C2 Patterns of Behaviour Intermediate

Q1. Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate. The word equation for this reaction is:

sodium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → sodium chloride + water + carbon dioxide

(a) The diagram shows apparatus used by student X to investigate this reaction.

(i) Name the piece of apparatus labelled A.

............................................................................................................................ (1)

(ii) NaCO3 NaCl Na

2CO

3 Na

2Cl

Use the Data Sheet to help you choose the correct formula from the list for:

sodium carbonate, .........................................

sodium chloride. ............................................ (2)

(b) The diagram below shows a different apparatus used by student Y to investigate the same reaction.

(i) Name the pieces of apparatus labelled B and C.

B .......................................................................................................................

C ....................................................................................................................... (2)

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(ii) Both students X and Y used the same

• volume of acid

• concentration of acid

• temperature

• mass of sodium carbonate

Use information from the diagrams to explain why the reaction that student Y carried out was faster.

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............................................................................................................................ (2)

(c) The results obtained by student Y were plotted as shown below.

(i) Student Y repeated the experiment exactly as before but used warmer acid. This made the reaction faster. On the graph draw a line for this faster reaction.

(2)

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(ii) Explain, in terms of particles, why the rate of the reaction is faster when warmer acid is used.

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(Total 12 marks)

Q2. This question is about sodium chloride (common salt) which is an important chemical.

Sodium chloride can be made by burning sodium in chlorine gas.

(a) Balance the symbol equation for the reaction of sodium with chlorine.

Na(s) + Cl2(g) → NaCl(s)

(1)

(b) (i) Complete the diagrams below to show the electronic structures of a sodium and a chlorine atom. (Atomic number of sodium = 11 and chlorine = 17.)

(3)

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(ii) When sodium reacts with chlorine the sodium atoms are changed into sodium ions (Na+) and the chlorine atoms are changed into chlorine ions (Cl–).

Explain how:

1. a sodium atom changes into a sodium ion;

...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... (2)

2. a chlorine atom changes into a chloride ion.

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........................................................................................................................... (2)

(c) The element potassium is in the same group of the Periodic Table as sodium. Potassium reacts with chlorine to make potassium chloride which is sometimes used instead of common salt in cooking.

(i) Predict the formula of potassium chloride.

........................................................................................................................... (1)

By reference to the electronic structures of potassium and sodium explain:

(ii) Why the reaction of potassium with chlorine is similar to the reaction of sodium with chlorine.

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(d) The electrolysis of sodium chloride solution is an important industrial process. The diagrams below show two experiments set up during an investigation of the electrolysis of sodium chloride.

(i) What would be the reading on the ammeter in experiment 1?

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(ii) Explain your answer.

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(e) The equations below show the reactions which take place in experiment 2.

H2O(1) → H +

(aq) + OH– (aq)

2H+(aq) + 2e– → H

2(g)

2Cl–(aq) – 2e– → Cl2(g)

(i) Which substance provides hydrogen ions?

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) Name the product formed at:

(A) the positive electrode;

...........................................................................................................................

(B) the negative electrode.

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(Total 15 marks)

Q3. Calcium tablets are taken to build and maintain strong bones and teeth.

(a) These tablets react with hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

CaCO3( ) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl

2( ) + H

2O( ) + CO

2( )

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(i) Add all these missing state symbols to the balanced chemical equation.

(2)

(ii) The calcium salt that is formed is absorbed during digestion. What is the name of the calcium salt?

...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(b) The volume of carbon dioxide produced by one calcium tablet in the stomach can be found as shown.

The volume of carbon dioxide was recorded every 30 seconds until the reaction stopped.

Time in seconds 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Volume of gas in cm3

0 24 36 46 52 56 59 60 60

(i) Complete the graph of these results.

(3)

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(ii) Describe one way in which this reaction can be made to go faster.

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........................................................................................................................... (1)

(iii) A calculation, using the mass of this tablet, showed that 80 cm3 of carbon dioxide would be produced if the tablet was pure calcium carbonate. What do the results show about the purity of the tablet? Explain your answer by calculating the purity of this tablet.

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(Total 10 marks)

Q4. This question is about rates of reaction.

(a) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O

2) decomposes very slowly at room temperature.

(i) Complete the balanced chemical equation for this reaction by writing in the formula of the missing product.

2H2O

2 → 2 ............... + O

2

(1)

(ii) The decomposition is much faster if manganese oxide is mixed with the hydrogen peroxide. Complete the sentence.

Manganese oxide acts as a ................................... for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

(1)

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(b) In an experiment 1g of manganese oxide was mixed with 50 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution.

The results show the volume of oxygen collected during six minutes.

Time in minutes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Volume of oxygen in cm3

0 34.5 47.5 54.5 58.5 60.0 60.0

(i) Draw a graph of these results.

(3)

(ii) How long did it take for the decomposition to stop?

........................................................................................................................... (1)

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(iii) Why did the decomposition stop?

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(c) In a second experiment water had been added to the hydrogen peroxide solution. Again 50 cm3 of this hydrogen peroxide solution was mixed with 1g of manganese oxide.

(i) For this second experiment, sketch, on the same grid, a graph line you would expect to get.

(2)

(ii) In this second experiment, why would the rate of reaction be different to the first experiment?

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(Total 10 marks)

Q5. Bordeaux Mixture controls some fungal infections on plants.

A student wanted to make some Bordeaux Mixture.

(a) The student knew that calcium oxide could be made by heating limestone. Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO

3.

(i) Write the word equation for this reaction.

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) What type of reaction is this?

........................................................................................................................... (1)

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(b) The student knew that copper sulphate, CuSO4, could be made by the following general

reaction.

acid + base → salt + water

(i) What type of reaction is this?

........................................................................................................................... (1)

(ii) The base used is copper oxide. Name and give the chemical formula of the acid used.

Name ................................................................................................................

Chemical formula ............................................................................................. (2)

(c) The student wrote about how the copper sulphate was made.

“Some of the acid was warmed. Copper oxide was added. The mixture was stirred. More copper oxide was added until no more would react. The mixture was then filtered.”

(i) Why was the acid warmed?

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(ii) Copper oxide was added until no more would react. Explain why.

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(iii) The filtration apparatus is shown.

Describe and explain what happens as the mixture is filtered.

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(Total 10 marks)

Q6. The diagram shows the main parts of an instrumental method called gas chromatography linked to mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).

This method separates a mixture of compounds and then helps to identify each of the compounds in the mixture.

(a) In which part of the apparatus:

(i) is the mixture separated? ................................................................... (1)

(ii) is the relative molecular mass of each of the compounds in the mixture measured?

............................................................................................................... (1)

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(b) (i) Athletes sometimes take drugs because the drugs improve their performance. One of these drugs is ephedrine.

Ephedrine has the formula:

C10H

15NO

What relative molecular mass (Mr) would be recorded by GC-MS if ephedrine was

present in a blood sample taken from an athlete?

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

Relative atomic masses: H = 1; C = 12; N = 14; O = 16.

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Relative molecular mass = ..................................... (2)

(ii) Another drug is amphetamine which has the formula:

C9H

13N

The relative molecular mass (Mr) of amphetamine is 135.

Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in amphetamine.

Relative atomic mass: N = 14

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Percentage of nitrogen = ..................................... % (2)

(c) Athletes are regularly tested for drugs at international athletics events.

An instrumental method such as GC-MS is better than methods such as titration.

Suggest two reasons why.

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(d) When a blood sample is taken from an athlete the sample is often split into two portions. Each portion is tested at a different laboratory.

Suggest why.

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(Total 10 marks)

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C2 Patterns of Behaviour Intermediate

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