings – Using the Variations Form o Create and apply Design Constraints o Learn how to assign vertical curve data to a string o Learn how to do a resheet using cross sections

General Note

This Tutorial is intended to cover a straightforward road reconstruction where the reconstruction works do not include intersection design.

String Design – Introduction and Creation

In designing a local road in a green field site, there are generally few constraints and the centreline of the road can be used to compute all cross section geometry including offsets and levels.

For more complicated situations, such as major roads with passing lanes, road reconstruction jobs and sites with significant horizontal and/or vertical constraints, it is often required to design elements of the road using extra lines that are related to the centreline but which enable local changes to geometry.

Many urban reconstruction projects also require the engineer to independently design the left and right kerb lines, necessitating the creation of additional design lines for these geometric elements.

These additional lines are called Strings.

You are able to create as many Strings as you require to control the geometry of your road, with the capacity to ‘attach’ the strings to a template leg to fix it horizontally and vertically to a String.

This method of undertaking a String design is easy to understand and implement because you are simply forcing variations on the base template – there is no need to create multiple templates to define the road cross section.

There may be some occasions when a pure string design is warranted, however the ability to locally vary your template legs and attach both vertical and horizontal alignments to a template leg means that most users will want to do variations on a single template attached to the centreline.



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String Design – Process for Designing Delawn Street

In this tutorial we will be fully constructing Delawn Street. Kerb and channel and footpath has been constructed on the east side of Delawn Street while the west side is characterised by a (relatively) steep open drain and no shoulder.

As the centreline alignment runs in a northerly direction the lip of the kerb on the east side is to be considered the (existing) Right Edge of Bitumen (REB label/code).

It is proposed to fully construct the road with kerb and channel and footpath on the west (left hand) side of Delawn Street and to retain the existing kerb and channel and footpath on the right hand side.

It is reasonable to use the east side as a designed vertical alignment (putting on a 30mm overlay) and to re-design the vertical alignment of the centreline and the left hand side of the road based on the levels of the right edge of bitumen.

As the left hand side is relatively unconstrained (new kerb line) a constant grade will be applied from the centreline to the left edge of bitumen for the whole road length.

Note that Delawn Street includes drafting of the existing left and right edge of bitumen (dashed lines). The right edge of bitumen and kerb and footpath alignments match to the existing conditions.

The left edge is designed alignment that is a minimum 3.8m wide and includes widening through the bends.

The alignment runs in a northerly direction.

The general fall of the land is from the south to the North of Delawn Street.

Horizontal Design – Defining Alignments

The starting point is (normally) to define alignments representing all of the design features of the Road that are not a fixed offset from the Road Centreline.

For this Tutorial the Project data set includes the following alignments:



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Alignment Name Use of the Alignment Delawn Defines the Road Centreline ('r-' in the Description Field)Delawn_LEB Defines the 'designed' left edge of bitumen Delawn_REB Defines the existing right edge of bitumen

The Delawn_REB alignment will be converted into a String and used to fix the REB label of the template to the existing surface, plus an overlay.

The Delawn_LEB alignment will be used to force a widening of the template along the alignment.

Creating a Road

Following the process outlined in Tutorial 2 – Getting Started, start the command [Roads5]=>[Select/Create Road Element] and select the centreline of Delawn Street (solid purple line).

At the next form select NS as the sampling surface and OK to exit the forms and create the road.

The Vertical Grading will automatically be displayed for Delawn Street:



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Note that the default Road settings have been applied:

o Template (One) has been applied o 1:1 cut and fill slopes on both the left and right ends of the template

Note that, for this reconstruction design, the kerb and channel and footpath on the right hand side is not required to be designed since the existing is being retained.

Designing the Right Edge of Bitumen and Right Hand Side of the Road

Setting Up the Cross Sections – The Variation Form

There are two approaches to setting up the cross section so that there is no kerb and channel or footpath attached on the right hand side:

o Define a new Template, based on the One template, that does not include kerb and channel or footpath on the right hand side

o Use the Variation Form to delete legs of the existing template RINV, RBK, RTK , RFP and RFP1.

For the purposes of this exercise we will utilising the Variation Form to vary the template to suit.

To delete these template legs/labels:

If not already open, open up the Delawn C.L. Vertical Grading Editor. Click on the Variations Form

button to access the Variation form.



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Click on the Add Entry button, select Delete from the pick list and OK. In the fields on the right insert the information:

Start Chainage : 0 m End Chainage: 1000 m (beyond the end of the Road)Label: RINV

Click Update to add the entry to the form.

Repeat Step 4 and Step 5 for the RTK, RBK, RFP and RFP1 Labels:

Click OK to exit the form and view the results on the cross section view of the Vertical Grading form:

Note that the right side kerb and channel and footpath have been removed. The design REB Label now needs to be ‘attached’ to the Delawn_REB String.



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Creating and Applying Template Strings

The process for creating a String from the Delawn_REB alignment is as follows:


12. Click on to access the String Data form. 13. Click on the Add Entry button and select String Align from the pick list and OK. 14. In the fields on the right insert the following information and click Update:

You have now created a String named REB that is associated with the horizontal alignment Delawn_REB for the whole length of the Road Delawn (Delawn is only approx. 380m long).

The Design Code Widen is significant – it flags to the software that you want to attach the String to a label/leg of a template. In this case the REB String will be attached to the template label REB.

At the Design Code, there are a number of options available in the picklist – these other options generally relate to pure string design (where the String is not going to be attached to a template leg).

Note that there are two other methods for defining the horizontal alignment of a String – by Code or by Fixed Offset. You may use StringFixed in situations where the horizontal alignment stays parallel to the centreline.

Assigning Levels to the REB String

In this reconstruction job, it is proposed to retain the existing kerb and channel on the right hand side and to simply overlay the existing pavement at this location.

To achieve this you need to take the following steps:

Start the command [Roads5]=>[Vertical Grading Editor]. At the Select String form expand out the road Delawn and click on the String REB.



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This will open up the Vertical Grading Editor for Delawn REB String.

Note: If you did not close down the Delawn Centreline Vertical Grading Editor you will notice that two Vertical Grading Editors are open at the same time. You can now have up to three Vertical Grading Editor forms open at once and can create, delete and modify IP’s in any of the open editors – this will update the cross sections in all of the three cross section views (if open).


Click on the New VC button to access the New Vertical Curve form. Details of this form is shown below:



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To reduce the number of inputs in this form click on the option button for Existing Profile under the Start Type menu.

In order to get a 30mm overlay, the following inputs are required:

Select Surface: Existing Already Set Reference Line: Use String - REB Already SetSlope Point 1: Constant - zero Already SetHeight Adjustment: .03 m

As detailed in the sketch, levels are extracted from the Reference Line (current String). Levels are taken from the existing surface and height of .03m added. Click on OK to exit the form and apply the vertical grading:

The level difference between the Design and Natural surface is shown along the bottom of the Vertical Grading window – note that this is a constant .03m.

The WidenString Command

Attaching the REB Template Label to the Delawn_REB String

The designed REB String now needs to be ‘attached’ to the REB label of the finished surface Template.

If not already open, open up the Delawn C.L. Vertical Grading Editor. Click on the Variations Form

button to access the Variation form.



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Click on the Add Entry button, select WidenString from the pick list and OK.

In the fields on the right insert the following information:

Label: REB Start Chainage: 0 m End Chainage: 1000 m (beyond the end of the road) Widening Method: S-SlopesKept (from pick list) String: (S)REB (name of the Widening String)Left Search Offset Leave blank Right Search Offset Leave blank

For the Widening Method, you can select to Insert Single or Slopes Kept. With Insert Single, the String being graded moves independently of all the other legs of the template. With Slopes Kept, the legs of the template (working outwards from the String being graded) will all move with the String being graded.

OK the Variation Form to exit and view the results on the cross section view of the Vertical Grading Editor form:



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The red line represents the 'Standard' subgrade definition that has been applied. Where no template is applied the subgrade will adopt the shape and levels of the initial Finished Surface template applied.

Note that the Right Edge of Bitumen is now attached to the existing lip of the kerb and channel with a 30mm overlay. From this line we can design the C.L. String and the left hand side of the template.

Applying Design Constraints and Designing the Centreline String

Access the Delawn C.L. Vertical Grading Editor:

The Delawn centreline (C.L. string) has already been 'automatically' designed by the software, however the cross sections (as shown above) indicated that the design still needs some work to avoid the need to remove the existing road pavement.

To design the centreline we will be applying Design Constraints onto the C.L. string. Using Design Constraints, we can set up to project grading lines from the Right Edge of Bitumen String (design levels) and show these lines on the long and cross sections.



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Design Constraints are the equivalent of envelopes – an envelope shows the maximum and minimum levels at a chainage that will meet overall limits in grade changes from another element.

In this case Design Constraints are to be set up to show levels on the Vertical Grading Window of the Centreline String representing 2%,3% and 4% grades projected from the right edge of bitumen (REB) String onto the C.L. String.

To attach Design Constraints click on the Constraints button:

Click on the Add Entry button, select DesAlign from the pick list and OK.

This option will take levels from the Design surface on the selected alignment (Delawn_REB alignment) and apply the user-defined crossfall from the selected alignment to the current String (Delawn Centreline)

Create two new entries as follows:



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In summary, the input fields are as follows:

o Name the Constraint (e.g.: Max/Min, Ideal) o Select Start and End Chainages to apply the constraint o Select a Road from the pick list – usually this will be the current road (Delawn) o Select the alignment – use the right edge of bitumen alignment (Delawn_REB) o Input Lower and Upper crossfalls (2%, and 4%, 3%) o Choose a color by clicking on the ? and selecting a color from the palette of colors. o Make it Active

Once you have created the Design Constraints OK to exit the form.

Displaying the Design Constraints on Screen

To display the Design Constraints on the Vertical Grading Editor, click on the Set Parameters form:



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At this form make sure the Show Design Constraints option is toggled on and OK to exit the form. Immediately you will be returned to the Vertical Grading Editor – the grading lines representing the 2%, 3% and 4% grading lines/levels (from the design levels of the Right Edge of Bitumen (REB) String) will be shown on the Vertical Grading Editor for the Delawn C.L. String.

Design Constraints (Envelopes) Report

You can generate a Design Constraints report by accessing the command [Roads5]=>[Reports]=>[Design Constraints report]. This will generate a report in Wordpad detailing the constraint type, offsets, levels and crossfalls for each sampled chainage.

Designing based on Constraints

Maximise the Vertical Grading Editor form of the Delawn C.L. to improve clarity of the vertical grading and design constraints.

Use the zoom and pan functions to view and enlarge sections of the vertical grading.

Depending on whether or not you have deleted the 'automatic' vertical grading use the Add IP

button to create IP’s, then use the Free Move IP editing function to move the IP’s such that the vertical grading stays within the design constraint lines. You may also need to edit the vertical curve lengths of individual IP’s to keep them within the constraint lines.

Another way to add IP’s is by using the Snap IP commands. These are shown on the Vertical Grading Editor as follows:

Snap IP to NS or Constraint Point – will create an IP at a sampled cross section with levels taken from the surface/design constraint you have selected to snap to (located on the Vertical Grading Editor – it is a pick list with the words ‘Snap to:’ on the left of the list



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Snap IP to NS – will create an IP at the selected chainage with levels taken from the surface/design constraint you have selected to snap to

These commands are good for creating IP’s to set the crossfall between the C.L. and REB labels of the design.

Right clicking on the window will show the cross section details of the nearest cross section.

Shown below is a completed vertical grading of the Delawn C.L. that has been designed such that the grades from the right edge of bitumen is maintained at 2-4% up to the end of Delawn Street where there is a match-in to Cairns Street.



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Show the grades on the cross section by toggling on the box next to the % symbol on the Cross Section display.

Take special note: the software will automatically create an intersection match-in at Cairns Street by adjusting the Delawn C.L. levels - it is recommended in this case that the influence of the WidenString commands be stopped (End Chainage modified) at 360m AND that the Designer set Widen (which attaches horizontally ONLY) commands for the REB and RFP labels of the template from Chainage 360m on. The influence of Cairns Street on the Delawn Road is governed by the level of Cairns Street in the vicinity of the intersection - the recommendation above is premised on the Cairns Street levels approximately matching the NS levels in the vicinity of the intersection.

Designing the Left Edge of Bitumen String

The left edge of bitumen (LEB Template label) is currently set at a constant 3m from the centreline.

It is required to widen the LEB leg of the Template so that it runs along the Delawn_LEB alignment. As this is a designed section of pavement it is proposed to maintain a constant 3% grade from the centreline to the left edge of bitumen.

To achieve the widening of the LEB leg of the template, click on the button to access the Variation form from the Delawn C.L. Vertical Grading Editor:



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At this form, add in a new entry after the WidenString entry. Select the entry type to be Widen.

Label: LEB Start Chainage: 0 m End Chainage: 1000 m (beyond the end of the road)Widening Method: S-SlopesKept (from pick list) Alignment: (A)Delawn_LEB Left Search Offset: Leave Blank Right Search Offset: Leave Blank

By selecting W-Slopes Kept the parts of the template to the left of the LEB left will move as a ‘block’ with the movement of the LEB leg of the template. The outcomes of the widening are shown below:

The design cross section includes a 30mm overlay, a designed centreline and the left side matching the design alignment.

It remains for the designer to adjust the batter slopes (via the Design Data Form) or add another String or design element to improve the connection on the left side.



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Creating and Applying a Subgrade

For this job, it is reasonable to consider that an overlay will be applied across the existing pavement area.

The creation of a subgrade is to be limited to under and behind the kerb and channel and under the footpath.

To create the necessary subgrade:

Access the subgrade template definition form from the command [Roads5]=>[Settings]=>[Create/Edit Subgrade…].

At the Subgrade Definition Manager form select Create New Local Definition. Name the new Subgrade Delawn.

Create four new entries:

Box Point: will create a subgrade ‘point’ from the LFP1 label that will match the design surface (subgrade depth = 0).

Footpath: By selecting the Left side the software will find the LFP label on the template, drop the subgrade by the defined (0.1m) amount and apply that depth to the next template label LFP1 (working outward from the centreline).

Box Point: will create a subgrade ‘point’ from the LFP code that will match the design surface (subgrade depth = 0).

Kerb: By selecting the Left side the software will find the LEB and LBK labels on the template. A subgrade will be applied based on the depth of the pavement at the LEB label (0.3m) and extended horizontally behind the LBK label (0.15m) before extending vertically back up to the design surface.



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To apply the subgrade to Delawn click on from the Delawn Vertical Grading Editor to open the Road form.

Add an entry SelNewSub and apply the Delawn Subgrade for the road length

Click OK to exit the form and apply the subgrade:



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Now the subgrade is shown on the cross sections and will be accounted for in calculating volumes.

You may like to include an excavation trench at the front of the kerb. Do this by editing the subgrade definition and adding the following entries at the end of the form:

Box Point: Point Label - LEB Point Offset - 0.6 Depth - 0.6 Use Level at Label - No (don't toggle on)Box Point: Point Label - LEB Point Offset - 0.6 Depth - zero Use Level at Label - No (don't toggle on)

OK to exit the subgrade definition form and return to the Vertical Grading of Delawn Road to see the updated subgrade.

Congratulations – you have just completed a road reconstruction job!



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Resheet function – Alternative Method of Design

This command looks between a ‘band of interest’ (determined by two alignments – to the left and right of the centreline) and then designs the centreline (C.L.) vertical grading so that, at each sampled cross section, the design template surface is at least a minimum height above the natural surface (user defined input of Overlay Depth).

To try this with Delawn Street, open up the Variation form and Delete the entry WidenString for the REB Label ONLY. Create a new entry called Widen and attach the Delawn_REB alignment (this will widen out the pavement to match the right edge of bitumen at the crossfall defined in the applied template.

Note: The Resheet command relies upon all levels of the design elements being defined relative to the Road centreline (the Widen String command cannot be used in conjunction with the Resheet command).

Access the Resheet command from the Vertical Grading Editor by clicking on the button.

At the form input the following details:

Left Band of Interest: Delawn_LEB

Right Band of Interest: Delawn_REB

Minimum Cover: .03 m

Click OK to exit the form.

Note that the Delawn C.L. vertical grading has now been re-designed. Cycle through the cross sections to see how the cross sections have been adjusted:



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Summary:


o That you can add additional Strings to control the shape of your cross sections o How to create additional Strings to Vary cross section elements and do Vertical Gradings on

the Strings o How to use the Variation Form to attach the String to a template label o How to create and apply Design Constraints to create vertical alignments that meet crossfall

constraints o That the Resheet command can be used to design a road centreline such that the cross

section meets minimum cover requirements



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Tutorial 9 – Intersection Design

Goals:

o To create side roads that automatically match in at the centreline o To understand the software capability to create kerb return alignments o To create kerb returns

Singly Automatic intersection recognition and multiple kerb return creation

o To understand how to update/modify kerb returns


Creating Side Roads – Automated Process

Start/End VC Details – Automating the process of match in at Intersections

The software has been designed to automate the process of locating and matching in to main roads at the ends of the alignment.

The software locates any intersecting road within up to 1m from the start and end of the current road (picking up the LEB, CL and REB levels and offsets of the main road at the intersection), then applies a vertical curve ‘ease’ from the main road into the side road.

To demonstrate this process:

If not already open, open the Marin Road by clicking on [Roads5]=>[Vertical Grading Editor…] and selecting Marin C.L. from the list of available strings.

If already open, click on the Road Levels button:



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The vertical grading will be updated at the start of the alignment to do the following:

o Add 3 new IP’s for the levels of the LEB, CL and REB labels/codes of Delawn (Main Road) Road at the centreline of Marin Road;

o Automatically apply an ‘ease’ Vertical Curve with a 20m curve length and IP located 10m from the REB label/code of Delawn Road. The incoming grade of this IP matches the calculated cross fall of the main road (working between the CL and REB)

The decision regarding this automatic vertical curve ‘ease’ was made at the time of creating the Road. The ‘Select Alignment for New Road’ form included the following information:

The ‘default’ match-in VC details is for a 20m VC Length with an IP Distance of 10m.

If the automatic ease function is not required simply toggle off the’Use default’ option and leave all fields in this box blank.



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Experiment – Changing the VC Ease

With the Vertical Grading open in the background, click on [Roads5]=>[Edit]=>[Amend/Redo Cross Sections].

Make sure that Marin Street is the ‘current’ Road – you can change the ‘current’ road with the [Roads5]=>[Set Current Road Element] command and selecting Marin from the list.

At this form toggle off the ‘Use Default’ option and put details into the form for Start/End VC Lengths and Start/End IP Distances. Click OK to exit this form. The cross section details will be automatically recalculated based on the information you put in the form.

Re-open the Vertical Grading Editor for Marin Street and click on the Road Levels button. This will check for all intersecting roads and recalculate levels – it will also redo the vertical curve ease.

Note

Editing of this IP is not possible EXCEPT via the Redo Cross Sections command. The match in with the main road has been fully automated upon creation of the road. The VGE is updated:

If open, when the button is selected on any open VGE screen (all open VGE screens update); or

Upon opening the VGE for a road.

Close down all open Vertical Grading Editor Forms.

Creating Additional Roads

Use the [Roads5]=>[Select/Create Road Element] command to create the following roads (in order):

o Stawell o Cairns o Brisbane

You will note that the Vertical Grading of Stawell automatically updated when Cairns Road was created, as it recognised an intersection at the end of the road. The start and end of Stawell are now connected to the ‘main’ Roads of Marin and Cairns – any change to their design cross sections and/or levels at the intersections with Stawell Road will be reflected in the vertical grading of Stawell Road automatically.

On the Cairns Vertical Grading Editor window, add an IP in the vicinity of the Stawell Road

intersection – make sure it is much lower/higher that the current levels. Click on and see the vertical grading of Stawell update.

Now create a road from the Sydney alignment. You will get a warning message that reads

‘Please Close a Vertical Grading Window and Try Again’



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The software limits the number of Vertical Grading windows open at any one time to three.

Exercise:

Create more roads from the centrelines created – if you wish turn all of the centreline alignments into roads at once using the [Roads]=>[Auto Road Creation...] command.

Play with the vertical gradings of ‘main’ roads to see their influence on ‘side’ roads.

Once you have finished, closed down all the Vertical Grading Editor forms.

Creating Kerb Returns

Creating a kerb return can be done in two ways:

• The software creates a single radius kerb return including automatically assigning a kerb return vertical grading; or

• The user drafts in a kerb return, defines it as an alignment in Land Desktop, and then picks for the software to use the alignment to match it to the main and side road and automatically do a kerb return vertical grading.

The kerb return command will only work on roads that intersect and where both roads have defined as Roads by the software.

Kerb Return Design is fully Automated!

You can elect to have the software automatically design and update the kerb returns. The software will automatically realign the horizontal curve in the event of a (minor) change in the horizontal alignment, change in template and/or alignment widening/narrowing.

Matching in to the main and side roads has been fully automated with the creation of a template at the start and end of the kerb return that exactly matches the main and side roads – the main and side road templates do not have to be the same in the vicinity of the intersection.

Kerb returns can be created as a single event or the software can automatically locate all intersections and apply kerb returns.

Create by Selection – Single Kerb Return

For this example, we will first design the northeast Marin/Delawn kerb return. This kerb return is an pre-defined alignment named: Delawn-Marin-NE-Return

This is a multiple (3) radii kerb return, shown below:



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Note that this kerb return does not match with the right edge of bitumen of Delawn.

The software will simply pick up and move the alignment to force a match with both Delawn and Marin Roads at the LEB/REB labels/codes.

Methodology:

Step 1: Start the [Roads5]=>[Create/Edit Kerb Return] command

Step 2: You are prompted to select the side road alignment. Select Marin Road near the Marin/Delawn intersection.

Step 3: The software will automatically locate the intersection.

Step 4: Select the return required (northeast corner). The data entry form is displayed:



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10. Redesign Options – leave on Redesign

11. Click on the button for Radius 12. Select a Radius of 11m. Name it if

required 13. Select the NS Surface from the Pick

list. 14. Click OK

A kerb return will be created with the radius/alignment selected:

Note that the alignment has been relocated so that it matches with the main and side roads.



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Step 5: To view the kerb return start the [Roads5]=>[Vertical Grading Editor] command. At the Select String form scroll down to find the ‘Road’ named Delawn-Marin-NE-Return. Expand the ‘Road’ out and open the CL String.

The kerb return is now fully designed. Incoming and outgoing grades the the main and side roads are matched and a smooth vertical curve has been inserted.

Congratulations. You have just designed a kerb return!

Open the cross section display on the Vertical Grading Editor form to view the cross sections. You will note that the incoming and outgoing cross sections are matched exactly to the respective road cross sections at these points. In-between the requested slope of 1:2 grades has been applied off the back of the footpath.

This match-in has been achieved by the automatic creation of three ‘templates’ using the Variation commands. Open the Variation form to see the automatic inserts of template legs at the start, end and in-between of the kerb return.



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Exercise:

Experiment with the kerb return by opening the Vertical Grading Editor forms of both Marin and Delawn Roads (keeping the kerb return Vertical Grading Editor window open).

Change a level on Delawn in the vicinity of the intersection with Marin. Click on to update Marin Street and the Delawn-Marin-NE-Return kerb return automatically – note that the kerb return is recalculated and kerb return vertical curve/s match to the new incoming and outgoing grades and levels.

The kerb return vertical alignments will AUTOMATICALLY be updated (assuming the Redesign button is toggled on in the Specify Kerb form for the kerb return):

by clicking on the buttons on any open VGE form (for vertical alignment changes); or

by starting the [Roads5]=>[Auto Kerb Returns…] command accessed from the Roads menu (for vertical and horizontal alignment changes).

The automated re-fitting of the kerb return is subject to the Redesign option being toggled on in the Specify Kerb form. If you want to manually edit the vertical curve fitting of the kerb return use the command [Roads5]=>[Create/Edit Kerb Return] and change the ‘Redesign Options’ to ‘Keep Internal Design’ (the same command can be accessed from [Roads5]=>[Edit]=>[Edit Kerb Return].

Automatic Kerb Returns – Creating Multiple Kerb Returns

The Auto Kerb command will identify all intersections and prompt the user to create kerb returns for each return.

Methodology:

Start the [Roads5]=>[Auto Kerb Returns…] command.

The software will now determine where all the intersections are and prompt the user to create kerb returns. The kerb return to be designed is denoted in the model space by a green triangle located in the general area of the return:



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At the Specify Kerb form, elect to create kerb returns by Radius (a name is not necessary) and select 11m as the radius, select the Surface as NS, choose Slope as the batter conditions and choose 1:1 cut and fill (this will limit potential overlap of batters in the model).

Make sure that ‘Redesign’ is toggled on!

Once you are satisfied with your inputs click OK to create the kerb return.

The software will then cycle through all the intersections. Note that the inputs of the previous kerb return are automatically set as defaults for the following return.

You can change the radius or other details for each return and OK or else simply click Auto to apply the current settings to all subsequent kerb returns.

If you selected Auto the software will automatically cycle through until all the kerb returns are completed.



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The yellow ‘fans’ indicate the cross section sampling of the kerb returns. Closer inspection will reveal that the lead-in lines and kerbs have been drafted in plan.

Congratulations. You have just designed a road network consisting of 12 roads and 26 kerb returns!!

To see what you have achieved you can experiment with the following:

Select the command [Roads5]=>[Auto Model] to create a total contoured model of your project

Start the command [Roads5]=>[Plot Plan Features] to plot all the road features and kerb returns on the model (also plotted as part of the Auto Model command).

Start the command [Roads5]=>[Vertical Grading Editor…] to view the new ‘roads’ that have been created – open a kerb return to confirm that the software has automatically created the kerb return vertical grading

Use the relevant Autodesk commands to generate a 3D model of your design so you can ‘see’ the job.

Note:

Automatic naming convention for kerb returns is as follows:

If you select to create a kerb return by radius, the software will do the horizontal design including the creation of an alignment. If you do not actively 'name' the kerb return on the Specify Kerb form, the following naming convention will be adopted:

k-Main Road-Side Road-Start/End-Left/Right.

e.g.: k-Delawn-Marin-S-R would be the automatic name assigned to the kerb return on the south-east side of the Marin/Delawn intersection – Delawn is the Main Road, Marin the Side Road, it is at the start of the Side Road and on the right.



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Automatic Horizontal Realignment of Kerb Returns

The software will automatically update and re-create the horizontal alignments of each kerb return following changes to the width of a template. Existing kerb return alignments are moved as required so that they connect to the LEB/REB of the main road and the LEB/REB string of the side road.

Exercise (Horizontal Alignment updating):

Open the Vertical Grading Editor of Cairns Road

Click on the button accessed from the VGE.

Change the Template from 'One' to the new Template (two) you created in Tutorial 2 – Getting Started.

Now start the command [Roads5]=>[Auto Kerb Returns].

Watch the kerb returns automatically update so that they match the new road widths.

Summary:


o That the software will automatically match in to main roads and provide an ‘ease’ vertical curve

o How the software will automatically update the side road levels to ensure match in with all main roads

o How the software can be used to create kerb returns Singly Automatically

o How to update/modify kerb returns



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Tutorial 10 – Cul-de-sac Design

Goals:

o To create a cul-de-sac at the end of a road. o To grade and contour the cul-de-sac created.


Defining the Cul-De-Sac

The cul-de-sac design software is provided as an easy way to contour and check the design of cul-de-sacs.

The cul-de-sac geometry can either be drafted in by the user or the software can draft a cul-de-sac (for circular court bowls only). If you draft in your own geometry, remember that it must be tangential, connect to the LEB and REB labels/codes of the approach road and run in a clockwise direction.

After the cul-de-sac is drafted the user needs to turn it into an alignment. Important – the alignment must run in a clockwise direction around the cul-de-sac, and have CDS- in the description field of the alignment for the software to recognise it.

To see how the software drafts in cul-de-sacs, do the following:

Step 1 Close all Vertical Grading Editor forms if any are open. Pan and zoom in the model space to the eastern end of Marin Street.

Step 2 Start the command [Roads5]=>[Layout Tools]=>[Draft Cul-de-sac]. This will open up the following form:



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Under Select Type choose Symmetric to create a symmetric court bowl about the Road centreline.

The Select Direction area relates to Asymmetric cul-de-sacs (bulge to the left or right of the centreline)

At Select End you need to confirm whether the cul-de-sac is at the start or end of the alignment – this will determine the direction of the cul-de-sac. Choose the End of Road.

Step 3 Enter the bowl radius and the return radius, then Locate Position.

Step 4 Acting on the prompts from the command line, first locate the required alignment (Marin Street), then select the position along the alignment to start the cul-de-sac:

Using the Cul-de-sac Geometry (above) select the alignment of Marin Street to locate the cul-de-sac and choose a point approximately where the property boundary line deviates out for the court bowl.

Drafted Cul-de-sac is shown to the left.

The Draft Cul-de-sac routine simply creates the geometry for the cul-de-sac as a series of lines and arcs. This drafting needs to be converted into an alignment.

Note that in the example above the road centreline goes through the end of the cul-de-sac. This is the recommended procedure as it allows the designer to vary the influence of the approach road vertical geometry, to the end of the court bowl if necessary.



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Grading the Cul-De-Sac

Step 5 To create and grade the cul-de-sac follow the following steps:

Start the command [Roads5]=>[Create/Edit Cul-de-sac]. The following form will be displayed:

By default, the approach road (Marin) will be carried through to the Centre Point Chainage of the cul-de-sac.

o At Batter Selection, choose a Slope of 1:2 cut and fill. o Match to the EB label/code. o Normally you would leave the End Chainage (Main Road), Start Transfer Chainage and End

Transfer Chainage set to be the same as the Centre Point Chainage – this guarantees that the centreline levels of the Main Road (Marin Street) will be taken to the centre point of the cul-de-sac and the grades both left and right of the centreline will be projected out to the Start and End areas of the cul-de-sac.

Step 6 Select OK to turn the alignment into a ‘Road’ in the software

Step 7 To review the grading of the cul-de-sac, start the command [Roads5]=>[Select and Grade a Road Element] and pick the cul-de-sac alignment on the screen. This will display the vertical grading editor for the Marin Street cul-de-sac:



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Note that a first pass design has been automatically created and the levels of Marin Street have been carried through to the Centre Point of the cul-de-sac. You are able to delete or modify some of the IP’s - the IP's that have been automatically created as transferred data from the C.L. String are protected - adjust the Main Road and click on RL to update these.

The match in at the start and end of the cul-de-sac is automatic - the software scans the cross section at the start and end and 'builds' a template to match.

Use the Cont button to generate contours of the cul-de-sac. Change the vertical grading and re-contour to demonstrate how the software updates the surface model and contours.

Summary:


o How to draw a cul-de-sac and turn it into an alignment o How the software can be used to do a vertical grading on a cul-de-sac and create a model of

the cul-de-sac.



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Tutorial 11 – Cross Section Variations

Goals:

o Learn how to use the Create Bus Bay command to automatically draw and define an alignment.

o Learn how to use the Variation Form to vary template elements to o Insert a template element o Vary a template element o Widen a template element onto an alignment o Understand how multiple/compound Variations work and that the order of the entries is

important

Time Required: 20-30 minutes

The Variation Form – How it Works

The Variation form gives you the power to:

o insert template legs o delete template legs o vary the width and/or slope/level of a template leg by numerical input o widen a template leg onto an alignment (attach horizontally to an alignment) o fix a template leg onto a String (attach horizontally AND vertically onto a String) – named the

WidenString command.

These options can all be applied over a user defined chainage range.

The option to widen the template leg onto a String and to delete template legs has been covered in Tutorial 7 – Road Reconstruction and String Design.

Marin Street – Creating a Road Widening for Parking Bays

It is proposed to create some parking bays on the north side of Marin Street, between Delawn Street and Stawell Street.

Below is a sketch of the current cross section and proposed cross section details:



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The Variation commands will be utilised to achieve this.

Creating a Parking Bay Alignment

Users can create their own alignment/s to describe any pavement widening using the available alignment tools.

The alignment created for the parking bay is shown below:

An alignment has been created representing the outline of the parking bays. In order to improve accuracy of the modelling of the widening for the parking bays, set Marin Road to be current and click on [Roads5]=>[Edit]=>[Amend/Redo Cross Sections]. At the Amend Cross Section Spacings form add in Extra Chainages at the spacings as shown in the box above. Exit the form to apply the revised cross section sampling.



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Delete the Marin subgrade. Output the existing road features by clicking on [Roads5]=>[Plot Plan Features] or [Roads5]=>[Plot Plan Features All Roads].

The black and cyan lines above represent the road features – currently the parking bays are not part of the model.

Proposed Template Variations - Methodology

The existing template labels and cross section details is as follows:

To create parking bays, it is proposed to:

Add two new template legs/labels to create an open dished channel

move the face of the kerb (LINV Template label) along the new Parking Bay alignment

Vary the crossfall of the parking bay to be 3% toward the open dished channel

Vary the alignment of the edge of the footpath to match the back of the kerb along the parking bays



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RED: New Template Legs LINV2 and LBK2 to be inserted Before the LFP label

GREEN: Widen the Template Label LINV along the parking bay alignment

PURPLE: Vary the crossfall of the Template label LINV to be a positive 3% crossfall toward the open dished channel.

PURPLE: Vary the width between the LBK and LFP Template labels to put the edge of the footpath on the back of the kerb at the parking bays.

SPECIAL NOTE:

To Vary a Template Label by Slope, the Template Label must be defined/created with a Slope relationship to the next Label (working towards the C.L.). To create a parking bay using the procedures documented above it is essential that the Designer first open and modify the existing 'One' Template (or the current Template in use - see the Design Data to confirm the name of the Template being applied to the C.L. String of Marin Street) to set the LINV label to have a Slope relationship to the LEB Label, as follows:

An alternative to adjusting the Template would be to insert new Template legs before the LTK label, thus retaining the LINV label in its current position - the Designer is encouraged to explore this option to further understanding of the process for varying a Road cross section.



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Creating an Open Dished Channel – the Insert Command

With the Insert command you can create the open dished channel. This will be made up of two new labels, LINV2 and LEB2, which will be set with offsets and levels suitable to an open dished channel. To insert legs to your template:

Open the Marin Street Vertical Grading Editor and click on the button to access the Variation form

At this form, add two new Insert entries:

Entry 1 Entry 2 Insert leg to the Left, Before the LINV label. The New Label is LINV2. Chainage range is between 29 and 65 m. Start and end Width is 0.4m from the LEB label and Vertical distance is negative (-) 0.4m.

Insert leg to the Left, Before the LINV label. The New Label is LINV2. Chainage range is between 29 and 65 m. Start and end Width is 0.4m from the LEB label and Vertical distance is negative (-) 0.4m.

Insert leg to the Left, Before the LINV label. The New Label is LBK2. Chainage range is between 31 and 63 m. Start and end Width is 0.4m from the LINV2 label and Vertical distance is positive (+) 0.4m.

Plot Flag (whether or not it plots offset and level details on the cross sections) is optional.

The order of entry is important.

You can view the effects of the Inserts after you OK the Variation form. On the Vertical Grading Editor display the cross sections to view the changes:



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Both of the inserted labels are before the LINV label. Since LINV2 was the first entry, it’s offset and vertical distance is made relative to the LEB label.

LBK2 is located relative to the LINV2 label.

Note that LINV is now located relative to the LBK2 label – horizontal distance and vertical distance relative to the LBK2 label.

Had the order of creating the LINV2 and LBK2 entries been reversed, then the cross section would have looked quite different. Experiment by reversing the order of the inserts and viewing the results.

Note: It may prove necessary to review the extents of the inserted legs - this should be done at the end of the process of inserting, varying and widening Template Labels to check if there is any problem with overlapping Labels. In the illustrations below the Start and End Chainage of the LINV2 label has been adjusted to 30 and 64 respectively to address overlapping Labels.

Creating the Parking Bay – the Vary and Widen Commands

Vary the Slope and Width of the LINV label (Parking Bay)

With the Vary command you can change the width and/or slope of any leg/label of your template. It is proposed to Vary the LINV label (face of kerb) by setting the grade to be positive 3%. To do this:

o Again access the Variation form for Marin Street o Click on the Add Entry button, select Vary from the pick list and OK. o In the fields on the right insert the information: o Label (to Vary): LINV o Start/End Chainage: 29/65

Width variation: Incremental (variation to existing width)

Start/End Width: 2.6/2.6m (will be overridden by the Widen command

Slope variation: Set (absolute/total slope)

Start slope/End slope: 3% / 3% (positive 3% applied between the LBK2 and LINV label)

Adjust Start Chainage/Adjust End Chainage: No



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The Incremental variation option will make changes relative to the current value (slope or width). The Set variation option overwrites the current value (slope or width) with the value set in the form.

Click Update to add the entry to the form and then OK to exit:

Note the data entry form and resultant cross section through the parking bay. The LINV label now has characteristics of 3% slope and 3.0m offset from the LBK2 label.

Note: You can Vary the width and/or slope by different amounts between the start and end chainages. This command can be very effectively used to create superelevation and for widening of your template.

Widen the Face of the Kerb along the Parking Bay alignment

With the Widen command you can fix the horizontal location of a template leg to an alignment. In order to widen the face of the kerb to run along the parking bay alignment, it is proposed to Widen the LINV label (face of kerb). To do this:

Again access the Variation form for Marin Street.

Click on the Add Entry button, select Widen from the pick list and OK.

In the fields on the right insert the information:

Label (to Widen): LINV

Start/End Chainage: 29/65

Widening Method: W-SlopesKept (maintain the current slopes)

Alignment: (A)Parking_Marin_Align2 (select the parking bay alignment created)

There are three Widening methods available:

o W-HeightDiffKept – maintains the original height difference between the widened template label and the next label (working toward the centreline)

o W-HeightKept – maintains the original height difference between the widened template label and the Centreline level (C.L. label)

o W-SlopesKept – maintains the original slopes between the widened template label and the next label (working toward the centreline)

Click Update to add the entry to the form:



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Click OK to exit the form and return to the Vertical Grading Editor. If you have the cross sections shown on screen, scroll through the cross sections in the vicinity of the parking bay – note how the bay expands out and contracts back to the original cross section along the alignment. The template legs to the left of the widened template label (LINV) have remained the same relative to the LINV label.

To view the details in plan:

Start the command [Roads5]=>[Plot Plan Features] or [Roads5]=>[Plot Plan Features All Roads]. The data will be drafted on the screen as shown below:

It is noted that the back of the footpath now extends inside the property boundary and that there is a 0.5m offset between the back of the kerb and the footpath in the vicinity of the parking bays.

Varying the Alignment of the Footpath

In order to move the footpath back into the road reservation and to match the footpath to the back of the kerb, we are going to use the Vary command on the template leg/label LFP.

Three new entries are required. Working from the start of the parking bays:



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Vary 1: Reduce the offset between the back of the kerb and the footpath from 0.5m to zero at the parking bays

Vary 2: Maintain the zero offset between the back of the kerb and the footpath along the parking bays

Vary 3: Expand the offset between the back of the kerb and the footpath from zero at the parking bays back up to 0.5m

Again access the Variation form for Marin Street

At this form, add in three new Vary entries, as follows:

Data Entry Field Entry 1 Entry 2 Entry 3 Label LFP LFP LFP Start Chainage 29 36 59 End Chainage 35 58 65 Width Variation Incremental Set IncrementalStart Width 0 0 -0.5 End Width -0.5 0 0 Slope Variation Incremental Incremental IncrementalStart Slope 0 0 0 End Slope 0 0 0 Adj Start/End Ch. No No No



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To view the details in plan:

Start the command [Roads5]=>[Plot Plan Features] or[Road5]=>[Plot Plan Features All Roads]. The data will be drafted on the screen as shown (left).

Note that the footpath now varies in offset to match the back of kerb along the parking bays.

The software has applied all the variations to the template cross section in the order of the entries in the form.

Create a 3D model of the parking bays to view:

Defining a Subgrade Template

To create a subgrade template for the parking bay area:

Access the subgrade template definition form from the command [Roads5]=>[Settings]=>[Create/Edit Subgrade…].

At the Subgrade Definition Manager form select Create New Local Definition. Name the new Subgrade PARKINGBAYS.

Create the following entries:

9. Footpath on the Left and 0.1m deep



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10. BoxPoint located at LFP label (do not use Level at Label) 11. BoxPoint located at LBK label (do not use Level at Label) 12. BoxPoint 0.45m depth at LFP label (do not use Level at Label) 13. BoxCopy between LINV and LBK2 at a maintained 0.3m depth 14. BoxCopy between LEB and REB at a maintained 0.3m depth 15. Kerb on the Right with subgrade extending horizontally 0.15m behind the back of kerb and

0.3m deep at the lip of the kerb (LEB) 16. Box Point located at RFP label (do not use Level at Label) 17. Footpath on the Right and 0.1m deep

A view of the entries in the form is as follows:

The order of the entries is important –subgrade entries have to be created from left (top/first entry) to right (bottom/last entry).

A cross section is shown below highlighting all the elements of the subgrade template (data entry inputs shown above). Numbers shown on the sketch (colored light blue) correlate with the order of entries in the above form. The cross section is in the outgoing return of the parking bay (Chainage 62m).

Note that in this subgrade template definition all subgrade levels are relative to the template labels, so superelevation and template variations are automatically taken into account in the shape of the subgrade.

An Explanation of the different Entry types



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The Footpath entry is a special entry – it finds the LFP/RFP label on the template, drops the subgrade by the defined (0.1m) amount and applies that depth to the next template label (working outward from the centreline).

The Kerb command is also a special entry – it finds the LEB/REB and LBK/RBK labels on the template. A subgrade is applied based on the depth of the pavement at the LEB/REB label (0.3m) and extended horizontally behind the LBK/RBK label (0.15m) before extending vertically back up to the design surface.

Box Point will create a subgrade ‘point’ in relation to a template label.

Box Copy will apply a specified subgrade depth between two template labels – any labels in between the Box Copy will also have the same subgrade depth applied.

Applying Subgrade Templates

To apply the subgrade to Marin where the parking bays are click on the icon from the Marin Vertical Grading Editor.

You need to create three entries, as follows:

Apply the Local One subgrade template from the start of Marin Street up to the commencement of the parking bays

Apply the ParkingBays subgrade template for the length of the parking bay alignment

Apply the Local One subgrade template for the remainder of Marin Street:

The Standard subgrade template (LOCAL ONE) is being applied either side of the parking bays.

The Parking Bay subgrade template (PARKINGBAYS) is applied along the parking bay alignment.

Contouring the Parking Bays

Select the command [Roads5]=>[Auto Model] to create a 3D triangulated surface and contours. An example of the surface output (displaying contours) is shown below:



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Summary


o How to use the software to assist in the drafting of road widenings and creation of road widening alignments.

o How to use the Variation Form to o Insert template elements o Vary a template element, and o Widen a template element onto an alignment o How to define multiple-entry subgrade templates and how to apply different subgrade

templates on one road o That the order of entries in the Variation Form is important.



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