Cables
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Steel Wire Ropes Handling | Classification | Security Factors | Uses and Recomendations
Transcript of Cables
Steel Wire RopesHandling | Classification | Security Factors | Uses and Recomendations
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Steel Wire Ropes
Rope are made up of steel wires, generally braided in a helix (spi-ral) forming the units known as strands. The strands in the wire rope can vary in accordance with desired properties.
Wires
Wires are produced by reducing the diameter of the base wire, af-ter passing through dies or matrices all the while having an axial force applied to it.
The wire´s properties depend on chemical composition, microstruc-tures, inclusion level, grain size, segregations and process conditions.
Wires must comply with the required ASTM A 1007, JIS G 3525, API 9 A, RRW 410 F and ISO 2232 standards.
Strands
Strands are formed by wires of the same or different diameters, twisted over a central core.
Core
The core or nucleus is the central axis of the wire rope, around which strands are wrapped. We use various cores, including steel, natural fiber or synthetic.
Wire Rope
Group of strands twisted helicoidally around a core or nucleus.
The wire rope and its Components:
• Wire• Strand• Core
Dimensions and TolerancesThe cable diameter complies with the tolerances established in the following table:
TABLE 1
Wire rope Diameter
in mm or in.
% Tolerance
No Load 5% MBL 10% MBL
≤ 10 (3/8”) +6+2
+5+1
+40
>10 (3/8”) +5+2
+4+1
+30
Diameter Measurement
CORRECT METHOD INCORRECT METHOD
• Correct Method: Place the measurement device on the widest part of the wire rope.
• Incorrect Method: This is not the wire rope’s widest diameter.
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Steel Wire Ropes
RIGHT REGULAR LAY
PASO REGULAR DERECHO
Wires parallel to the wire ropes’ axis
Strands in diagonal towards the right
LEFT REGULAR LAY
PASO REGULAR IZQUIERDO
Wires parallel to the wire ropes’ axis
Strands in diagonal towards the left
Lay length
The lay of a steel wire rope is determined by the form in which the strands are rolled in the wire rope and the way the wires are rolled in the strands.
The length of lay of a steel wire rope is the linear measured distance, from one point of the strand to another point on the same strand after completing a pass around the core of the wire rope (360°).
According to the direction of the strands over the core, ray can be to the right or the left.
According to the direction of the wires in the strands and the rolling of these over the core, the wire rope can be of two types: regular lay or lang lay. These can also be rolled to the left or right.
Regular Lay: The position of the wires in the strands is opposite to the direction of the wire rope, see following figures. This type of configuration allows the wire rope to be compact, well balanced and with excellent stability.
Lang Lay: The position of the wires in the strands is provides the same as the direction of their strands in the wire rope. These have excellent fatigue resistance as well as resistance to abrasion damage.
RIGHT LANG LAY
PASO LANG DERECHO
Wires diagonal to the wire rope’ axis
Strands in diagonal towards the right
LEFT LANG LAY.
PASO LANG IZQUIERDO
Wires diagonal to the wire ropes’ axis
Strands in diagonal towards the left
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The wire ropes should not be stored in places that emit corrosive vapors and should not be in contact with the floor.
Maintenance should be composed of inspections, lubrication, clean-ing with regular frequency, registering of adjustments, noted de-fects and incidents related to the degradation of the wire rope.
The inspection should always include the settling up of the termi-nals, with emphasis on the point of entry.
An adequate lubrication prolongs the useful life of a wire rope because it reduces corrosion and the abrasion caused by the friction of the strands, wires and of the wire rope against the pulleys. The frequency of lubrication depends on the following factors:
• Retained lubrication from the manufacturing process• Elevator use• Security factor and working temperature
To install the wire rope in the winch or drum, it’s advisable to follow the following instructions:
Before installing a new wire rope, the pulleys and drums should be check to make sure they have no degradation or defects. When degradation is found in the pulley and/or drums, this should be rectified with new ones matching the profile and diameter of the new wire rope.
Turning or rotating the free end of the wire rope can cause the de-braiding of the wire rope.
The terminals and/or accessories cannot be removed or installed without making sure that the twist is maintained.
This transportation operation should be performed in such a way as to completely avoid any possible of contact of between the wire rope and loading equipment.
Steel Wire Rope Handling
INSTALLATION
TRANSpORT
1
MAINTENANCE4
LUBRICATION5
2
STORAGE3
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Steel Wire Rope Handling
MANIpULATION6
INCORRECT FORM CORRECT FORM
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Steel Wire Ropes Classification
Steel Wire Ropes are classified by diameter, number of strands, type of core and construction.
The types of strands in wire ropes are:
1. SIMpLE CAp COMMON STRAND
TORON 1X7
The most common example of simple lay strand construction is comprised of seven wires. It has a central wire and six wires of the same diameter that revolves around it. The most common composition is 1+6=7.
2. SEALE STRAND
TORON 1X19
Construction in which the last cap contains the larger diameter wires than the interior lay, giving the strand more resistance to abrasion. The most common composition is 1+9+9=19.
3. FILLER STRAND
TORON 1X26
This strand is distinguished by having fine threads that fill the existing spaces between two wire layers. This type of strand is used when a large metallic section wire ropes is required with a good overwhelm resis-tance. The most common composition is 1+6/6+12=25.
4. WARRINGTON STRAND
TORON 1X25
This strand is characterized by having an exterior cap formed by wires of two different diameters, alternating their position in the crown. The type of strand most commonly used is 1+6+6/6=19
5. WARRINGTON SEALE STRAND
TORON 1X36
This is a combination of the previous two strands and combines their best qualities: The conjunction of fine interior wires allows for flexibility, while the exterior cap of wider diameter wires, gives resistance to abra-sion. The most common construction is 1+7+7/7+14=36
TORON 1X26
6x26 steel cable combines resistance to flexion and abrasion, given good behavior during usage 1+5+(5+5)+10=26
Most Common Wire Rope Constructions
The physical and mechanical properties of the different constructions that EMCOCABLES® manufactures are detailed in the following tables. These are taken using the ASTM 1023 standard.
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Classification
6x7 FibeR CoRe (FC)
CABLE 6X7 ALMA DE FIBRA (AF)
Wire Rope Construction Strand Construction
Item Quantity Item Quanitity
Strands 6 Wires 5 to 9
External Strands 6 External Wires 4 to 8
Strand Cap 1 Layer Wires 1
Wires 30 to 54
TABLE 2Diameter Approx Weight Minimun Break Load Diameter Range
in mm lb/ft kg/m IPS Tons 1770 kN EIP Tons 1960 kN Min (in) Max (in)6 0.08 0.124 21.2 23.4 0.236 0.248
1/4 0.09 0.139 2.64 2.90 0.250 0.2637 0.11 0.169 28.8 31.9 0.276 0.289
5/16 0.15 0.217 4.10 4.51 0.313 0.3288 0.15 0.221 37.6 41.6 0.315 0.3319 0.19 0.279 47.6 52.7 0.354 0.372
3/8 0.21 0.313 5.86 6.45 0.375 0.39410 0.23 0.345 58.8 65.1 0.394 0.41311 0.28 0.417 71.1 78.7 0.433 0.455
7/16 0.29 0.426 7.93 8.72 0.438 0.45912 0.33 0.497 84.6 93.7 0.472 0.496
1/2 0.37 0.556 10.3 11.3 0.500 0.52513 0.39 0.583 99.3 110 0.512 0.53714 0.45 0.676 115 128 0.551 0.579
9/16 0.47 0.704 13.0 14.3 0.563 0.5915/8 0.58 0.869 15.9 0.625 0.656
16 0.59 0.883 150 167 0.630 0.66118 0.75 1.118 190 211 0.709 0.74419 0.84 1.245 212 235 0.748 0.785
3/4 0.84 1.252 22.7 25.0 0.750 0.78820 0.93 1.380 235 260 0.787 0.82722 1.12 1.670 284 315 0.866 0.909
7/8 1.15 1.704 30.7 33.8 0.875 0.91924 1.34 1.987 338 375 0.945 0.992
1 1.50 2.226 39.7 43.7 1.000 1.05026 1.57 2.332 397 440 1.024 1.07528 1.82 2.705 461 510 1.102 1.157
1 1/8 1.89 2.817 49.8 54.8 1.125 1.1811 1/4 2.34 3.478 61.0 67.1 1.250 1.313
32 2.37 3.533 602 666 1.260 1.3231 3/8 2.83 4.208 73.1 80.4 1.375 1.444
36 3.00 4.471 762 843 1.417 1.4881 1/2 3.37 5.008 86.2 94.8 1.500 1.575
IPS = Improved Plow Steel EIPS = Extra Improved Plow Steel For Ton/Met. Multiply by 0.9072 For Kg./Mt. Multiply by 1.488
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Classification
6x7 Steel CoRe (SC)
CABLE 6X7 ALMA DE ACERO (AA)
Cable Construction Strand Construction
Item Quantity Item Quanitity
Strands 6 Wires 5 to 9External Strands 6 External Wires 4 to 8Strand Cap 1 Layers Wire 1Wires 30 to 54
TABLE 3Diameter Approx Weight Minimun Break Load Diameter Range
in mm lb/ft kg/m IPS Tons 1770 kN EIP Tons 1960 kN Min (in) Max (in)6 0.10 0.144 22.9 25.3 0.236 0.250
1/4 0.11 0.161 2.84 3.12 0.250 0.2657 0.13 0.196 31.1 34.5 0.276 0.292
5/16 0.17 0.252 4.41 4.85 0.313 0.3318 0.17 0.256 40.7 45.0 0.315 0.3319 0.22 0.324 51.5 57.0 0.354 0.372
3/8 0.24 0.363 6.30 6.93 0.375 0.39410 0.27 0.400 63.5 70.4 0.394 0.41311 0.33 0.484 76.9 85.1 0.433 0.455
7/16 0.33 0.494 8.52 9.37 0.438 0.45912 0.39 0.576 91.5 101 0.472 0.496
1/2 0.43 0.645 11.1 12.2 0.500 0.52513 0.45 0.676 107 119 0.512 0.53714 0.53 0.784 125 138 0.551 0.579
9/16 0.55 0.817 14.0 15.4 0.563 0.5915/8 0.68 1.008 17.1 18.8 0.625 0.656
16 0.69 1.024 163 180 0.630 0.66118 0.87 1.296 206 228 0.709 0.74419 0.97 1.444 229 254 0.748 0.785
3/4 0.98 1.452 24.4 26.8 0.750 0.78820 1.08 1.600 254 281 0.787 0.82722 1.30 1.936 308 341 0.866 0.909
7/8 1.33 1.976 33.0 36.3 0.875 0.91924 1.55 2.304 366 405 0.945 0.992
1 1.73 2.581 42.7 47.0 1.000 1.05026 1.82 2.704 430 476 1.024 1.07528 2.11 3.136 498 552 1.102 1.157
1 1/8 2.19 3.266 53.5 58.9 1.125 1.1811 1/4 2.71 4.032 65.6 72.2 1.250 1.313
32 2.75 4.096 651 721 1.260 1.323
1 3/8 3.28 4.879 78.6 86.5 1.375 1.44436 3.48 5.184 824 912 1.417 1.488
1 1/2 3.90 5.806 92.7 102 1.500 1.575IPS = Improved Plow Steel EIPS = Extra Improved Plow Steel For Ton/Met. Multiply by 0.9072 For Kg./Mt. Multiply by 1.488
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Classification
6x19 AND 6x26 (FC – SC)
CABLE 6X7 ALMA DE ACERO (AA)CABLE 6X7 ALMA DE FIBRA (AF)
Cable Construction Strand ConstructionItem Quantity Item Quanitity
Strands 6 Wires 15 to 26External Strands 6 External Wires 7 to 12Strand Cap 1 Layers Wire 2 to 3Wires 90 to 154
TYpICAL ExAMpLES NUMBER OF ExTERNAL WIRES
Wire Ropes Strands Total Per Strand
6 X 19 S 1-9-9 54 96 X 21 F 1-5-5F-10 60 10
6 X 26 WS 1-5-(5+5)-10 60 106 X 19 W 1-6-(6+6) 72 126 X 25 F 1-6-6F-12 72 12
TABLE 4
Diametro (in)
Fiber Core Steel Core
Approx. Weight (kg/m)Break Load in Kgf
Approx. Weight (kg/m)Break Load in Kgf
IpS EIpS IpS EIpS
1/4 0.149 2.485 2.730 0.172 2.603 3.0115/16 0.238 3.865 4.254 0.267 4.054 4.6623/8 0.357 5.535 6.086 0.386 5.805 6.6767/16 0.476 7.504 8.254 0.520 7.864 9.0251/2 0.625 9.709 10.703 0.684 10.159 11.791
9/16 0.789 12.250 13.515 0.877 12.789 14.8755/8 0.982 15.154 16.689 1.070 15.873 18.2313/4 1.399 21.043 23.764 1.546 22.676 26.0327/8 1.92 28.480 32.109 2.111 30.567 35.1931 2.5 37.006 41.723 2.75 39.728 45.714
1 1/8 3.17 46.530 52.517 3.479 49.977 57.5061 1/4 3.913 57.142 64.490 4.29 61.405 70.6581 3/8 4.732 68.752 77.551 5.20 73.832 84.8981 1/2 5.625 81.360 91.609 6.18 87.437 100.6801 5/8 6.571 94.331 107.029 7.256 101.587 117.0071 3/4 7.663 109.750 123.356 8.431 117.913 135.1471 7/8 8.794 124.263 140.589 9.667 134.240 154.195
2 10.074 141.466 159.637 10.988 152.380 175.0572 1/8 11.294 158.730 178.684 12.416 169.614 195.4652 1/4 12.663 176.870 199.546 13.918 190.476 218.594
6x19 Seale (1+9+9) 6x26 Warrington Seale (1+5+5/5+10)
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6x36 (FC – SC)
CABLE 6X36 ALMA DE ACERO (AA) CABLE 6X36 ALMA DE FIBRA (AF)
Typical Examples Number of External Wires
Wire Ropes Strands Total Per Strand
6 X 31 WS 1-6-(6+6)-12 72 12
6 X 36 WS 1-7-(7+7)-14 84 14
6 X 41 WS 1-8-(8+8)-16 96 16
6 X 41 SF 1-8-8-8F-16 96 16
6 X 49 SWS 1-8-8-(8+8)-16 96 16
6 X 46 WS 1-9-(9+9)-18 108 18
TABLE 5
Diameter (in)
Fiber Core Steel Core
Approx. Weight (kg/m) Break Load in kgf Approx. Weight (kg/m) Break Load in kgf
1/4” 0.156 2.186 0.172 2.3405/16” 0.243 3.383 0.267 3.6463/8” 0.350 4.852 0.386 5.215
7/16” 0.475 6.575 0.520 7.0951/2” 0.624 8.571 0.684 9.161
9/16” 0.788 10.793 0.877 11.5195/8” 0.98 13.242 1.070 14.2403/4” 1.41 18.957 1.546 20.3177/8” 1.918 25.668 2.111 27.4821” 2.498 33.288 2.75 35.736
1 1/8” 3.167 41.814 3.479 44.9881 1/4” 3.91 51.338 4.29 55.2381 3/8” 4.728 61.859 5.20 66.4851 1/2” 5.62 73.197 6.18 78.7301 5/8” 6.60 85.170 7.256 91.6091 3/4” 7.658 98.866 8.431 106.1221 7/8” 8.788 112.471 9.667 121.541
2” 9.99 126.984 10.988 136.9612 1/8” 11.28 142.403 12.416 153.2872 1/4” 12.6 159.183 13.918 171.428
Wire Ropes produced in accordance with RR-W-410E Standards
The break loads for galvanized wire ropes, is 10% less than the values listed in this table
Classification
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8x19 AND 8x25 Cable Construction Strand Construction
Item Quantity Item QuanitityStrands 8 Wires 15 to 26External Strands 8 External Wires 7 to 12Strand Cap 1 Layers Wire 2 to 3Wires in Cable 120 to 232
TYpICAL ExAMpLES NUMBER OF ExTERNAL WIRES
Wire Ropes Strands Total Per Strand
8 X 19 S 1-9-9 72 9
8 X 21 F 1-5-5F-10 80 10
8 X 26 WS 1-5-(5+5)-10 80 10
8 X 19 W 1-6-(6+6) 96 12
8 X 25 F 1-6-6F-12 96 12
pHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL pROpERTIES OF 8x19 pARALLEL LAYERS TABLE 6
Nominal DiameterApprox. Mass Min. Break Load corresponding to the nominal tension grade Ro of the wires:
Fiber Core1570 N/mm2 simple tension; 1370/1770 N/mm2.
Double Tension. Both are calculated using a simple tension of 1500 N/mm2
kN 1770 N/mm2 Simple Tensionmm (in)
Natural Fiber Synthetic Fiber
kg/100m kg/100m
5/16” 22,2 21,7 28,1 33,2
10 34,7 33,9 44 51,9
11 42 41 53,2 62,8
13 58,6 57,3 74,3 87,6
16 88,8 86,8 113 133
19 125 122 159 187
22 168 164 213 251
CABLE 8X25 ALMA DE ACERO (AA)CABLE 8X19 ALMA DE ACERO (AA)
Classification
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TABLE 7Diameter Approx Weight Minumun Break Load Diameter Range
in mm lb/ft kg/m IPS Tons 1770 kN EIP Tons 1960 kN EIP Tons 2160 kN Min (in) Max (in)6 0.11 0.161 22.7 25.1 27.7 0.236 0.250
1/4 0.12 0.180 2.94 3.40 0.250 0.2657 0.15 0.219 30.9 34.2 37.7 0.276 0.292
5/16 0.19 0.281 4.58 5.27 0.313 0.3318 0.19 0.285 40.3 44.7 49.2 0.315 0.3319 0.24 0.361 51.0 56.5 62.3 0.354 0.372
3/8 0.27 0.405 6.56 7.55 8.30 0.375 0.39410 0.30 0.446 63.0 69.8 76.9 0.394 0.41311 0.36 0.540 76.2 84.4 93.0 0.433 0.455
7/16 0.37 0.551 8.89 10.2 11.2 0.438 0.45912 0.43 0.642 90.7 100 111 0.472 0.496
1/2 0.48 0.719 11.5 13.3 14.6 0.500 0.52513 0.51 0.754 106 118 130 0.512 0.53714 0.59 0.874 124 137 151 0.551 0.579
9/16 0.61 0.910 14.5 16.8 18.5 0.563 0.5915/8 0.76 1.124 17.7 20.6 22.7 0.625 0.656
16 0.77 1.142 161 179 197 0.630 0.66118 0.97 1.445 204 226 249 0.709 0.74419 1.08 1.610 227 252 278 0.748 0.785
3/4 1.09 1.619 25.6 29.4 32.4 0.750 0.78820 1.20 1.784 252 279 308 0.787 0.82722 1.45 2.159 305 338 372 0.866 0.909
7/8 1.48 2.203 34.6 39.8 43.8 0.875 0.91924 1.73 2.569 363 402 443 0.945 0.992
1 1.93 2.877 44.9 51.7 56.9 1.000 1.05026 2.03 3.015 426 472 520 1.024 1.07528 2.35 3.497 494 547 603 1.102 1.157
1’1/8 2.45 3.642 56.5 65.0 71.5 1.125 1.1811’1/4 3.02 4.496 69.4 79.9 87.9 1.250 1.313
32 3.07 4.567 645 715 787 1.260 1.3231’3/8 3.66 5.440 83.5 96.0 106 1.375 1.444
36 3.88 5.780 817 904 997 1.417 1.4881’1/2 4.35 6.474 98.9 114 125 1.500 1.575
40 4.80 7.136 1008 1116 1230 1.575 1.6541 5/8 5.11 7.598 115 132 146 1.625 1.706
44 5.80 8.635 1220 1351 1489 1.732 1.8191 3/4 5.92 8.812 133 153 169 1.750 1.8381 7/8 6.80 10.116 152 174 192 1.875 1.969
48 6.91 10.276 1452 1608 1772 1.890 1.9842 7.73 11.510 172 198 217 2.000 2.100
52 8.10 12.060 1704 1887 2079 2.047 2.1502 1/8 8.73 12.993 192 221 243 2.125 2.231
56 9.40 13.087 1976 2188 2411 2.205 2.3152 1/4 9.79 14.567 215 247 272 2.250 2.363
60 10.79 16.056 2268 2512 2768 2.362 2.4802 1/2 10.91 16.230 239 274 301 2.375 2.494
IPS = Improved Plow Steel EIPS = Extra Improved Plow Steel For Ton/Met. Multiply by 0.9072 For Kg./Mt. Multiply by 1.488Wire Ropes produced in accordance with RR-W-410E StandardsThe break loads for galvanized finish wire ropes, is 10% less than the values listed in this table
Classification
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18x7 AND 19x7 FibeR CoRe (FC)
Cable Construction Strand Construction
Item Quantity Item Quantity
Strands 17 to 18 Wires 5 to 7External Strands 10 to 13 External Wires 4 to 6Strand Cap 2 Layers Wire 1Wires 85 to 126
TYpICAL ExAMpLES NUMBER OF ExTERNAL WIRES
Wire Ropes Strands Total Per Strand
8 X 19 S 1-9-9 72 9
8 X 21 F 1-5-5F-10 80 10
8 X 26 WS 1-5-(5+5)-10 80 10
8 X 19 W 1-6-(6+6) 96 12
8 X 25 F 1-6-6F-12 96 12
CABLE 18 x7 ALMA DE FIBRA (AF)
Classification
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18x7 AND 19x7 Steel CoRe (SC) TABLE 8
Diameter Approx Weight Minumun Break Load Diameter Range
in mm lb/ft kg/m IPS Tons 1770 kN EIP Tons 1960 kN EIP Tons 2160 kN Min (in) Max (in)
6 0.10 0.144 0.10 0.151 20.9 23.1 0.236 0.248
1/4 0.11 0.161 0.11 0.169 2.51 2.77 0.250 0.263
7 0.13 0.196 0.14 0.205 28.4 31.5 0.276 0.289
5/16 0.17 0.251 0.18 0.264 3.90 4.30 0.313 0.328
8 0.17 0.255 0.18 0.268 37.2 41.1 0.315 0.331
9 0.22 0.323 0.23 0.339 47.0 52.1 0.354 0.372
3/8 0.24 0.362 0.26 0.380 5.59 6.15 0.375 0.394
10 0.27 0.399 0.28 0.419 58.1 64.3 0.394 0.413
11 0.32 0.483 0.34 0.507 70.2 77.8 0.433 0.455
7/16 0.33 0.493 0.35 0.517 7.58 8.33 0.438 0.459
12 0.39 0.575 0.41 0.603 83.6 92.6 0.472 0.496
1/2 0.43 0.644 0.45 0.676 9.85 10.8 0.500 0.525
13 0.45 0.674 0.48 0.708 98.1 109 0.512 0.537
14 0.53 0.782 0.55 0.821 114 126 0.551 0.579
9/16 0.55 0.814 0.57 0.855 12.4 13.6 0.563 0.591
5/8 0.68 1.006 0.71 1.056 15.3 16.8 0.625 0.656
16 0.69 1.021 0.72 1.073 149 165 0.630 0.661
18 0.87 1.293 0.91 1.358 188 208 0.709 0.744
19 0.97 1.440 1.02 1.513 210 232 0.748 0.785
3/4 0.97 1.448 1.02 1.521 21.8 24.0 0.750 0.788
20 1.07 1.596 1.13 1.676 232 257 0.787 0.827
22 1.30 1.931 1.36 2.028 281 311 0.866 0.909
7/8 1.32 1.971 1.39 2.070 29.5 32.5 0.875 0.919
24 1.54 2.298 1.62 2.413 334 370 0.945 0.992
1 1.73 2.574 1.82 2.703 38.3 42.2 1.000 1.050
26 1.81 2.697 1.90 2.832 392 435 1.024 1.075
28 2.10 3.128 2.21 3.285 455 504 1.102 1.157
1 1/8 2.19 3.258 2.30 3.421 48.2 53.1 1.125 1.181
1 1/4 2.70 4.022 2.84 4.224 59.2 65.1 1.250 1.313
32 2.75 4.086 2.88 4.291 594 658 1.260 1.323
1 3/8 3.27 4.867 3.43 5.111 71.3 78.4 1.375 1.444
36 3.47 5.171 3.65 5.430 752 833 1.417 1.488
1 1/2 3.89 5.792 4.09 6.082 84.4 92.8 1.500 1.575
IPS = Improved Plow Steel EIPS = Extra Improved Plow Steel For Ton/Met. Multiply by 0.9072 For Kg./Mt. Multiply by 1.488
Wire Ropes produced in accordance with RR-W-410E Standards
The break loads for galvanized finish wire ropes, is 10% less than the values listed in this table.
Classification
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8x36 Steel CoRe (SC)
Typical Constructions
Wire Ropes Strands
8 X 31 WS-IWRC 1-6-6+6+12
8 X 36 WS-IWRC 1-7-7+7-14
8 X 41 WS-IWRC 1-8-8+8-16
TABLE 9
Diameter in/mm Construction Min. Break Load Kgf Approx. Weight g/m
1.0 1X7 GIP 210 95 4.6
3/64 1.2 1X12 GIP 230 105 6.0
1/16 1.6 1X12 GIP 400 180 13.0
1/16 1.58 1X19 GIP 400 180 12.0
5/64 2.0 1X12 GIP 525 239 19.0
5/64 2.0 1X19 GIP 525 239 19.4
1/8 3.17 1X32 GIP 1200 538 41
1/8 3.17 1X19 GIP 1653 750 47.5
CABLE 8X36 ALMA DE ACERO (AA)
COMMON AppLICATIONS
Sector Construction Sector Construction
MINNING
6 X 7
LIFTING
8 X 19
6 X 19 8 X 25
8 X 7 8 X 36
6 X 26
CRANES
8 X 19
pETROLEUM
6 X 19 8 X 25
6 X 21 8 X 36
6 X 36
FISHING
6 X 7
6 X 26 6 X 19
6 X 26
Classification
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RECOMMENDED SECURITY FACTORS
Suspension Bridges 3 - 4
Wire Rope for Cableway 3.5 - 5
Tractor Wire Rope 5 - 7
Hoisting Wire Rope 5 - 9
Wire Rope for Passenger Transport 8 - 12
Inclines Wire Rope 5 - 8
Wire Ropes for oil-field service 8 - 12
Lift Wire Ropes 8 - 17
Winches Wire Ropes 4 - 8
This is the relation that results by dividing the maximum load (assumed as break load) of a wire rope to the established workload.
Security Factors
Selection of Non-Turning Wire Ropes
There are no exist precise rules for determinning when to utilize non-turning wire ropes. In the first instance, it is important to consider the experience obtained with wire rope previously used for the same installation and gear.
The variables that help determine this are:
• Lift height.• Wire Rope diameter.• Pulley diameter.• Number of Lines.• Pulley disposition.• Specific torque of the wire rope.
It is not recommended to use non-turning wire rope when the load is guided. (rotational impedance)
Specific Precautions and Installation:
Due to its particular design, non-turning wire rope presents differences in comparison to 6 lace wire rope. The form in which they behave, degrade and break, differs in respect to all other conventional constructions.
The most common use of these wire ropes is in cranes in order to lift guided loads.
Recommendations for Installation and Use
Non-turning wire ropes are very delicate and thus require special care during mounting, use and in the selection of maintenance equipment. The following is a list of conditions and precautions that should be observed in order to use the non-turning wire rope:
• The diameters of the drum and pulleys used for 18x7 or 19x7 wire ropes should not be less that 40 times the diameter of the wire rope. A diameter equal to 54 times the diameter of the wire rope or greater is recommended.
• The 18x9 non-turning wire rope should be used with pulleys and drums whose diameter should not be less that 25 times the diameter of the wire rope. A diameter 36 or more times greater is recommended.
• Non-turning wire ropes should always be submitted to tension, thus it is necessary to install a hook or counterweight in order to maintain the wire rope taught even when there is no load.
• Turning or spinning the load should be avoided because that torsion, distortion will condition will reduce the useful life of the wire rope.
• The entry angle of the wire rope into a pulley should not be greater than 1°30´.
• If the non-turning wire ropes are to be mounted on a hoisting tackle, it is prudent to limit the branches to only two, due to the fact that more branches cannot be used.
• It is recommended that the ties on the end of the non-turning wire rope be made of cast Zinc or any other joining of low fusion point. The use of staples, in this case, is not a good practice because they allow, with the crashes and straps, the slipping of the exterior laces (strands) over the core, originating hernias in the wire rope and in its interior.
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Wire Ropes for the petroleum Industry
1. Use of Sling or Chains
When it is necessary to manipulate the wire rope reel with slings or chains, wood blocks should be used between the wire rope and the element used (to lift the roll) in order to prevent damage to the wires or distortion to the strands in the wire rope.
2. Use of Bars
When bars are used to move the roll, these should be leveraged against the edge of the roll, not the wire rope itself
3. Sharp objects
The Roll should not roll on fall on hard or sharp objects in such a way that can cause damage to the wire rope.
4. Falling
The roll should be allowed to fall from the truck or platform, this can damage the wire rope or break the roll.
5. Mud, Dirt, Ashes
The roll should not be rolled over anything foreign to steel, such as dirt, mud or ash.
Putting staves on the roll in order to ease mobility, as well as pro-tect against wire rope damage.
1. Thread Block
The blocks should threaded without wearing against the slot in the pulley
2. Line changes and cut
Its good practice during a line change to suspend the flying block, from the crown, in a single line. This tends to limit the amount of
REEL HANDLING
HANDLING DURING INSTALLATION
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2
rubbing over the guards or spacers, also to diminish the formation of coils. This practice is also very effective in the cutting procedure.
3. Tension
Tension should be maintained from the moment the wire rope is removed from the roll in order to restrict its movement.
There should be enough tension in the wire rope in order to assure a good pull and accommodation.
4. Threading with a rotating type clamp
Is recommended when a worn wire rope is going to be replaced by a new one, the use of a clamp to attach the new wire rope to the old one.
It should not be welded onto the used wire rope in order to pull it through the system.
5. Twisting
There should be the utmost attention paid in order to avoid the twisting of the wire rope, this is because the formation of a bend, can be cause for the change of the entire wire rope, or a section.
6. Cleaning
The use of solvents can cause damage to the wire rope.
If the wire rope is to get covered in dirt, sand or any other contaminating material, it should be cleaned with a brush.
7. Excess of wire rope or dead caps
The number of dead caps or excess wire rope should be maintained in accordance with the equipment manufacturer’s standards.
8. New Wire Rope
When possible, the new wire rope should be carefully controlled and monitored, under loads and speeds, for a short period after installation. This allows the wire rope to settle into the work environment.
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The EMCOCABLES® manufactured SUPER B SHRIMP and SUPER B FISH galvanized steel wire ropes for fishing have been designed according to the heavy work loads fishing ships carry out, as well as the great power developed by these ships today.
Our high quality thoroughly meets the demands of the modern fisherman’s most important work tool, high resistance, long life wire ropes.
The production of our fishing wire ropes is meticulously monitored during the drawing, galvanization, stranding and closing process-es. The most rigid international standards are set for the produc-tion of fishing wire ropes. Our quality control is not just limited to approving final wires ropes, but to strict oversight during each one of the manufacturing processes. It is thanks to this attetion to de-tail that we produce fishing cables of unbeatable quality.
Wire Ropes for Fishing
All of the wires in our fishing wire ropes are strong, resistant to tension and heavily galvanized.
Together, these factors make our wire ropes resistant to corro-sion, abrasion, squashing and yet still maintain a great flexibility, an important requirement in this type of wire ropes.
The individual diameter of the wires and the geometric design of the strands have been technically and carefully calculated, thus giving the SUPER B fishing wire ropes magnificent physical properties.
The polypropylene center is specifically designed for our fishing wire ropes. It is dense, uniform and resistant to seawater. It has the best characteristics of natural fiber core strands but none of the disadvantages.
DIAGNOSTIC CHART FOR FAULTS IN WIRE ROpES AND ITS CAUSES
Fault Symptom Possible Cause
By Shipping
Squashing of the Wire Rope
• Excessive amount of wire rope on one roll to dispatch • Another transported roll hitting the cable • Falling of roll off of truck • Roll drum open
Bending and Coils • Rolling the wire rope over the roll in a loose mannerMold • Deficient Storage
By Installation
Bending and Coils • Improper braking or elevation of the roll • Throwing or dragging the cable around a post or sharp point • Improper transfer of wire rope from roll to spool
Excessive Abrasion • Improper functioning of friction caused by the equipment itself or other equipment nearby or in front
High or Mounted Strands • Improper weave, connection or grip • Utilization of nails or other objects between the strands
By Use
Squashing of Wire Rope
• Improper transfer between roll and drum • Overly compressed wire rope • Poor rolling on the spool • Blows to equipment
Bends or Coils• Jumping pulleys • Operation over small diameter pulleys • Pulling out on the wire rope when its loose and in line caused by being too open or too stretched • Poor rolling on the roll • Lifting the wire rope with a pointed object without protection • Broken rolls
Corrosion or Wet • Poor rolling on the roll lack of lubrication • Poor rolling on the roll fluids or corrosive atmosphere
Exploded Core • Momentary compression force in the wire rope which pushes the strands• Colliding with fluid in a well at high velocity • Rolling on small diameter drums • Squashing on the roll
Excessive Abrasion • Improper work. Tight or adjusted pulley mouth. • Poorly aligned pulleys. Presence of abrasive material
Broken Wires
• Fatigue by excessive turns over small diameter pulleys or contrary inclination• Formation of martensite caused by heating (friction with an object that causes sparks) • Sliding over a worn surface• Damaged core caused by overloading• Little wire rope mobility cause by stretch-throat pulleys • Vibrations caused by defected rollings • Excessive wire rope velocity • Broken pulleys or rolls • Corrugated pulleys
Spaces in the Weave • Load suddenly dropped
Mounted Strands • Cut sharp elements, accessories, or unions located in the area
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Wire Ropes for Fishing
pROBLEMS THAT CAN ARISE WITH pULLEYS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
Pulley Wire Rope Incidents, Causes Observations
Too Small Throat NormalThe wire rope fatigues rapidly becouse of brunt folds, which caused the outer strands to deteriorate quickly. The strands of the wire rope attack the pulley and draw a spiral print.
Replace the pulley.A convenient pulley should have a relation of 120 to 140° and the borders should have an inclination of 40 to 50°Overly Wide Throat Normal
The wire rope wears out due to the slidings and the inertia of the pulley, of a false throat, and fatigues prematurely due to abrasion.
Throats Signaled by a Print
NormalIf the previous wire rope had left an impression on the bottom of the throat, this can have a filing effect on the exterior wires of the wire rope.
Throats Signaled by a Side
Due to continuous excessive rubbing at a great deflection angle or a defective pulley – drum alignment.
Rectify the pulley or replace it well. Test alignment
Poorly Rectified Throats
A flat spot on a point on the pulley creates a bump in the wire rope each pulley revolution. The cumulative effects of this cause a constant fatigue on the exterior strands and engenders a vibration.
Replace or rectify
Used Pulley New The wire rope eliminates old impressions and wears quickly.
Bearing or Axis of Broken Pulley
NormalProvokes an oscillation and the cable whips around thus reducing its useful life. The wearing of the axis tends to cause a false rotation in the pulley and the wire rope fatigue, generally around the connection.
Replace the bearing or remount the axis
Poorly Rounded or Coated Pulleys
NormalThe wire rope also whips around and the damaged face can remove itself from use or at least rub together against the live edge, causing rapid wear.
Stiff Pulley Normal The wire rope is worn by filing and produces grooves in the pulley.Re-grease the axes of the pulleys and make sure they spin freely
Notched Pulley Normal A Notch can destroy thewire rope. Change Wire Rope
Undulated Pulley
Overly Heavy PulleysHas a moment of inertia such that its movement doesn’t adjust to the wire rope, and acts as a grinder against the exterior wires.
Change Wire Rope
Normal Pulley UsedThe diameter of the throat section results small, if a new wire rope is mounted, it will be too loose in the pulley and brush the sides of the pulley, deforming it and eventually destroying.
Too SmallThe wire rope, when isn´t tensioned, generally tends to flatten, then it deforms and eventually destroys.
