CAA Instructor Seminars 2007 PPL Terrain Awareness 1.
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Transcript of CAA Instructor Seminars 2007 PPL Terrain Awareness 1.
CAA Instructor Seminars 2007
PPL Terrain Awareness
1
Part 61 Stage II NPRM
• Terrain Awareness Training• Including Weather Awareness, esp wind• Acceptable to the Director• PPL level• CPL Role Training – requirements
proposed under Part 135, not 61
2
Minimum Requirements
• Low Flying & Terrain Awareness – all dual exercises
• Total: 5 hours comprising–Minimum 2 hours low flying training; and–Minimum 2 hours Terrain Awareness
training
3
Programme
• Training organisations develop TA training as it applies to their area
• Expand on syllabus requirements of low flying
• Incorporate increased level of experience & understanding regarding interaction with terrain & associated weather
4
Stage 1 Operating in a simulated confined space
• Aim:– Initially simple exercise exploring pilot’s & aircraft
capability to operate in a confined area
• Exercise:– Define a simulated confined area– Obstacle free– Clearly defined boundaries– Flat paddock 500m X 500m
5
Continuing Exercise
• Using ‘clean’ & ‘Poor Visibility’ configurations– Fly boundaries–Use all available space–Use minimum angle of bank–Commence with larger area–Reduce to desired confined size
6
Principles
• Develop awareness of space & inertia• Use all available space• Minimise bank angle therefore Vs• Use only required power• Safe speed between Va & Vs appropriate
to conditions & loading (clean etc )• Develop weather awareness, esp wind
7
Stage II Operating in a confined space
• Aim:– Apply technique & skill used in Stage I– Use actual area confined by terrain– Develop further awareness of space & inertia
• Exercise:– Relocate to suitable valley or gully– Repeat Stage I exercise– Ensure terrain above – less defined horizon
8
Principles
• Identify useable imaginary horizon by visualising where sky meets the sea as if terrain or obstacle to the visual horizon were transparent
• Use this horizon line to reference nose attitude– In S & L flight– In level turning flight
9
Continuing Principles
• Appropriately position the aircraft to– Execute level 180° and 360° turns–Use all available space–Minimize bank angle–Only sufficient power to maintain safe
speed between Va & Vs appropriate to conditions and loading
10
Stage III Crossing ridges, saddles or passes
• Aim:– Safely cross ridges, saddles or passes–Apply appropriate decision making–Determine safest compromise of options &
principles
11
Continue Saddle Crossing
• Exercise: – Use ridges into valley in Stage II... Or other ridge– Assess appropriate flight path for approach,
crossing, & after crossing – Apply safest compromise of options & principles
involved– Experience where possible merits of L to R, R to L
and re-crossing where safely possible
12
Continue Saddle Crossing
• Principles:–Apply sound decision making–Assess approach, the crossing, & flight path
after–Have escape routes available –Minimize commitment period
13
Summary & Recommendations
• High mountains not required to establish basic principles
• Stage I possible in most LFA’s• Alternative – 500’ above suitable defined area• Stage II & III – area safely enables turning
exercises and saddle/ridge crossings• Logbook signed – competence & minimum
experience met
14
Desirable: student experiences the exercises
• In clean & poor visibility configurations• In both calm & windy conditions
(<15knots)• In clear conditions & with some
precipitation • With 180° & 360° turns both ways
15
Instructor qualifications
• Require Terrain Awareness Instructor Authorisation
• Experience acceptable to the Director• Demonstrate competence to a GA Flight
Examiner
16
References
• Mountain Flying Training Guide• GAP booklets:–Mountain Flying– In, Out and Around Milford– In, Out and Around Mount Cook– Flight Instructor Guide
17
Questions
18