Cabs, Cassandra, and Hailo (at Cassandra EU)

#CASSANDRAEU

Cabs, Cassandra, and Hailo

David Gardner, Architect at Hailo

CASSANDRASUMMITEU

#CASSANDRAEU CASSANDRASUMMITEU


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https://github.com/apache/cassandra/compare/cassandra-0.6.0...cassandra-1.2

https://github.com/apache/cassandra/blob/trunk/CHANGES.txt

0.6 to 1.2







Cassandra adoption at Hailo from three perspectives:

1. Development

2. Operational

3. Management

What this talk is about


What is Hailo?

Hailo is The Taxi Magnet. Use Hailo to get a cab wherever you are, whenever you want.


• The world’s highest-rated taxi app – over 11,000 five-star reviews

• Over 500,000 registered passengers

• A Hailo hail is accepted around the world every 4 seconds

• Hailo operates in 15 cities on 3 continents from Tokyo to Toronto in nearly 2 years of operation

What is Hailo?


• Hailo is a marketplace that facilitates over $100M in run-rate transactions and is making the world a better place for passengers and drivers

• Hailo has raised over $50M in financing from the world's best investors including Union Square Ventures, Accel, the founder of Skype (via Atomico), Wellington Partners (Spotify), Sir Richard Branson, and our CEO's mother, Janice

Hailo is growing


The history

The story behind Cassandra adoption at Hailo


Hailo launched in London in November 2011

• Launched on AWS

• Two PHP/MySQL web apps plus a Java backend

• Mostly built by a team of 3 or 4 backend engineers

• MySQL multi-master for single AZ resilience


Why Cassandra?

• A desire for greater resilience – “become a utility”Cassandra is designed for high availability

• Plans for international expansion around a single consumer appCassandra is good at global replication

• Expected growthCassandra scales linearly for both reads and writes

• Prior experienceI had experience with Cassandra and could recommend it


The path to adoption

• Largely unilateral decision by developers – a result of a startup culture

• Replacement of key consumer app functionality, splitting up the PHP/MySQL web app into a mixture of global PHP/Java services backed by a Cassandra data store

• Launched into production in September 2012 – originally just powering North American expansion, before gradually switching over Dublin and London


One year on...

• Further breakdown of functionality into Go/Java SOA

• Migrating all online databases to Cassandra


Development perspective


“Cassandra just works”

Dom W, Senior Engineer


Use cases

1. Entity storage

2. Time series data


CF = customers

126007613634425612:createdTimestamp: 1370465412email: [email protected]: DavefamilyName: Gardnerlocale: en_GBphone:

+447911111111


Considerations for entity storage

• Do not read the entire entity, update one property and then write back a mutation containing every column

• Only mutate columns that have been set

• This avoids read-before-write race conditions


CF = stats_db

2013-06-01:55374fa0-ce2b-11e2-8b8b-0800200c9a66:

{“action”:”…a48bd800-ce2b-11e2-8b8b-0800200c9a66:

{“action”:”…b0e15850-ce2b-11e2-8b8b-0800200c9a66:

{“action”:”…bfac6c80-ce2b-11e2-8b8b-0800200c9a66:

{“action”:”…


CF = stats_db

LON123456:13b247f0-ce2c-11e2-8b8b-0800200c9a66:

{“action”:”…20f70a40-ce2c-11e2-8b8b-0800200c9a66:

{“action”:”…2b44d3b0-ce2c-11e2-8b8b-0800200c9a66:

{“action”:”…338a22f0-ce2c-11e2-8b8b-0800200c9a66:

{“action”:”…


Considerations for time series storage

• Choose row key carefully, since this partitions the records

• Think about how many records you want in a single row

• Denormalise on write into many indexes


Client libraries

• Gossie (Go)

• Astyanax (Java)

• phpcassa (PHP)


Analytics

• With Cassandra we lost the ability to carry out analyticseg: COUNT, SUM, AVG, GROUP BY

• We use Acunu Analytics to give us this abilty in real time, for pre-planned query templates

• It is backed by Cassandra and therefore highly available, resilient and globally distributed

• Integration is straightforward

NSQ Acunu C*events



AQL

SELECT SUM(accepted), SUM(ignored), SUM(declined), SUM(withdrawn)FROM AllocationsWHERE timestamp BETWEEN '1 week ago' AND 'now’ AND driver='LON123456789’GROUP BY timestamp(day)


Operational perspective


“Allows a team of 2 to achieve things they wouldn’t have considered before Cassandra existed”Chris H, Operations Engineer


3 clusters

6 machines per region

3 regions

(stats cluster is a long story) O

pera

tion

al C

luste

rS

tats

Clu

ste

r

ap-southeast-1

us-east-1 eu-west-1

us-east-1 eu-west-1

AZ1

eu-west-1

AZ1

AZ2 AZ2

AZ3 AZ3

AZ1

us-east-1

AZ1

AZ2 AZ2

AZ3 AZ3

AZ1

ap-southeast-1

AZ1

AZ2 AZ2

AZ3 AZ3



AWS VPCs with Open VPN links

3 AZs per region

m1.large machines

Provisoned IOPS EBS

Op

era

tion

al C

luste

rS

tats

Clu

ste

r

~ 1TB/node

~ 200GB/node


Backups

• SSTable snapshot

• Used to upload to S3, but this was taking >6 hours and consuming all our network bandwidth

• Now take EBS snapshot of the data volumes


Encryption

• Requirement for NYC launch

• We use dmcrypt to encrypt the entire EBS volume

• Chose dmcrypt because it is uncomplicated

• Our tests show a 1% performance hit in disk performance, which concurs with what Amazon suggest


Datastax Ops Centre is a quick win


Multi DC

• Something that Cassandra makes trivial

• Would have been very difficult to accomplish active-active inter-DC replication with a team of 2 without Cassandra

• Rolling repair needed to make it safe (we use LOCAL_QUORUM)

• We schedule “narrow repairs” on different nodes in our cluster each night


Compression

• Our stats cluster was running at ~1.5TB per node

• We didn’t want to add more nodes

• With compression, we are now back to ~600GB

• Easy to accomplish

• `nodetool upgradesstables` on a rolling schedule


Management perspective


“The days of the quick and dirty are over”Simon V, EVP Operations


Technically, everything is fine…

• Our COO feels that C* is “technically good and beautiful”, a “perfectly good option”

• Our EVPO says that C* reminds him of a time series database in use at Goldman Sachs that had “very good performance”

…but there are concerns


People who canattempt to queryMySQL

People who canattempt to

query Cassandra


Lessons learned


There might be a gulf in experience


10 Average years experience per team

member

MySQL Cassandra


Lesson learned

• Have an advocate - get someone who will sell the vision internally

• Learn the theory - teach each team member the fundamentals

• Make an effort to get everyone on board


Things can drift into failure


Lesson learned

• Be pro-active with Cassandra, even if it seems to be running smoothly

• Peer-review data models, take time to think about them

• Big rows are bad - use cfstats to look for them

• Mixed workloads can cause problems - use cfhistograms and look out for signs of data modeling problems

• Think about the compaction strategy for each CF


EBS is terrible


Lessons learned

• EBS is nearly always the cause of Amazon outages

• EBS is a single point of failure (it will fail everywhere in your cluster)

• EBS is slow

• EBS is expensive

• EBS is unnecessary!


Management need to know the trade offs


Lessons learned

• Keep the business informed – explain the tradeoffs in simple terms

• Sing from the same hymn sheet

• Make sure there solutions in place for every use case from the beginning


People who canattempt to queryMySQL

People who canattempt to

query Cassandra


Conclusions


We like Cassandra

• Solid design

• HA characteristics

• Easy multi-DC setup

• Simplicity of operation


Lessons for successful adoption

• Have an advocate, sell the dream

• Learn the fundamentals, get the best out of Cassandra

• Invest in tools to make life easier

• Keep management in the loop, explain the trade offs


The future

• We will continue to invest in Cassandra as we expand globally

• We will hire people with experience running Cassandra

• We will focus on expanding our reporting facilities

• We aspire to extend our network (1M consumer installs, wallet) beyond cabs

• We will continue to hire the best engineers in London, NYC and Asia


Questions?

Cabs, Cassandra, and Hailo (at Cassandra EU)

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