ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-1 CAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICA Descrierea tehnica (Technical Specification) reprezinta un document scris care precizeaza prin text o parte din informatiile din planul general si mai ales informatii complementare care impreuna cu reprezentarea grafica a planului general sa defineasca si sa descrie cat mai complet nava. Se intocmeste in faza initiala de proiectare si se actualizeaza pas cu pas pe masura evolutiei proiectului.Caracteristicile navei rezultate din descrierea tehnica se pun de acord cu cerintele clientului si servesc ca informatii de baza la stabilirea pretului navei si la negocierea contractului de constructie. Forma finala a descrierii tehnice se include in documentatia trimisa la avizare si in documentatia predata la nava. Continutul descrierii trebuie sa acopere toate aspectele tehnice si legale.In general armatorul si constructorul au tendinte diferite in redactarea specificatiei. Armatorul va pune accent pe performantele operationale ale navei si echipamentelor fara a insista asupra detaliilor tehnice care specifica cum se ating aceste performante.Pe de alta parte, constructorul prefera sa fie mentionate caracteristici tehnice precise. Indiferent de cine a redactat forma initiala a specificatiei, aceasta trebuie negociata in detaliu si pusa de acord intre armator si constructor. Aveasta deoarece specificatia este parte la contract si in caz de disputa orice cuvant si orice cifra devine importanta. Pentru a evita confuzii si contradictii este de dorit: -sa se evite erorile de formulare -specificatia sa fie redactata pe baza unui format standard ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-2 Erorile de formulare De regula specificatia este scrisa de una din parti, armator sau constructor si face parte integranta din contractul de constructie. Nu intodeuna o specificatie este scrisa cu buna credinta, drept urmare erorile de formulare pot fi din greseala sau intentionate. Indiferent de natura lor, cele mai frecvente erori sunt: -omisiunea: anumite caracteristici sau cerinte sunt omise din descrierea tehnica; in acest caz constructorul nu mai are obligatia de a respecta cerintele omise, chiar daca aceste cerinte sunt de bun simt sau evidente -repetitia: aceeasi cerinta poate fi mentionata in mai multe locuri in descriere. Exista riscul ca in caz de modificare, aproape sigur, una sa fie uitata iar confuzia sa devina motiv de disputa. -formularile evazive de tipul spre satisfactia clientului sau conform practicii uzuale sunt subiective si in caz de litigiu nu pot fi cuantificate. -definirea excesiva: a nu se uita ca specificatia tehnica este intocmita pe baza proiectului preliminar unde nu toate aspectele sunt clarificate in detaliu. O definire excesiva a unor caracteristici (grosimi, diametre, dotari, etc.) poate intra in contradictie cu reglementarile Societatii de Clasificare si genera dispute. Solutia consta in formulari de tipul conform cerintelor Societatii de Clasificare -dubla definire: exista cazuri cand se definesc ca cerinte marimi derivate; de ex. se defineste si viteza si puterea motorului sau dimensiunile principale si deadweight-ul si alte asemenea perechi care de fapt rezulta una din alta. Exista riscul ca respecitivele cerinte sa fie incompatibile si trebuiesc evitate. -nominalizarea furnizorilor (ex: motoare Caterpillar) poate fi benefica sau daunatoare dupa caz si trebuie utilizata cu prudenta. Recomandata este nominalizarea unei liste de potentiali furnizori (makers list) astfel incat sa se asigure si un echipament la un standard ridicat dar si sa se dea posibilitatea negocierii pretului intre diferiti furnizori. ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-3 Standardizarea formatului Uniformizarea formularilor Modul gramatical in care se scrie o descriere tehnica nu este standardizat. Exista mai multe posibilitati: -modul fara verb: grosimea conform Regulilor -modul prezent: grosimea este conform Regulilor -modul viitor: grosimea va fi conform Regulilor -modul imperativ: grosimea sa fie conform Regulilor -modul infinitiv: grosimea fiind conform Regulilor Adoptarea uneia sau alteia dintre variante este la latitudinea celui care redacteaza specificatia, dar odata adoptata, maniera de exprimare trebuie mentinuta. O schimbare a manierei de exprimare pe parcursul documentului poate fi interpretata ca o schimbare de importanta a respectivei cerinte si poate duce la confuzii sau litigii. Un alt aspect il constituie uniformitatea stilului, stiut fiind ca in general capitole diferite sunt scrise de persoane diferite, pe specialitati. Este necesar un coordonator care sa uniformizeze formatarea, referintele si formularile. Structurarea documentului Este de dorit ca specificatia sa aiba un format unitar cu capitole si sub-capitole predefinite. In acest fel se evita probleme legate de omisiuni si repetitii, permitand si gasirea rapida a informatiei. Gruparea diverselor elemente de descriere sub anumite capitole poate fi diferita de la caz la caz in functie de tipul navei si in functie de cine a intocmit specificatia. In cadrul fiecarui capitol se face o descriere cat mai detaliata a particularitatilor constructive, caracteristicilor si echipamentelor.In general, gruparea se face pe deoartamente- general, corp, masini, electric, amenajati, etc.Este evident ca in functie de tipul si dotarea navei navei, anumite capitole pot lipsi sau pot apare capitole noi. ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-4 In continuare se indica trei tipuri de structurare a descrierii tehnice, prima conform traditiei din constructiile navale romanesti, a doua conform Practical Ship Design si a treia conform standardelor Damen Shipyard (exemplu pentru o nava de dragare). In anexa la capitolul C3 se prezinta un document emis de departamentul transporturilor din Statele Unite ca format recomandat de intocmire a descrierii tehnice pentru navele comerciale. Variantele preluate din bibliografie au fost mentinute special in limba engleza pentru a se evita confuziile de traducere si pentru a pastra termenii consacrati. Asa cum se observa nu exista un standar unitar, fiecare model avand avantajele si dezavantajele sale.ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-5 Formatul ICEPRONAV 1.Tipul si destinatia navei 2.Clasa navei 3.Reguli si Regulamente utilizate4.Caracteristicile principale ale navei 4.1Dimensiuni principale 4.2Capacitate de transport 4.3Capacitati tancuri 4.4Putere, viteza si autonomie 4.5Echipaj 5.Compartimentare6.Corpul metalic 6.1Materiale 6.2Distante regulamentare si sistemul de osatura 6.3Fundul navei 6.4Bordaje 6.5Punti si platforme 6.6Guri de magazie 6.7Pereti transversali si longitudinali 6.8Postamenti 6.9Suprastructuri 6.10Cosul de fum 6.11Parapet, balustrazi, brau ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-6 7.Masini si instalatii de masini 7.1Masini de propulsie 7.2Lnii de arbori 7.3Propulsorul 7.4Instalatia energetica 7.5Caldarine 7.6Instalatia de combustibil 7.7Instalatia de ungere 7.8Instalatia de racire 7.9Instalatia de evacuare gaze 7.10Ventilatie CM 7.11Instalatia de aer comprimat 8.Instalatii si echipamente de corp si punte 8.1Instalatia de balast8.2Instalatia de drenaj-santina 8.3Instalatia de stins incendiu 8.4Instalatia de apa potabila 8.5Instalatii frigorifice 8.6Instalatia de ventilatie si conditionare 8.7Instalatia de incalzire 8.8Instalatia de scurgeri sanitare 8.9Instalatia de tratare a reziduurilor 8.10Instalatia de sonde si aerisiri 8.11Instalatia de guvernare ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-7 8.12Greement si catarge 8.13Echipamente de semnalizare 8.14Instalatia de salvare 8.15Instalatia de manevra-legare 8.16Instalatia de ancorare 8.17Instalatia de remorcare 8.18Rampe si capace 8.19Instalatia de manipulat marfa 8.20Instalatia de amarare incarcatura 9.Instalatii electrice 9.1Generatoare 9.2Tablouri electrice 9.3Cabluri electrice 9.4Actionari9.5Protectii si semnalizari 9.6Automatizari 9.7Telecomenzi 9.8Pupitre de comanda 9.9Instalatia de iluminat principala si de avarie 9.10Instalatia de avertizare incendiu 9.11Echipamente de navigatie 9.12Echipamente radio si comunicatii 9.13Antene 9.14Comunicarii interioare ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-8 10.Amenajari 10.1Materiale si mobilier 10.2Izolatii si captuseli 10.3Usi, ferestre, scari 10.4Amenajari cabine 10.5Amenajari culoare, saloane, spatii de recreere 10.6Amenajare timonerie 10.7Amenajare spatii tehnice 11.Vopsitorie 12.Inventar si piese de rezerva 13.Balast solid 14.Protectie catodica 15.Inspectii si probe 16.Cerinte speciale 17.Volumul documentatiei 18.Specificatie de materiale si greutati19.Specificatie de echipamente ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-9 Formatul recomandat de WATSON in Practical Ship Design 1General Specification 1.1General Description 1.2Principal Dimensions 1.3Deadweight and Capacities 1.4Machinery, Power and Speed 1.5Hull Form and Model Testing 1.6Stability and Trim Requirements 1.7Ship Operating Conditions 1.8Vibration and Noise Levels 1.9Alterations and Additions 1.10Classification, Regulations 1.11Certificates 1.12Working Plans 1.13As Fitted Plans and Instruction Manuals 1.14Inspections, Tests and Trials 1.15Materials and Workmanship, Cleanliness 1.16Standardisation 1.17Spares 1.18Contract and Completion 1.19 ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-10 2Hull Specification 2.1Structure 2.1.1 General, Materials and Methods 2.1.2 Shell Plating and Framing 2.1.3 Stem, Sternframe, Rudder and Stock 2.1.4 Bottom Construction and Machinery Seats 2.1.5 Bulkheads and Tanks 2.1.6 Decks, Pillars and Girders 2.1.7 Casings and Superstructure 2.1.8 Stairs and Ladders 2.1.9 Access Hatches and Doors 2.1.10Masts and Miscellaneous Steelwork 2.1.11 2.2Specialist Hull (Dry Cargo Ships) 2.2.1 Cargo hatches and Doors 2.2.2 Cargo Handling Gear 2.2.3 Cargo Stowage 2.2.4 Cargo Ventilation 2.2.5 Cargo and Stores Refrig. Mc. 2.2.6 Cargo and Stores Insulation 2.2.7ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-11 2.2Specialist Hull (Tankers) 2.2.1 Cargo Hatches 2.2.2 Cargo Pumps 2.2.3 PumpRoom 2.2.4 Tank Piping 2.2.5 Deck Piping 2.2.6 Cargo Heating 2.2.7Remark:Other modified versions of this section can be devised for different ship types 3Accommodation 3.1Joinerwork General 3.2Furniture and Fittings 3.3Upholstery 3.4Sidelight and Windows 3.5Cabins and Offices 3.6Bathrooms and Lavatories 3.7Public Rooms 3.8Galleys and Pantries 3.9Store Rooms and Lockers 3.10Air Conditioning and Ventilation 3.11 ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-12 4 Hull Machinery and Deck Equipment 4.1Steering Gear 4.2Bow and Stern Thrusters 4.3S tabilisers 4.4Anchoring and Mooring Equipment 4.5Anchors, Cables and Hawsers 4.6Rails and Stanchions 4.7Rigging, Awnings and Covers 4.8Stores Cranes 4.9 5 Navigation and Safety Equipment 5.1Navigation Spaces 5.2Navigation Equipment 5.3Navigation Lights 5.4Radio, Radar, Direction Finder 5.5Communication Systems 5.6Clocks, Flags, Bells. 5.7Lifesaving Appliances 5.8Fire Detection and Extinguishing 5.9 ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-13 6Pipework Systems 6.1Piping General 6.2Sanitary Fittings 6.3Water Supplies 6.4Scuppers, Discharges and Sewage System 6.5Fire and Wash deck System 6.6Bilge, Ballast and Fuel Systems 6.7Air and Sounding Pipes, Depth Gauges 6.8Steam Heating 6.9Miscellaneous 6.10 7Finishing, Stores and Spare Gear 7.1Deck Coverings 7.2Painting 7.3Cathodic Protection 7.4Insulation 7.5Nameplates and Notices 7.6Bosuns, Carpenters and Stewards Stores 7.7Spare Gear 7.8Owners Supply 7.9 ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-14 8Machinery Specification 8.1General 8.1.1 Machinery General 8.1.2 Design Conditions 8.1.3 Machinery Schedule 8.1.4 Shop Trials 8.2Main Propulsion Machinery 8.2.1 Main Engine 8.2.2 Couplings 8.2.3 Gearbox 8.2.4 Shafting and Sterntube 8.2.5 Propeller 8.3Auxiliary Machinery 8.3.1 Main Generators 8.3.2 Emergency Generator 8.3.3 Steam Generating Plant 8.3.4 Heat Exchangers 8.3.5 Pumps 8.3.6 Air Compressors 8.3.7 Separators 8.3.8 Incinerator 8.3.9 Water Purification Plant 8.3.10 ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-15 8.4Piping Systems in Engine Room 8.4.1 Fresh Water Systems 8.4.2 Sea Water Systems 8.4.3 Fuel Oil systems 8.4.4 Lub. Oil Systems 8.4.5 Compressed Air Systems 8.4.6 Steam Systems 8.4.7 Condensate and Boiler Feed Systems 8.4.8 Bilge and Ballast, General Service, Fire Fighting 8.4.9 Pipework Standards, Joints, Valves and Fittings 8.4.10Lagging and Insulation 8.4.11 8.5Engine Room Equipment 8.5.1 Uptakes, Silencers and Funnel 8.5.2 Floorplates, Gratings, Ladders 8.5.3 Ventilation 8.5.4 Tanks in Engine Room 8.5.5 Workshop and Storeroom 8.5.6 Fire Extinguishing 8.5.7 Painting 8.5.8 Lifting Gear 8.5.9 Spare Gear and Tools ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-16 8.6Controls, Instruments and Alarms 8.6.1 General 8.6.2 Machinery Control Room 8.6.3 Bridge Control 8.6.4 Local Control Stations 8.6.5 Automatic Control of Machinery and Systems 8.6.6 Components 8.6.7 Calibration and Testing 9Electrical Specification 9.1General 9.1.1 Description 9.1.2 Classification and Regulations 9.1.3 Enclosures 9.1.4 Plans and Information 9.1.5 Inspections, Tests and Trials 9.1.6 Access and Handling Facilities 9.2Supply and Distribution 9.2.1 General 9.2.2 Main Generators 9.2.3 Emergency Generator 9.2.4 Shore Supply 9.2.5 Transformer 9.2.6 Main Switchboard 9.2.7 Emergency Switchboard 9.2.8 Auxiliary Distribution Boards ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-17 9.2.9 24 Volt Supply and Distribution 9.3Cables, Motors and Controllers 9.3.1 Cables General 9.3.2 Installation and Penetrations 9.3.3 Motors 9.3.4 Controllers 9.4Lighting and Domestic Services 9.4.1 General Lighting 9.4.2 Emergency Lighting 9.4.3 Navigation Lighting 9.4.4 Searchlights and Signal Lights 9.4.5 Handlamps 9.4.6 Switches and Sockets 9.4.7 Galley equipment 9.4.8 Laundry and Drying Room Equipment 9.4.9 Space Heating 9.5Alarms, Low Power Services, Spare Gear and Tools 9.5.1 Alarms 9.5.2 Emergency Stop Facilities 9.5.3 Internal Communications 9.5.4 External Communications 9.5.5 Navigation Equipment 9.5.6 Miscellaneous L.P. Equipment 9.5.7 Spare Gear, Stores and Tools ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-18 Formatul DAMEN 000General items 000.01General description and main dimensions 000.02Principal dimensions 000.03Performances 000.04Deadweight 000.05Tank capacities (approx.) 000.06Range/ endurance 000.07Environmental conditions 000.08Fuel oil quality 000.09Definitions 000.10Quality policy 000.11Workmanship 000.12Materials 000.13Makers list 000.14Modifications 000.15Delivery 030Classification and certificates 031Classification society and class notation 032Flag state authorities 033Other authorities / certificates 040Tests / trials 041Provisions for factory tests 042Provisions for harbour tests 043Provisions for sea trials 048Fuel oil 070Delivery and client costs 071Manuals / documentation ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-19 072Ship models / photos / film 073Cleaning costs 074Client supervision costs 075Owner deliveries 100Shipbuilding (hull and outfitting) 110Hull 110.01General description 110.02Tank configuration 110.03Hopper 110.04Sea chests 110.05Bilge keels 110.06Anchor pockets/hawse pipes 110.07Chain lockers 110.08Bulwark 110.09Deck camber 120Superstructure 120.01Deckhouse 120.02Wheelhouse 120.03Technical space 120.04Casings 130Hatches / doors / windows131Hatches 132Manholes / manhole covers 133Watertight / weather tight doors 135Windows / portholes / blindages 139Docking plugs / drain plugs 140Stairs / ladders / platforms 141Stairs / ladders / climbing steps 142Railings / handrails / grips ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-20 143Platforms / gratings 144Boarding platform gangway 150Additions to ship's construction 153Bollards / bitts 154Lifting lugs 158Masts 159Markings hull / superstructure 160Corrosion protection / deck covering 161Paint system 162Deck covering (outside) 163Cathodic protection 164Active anti fouling system 200Main machinery 210Propulsion system 211Propulsion engine system 212Reduction gear system 213Thrust system / shafts 214Control system propulsion 220Steering system 221Rudder installation 222Steering gear system 223Transverse thrusters 250Dredge system 252Draghead, trailing suction pipe and side flange 253Dredge / discharge pump 254Gantries, winches and swell compensator 255Dredge piping system 256Dumping system / Overflow / PMOB 258Dredge drive systems ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-21 259Supporting dredge systems 300Primary ship systems 310Bilge / ballast / internal fifi 311Bilge system 312Ballast system 313Deckwash / internal fifi system 320Fuel oil system 321Fuel oil transfer system 322Fuel oil supply system 330Cooling water system 340Fresh / sea water / sewage system 341Fresh water supply system 343Sanitary gravity discharge system 345Waste water treatment system 346Internal deck scuppers / drainpipes 350Filling, sounding and de-aeration system 360Lubrication system 361Lubrication system 362Dirty-oil system 363Sludge system 364Crank case de-aeration 370HVAC system 371Ventilation system 372Air conditioning system 373Heating system 380Exhaust system 400Electrical system 410Power generating system 411Generator sets ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-22 415Shore connection / batteries / UPS 420Cables 430Switchboards & components 440Alarm / monitoring system 450Lighting 500Deck equipment 510Anchor equipment 520Mooring system 540Hoisting equipment 570Life saving / fire protection 570.01General 570.02Rescue boat 570.03Davit rescue boat 570.04Life rafts 570.05Other lifesaving equipment 570.06Fire prevention 570.07Fire fighting equipment 570.08Fire extinguishers 600Secondary ship systems 610Hydraulic system 620Compressed air system 622Working / control air system 670Fixed internal fifi system 680Cold store / freezing room system 700Joinery / accommodation 710Joinery 715Insulation 716Fixed furniture 719Accommodation accessories ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-23 720Wheelhouse / crew accommodation 721Wheelhouse 722Living quarters 723Galley / pantry 724Mess room 726Laundry room 729Other accommodation spaces 740Technical spaces 741Main engine room 742Thruster / steering gear room 745Switchboard room 747Emergency generator room 750Stores / workshops 751Cool / freeze / dry stores 752Rope / boatswain / deck stores 754Paint store 756Engine room workshop / tools 757Deck workshops 780Service yard eq & spares 782Obligatory spare parts 795Miscellaneous 800Nautical / comms / automation 810Navigation lighting / signals 811Navigation lighting 812Searchlight system 813Signals / flags 820Nautical / bridge system 821Integrated bridge system ARHITECTURA NAVEICAPITOLUL 3 DESCRIEREA TEHNICAPAG. 3-24 822Radar equipment 823Electronic Chart System 824(D)GPS navigation 825Compass / Gyro 826Autopilot 828Echo sounder 829Speed log 840Internal communication system 841Intercom 842Internal telephone system 850External communication system 851(GMDSS) communication station 855GSM telephone system 858AIS 860Infotainment / office / automation 870Meteorological equipment 871Baro / thermo / hygro meter(s) 872Anemometer Abbreviations Units