FAO Fisheries and

Aquaculture Circular

FIAM/C1121 (En)

ISSN 2070-6065

A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE INTHE VOLTA BASIN RIPARIAN COUNTRIES’ POST-HARVEST CHAINS AND REGIONAL TRADE

Cover photographs:

National post-harvest team, Ghana.

FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1121 FIAM/C1121 (En)

A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE INTHE VOLTA BASIN RIPARIAN COUNTRIES’ POST-HARVEST CHAINS AND REGIONAL TRADE

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2016

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.

ISBN 978-92-5-109334-4

© FAO, 2016

FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way.

All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to copyright@fao.org.

FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org.

iii

PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT Following the completion of the post-harvest loss assessment (PHLA) activities by the participating countries of the Volta Basin, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA) and FAO, through the NEPAD-FAO Fish Programme (NFFP), with the support of the Directorate of Fisheries of Burkina Faso, organized the regional workshop “Improvement of post-harvest chains and regional trade in countries bordering the Volta Basin”, which took place from 18 to 20 February 2014 in Ouagadougou. The workshop was attended by: participants from public administrations of Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali and Togo; professional organizations; fisheries and post-harvest experts; NFFP and FAO experts; and representatives of the authorities of the basins of the Volta and Lake Chad. The aim of the workshop was to draw lessons and key elements from the PHLA reports to then generate the informed “A Strategy for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in the Volta Basin riparian countries’ post-harvest chains and regional trade”. The Strategy was developed during a consultative process led by the NPCA and FAO, through NFFP and with the support of the beneficiary countries. Following highly interactive deliberations, the Strategy was drafted by a core of experts from the workshop, reviewed during a final workshop held on 13 and 14 May 2015 in Grand Bassam, Côte d’Ivoire and is presented here.

iv

FAO. 2016. A Strategy for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in the Volta Basin riparian countries’ post-harvest chains and regional trade. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1121. Rome, Italy.

ABSTRACT

Fisheries and aquaculture are essential for food and nutrition security, employment, income generation and improved livelihoods. The Volta Basin provides a significant number of fisheries and fisheries-related jobs. However, operations face significant challenges including multifaceted issues, with inefficiencies at the upstream and downstream levels. In order to understand how to improve this situation sustainably, the NEPAD-FAO Fish Programme (NFFP) conducted pilot studies on post-harvest fisheries losses in the riparian countries of the Volta Basin. The main objective was to gauge the performance of the post-harvest chain by assessing the causes, nature, contextual patterns and extent of these losses within this shared waterbody. The NFFP thus developed the capacity of fisheries officers and fishers in carrying out loss assessments and in designing sustainable loss-reduction cost-effective interventions. This comprised building a sound understanding of fish losses and their intricate dimensions, including a knowledge-sharing gender analysis process, and generating lessons and elements for an informed strategy for sustainable reduction of post-harvest losses and greater regional trade in fishery products. This strategy was developed following the regional workshop “Improvement of post-harvest chains and regional trade in countries bordering the Volta Basin”, which took place from 18 to 20 February 2014 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, organized by the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA) and FAO, through the NFFP with the support of the Directorate of Fisheries of Burkina Faso. This consultative meeting of stakeholders identified drivers and determinants of post-harvest fish losses and trade barriers in the Volta region.

v

CONTENTS

Preparation of this document iii Acknowledgements vi Abbreviations and acronyms vii

1. PURPOSE OF THE STRATEGY 1

1.1 Objectives 1

1.2 Context 2

2. RESULTS OF THE NFFP ASSESSMENTS ON CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE POST-HARVEST LOSSES 4

2.1 Common challenges in the six riparian countries of the Volta Basin 42.1.1 Specific gender issues in fish handling, processing and trade 42.1.2 Critical strategic issues in the fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest

chains and regional trade in the riparian countries of the Volta Basin 52.1.3 Assessment of cross-border trade 6

2.2 National results 62.2.1 Benin 62.2.2 Burkina Faso 62.2.3 Ghana 82.2.4 Côte d’Ivoire 112.2.5 Mali 122.2.6 Togo 12

2.3 Determinants and drivers of post-harvest losses and trade barriers in the six riparian countries of the Volta Basin 13

3. STRATEGIC PRIORITY AREAS OF INTERVENTION ON FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE POST-HARVEST CHAIN AND REGIONAL TRADE 23

3.1 Prioritization of key areas of intervention 23

3.2 Guidelines for a subregional programme and national action plans addressing priority areas of intervention 343.2.1 The role of the government 353.2.2 The role of the private sector 363.2.3 The overarching supporting umbrella: coordination, collaboration and

partnership 363.2.4 First cross-cutting beam: resilience and social protection 373.2.5 Second cross-cutting beam: gender concerns 373.2.6 Priority Area 1: Capacity development 383.2.7 Priority Area 2: Policy/regulations 383.2.8 Priority Area 3: Infrastructure/services 383.2.9 Priority Area 4: Technology/techniques 393.2.10 Priority Area 5: Market access 393.2.11 Priority Area 6: Consumer-level intervention 39

3.3 Coordination and monitoring of implementation 40

4. REFERENCES 41

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FAO and NPCA thank all those who contributed to the contents of this product, particularly: Patience Adabadzi, Paul Anoh, Emmanuel Nii Aryee, Julienne Bado Kabore, Charles Biney, Donikpo Coulibaly, Séraphin Nadjé Dedi, Ousmane Diallo, Yvette Diei-Ouadi, Hamady Diop, Labla Jérémie Diomande, Micheline Somplehi Dion, Tanah Djankla Modjosso, Ali Domatani, Akande R. Gbola, Olivia Gnakalé, Katrien Holvoet, David Gbetogo Houngue, Jackson Kangethe, Madi Maténé Keita, Serge Kinhebgede, Angèle Bokobosso Kissem, Allou Koffi, N’Gandi Jean-Serge Kouadio, Kokou Koudouvor, Fatimata Maiga, Sakchai McDonough, A. Séraphin N’Dri, Frieda Adjoa Oduro, Yacouba Ouedraogo, Matilda Quist, Illia Rosenthal, Emmanuel Sanou, Kouassi Franck Eric Sehi, David Signa, Gnandi Tabe, Kennely Wongla, Henri Zerbo and Antoinette Ziehi. Special gratitude goes to the various institutions responsible for fisheries in the Volta Basin riparian countries for their genuine cooperation. Their unwavering support in the process from capacity development and field studies to pilot interventions and the development of a common strategy was decisive in the attainment of this result. FAO and NPCA hereby acknowledge the immense contribution and diligence of the different country teams that were asked to participate in the NFFP for this purpose. FAO and NPCA would also like to thank the Volta Basin Authority for embracing the spirit of the work carried out and all those who, through their objective comments and recommendations, have contributed to consolidating this report.

vii

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AFPF & RS African Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy Framework and Reform Strategy CAMFA Conference of African Ministers of Fisheries and Aquaculture Code FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAPHC & RT fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest chain and regional trade FCWC Fisheries Committee for the West Central Gulf of Guinea GAP good aquaculture practice GHP good hygiene practice GMP good manufacturing practice HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points IUU Illegal, unreported and unregulated NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NFFP NEPAD-FAO Fish Programme NGO non-governmental organization NPCA NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency PAF International Partnership for African Fisheries Governance and Trade PHLA post-harvest loss assessment WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union VBA Volta Basin Authority

1

1. PURPOSE OF THE STRATEGY

Fisheries and aquaculture are essential for food and nutrition security, employment, income generation and improved livelihoods. The Volta Basin provides a significant number of fisheries and fisheries-related jobs. However, operations face significant challenges, with inefficiencies at the upstream and downstream levels that include multifaceted issues. In order to understand how to improve this situation sustainably, the NEPAD-FAO Fish Programme (NFFP) conducted pilot studies on post-harvest fisheries losses in the riparian countries of the Volta Basin. The main objective was to gauge the performance of the post-harvest chain by assessing the causes, nature, contextual patterns and extent of these losses within this shared waterbody. The NFFP thus developed the capacity of fisheries officers and fishers in carrying out loss assessment and in designing sustainable loss-reduction cost-effective interventions. This comprised building a sound understanding of fish losses and their intricate dimensions, including a knowledge-sharing gender analysis process, and generating lessons and elements for an informed strategy for sustainable reduction of post-harvest losses and greater regional trade in fishery products. This strategy was developed following the regional workshop “Improvement of post-harvest chains and regional trade in countries bordering the Volta Basin”, which took place from 18 to 20 February 2014 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The workshop was organized by the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA) and FAO, through the NFFP with the support of the Directorate of Fisheries of Burkina Faso. This consultative meeting of stakeholders identified drivers and determinants of post-harvest fish losses and trade barriers in the Volta region. The elements that were mapped out as well as the priority areas for interventions partially informed the meeting of senior fisheries and aquaculture officials, held on 28–29 April 2014, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, prior to the Second Conference of Africa Ministers of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CAMFA II), during which the African Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy Framework and Reform Strategy (AFPF & RS) was endorsed. This strategy is specifically consistent with its Section 4.4 on “Responsible and equitable fish trade and marketing”, as well as with other chapters regarding small-scale fisheries development, sustainable resource use, strengthening of resilience, vulnerability reduction and gender mainstreaming. It is therefore also in line with the principles and objectives of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication endorsed by FAO Members at the Thirty-first Session of the Committee on Fisheries, held in Rome, Italy, from 9 to 13 June 2014. 1.1 Objectives

Above all, this strategy is aligned with the objectives of the Malabo Declaration, in which the African Union Heads of State and Governments committed to reducing the existing level of post-harvest losses by at least 50 percent by 20251 as part of the continental challenge in the fight against food and nutrition insecurity. More precisely, this strategy aims to guide the actions to be undertaken at the level of the Volta Basin in order to improve the performance of the fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest chain and regional trade, based on the results of the post-harvest loss assessments (PHLAs) conducted in the riparian countries, which allowed the causes, nature, contextual patterns and extent of these losses within this shared waterbody to be gauged. Finally, the strategy and the actions that may result from it, such as a subregional programme, action plans and/or national projects, are intended as examples of good practice in reducing post-harvest losses to enable implementation of the same type of process in other geographical contexts.

1 The African Union Heads of State and Governments of the African Union met in June 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.

2

1.2 Context

In order to improve food security and livelihoods in the continent through proper management of African fish resources, NEPAD aims to strengthen Africa’s capacity to consider, determine and implement responsive reforms in fisheries governance and trade through the NEPAD Fisheries and Aquaculture Programme. In 2013, the Trade Working Group, under the International Partnership for African Fisheries Governance and Trade (PAF) initiative, published studies and implementation plans on: updated data on cross-border and international trade; the identification of obstacles (time and cost increase, trade governance, code of practices, hampering smooth imports and exports of fish, especially intra-regional trade); and loss reduction and value addition for better market access for fish and fisheries products. These were the essential components of the PAF programme, which ended in 2014. Securing post-harvest benefits through fish loss control has long been a concern of development practitioners committed to improving the livelihoods of fishers, processors and traders, and the contribution of fish products to food security. Cost-effective loss reduction would improve income, contributing to poverty eradication and improved food security. Article 11.1 Responsible fish utilization of FAO’s Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (1998) (the “Code”), recognized the important problem of fish losses and places an emphasis on loss reduction: Sub-article 11.1.5. States should give due consideration to the economic and social role of the

post-harvest fisheries sector when formulating national policies for the sustainable development and utilization of fishery resources.

Sub-article 11.1.6. States and relevant organizations should sponsor research in fish technology and quality assurance and support projects to improve post-harvest handling of fish, taking into account the economic, social, environmental and nutritional impact of such projects.

Sub-article 11.1.7. States, noting the existence of different production methods, should through cooperation and by facilitating the development and transfer of appropriate technologies, ensure that processing, transporting and storage methods are environmentally sound.

Sub-article 11.1.8. States should encourage those involved in fish processing, distribution and marketing to: a. reduce post-harvest losses and waste; b. improve the use of by-catch to the extent that this is consistent with responsible fisheries

management practices; and c. use the resources, especially water and energy, in particular wood, in an environmentally sound

manner. The most obvious means to increase fish supply, even without increased landings, is to reduce losses of what is currently caught. Yet, a rational use of already scarce development resources, together with planning and implementation of effective loss reduction strategies, requires that losses be thoroughly assessed and due attention be given to reducing those that are significant (Akande and Diei-Ouadi, 2010). Post-harvest losses pose not only a threat to food and nutrition security, but also to the livelihoods of the value chain actors involved and to natural resources sustainability. Because of their structural limitations, small-scale fisheries are the most affected. Addressing the multifaceted dimensions of post-harvest losses compounded by the dispersed nature of small-scale operations requires a holistic approach. This entails first understanding their contextual occurrence in order to then set baselines (including priority losses) and establish milestones to gauge progress in loss reduction efforts. Between 2006 and 2008, under an FAO initiative, assessments were undertaken in five sub-Saharan countries, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania (Akande and Diei-Ouadi, 2010) as part of the validation process of the PHLA methods and capacity building. This led to the publication of a manual for extension workers (Diei-Ouadi and Mgawe, 2011). The work of the NFFP in the Volta Basin has centred on applying these validated loss assessment methods to take stock of mainstreaming important gender considerations, climate changes and any other eventual vulnerability factor in order to then identify the key drivers of losses that affect trade within the riparian countries.

3

This has been a collaborative effort between fisheries institutions providing logistical support and the teams of fish loss assessors, while NFFP has provided capacity building and support to all the activities in the field. This work has been consistent with Section 4.4 Responsible and equitable fish trade and marketing of the African Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy Framework and Reform Strategy (AFPF & RS)2 and other chapters regarding small-scale fisheries development, sustainable resource use, gender issues, strengthening of resilience and vulnerability reduction. This strategy, which is one of NFFP’s final outputs, will help consolidate the efforts of the riparian countries of the Volta Basin in effectively implementing the reforms endorsed by CAMFA II in Addis Ababa, on 1 and 2 May 2014. It reflects the buy-in of both high-level officials and representatives of fishers, processors and traders during the assessment process, from the desk review to the field data collection and sharing. In addition, the involvement of the Volta Basin Authority (VBA) during the final workshop, where the elements of a common strategy were developed, is a clear indication of their level of ownership, which is essential to implementing the AFPF & RS in the context of the Volta Basin.

2 www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/documents/30266-doc-au-ibar_-_fisheries_policy_framework_and_ reform_strategy.pdf

4

2. RESULTS OF THE NFFP ASSESSMENTS ON CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE POST-HARVEST LOSSES

Estimates of Volta Lake’s fishery potential range from 40 000 to 271 000 tonnes, but there is no consensus on what the most accurate figures may be within this broad range (Béné and Russell, 2007). However, fisheries-related activities make a substantial contribution to the livelihoods of Volta Basin households and are the primary income-generating activity for most families in the area, contributing more than 70 percent of revenue on average and reflecting that fishing is a major activity for communities along the shores of the basin. Fishing is mostly carried out by men, and the processing, chiefly by women. Post-harvest fisheries losses are of great concern because they equate to a loss of valuable animal protein and nutrients for consumers and lost income for fishers, processors and traders. Therefore, reducing losses is an important development goal for the fisheries sector. Three types of losses have been identified in the supply chain of fresh wild tilapia that are of importance according to the NFFP study conducted in 2013 (FAO, 2015). The study showed that losses in quality and those due to market forces are significant, while losses in quantity (fish removed from the supply chain, also known as physical losses) are generally very low. As shown in Figure 1, total cumulative losses over a year of production average 27 percent, with levels ranging from 13.5 to 45.5 percent depending on the country. However, these average figures mask significant differences that exist between fishing sites, stakeholder groups and countries (FAO, 2015). Figure 1. Total post-harvest losses in Volta Basin fisheries (%)

Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. 2.1 Common challenges in the six riparian countries of the Volta Basin

2.1.1 Specific gender issues in fish handling, processing and trade

The country studies showed that post-harvest operations conducted by women and members of vulnerable groups are hampered by a number of factors that lead to a significant differences between men and women, and between marginalized and well-off value chain actors. Figure 2 illustrates these dimensions of losses – losses in quality, losses in quantity and losses due to market forces.

024681012141618

Physicallosses Qualitylosses Lossesduetomarketforces

1.19

17.34

8.53

%

Losses in quantity Losses in Quality Losses due to market forces

5

Figure 2. Main gender issues in processing and sale

Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. 2.1.2 Critical strategic issues in the fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest chains and regional trade in the riparian countries of the Volta Basin

The pilot study identified three major types of losses in the region: physical losses, quality losses, and losses due to market forces. A number of factors contributing to these losses were identified during the study: Basic amenities and infrastructures are almost non-existent and/or in poor condition at fishing,

processing and marketing sites. There is a prevalence of high rates of illiteracy, poor group dynamics and individualism among the

major actors. There is also a gender imbalance in the fish trade, which is predominantly carried out by women, who constitute 95 percent of fish processors and often combine running the household with fish smoking activities and trade. This results in losses incurred because of divided interest between processing activities and household tasks, especially regarding child care.

Marketing is mostly local but also takes place in major cities in the basinwhich triggers losses incurred during transit due to armed robbery attacks, and vehicle breakdowns due to poor road conditions and poor communication infrastructure.

The lack of flexibility in the market structure/institutional set-up within a context of difficult preservation and storage conditions of both fresh and processed fish also contributes to increasing eventual losses.

Trade volumes are rarely documented. The three types of losses differ between countries and fishing sites to varying levels and have

different degrees of impacts on livelihoods and food security. There is a relationship between the operators’ precarious financial resources and their access to

technology.

6

There is a link between vulnerability to losses and coping strategies and the sustainability of the natural resources.

Climate/environment change affects not only the type and volume of landings, but also downstream activities.

There are significant impacts of human activities such as pollution of the river banks. There are regional trade dynamics and barriers.

2.1.3 Assessment of cross-border trade

Trade within the riparian countries has been informal, with little documentation or no data recording the types of products, the volume of trade, or the issues linked to difficulties with authorities. Pittaluga et al. (2003) estimated that 30 percent of fish caught are sold by local fish traders (female intermediaries): 15 percent by the young and small-scale fish traders on the beach, and 15 percent sold by the wives of fishers directly to fish traders distant from markets. Wholesale fish traders purchase about 40 percent. A large proportion of the fish is sold wholesale. Wholesale traders travel to fishing villages to purchase processed fish and return to the lakeside market within the next 2–3 days with the fish to prepare its transport to urban centres. At times, multiple intermediaries may be involved in handling the fish before it reaches markets. The volume of fish bought by the distant fish traders (not the local female intermediaries who can grant credit and other services) is a function of two dominant variables: financial and social assets. Successful experienced traders can benefit from the trust they have acquired during their long relationships with the fishers. This facilitates their purchase on credit, which is then paid on subsequent visits. In addition, some wholesale fish traders own a number of fishing winch-net and gillnet fishing boats, and hire them out to fishers to work for them and take over the control of fish caught by these fishers. 2.2 National results

2.2.1 Benin

Fish production is an important para-agricultural activity in the basin. Although fish are abundant in the Oti River in Benin, fisheries activities in this country are limited compared with those in Ghana and Burkina Faso. Further studies are needed on the fisheries activities in the Volta Basin in Benin. 2.2.2 Burkina Faso

Losses in Burkina Faso are essentially caused by: the inadequate cold chain; poor handling practices; the long fish collection time; inefficient smoking techniques; and ill-timed and mismanaged imports of tilapia during the local peak fishing season. The major losses incurred by dealers of fresh fish are due to inadequate preservation prior to marketing, given insufficient icing or the lack of proper storage conditions; fish is improperly stowed in makeshift poorly insulated containers. On average, the various losses are 60 percent of the total tonnage sold by wholesalers, of which losses due to market forces represent 40 percent; quality losses, 14 percent; and physical losses, 6 percent, as shown in Figure 3.

7

Figure 3. Post-harvest losses in financial terms, Burkina Faso

Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. As a result of the above, fishmongers lose about 23 percent of expected annual sales. The monetary impact of physical losses and those due to market forces represent 6 and 5 percent, respectively, of wholesalers’ turnover. Quality losses drain wholesalers’ financial gains by 12 percent. Losses due to market forces are more important in terms of tonnage, but the financial impact is less compared to quality losses. For fishers, qualitative losses occur predominantly during the setting of gillnet gear, which is used on every site, and during transport of fish ashore. The main causes of losses in quality for fishers are poor water quality, the capture of small-sized tilapia (constituting the average weight of catches), and unavailability of storage devices on board. Adverse weather conditions, especially in March, April and May, also amplify the level of losses during this period. Water pollution leading to poor water quality and the use of prohibited fishing gear and methods are telling examples of how regulations and proper fisheries governance are not enforced. Poor water quality every year in October and November is the cause of 35 percent of the annual quality losses incurred by fishers in Tounga. In Gouran, 94 percent of respondents to the survey believe that the use of non-regulatory nets with small mesh sizes is responsible for the high number of small tilapia in fishers’ catches. This practice is responsible for 73 percent of quality losses at the Gouran and Di sites, where these types of nets are mostly used, and fishers in Tounga, Gouran and Di are most affected by these losses. The PHLA found that, in Tounga, these losses represent 24.4 percent of the annual production, amount to about US$61 million/year, and correspond to 86 percent of the total value of losses incurred by fishers, whose livelihoods are affected given the little involvement of women in post-harvest activities. Annual quality losses of landings at the Gouran, Di and Bama sites are 24.2, 22.1 and 13.2 percent, respectively. In Bama, the use of cast nets instead of gillnets partially explains the relatively low occurrence of quality losses. Most of the fishers affected by quality losses are over 50 years old, since they lack the physical strength needed to deploy cast nets that generate fewer losses than gillnets. Losses due to market forces are significant in Gouran and Di, where small tilapia production is between 73 and 80 percent. Losses due to market forces in Gouran and Di represent 24.9 percent (US$9.5 million) and 25.4 percent (US$11.5 million) of annual production, respectively.

40%

14%

6%

Lossesduetomarketforces40% Qualitylosses14% Physicallosses6%

8

In Gouran and Di, retailers recorded qualitative losses and losses due to market forces from the fish bought locally from wholesalers. In terms of consignments, quality losses average 8 percent and losses due to market forces can be as high as 72 percent. Quality losses are more recurrent throughout the year. For an annual supply of 3 600 kg per dealer, physical losses are estimated at 288 kg, and 2 592 kg are sold under the impact of market forces. The annual monetary value of losses varies between US$1 762.56 and US$1 799.28 for each retailer, which represents 14 percent of turnover. Losses due to market forces have a monetary impact of 10 percent on turnover, and 4 percent may be attributed to quality losses. Losses due to market forces may be attributed to low competitiveness of locally produced over imported tilapia. In Kompienga, this is exacerbated by fishers increasing their prices because of incidental and operating expenses, and competition between different groups of fishmongers. The amount associated with losses incurred by fishmongers due to market forces is estimated at 25 percent of annual traded fish. Qualitative losses are the most important for smoked fish processors and wholesalers. For smokers in Di, these losses are due to the low quality (freshness conditions, size) of raw materials and inefficient smoking techniques. As a result, qualitative losses are estimated at 12 220 kg of smoked fish, or 17 percent of annual production, and valued at US$21 012, or 11.4 percent, of the annual smoked fish turnover. 2.2.3 Ghana

Most fishing villages do not have their own markets and depend on a few larger lakeside towns for marketing their catch. As a consequence, a large number of fishing communities channel their products through market towns outside their administrative boundaries. While a few markets are accessible by paved roads (Asuogyaman, Jasikan and Kpando), most roads in rural areas are unpaved, and in the rainy season, their conditions make fish trading very difficult. The PHLA found that this, combined with usually poor handling and processing operations, resulted in losses at the four study sites (Buipe, Yeji, Dzemeni and Tapa Abatoase) that can be traced back to fishing locations where the products originated and where losses are considered to be higher. Processing methods comprise smoking, salting, sun-drying and fermentation. Fishers’ wives (and relatives), who predominantly process the fish, sell it weekly at a local market and hand over the sales revenues to their husbands. Significant losses due to market forces occur at different stages by value chain actors, fish smokers, salt dryers and traders respectively, amounting to up to 20 percent. The threat of armed robbers along major roads and highways has slowed the pace of trading activities in all the visited markets, which has led to an “artificial glut”, with subsequent high records of losses due to market forces. The markets observed are also in dire need of renovation given their rundown state. Quality losses and physical losses make up 5 and 4 percent of total fish supply, respectively. According to the post-harvest loss assessment report (FAO, 2015),), markets operated one to a maximum of twice a week; hence, they lack flexibility because they are not coordinated with fishing seasons nor with the expected volume of products. This contributes to quality losses and, at times, physical losses, and is not conducive for regular fresh fish sales from fishing centres. Inadequate storage capacity and conditions have also been identified as factors influencing the level of losses. Women incur losses while processing fish because they have to combine this task with household and child care tasks. They have less access to the best-quality raw material, because of delays at home while the first auction or sale is taking place. The post-harvest loss assessment case study focused on four categories of fish operators – traders, smokers, salt dryers and fermenters – in the four study sites 1(ibid.). Figure 4 shows the market share of different categories of fish operators in Ghana.

9

Figure 4. Market share for the different categories of fish operators in Ghana

Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. Different types of losses that occur for each category of operator at the study sites are summarized in Figures 5–8. Generally, losses due to market forces were the highest of total losses (74 percent), followed by physical losses (14 percent), while quality losses were minimal (12 percent), as shown in Figure 5. The contribution of losses in percentage terms is presented in Figure 7 and 8 for each category of operator at the study sites. Traders recorded the highest losses due to market forces (53 percent) followed by smokers (15 percent). Traders had the highest physical losses (10 percent) in contrast to smokers, with 3 percent. This comparative analysis shows that smokers had higher physical losses (3 percent) and quality losses (3 percent) than salt dryers, who had 1 percent physical losses but no quality loss due to the nature of the product. In Dzemeni, the quality losses (4 percent) were higher than the physical losses (3 percent). Smokers incurred the highest quality losses. In Tapa Abotoase, quality losses (3 percent) were also higher than physical losses (2 percent); fermenters only faced losses due to market forces (7.4 percent). In general, the level and the nature of the losses reported on the Ghana side of the basin are lower than those of other countries. The main reason cited was that the assessment focused mainly on the markets where products are sold, rather than the original fishing sites where handling and processing occur. It did not cover areas where losses would be higher such as in the camps and in the villages where operations that supply markets are carried out, because this is usually where the products are sorted just before they are brought to the market.

30.40%,

20.27%,

15.20%

10.13%,

Smokingprocessors Traders Fermentingprocessors Saltdryingprocessors

10

Figure 5. Total percentages of losses for all study sites, Ghana

Note: QL = quality losses; MFL = market forces losses; PL = physical losses. Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. Figure 6. Comparative percentage of losses for each study site, Ghana

Note: QL = quality losses; MFL = market forces losses; PL = physical losses. Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105.

19%

29%

20%

8%

4% 4% 4%2%1%

3%5%

3%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Buipe Yeji Dzemeni Abatoase

MFL PL QL

12%,

74%,

14%,

QL MFL PL

11

Figure 7. Total percentages of losses for each category of operators, Ghana

Note: QL = quality losses; MFL = market forces losses; PL = physical losses. Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. Figure 8. Types of losses for each category of operator, Ghana

Note: QL = quality losses; MFL = market forces losses; PL = physical losses. Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. 2.2.4 Côte d’Ivoire

In Côte d’Ivoire, the contribution of fisheries is not optimized because of inefficiencies along the supply chain, including post-harvest losses. The contribution of the Volta Basin is minimal, but the result of the pilot study carried out by the NFFP in 2013 in the Abobodoume processing centre, located in a suburb of Abidjan, showed that critical losses occurred at the handling stage of fresh fish and the storage of processed fish. The losses are due to microbial growth and survival because of the inability to maintain the cold chain. For dried products, losses are also due to rancidity and attack by insects. Quality losses make up to one-third of the average annual amount of fish purchased primarily during the good season and were identified as the major loss. Losses due to market forces are significant because of missed market opportunities (supply and demand, lack of market information and lack of infrastructure). Products rejected by fishmongers are sold directly by fishermen to women processors who ferment and smoke them. This processing compensates for the physical loss. The average annual financial loss as a result of quality losses is about US$97 913.88 per fishmonger. The causes identified by the post-harvest loss assessment case study are inadequate infrastructure (non-equipped landing sites), lack of equipment (cold rooms and ice plants) and lack of drinking water.

21%,

72%,

7%,

Smokeprocessors Traders Dryingprocessors

15%

3% 3%

53%

10% 9%6%

1% 0%0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

MFL PL QL

Smokeprocessors Traders Dryingprocessors

12

2.2.5 Mali

Quality losses, losses due to market forces and physical losses were recorded for fresh fish and smoked fish during the NFFP study in 2013. The average quality and physical losses were 10.87 and 1.28 percent, respectively. Fresh fish losses on the Konna site constituted 6.4 percent of overall catches. Identified causes of losses are generally: vehicles breaking down; lack of ice; poor handling and weak management capacity during peak periods; and poor preservation and storage conditions. In addition, prices of products are often reduced for fear of poor sales due to the lack of infrastructure and equipment; weak knowledge of good hygiene practices (GHPs) and good manufacturing practices (GMPs); inadequate processing capability; robbery attacks; and use of inappropriate fishing gear or set nets. 2.2.6 Togo

All three types of losses were observed. The NFFP 2013 study sites comprised a total of 61 013 kg in production, out of which 86.25 percent (52 625 kg) were of good quality when sold, while losses due to market forces accounted for 8.46 percent (5 162 kg), quality losses for 3.65 percent (2 226 kg) and physical losses for 1.64 percent (1 000 kg), as summarized in Figure 9. Figure 9. Distribution of fish sales and losses in Togo (%)

Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. At the fishing stage, the main causes of losses include inadequate or dormant fishing gillnets, longlines and beach seine, which bring in about 7 percent of total fish production. Losses during the peak harvest season were also due to poor storage facilities and the poor availability of ice to adequately preserve fresh catches. Losses due to improper processing for smoking and frying equipment also contributed to about 7 percent losses of total catches during the peak harvest season. Poor packaging and poor infrastructural facilities such as poor road conditions, poor communication technology and inadequate market information, singly or collectively, contribute to quality losses, physical losses, and losses due to market forces.

86%

2%

4%8%

Fisheriesproductssoldasgood Physicallosses Qualitylosses Lossesduetomarketforces

13

2.3 Determinants and drivers of post-harvest losses and trade barriers in the six riparian countries of the Volta Basin

According to the results of the NFFP studies, Table 1 describes the identified specific and common determinants of post-harvest losses and trade barriers. They are categorized according to their level of relevance and their link to policies and regulations as well as policy-related and developmental issues such stakeholders’ capacity development, infrastructure and services, technology and techniques, and consumer-level interventions, while integrating gender dimensions.

Tab

le 1

. Fac

tors

th

at in

flu

ence

pos

t-h

arve

st lo

sses

an

d t

rad

e, is

sues

, cat

egor

y an

d le

vel o

f re

leva

nce

an

d g

end

er c

once

rns

Fac

tors

th

at m

ay

infl

uen

ce p

ost-

har

vest

lo

sses

an

d tr

ade

of f

ish

Key

issu

es

Cat

egor

y*

Gen

der

con

cern

s L

evel

of

rele

van

ce

Su

bre

gion

al

Cou

ntr

y-sp

ecif

ic

(nam

e of

cou

ntr

y)

1.C

hang

es in

sp

ecie

sd

istr

ibut

ion

and

th

e li

nk

wit

h t

he

pre

serv

atio

n a

nd

p

roce

ssin

g of

fis

h

T

he h

ydro

elec

tric

dam

bei

ng c

onst

ruct

ed

at th

e en

d of

the

Vol

ta B

asin

has

red

uced

th

e nu

mbe

r of

the

prev

ailin

g sp

ecie

s; th

is

has

affe

cted

the

mar

ket a

nd u

tiliz

atio

n,

resu

lting

in th

e ne

ed to

cha

nge

proc

essi

ng te

chni

ques

fro

m s

altin

g to

sm

okin

g or

vic

e ve

rsa.

The

refo

re,

tech

nolo

gy a

nd m

arke

ts a

s w

ell a

s ch

ange

in s

peci

es d

istr

ibut

ion

have

an

impa

ct o

n co

mm

unit

y re

sili

ence

: m

igra

tion

may

be

nece

ssar

y an

d m

ay

also

occ

ur in

goo

d fi

shin

g ar

eas.

The

com

petit

ive

situ

atio

n m

ay c

hang

e fo

r so

me

fish

erm

en w

ho m

igra

te to

this

ar

ea.

N

o ch

ange

has

bee

n re

port

ed in

oth

er

coun

trie

s.

T, I

, IM

, C

I, C

D

W

omen

and

oth

er v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

are

ca

pabl

e of

res

pond

ing

to th

e ch

alle

nges

of

cha

ngin

g m

arke

ts a

nd c

hang

ing

tech

nolo

gies

.

Tra

inin

g is

req

uire

d.

A

cces

s to

land

for

the

cons

truc

tion

of

kiln

s (o

r dr

ying

fac

ilitie

s de

pend

ing

on

the

situ

atio

n) a

nd a

cces

s to

cap

ital

for

in

vest

men

t can

be

a pr

oble

m.

N

ew m

arke

ting

sys

tem

s m

ay r

equi

re

inve

stm

ent.

T

here

is a

nee

d to

impr

ove

wom

en’s

and

ot

her

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s’ a

cces

s to

ca

paci

ty b

uild

ing,

dev

elop

men

t pr

ogra

mm

es a

nd m

arke

t inf

orm

atio

n.

T

here

are

loss

es in

term

s of

inco

me

and

fish

qua

lity,

whi

ch e

spec

ially

aff

ect

fish

ers

who

in tu

rn a

ffec

t oth

er

hous

ehol

d m

embe

rs.

T

here

is a

ris

k of

mor

e co

mpe

titi

on a

nd,

at ti

mes

, con

flic

t bet

wee

n m

igra

nts

and

non-

mig

rant

s.

T

he h

ealth

ris

ks f

or w

omen

and

oth

er

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s (l

ung

dise

ase

and

eyes

) in

crea

se w

hen

smok

ing

inst

ead

of

dryi

ng f

ish

usi

ng in

appr

opri

ate

tech

nolo

gy..

Gha

na f

or th

e da

m

issu

e.

14

2.P

ollu

tion

or

deg

rada

tion

of

the

envi

ron

men

t in

th

e fi

shin

g zo

ne

S

iltin

g oc

curs

in f

ishi

ng a

reas

, whi

ch

also

impa

cts

on s

paw

ning

gro

unds

.

W

ater

qua

lity

is a

ffec

ted

by s

ever

al

fact

ors.

Riv

erba

nks

are

occu

pied

by

vege

tabl

e gr

ower

s in

Sou

rou

(cre

atin

g si

lting

and

po

llutin

g w

ith f

ertil

izer

s/m

anur

e an

d pe

stic

ides

).

P

ollu

tion

is c

ause

d by

wom

en w

ho w

ash

dish

es a

nd c

loth

es o

n th

e ba

nks.

In

Bur

kina

Fas

o: T

he g

rass

that

gro

ws

at

cert

ain

times

of

the

year

on

Lak

e K

ompi

enga

and

sea

sona

l flo

odin

g ca

use

rotte

n fi

sh a

nd h

ighe

r fi

sh m

orta

lity

in

thes

e fi

shin

g ar

eas.

In T

ogo:

The

wat

er le

vel h

as b

een

affe

cted

by

the

Kom

pien

ga d

am, a

nd

prev

ious

ly f

lood

ed h

abita

t pla

ins

are

no

long

er r

ecei

ving

eno

ugh

wat

er a

nd

ther

efor

e ha

ve lo

st th

eir

spaw

ning

fu

nctio

n.

S

ince

the

fuel

suc

h as

fue

lwoo

d is

sc

arce

, tec

hnol

ogy

mus

t be

used

, suc

h as

im

prov

ed o

vens

to p

rese

rve

the

fish

.

T, P

, R

M

en a

nd w

omen

are

aff

ecte

d by

the

decl

ine

in h

arve

st.

W

omen

and

oth

er v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

are

m

ore

affe

cted

by

the

decl

ine

in p

rofi

t m

argi

n be

caus

e of

incr

easi

ng ti

mbe

r pr

ices

.

If r

egul

atio

ns p

rohi

bit w

ashi

ng p

ract

ices

on

the

rive

rban

ks, w

ater

sup

ply

and

filte

ring

infr

astr

uctu

re m

ust b

e pr

ovid

ed.

Reg

iona

l pr

oble

m

Bur

kina

Fas

o an

d M

ali

Tog

o, B

urki

na F

aso

Bur

kina

Fas

o

Tog

o

3.F

ish

ing

pra

ctic

esco

pin

g w

ith

incr

ease

d

pre

ssu

re o

n t

he

reso

urc

e/ t

he

vici

ous

cycl

e of

vu

lner

abili

ty

and

loss

an

d f

ish

ing

effo

rts

F

ishe

rmen

use

str

ateg

ies

of c

hang

ing

fish

ing

tech

niqu

es s

uch

as u

sing

fin

er

mes

h ne

ts a

nd il

lega

l pra

ctic

es to

cop

e w

ith th

e de

clin

e in

har

vest

, but

thes

e ar

e ha

rmfu

l to

the

reso

urce

, inc

ludi

ng f

ish

habi

tat d

estr

uctio

n.

L

onge

r pe

riod

s be

fore

hau

ling

the

nets

(r

esul

ting

in a

lteri

ng th

e qu

ality

and

als

o m

arke

t los

ses

due

to q

ualit

y/fi

sh s

ize)

.

Poo

r fi

shin

g pr

actic

es s

uch

as u

sing

dy

nam

ite le

ad to

fis

h sk

in b

ruis

ing

and

brea

king

; che

mic

als

are

used

.

Fis

h fa

ll ou

t of

the

net w

hen

haul

ing

bac.

P, R

W

omen

’s w

ork

tim

e ne

eded

for

pr

oces

sing

and

mar

ketin

g is

not

w

orth

whi

le c

onsi

deri

ng th

e si

ze a

nd th

e qu

ality

of

the

fish

.

The

re is

mor

e co

mpe

titi

on b

etw

een

wom

en a

nd o

ther

vul

nera

ble

grou

ps, a

nd

mor

e m

igra

tion.

Reg

iona

l pr

oble

m

15

P

oor

hand

ling

caus

es b

ruis

ing.

Fis

h ar

e le

ft in

the

nets

too

long

and

rot

.

No

chill

ing

on b

oard

; fis

h ar

e ex

pose

d to

hi

gh a

mbi

ent t

empe

ratu

res

in th

e bo

ats.

Insu

late

d bo

xes

are

rare

ly u

sed.

The

col

d ch

ain

is n

ot e

nsur

ed.

4.A

dve

rse

wea

ther

con

dit

ion

s / c

limat

e ch

ange

C

lim

ate

chan

ge a

ffec

ts s

easo

nal

vari

atio

ns, m

akin

g it

diff

icul

t to

plan

fi

shin

g ac

tivit

ies.

P, T

, MI,

C

D, C

I

Alt

houg

h ev

eryo

ne is

aff

ecte

d, s

peci

fic

adap

tatio

n st

rate

gies

that

take

into

ac

coun

t gen

der

(e.g

. wom

en a

nd o

ther

vu

lner

able

gro

ups

affe

cted

in th

eir

wor

k,

dire

ct a

nd in

dire

ct p

roce

ssin

g) a

re

nece

ssar

y.

Reg

iona

l

5.O

fflo

adin

g an

dh

and

ling

of f

ish

Infr

astr

uctu

re is

not

con

sist

ent w

ith

good

hy

gien

e pr

acti

ces

(GH

Ps)

(e.

g. u

se o

f ba

sket

s) (

Bur

kina

Fas

o, M

ali)

The

re a

re h

uge

loss

es d

ue to

poo

r ha

ndlin

g an

d st

orag

e co

nditi

ons

(qua

lity

loss

):

oF

ish

drop

fro

m c

onta

iner

s du

ring

unlo

adin

g an

d tr

ansp

ort o

n sh

ore.

oS

poila

ge o

ccur

s as

fis

h ar

e le

ft o

n th

ebe

ach

and

no ic

e is

use

d.o

The

re is

a d

elay

ret

urni

ng to

land

ing

afte

r fi

shin

g, a

nd e

xpos

ure

of f

ish

tohi

gh a

mbi

ent t

empe

ratu

res.

oS

tepp

ing

on f

ish

caus

es p

hysi

cal

dam

age.

oP

oor

hygi

ene

prac

tice

s ca

use

cont

amin

atio

n.o

The

re is

a v

ery

long

bar

gain

ing

tim

e at

firs

t poi

nt-o

f-sa

le, w

hile

fis

h ar

e ke

pton

the

grou

nd a

nd e

xpos

ed to

am

bien

tte

mpe

ratu

re.

T

heft

occ

urs

at th

e la

ndin

g si

te d

urin

g of

floa

ding

of

fish

.

P, R

, I, C

D

In

fras

truc

ture

sho

uld

be p

rovi

ded

by

loca

l and

cen

tral

gov

ernm

ent

inst

itutio

ns.

A

ctor

s ar

e no

t wel

l org

aniz

ed a

nd

ther

efor

e la

ck lo

bbyi

ng c

apac

ity to

im

prov

e co

nditi

ons

for

land

ing.

A

ll a

ctor

s ar

e ne

gati

vely

aff

ecte

d by

the

lack

of

man

agem

ent b

ecau

se th

e co

mm

unity

-bas

ed f

ishe

ries

man

agem

ent

com

mit

tees

are

not

act

ive.

Reg

iona

l B

urki

na F

aso,

Mal

i

Gha

na

16

6.F

resh

fis

h s

ales

T

here

inad

equa

te a

pplic

atio

n of

ice;

m

akes

hift

insu

late

d co

ntai

ners

are

use

d.

T

here

is li

mite

d pr

eser

vatio

n ca

paci

ty

duri

ng b

umpe

r ca

tche

s.

T

here

is n

o ac

cess

to, o

r th

ere

is a

lack

of

mar

ketin

g in

form

atio

n, w

ith o

vers

uppl

y of

mar

ket l

eadi

ng to

mar

ket f

orce

loss

es.

DC

, I, T

Wom

en a

re m

ore

affe

cted

than

men

; in

90%

of

the

case

s, th

ey a

re th

e on

es w

ho

do th

e se

lling

.

7.A

cces

s to

fis

hp

rese

rvat

ion

an

d

pro

cess

ing

tech

niq

ues

or

tec

hno

logi

es

M

ore

inpu

t in

the

fish

pro

cess

ing,

hen

ce

incr

easi

ng th

e op

erat

ion

cost

s.

T

rain

ing

of p

roce

ssor

s ta

kes

time

and

is

high

ly in

form

al.

T

rain

ees

star

t out

as

appr

entic

es a

nd

lear

n th

roug

h ob

serv

atio

n, in

stru

ctio

ns

and

self

-mas

tery

to th

en a

dvan

ce to

the

prof

essi

onal

leve

l.

T

here

is a

lack

of

acce

ss to

cap

ital

for

po

st-t

rain

ing

inve

stm

ents

(i.e

. new

te

chno

logi

es a

re k

now

n, b

ut la

ck o

f fu

nds

to m

ake

the

nece

ssar

y in

vest

men

t).

T

here

is a

lack

of

drin

king

wat

er a

t som

e si

tes

(Tog

o).

T

here

is a

loss

of

qual

ity d

ue to

the

use

of in

adeq

uate

tech

nolo

gies

.

The

re a

re p

oor

hygi

ene

prac

tice

s –

pers

onal

and

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

Fis

h ha

ndli

ng p

ract

ices

are

inad

equa

te.

T

here

is n

o bu

sine

ss p

lann

ing.

Cap

acity

to a

bsor

b ra

w m

ater

ial l

andi

ngs

is in

adeq

uate

, esp

ecia

lly

duri

ng th

e gl

ut

seas

on.

A

dver

se w

eath

er c

ondi

tions

mak

e dr

ying

di

ffic

ult.

In

sect

infe

stat

ion

is a

pro

blem

.

Tec

hnol

ogy

adop

tion

is a

pro

blem

.

Pro

cess

ing

met

hods

are

inef

fici

ent.

A

lrea

dy s

poil

ed f

ish

are

som

etim

es

proc

esse

d.

T, I

, CD

, R

, P, C

I,

MI

W

omen

and

oth

er v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

are

m

ore

affe

cted

. The

dif

fere

nce

in li

tera

cy

and

scho

ol e

nrol

men

t rat

es

disa

dvan

tage

s w

omen

in m

anag

emen

t ca

paci

ty.

V

illa

ges

are

ofte

n di

ffic

ult t

o ac

cess

, and

w

omen

’s tr

aini

ng n

eeds

are

not

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt.

Reg

iona

l

17

T

here

is a

n in

adeq

uate

con

trol

of

heat

in

tens

ity d

urin

g sm

okin

g le

ads

to o

verl

y sm

oked

fis

h an

d po

ssib

le b

urni

ng.

D

ryin

g on

the

grou

nd o

r co

olin

g of

fis

h is

uns

uper

vise

d; th

ere

is b

reak

age

or

dam

age

due

to in

adeq

uate

pac

kagi

ng

met

hod

and

mat

eria

ls.

8.W

aste

of

oth

er

nat

ura

l res

ourc

es (

e.g.

w

ood)

T

here

is a

n ex

cess

ive

use

of w

ood

duri

ng

smok

ing

oper

atio

ns.

T

here

is a

lack

of

acce

ss to

new

te

chno

logi

es.

R

esea

rch

outc

omes

are

not

ada

ptab

le to

w

omen

pro

cess

ors.

For

exa

mpl

e, th

e re

sear

ch f

aile

d to

con

side

r th

eir

inpu

ts a

t th

e pl

anni

ng s

tage

.

The

re is

a la

ck o

f kn

owle

dge

abou

t the

co

rrec

t met

hods

for

pro

cess

ing

diff

eren

t sp

ecie

s; f

or e

xam

ple,

sal

t is

was

ted

whe

n pr

oces

sing

the

fish

.

T, C

D, I

, R

, P

W

omen

are

mor

e af

fect

ed th

an m

en

sinc

e th

ey d

o m

ost o

f th

e sm

okin

g an

d ot

her

type

s of

pro

duct

pro

cess

ing.

W

omen

mak

e lo

w p

rofi

ts (

econ

omic

s).

Reg

iona

l

9.P

ack

agin

g an

dst

orag

e of

fis

h

Qua

lity

and

quan

tity

of p

acka

ging

and

st

orag

e fa

cilit

ies

are

inad

equa

te, l

eadi

ng

to s

poila

ge.

P

roce

ssor

s la

ck s

kills

.

Gro

wth

of

mou

ld c

ause

s sp

oila

ge a

nd

mak

es th

e fi

sh d

amp.

Inse

ct in

fest

atio

n is

a p

robl

em. I

nsec

ts

cons

ume

fish

dur

ing

stor

age.

Dis

colo

ratio

n oc

curs

ow

ing

to c

hem

ical

ch

ange

s du

ring

long

sto

rage

.

T

heft

of

fish

lead

s to

fin

anci

al lo

sses

.

R, C

D, I

, T

M

en a

nd w

omen

. R

egio

nal

18

10.R

esis

tan

ce f

rom

fish

erm

en (

or p

ost-

har

vest

op

erat

ors)

to

chan

ge t

o ad

opt

good

p

ract

ices

T

here

is a

low

leve

l of

regu

latio

n en

forc

emen

t.

T

here

are

adj

ustm

ent d

iffi

culti

es (

lack

of

reso

urce

s, s

kill

s, in

form

atio

n, il

lite

racy

, et

c.).

Age

is a

neg

ativ

e fa

ctor

(es

peci

ally

whe

n fi

sher

s ar

e 50

yea

rs o

ld a

nd o

ver)

.

R, C

D, I

, T

M

en a

nd w

omen

. R

egio

nal

11.C

omp

reh

ensi

vek

now

ledg

e on

fis

h

han

dli

ng

and

sk

ills

of

fish

ers

T

here

is a

lack

of

know

ledg

e of

goo

d ha

ndlin

g pr

actic

es.

T

here

is a

lack

of

fina

ncia

l res

ourc

es.

CD

, I, T

Men

and

wom

en.

Reg

iona

l

12.N

o re

cord

-kee

pin

gan

d ig

nora

nce

of

the

reas

ons

for

loss

D

ue to

illit

erac

y, r

ecor

ds c

anno

t be

kept

.

The

re is

a la

ck o

f en

trep

rene

ursh

ip.

T

here

is a

low

leve

l of

orga

niza

tion.

T

here

is a

low

leve

l of

tech

nica

l sup

port

.

Con

sum

ers

are

poor

ly a

war

e of

qua

lity.

P, C

D

M

en a

nd w

omen

R

egio

nal

13.M

anag

emen

tca

pac

ity

of f

ish

erm

en

du

rin

g ex

cep

tion

al

har

vest

(fa

cilit

ies

and

ex

per

tise

, in

form

atio

n)

T

here

are

pro

blem

s of

pre

serv

atio

n,

proc

essi

ng a

nd s

tora

ge e

quip

men

t and

in

fras

truc

ture

.

The

re is

a la

ck o

f m

arke

t inf

orm

atio

n.

CD

, I, T

, IM

Men

and

wom

en.

Reg

iona

l

14.Q

ues

tion

of

tran

sfer

of lo

ss (

to d

own

stre

am

oper

ator

in t

he c

hai

n –

gen

der

per

spec

tive

– o

r fr

aud

ule

nt m

ixtu

re o

f d

iffe

ren

t q

ual

ity

pro

duct

s or

wei

ght

incr

ease

for

th

e co

nsu

mer

/bu

yer)

U

se o

f ty

pes

of f

ishi

ng g

ear/

tech

niqu

e th

at in

cur

mor

e lo

sses

.

use

of p

rohi

bite

d m

etho

ds (

chem

ical

s,

dyna

mite

).

m

ixtu

re o

f fr

esh

and

alte

red

fish

.

P, R

, CI

W

omen

and

oth

er v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

S

ubre

gion

al

Gha

na, T

ogo,

B

urki

na F

aso

19

15.L

ogis

tics

infr

astr

uct

ure

/ co

mm

un

icat

ion

(ro

ads,

tr

uck

s)

Pro

blem

s in

clud

e:

ph

ysic

al d

amag

e to

fis

h;

dela

ys o

win

g to

bre

akdo

wn

ofin

adeq

uate

and

def

ectiv

e tr

ansp

ort

vehi

cles

and

inac

cess

ibil

ity

ofpr

oduc

tion

area

s;

impa

ssab

le r

oads

;

poor

roa

d co

nditi

ons;

il

l-ad

apte

d ve

hicl

es r

esul

ting

inlo

nger

tran

sit t

imes

and

spo

ilage

.

P, R

, I, T

Wom

en a

nd o

ther

vul

nera

ble

grou

ps.

Reg

iona

l B

urki

na F

aso,

Tog

o

16.I

nse

curi

ty a

nd

un

reli

able

tr

ansp

orta

tion

A

rmed

rob

beri

es o

ccur

s (l

oss

of s

uppl

y ca

paci

ty b

y fi

shm

onge

rs /

artif

icia

l glu

t in

sup

ply

site

s w

ith e

vent

ual l

osse

s).

V

ehic

les

are

defe

ctiv

e.

P, I

, T, R

Wom

en a

nd o

ther

vul

nera

ble

grou

ps.

Sub

regi

onal

G

hana

17.M

ark

et d

eman

d(e

.g. s

ocia

l sta

tus

and

d

eman

d f

or s

pec

ific

ty

pes

of f

ish

ery

pro

duct

s or

por

tion

si

zes)

T

here

is lo

w a

war

enes

s of

qua

lity.

Pur

chas

ing

pow

er i

s w

eak

and

the

pove

rty

leve

l may

lead

to s

peci

al

requ

ests

, con

trib

utin

g to

the

use

of

proh

ibite

d m

eans

of

harv

est.

R, C

D, I

, T

, P, C

I

Men

and

wom

en.

Sub

regi

onal

Bur

kina

Fas

o 18

.Mar

ket

ing:

mar

ket

acc

ess

(ph

ysic

al

faci

litie

s, t

he

avai

lab

le

info

rmat

ion

an

d

man

agem

ent,

th

e lo

cal

orga

niz

atio

n a

nd

ar

ran

gem

ents

for

sal

es

per

form

ance

)

Pro

blem

s in

clud

e:

in

sect

infe

stat

ion;

in

adeq

uate

/in

cons

iste

nt s

uppl

y an

d de

man

d;

inad

equa

te c

old-

stor

age

faci

litie

s an

dw

areh

ouse

s;

unw

illin

gnes

s;

low

leve

l of

regu

latio

n en

forc

emen

t;

age

(50

year

s an

d ol

der)

;

lack

of

info

rmat

ion

on m

arke

t and

of

the

prof

essi

onal

izat

ion

of a

ctor

s.

supp

ly to

the

mar

ket a

t ino

ppor

tune

tim

es;

th

e w

eak

purc

hasi

ng p

ower

of

buye

rs/c

onsu

mer

s;

lack

of

mar

ket i

nfor

mat

ion

avai

labi

lity

and

man

agem

ent;

R, C

D, I

, T

I, P

, R

CD

, I, I

M

M

en a

nd w

omen

.

W

omen

and

oth

er v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

are

th

e m

ore

affe

cted

by

the

loss

es li

nked

to

thes

e is

sues

.

Sub

regi

onal

20

po

orly

syn

chro

nize

d co

mpe

titiv

enes

sof

impo

rts

of th

e sa

me

spec

ies

va

riou

s in

cide

nts

of h

aras

smen

ts.

19.W

eek

ly o

r b

i-w

eek

ly m

ark

et d

ays

are

pre

-est

abli

shed

an

d d

o n

ot c

han

ge, e

ven

in

tim

es o

f ex

cep

tion

al

har

vest

L

ow c

apac

ity

of th

e lo

cal/

cent

ral

gove

rnm

ent t

o se

t up

an in

form

ed o

r ev

iden

ce-b

ased

mar

ket m

anag

emen

t st

ruct

ure

(adj

ustin

g th

e fr

eque

ncy

to th

e pr

oduc

tion

seas

ons)

.

The

reg

ular

rem

oval

of

catc

hes

is

prob

lem

atic

, esp

ecia

lly

for

fres

h fi

sh, o

r in

adeq

uate

sto

rage

of

prod

ucts

, yet

this

is

req

uire

d fo

r w

eekl

y m

arke

t day

s,

resu

lting

in lo

sses

.

CD

, I, T

Bot

h m

en a

nd w

omen

.

Dep

end

on th

e m

arke

t reg

ulat

ion

in

spec

ific

cou

ntri

es.

Sub

regi

onal

20.B

arri

ers

to r

egio

nal

trad

e

Bar

rier

s in

clud

e:

R

egio

nal t

rade

bot

tlene

cks.

Il

lite

racy

.

Lac

k of

ent

repr

eneu

rshi

p.

Low

leve

l of

orga

niza

tion.

L

ow le

vel o

f te

chni

cal s

uppo

rt.

L

ow q

ualit

y aw

aren

ess

of c

onsu

mer

s.

P

olic

e ha

rass

men

t and

inop

port

une

orle

ngth

y cu

stom

s an

d he

alth

che

cks

resu

lting

in lo

nger

per

iods

of

tran

sact

ions

with

an

impa

ct o

n qu

alit

yof

per

isha

ble

prod

uct l

ike

fish

. At

tim

es, t

here

is a

mis

hand

ling

ofpr

oduc

ts a

nd p

hysi

cal r

emov

al o

fso

me

prod

ucts

fro

m th

e ch

ain.

P, C

D

P, R

M

en a

nd w

omen

. S

ubre

gion

al

21

21.I

mp

lem

enta

tion

and

supp

ort

/ go

vern

men

t in

stit

uti

ons

serv

ices

Wea

k

up

stre

am c

ontr

ol o

ver

the

mon

itor

ing

of t

he

imp

lem

enta

tion

of

legi

slat

ion

alo

ng

all o

f th

e va

lue

chai

ns)

T

he p

olic

y an

d re

gula

tory

fra

mew

ork

rega

rdin

g fi

shin

g pr

actic

es is

insu

ffic

ient

or

not

har

mon

ized

.

The

re is

a la

ck o

f ch

ildca

re f

acili

ties

for

wom

en p

roce

ssor

s.

F

inan

cing

is in

adeq

uate

.

The

re is

a p

oor

netw

ork

for

e-co

mm

erce

or

sec

ured

tran

sact

ions

.

The

re is

poo

r fi

sh im

port

man

agem

ent

duri

ng th

e gl

ut p

erio

d of

the

natio

nal

arti

sana

l fis

heri

es.

R, C

D, I

, T

, IM

Men

and

wom

en.

Sub

regi

onal

* P =

pol

icy;

R =

reg

ulat

ory;

CD

= c

apac

ity d

evel

opm

ent o

f st

akeh

olde

r; I

= in

fras

truc

ture

and

ser

vice

s; T

= te

chno

logy

and

info

rmat

ion;

CI

= c

onsu

mer

-lev

el in

terv

entio

n.

22

23

3. STRATEGIC PRIORITY AREAS OF INTERVENTION ON FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE POST-HARVEST CHAIN AND REGIONAL TRADE

3.1 Prioritization of key areas of intervention

Barriers to development will be removed by a series of activities and outcomes. The expected end results would consist in implementing new efficiencies and economic incentives, following improved regional trade and competitiveness of the FAPHC & RT in the Volta Basin. Table 2 presents the most critical areas linked to the losses identified during the PHLAs, the corresponding components in terms of potential loss-reduction interventions, together with the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders along the chain and the challenges and opportunities in the implementation.

Tab

le 2

. Cri

tica

l are

as, i

nte

rven

tion

s, r

esp

onsi

ble

en

titi

es, a

nd

imp

lem

enta

tion

ch

alle

nge

s an

d o

pp

ortu

nit

ies

Cri

tica

l ga

ps

or w

eak

nes

ses

repo

rted

b

y th

e ca

se s

tud

ies

R

equ

ired

inte

rven

tion

s R

espo

nsi

ble

en

titi

es

Imp

lem

enta

tion

ch

alle

nge

s an

d o

pp

ortu

nit

ies

Inte

rven

tion

s G

ende

r re

late

d ac

tion

s

Ch

alle

nge

s O

pp

ortu

nit

ies

1.IN

FR

AS

TR

UC

TU

RE

/SE

RV

ICE

S

In

fras

tru

ctur

e an

d e

quip

men

tn

ot c

ond

uci

ve t

o go

od h

ygie

ne

pra

ctic

es (

GH

Ps)

.

Ph

ysic

al lo

sses

du

e to

fis

h t

hef

tb

ecau

se o

f n

on-e

qu

ipp

ed la

nd

ing

site

s

Inad

equ

ate

pre

serv

atio

n,

pro

cess

ing,

pac

kag

ing

and

stor

age

equ

ipm

ent,

bot

h in

term

s of

qu

anti

ty a

nd

qu

alit

y

Poo

r ro

ad c

ond

itio

ns

N

on-o

per

atio

nal

qu

alit

yas

sura

nce

ser

vice

s.

- Id

entif

y pr

iori

ty d

ocks

to

be

cons

truc

ted.

-

Ens

ure

the

secu

rity

of

wha

rfs,

con

stru

ctio

n an

d la

yout

. -

Rai

se a

war

enes

s on

G

HP

s du

ring

han

dlin

g.

- F

ocus

on

sani

tatio

n an

d dr

inki

ng-w

ater

sup

ply.

-

Con

duct

a f

easi

bilit

y st

udy

for

cold

sto

rage

in

stal

latio

n.

- S

tren

gthe

n or

gani

zatio

nal c

apac

ity

of a

ll ac

tors

alo

ng th

e va

lue

chai

n.

- P

rovi

de tr

aini

ng o

n m

anag

ing

com

mun

ity

asse

ts.

- P

rovi

de tr

aini

ng f

or

arti

sans

to m

anuf

actu

re

insu

late

d bo

xes.

-

Car

ry o

ut a

dvoc

acy

with

aut

hori

ties

resp

onsi

ble

for

road

m

aint

enan

ce.

- Org

aniz

e w

aste

m

anag

emen

t (lin

ked

to

hum

an a

nd f

ishi

ng

activ

ities

).

Invo

lve

wom

en

and

othe

r vu

lner

able

gro

ups

in d

ecis

ion-

mak

ing

on th

e do

ck-b

uild

ing

proc

ess

and

the

man

agem

ent o

f th

ese

dock

s.

Set u

p an

d ru

n ch

ildc

are

infr

astr

uctu

res

and

serv

ices

. O

rgan

ize

wom

en

and

othe

r vu

lner

able

gro

ups

in r

ecog

nize

d gr

oups

so

that

th

ey m

ay b

e ag

ents

of

chan

ge.

Ens

ure

that

in

fras

truc

ture

m

anag

emen

t co

mm

itte

es h

ave

50%

fem

ale

mem

bers

.

- V

olta

Bas

in A

utho

rity

(V

BA

) S

tate

Tec

hnic

al

Ser

vice

s.

- T

he s

tate

(c

onst

ruct

ion)

. -

Wat

chdo

g co

mm

itte

e fo

r se

curi

ty.

- N

on-g

over

nmen

tal

orga

niza

tions

(N

GO

s)

and

tech

nica

l ser

vice

s in

cha

rge

of th

ese

issu

es (

hygi

ene,

sa

nita

tion,

cap

acity

bu

ildin

g).

- L

ocal

aut

hori

ties.

-

NG

Os

and

tech

nica

l se

rvic

es in

cha

rge

of

thes

e is

sues

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

he p

riva

te s

ecto

r fo

r in

vest

men

t in

tech

nica

l in

stal

latio

ns a

t la

ndin

gs (

cold

roo

ms,

re

frig

erat

ed v

ehic

les,

et

c.).

- H

igh

cons

truc

tion

cost

s.

- S

peci

fic

prio

ritie

s of

do

nors

-

Infr

astr

uctu

re

man

agem

ent.

- L

and

issu

es.

- W

omen

nee

ding

mor

e em

pow

erm

ent.

- F

undi

ng p

artn

ers’

pr

iori

ty is

sues

. -

The

cre

atio

n of

fa

vour

able

env

iron

men

t fo

r su

stai

nabl

e fi

rst-

aid

cent

res

and

soci

al a

nd

educ

atio

nal f

acili

ties

at

land

ing

site

s an

d m

ajor

m

arke

ts.

- A

n en

sure

d ex

chan

ge o

f in

form

atio

n be

twee

n fi

rst-

care

cen

tres

, soc

io-

educ

atio

nal f

acili

ties

an

d m

onito

ring

bod

ies.

-

Org

aniz

atio

n of

a

sust

aina

ble

syst

em o

f in

fras

truc

ture

m

aint

enan

ce.

- A

cces

s to

fun

ds f

rom

m

any

dono

rs.

- T

echn

ical

exp

erti

se,

in s

ome

case

s.

- V

BA

Str

ateg

ic P

lan.

- U

nite

d S

tate

s A

genc

y fo

r In

tern

atio

nal

Dev

elop

men

t (U

SAID

) pr

ogra

mm

e on

was

te

man

agem

ent (

Côt

e d’

Ivoi

re, G

hana

, B

enin

, etc

.)

24

2.T

EC

HN

OL

OG

Y/T

EC

HN

IQU

ES

D

isru

ptio

n of

fis

her

s’ a

ctiv

ity

foll

owin

g th

e d

isap

pea

ran

ce o

fso

me

spec

ies

du

e to

th

e n

ew d

amor

cli

mat

e ch

ange

eff

ects

L

arge

qua

ntit

ies

of w

ood

/fue

lu

sed

du

e to

ru

dim

enta

ryte

chn

iqu

es

No

use

of

GH

Ps

and

goo

dm

anu

fact

uri

ng

pra

ctic

es(G

MP

s) r

esu

ltin

g in

qua

lity

loss

es

Lac

k o

f k

now

led

ge a

bou

t co

rrec

tp

roce

ssin

g m

eth

ods

for

dif

fere

nt

fish

sp

ecie

s

- P

rovi

de p

assa

ges

for

fish

whe

n bu

ildin

g da

ms.

-

Res

earc

h in

to

tech

nolo

gy f

or

adap

tatio

n.

- E

duca

te a

nd tr

ain

on

GH

Ps

and

GM

Ps.

-

Car

ry o

ut r

esea

rch

on

diet

ary

habi

ts a

nd

pref

eren

ces

of

oper

ator

s an

d co

nsum

ers.

-

Dra

ft a

nd im

plem

ent

com

mun

ity-r

esili

ence

ac

tion

plan

s.

T

ake

into

acc

ount

w

omen

’s a

nd o

ther

vu

lner

able

gro

ups’

is

sues

suc

h as

acc

ess

to la

nd, c

redi

t, lo

ans,

ac

cess

to w

orki

ng

capi

tal.

Pr

ovid

e w

omen

and

ot

her

vuln

erab

le

grou

ps w

ith

lite

racy

co

urse

s be

fore

oth

er

trai

ning

to a

ssim

ilate

be

tter.

Con

side

r th

e is

sue

of

mig

ratio

n.

- L

ine

min

istr

ies.

- L

ine

min

istr

y an

d pa

rtne

rs.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

- H

igh

inte

rest

rat

e lo

ans.

-

No

wor

king

cap

ital.

- F

inan

cing

of

tech

niqu

es a

nd

tech

nolo

gy.

- M

any

mic

rofi

nanc

e in

stitu

tions

, eve

n if

no

t alw

ays

tail

ored

to

spec

ific

nee

ds.

- O

ngoi

ng c

limat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

prog

ram

mes

(C

ôte

d’Iv

oire

, Gha

na,

Mal

i, T

ogo)

suc

h as

th

e A

ICC

pr

ogra

mm

e.

3.C

AP

AC

ITY

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

C

hang

ing

pro

cess

ing

tech

niq

ues

-

Pro

vide

trai

ning

of

stak

ehol

ders

.

Ens

ure

that

wom

en

and

othe

r vu

lner

able

gr

oups

hav

e ac

cess

to

all t

he tr

aini

ng

sess

ions

.

Bui

ld c

apac

ity

for

wom

en a

nd o

ther

vu

lner

able

gro

ups

on

valu

e ad

ditio

n op

port

uniti

es f

or th

eir

prod

ucts

.

- T

he s

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

-

Civ

il s

ocie

ty.

- S

ettin

g up

of

a tr

ansp

aren

t pa

rtic

ipat

ive

proc

ess

to

iden

tify

trai

ning

se

ssio

ns a

nd s

elec

t ac

tors

. -

Tra

inin

g of

key

act

ors.

- In

form

atio

n sh

arin

g th

roug

h ne

w

com

mun

icat

ion

tech

nolo

gies

.

S

trat

egy

to a

dap

t to

ch

ange

of

tech

nolo

gy-

Incr

ease

info

rmat

ion

and

awar

enes

s.

- T

he s

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

-

Civ

il s

ocie

ty.

- A

dopt

ion

of G

MPs

. -

Bet

ter

reso

urce

co

nser

vati

on.

- Im

prov

ed f

ish

qual

ity.

25

M

ore

inp

ut in

fis

h p

roce

ssin

g

Fis

h p

roce

ssor

s b

egin

nin

g as

app

ren

tice

s an

d c

ome

into

th

ep

rofe

ssio

n t

hro

ugh

ob

serv

atio

n,

inst

ruct

ion

s an

d s

elf-

mas

tery

- P

rovi

de tr

aini

ng o

f st

akeh

olde

rs.

Atte

ntio

n m

ust b

e pa

id to

w

omen

and

oth

er

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s m

ore

conc

erne

d.

- T

he s

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

-

Civ

il s

ocie

ty.

- Im

prov

emen

t of

the

qual

ity o

f fi

sher

y pr

oduc

ts.

- Q

uali

ty f

ish

prod

ucts

m

ade

avai

labl

e.

L

oss

of q

uali

ty t

hro

ugh

th

e u

seof

tec

hnol

ogie

s th

at a

re n

otG

HP

/GM

P-c

omp

lian

t

Poo

r h

ygie

ne

pra

ctic

es –

per

son

al a

nd

in t

he

wor

kp

lace

- Con

sult

supp

ort o

n G

HP

s/G

MP

s A

ttent

ion

mus

t be

paid

to

wom

en a

nd o

ther

vu

lner

able

gro

ups

mor

e co

ncer

ned.

- T

he s

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

-

Civ

il s

ocie

ty.

- R

educ

tion

of lo

sses

.

B

ad h

and

ling

pra

ctic

es.

P

oor

busi

nes

s p

lan

nin

g.

Lac

k o

f k

now

led

ge o

f go

odh

and

lin

g p

ract

ices

.

- In

crea

se in

form

atio

n an

d aw

aren

ess.

-

Pro

vide

trai

ning

.

- T

he s

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

-

Civ

il s

ocie

ty.

- A

band

onm

ent o

f in

effi

cien

t pra

ctic

es.

- P

lann

ing

of a

ctiv

itie

s.

- Q

uali

ty f

ish

prod

ucts

m

ade

avai

labl

e.

L

ack

of

kn

owle

dge

ab

out

corr

ect

han

dli

ng

and

pro

cess

ing

met

hod

s fo

r d

iffe

ren

t fi

shsp

ecie

s; f

or e

xam

ple

, fis

h is

was

ted

du

e to

imp

rop

er s

alti

ng,

lead

ing

to f

erm

enta

tion

- In

crea

se in

form

atio

n an

d aw

aren

ess.

-

Tra

inin

g.

- T

he S

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

-

Civ

il s

ocie

ty.

- Im

prov

emen

t of

know

ledg

e.

- B

ette

r m

anag

ed

avai

labl

e re

sour

ces.

O

per

ator

s la

ckin

g sk

ills

- P

rovi

de tr

aini

ng.

- Im

prov

emen

t of

the

skill

s of

ope

rato

rs.

- N

ew m

arke

ts

conq

uere

d.

- E

asy

flow

of

prod

ucts

. -

Incr

ease

d in

com

e.

L

ow le

vel o

f or

gan

izat

ion

and

tech

nic

al le

ader

ship

- In

crea

se in

form

atio

n an

d aw

aren

ess.

-

Pro

vide

trai

ning

.

- T

he S

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

-

Civ

il s

ocie

ty.

- G

ood

orga

niza

tion

and

bette

r te

chni

ques

. -

New

mar

kets

co

nque

red.

-

Eas

y fl

ow o

f pr

oduc

ts.

- In

crea

sed

inco

me.

A

dvis

ory-

supp

ort

inst

itut

ion

san

d q

ual

ity-

con

trol

au

thor

itie

sla

ckin

g ca

pac

ity

- In

crea

se in

form

atio

n an

d aw

aren

ess.

-

Pro

vide

trai

ning

.

- Im

prov

emen

t of

the

skill

s of

thes

e in

stitu

tions

.

- G

ood

man

agem

ent o

f ac

tiviti

es.

26

Il

lite

racy

- P

rovi

de tr

aini

ng

Atte

ntio

n m

ust b

e pa

id to

w

omen

and

oth

er

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s m

ore

conc

erne

d.

- T

he S

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

-

Civ

il s

ocie

ty.

- Im

prov

emen

t of

the

com

pete

ncy

and

grou

p dy

nam

ics

betw

een

acto

rs.

- G

ood

man

agem

ent o

f ac

tiviti

es.

4.M

AR

KE

T I

NF

OR

MA

TIO

N

L

ack

of

entr

epre

neu

rsh

ip-

Pro

vide

trai

ning

-

The

Sta

te.

- L

ocal

aut

hori

ties.

-

Tec

hnic

al a

nd

fina

ncia

l par

tner

s.

- N

GO

s.

- C

ivil

soc

iety

.

- E

nsur

ing

the

sust

aina

bilit

y ac

tiviti

es.

- P

rofi

tabl

e an

d su

stai

nabl

e ac

tivi

ties

.

L

ow-q

ualit

y aw

aren

ess

ofco

nsu

mer

s-

Incr

ease

info

rmat

ion.

-

The

Sta

te.

- L

ocal

aut

hori

ties.

-

Tec

hnic

al a

nd

fina

ncia

l par

tner

s.

- N

GO

s.

- C

ivil

soc

iety

. -

Con

sum

er

asso

ciat

ions

.

- C

hoic

e of

qua

lity

prod

ucts

. -

Impr

oved

hea

lth o

f in

divi

dual

s.

L

ack

of

mar

ket

info

rmat

ion

- C

olle

ct, p

roce

ss a

nd

diss

emin

ate

info

rmat

ion.

-

Bui

ld a

war

enes

s.

- T

he s

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

-

Civ

il s

ocie

ty.

- C

onsu

mer

as

soci

atio

ns.

- B

ette

r in

form

atio

n di

ssem

inat

ion.

-

Poo

rly

perf

orm

ing

info

rmat

ion

syst

ems.

- IN

FOPE

CH

E .

- P

rodu

cts

know

n an

d av

aila

ble.

-

Acc

essi

ble

mar

kets

ar

e

- K

now

ledg

e sh

arin

g du

e to

new

co

mm

unic

atio

n te

chno

logi

es.

- E

-com

mer

ce.

- E

cono

mic

C

omm

unity

of

Wes

t A

fric

an S

tate

s (E

CO

WA

) re

gula

tion

s on

fre

e m

ovem

ent o

f go

ods

and

pers

ons.

27

5.C

ON

SUM

ER

IN

TE

RV

EN

TIO

NS

D

eman

d f

or s

pec

ific

fis

her

yp

rodu

cts

or p

orti

on s

ize

- D

evel

op a

co

mm

unic

atio

n pl

an

for

a ch

ange

in

cons

umer

beh

avio

ur.

- T

arge

t soc

io-

econ

omic

mea

sure

s to

war

ds

vuln

erab

le /w

eak-

purc

hasi

ng-p

ower

co

nsum

ers

- T

he s

tate

. -

Com

mun

ities

. -

NG

Os.

- T

he le

vel o

f fi

sh

utili

zatio

n re

mai

ns a

co

ncer

n in

term

s of

m

eetin

g th

e de

man

d fo

r re

spon

sibl

y ca

ught

an

d pr

epar

ed.

Q

ual

ity

bli

nd

nes

s or

un

awar

enes

s

Pu

rch

asin

g p

ower

- E

duca

te c

onsu

mer

s on

pro

duct

kn

owle

dge

and

qual

ity.

-

Impl

emen

t soc

ial

mea

sure

s to

add

ress

th

e pu

rcha

sing

or

prom

otio

n of

al

tern

ativ

e pr

otei

n so

urce

for

poo

rer

cons

umer

s.

- Im

plem

ent

info

rmat

ion

and

awar

enes

s ca

mpa

igns

.

- T

rain

hom

emak

ers

on

prod

uct q

ualit

y.

- T

he s

tate

. -

Com

mun

ities

. -

NG

Os.

- T

he le

vel o

f fi

sh

utili

zatio

n re

mai

ns a

co

ncer

n in

term

s of

m

eetin

g th

e de

man

d fo

r re

spon

sibl

y ca

ught

an

d pr

epar

ed .

- N

GO

s.

- N

atio

nal r

egul

atio

ns.

- In

tern

atio

nal u

sage

co

des.

6.R

ES

ILIE

NC

E A

ND

WE

LF

AR

E

F

ish

erm

en m

igra

tin

g to

are

as o

fab

unda

nt

fish

ing

bec

ause

of

the

dis

app

eara

nce

of

som

e sp

ecie

sd

ue

to t

he

cons

tru

ctio

n of

the

dam

F

ish

erm

en m

igra

tin

g to

oth

erar

eas

du

e to

pol

luti

on a

nd

silt

atio

n o

f fi

shin

g si

tes

- E

ncou

rage

fis

herm

en

to e

ngag

e in

oth

er

inco

me-

gene

rati

ng

activ

ities

. -

Bui

ld a

war

enes

s in

m

arke

t gar

dene

rs a

nd

farm

ers

to r

espe

ct th

e ea

sem

ent s

trip

.

- In

volv

e pa

rtic

ular

ly

wom

en a

nd o

ther

vu

lner

able

gro

ups.

-

Ass

ess

the

impa

ct o

n ho

useh

olds

.

- T

echn

ical

ser

vice

s an

d lo

cal

auth

oriti

es.

- A

cces

s to

land

, wat

er,

cred

it a

nd s

ervi

ces.

- R

esili

ence

initi

ativ

es

alre

ady

in p

lace

or

are

bein

g de

velo

ped,

in

clud

ing

the

Glo

bal

Alli

ance

for

R

esil

ienc

e (A

GIR

) (P

erm

anen

t Int

erst

ate

Com

mit

tee

for

Dro

ught

Con

trol

in

the

Sah

el [

CIL

LS

],

Wes

t Afr

ican

28

M

igra

tion

of

fish

ing

com

mu

nit

ies

du

e to

cli

mat

ech

ange

eff

ects

Eco

nom

ic a

nd

Mon

etar

y U

nion

[U

EM

OA

] an

d E

CO

WA

S in

itiat

ive)

.

Sea

son

s ar

e no

lon

ger

wel

l-d

efin

ed a

nd

th

eref

ore

the

fish

erie

s ar

e d

iffi

cult

to

pla

n

- D

evel

op a

dapt

atio

n st

rate

gy

(tec

hnol

ogy)

.

- T

he S

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

-

Civ

il s

ocie

ty.

- A

dapt

atio

n to

cli

mat

e ch

ange

. - A

ctiv

itie

s re

nder

ed

sust

aina

ble.

- R

esou

rce

avai

labi

lity.

D

estr

uct

ion

of

hab

itat

- In

crea

se in

form

atio

n an

d aw

aren

ess.

-

The

Sta

te.

- L

ocal

aut

hori

ties.

-

Tec

hnic

al a

nd

fina

ncia

l par

tner

s.

- N

GO

s.

- C

ivil

soc

iety

.

- E

nfor

cem

ent o

f re

gula

tions

. -

Rai

sing

the

awar

enes

s of

sta

keho

lder

s fr

om

the

curr

ent l

ow le

vel

dest

ruct

ion

of h

abit.

- Act

ivit

ies

rend

ered

su

stai

nabl

e.

- Res

ourc

e av

aila

bilit

y.

L

ack

of

acce

ss t

o ca

pit

al f

orp

ost-

trai

nin

g in

vest

men

ts (

i.e.

new

tec

hn

olog

y to

ad

dre

ssch

ange

s in

sp

ecie

s h

as b

een

dev

elop

ed, b

ut n

o ca

pit

al t

o u

seth

ese )

Im

plem

ent

acco

mpa

nyin

g m

easu

res.

- Atte

ntio

n m

ust b

e pa

id

to w

omen

and

oth

er

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s m

ore

conc

erne

d.

- T

he S

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

-

Civ

il s

ocie

ty.

- A

cces

s to

fin

anci

al

serv

ices

for

all.

-

Acc

ess

to s

eed

capi

tal.

- Job

s cr

eate

d.

- Com

petit

ive

sect

or.

E

xces

sive

use

of

woo

d f

orsm

okin

g si

nce

th

e fu

el(f

uel

woo

d)

use

d is

sca

rce

(th

ere

is a

nee

d t

o u

se t

ech

nol

ogy

that

red

uce

s it

s co

nsu

mp

tion

su

ch a

sim

pro

ved

ove

ns

to s

mok

e th

efi

sh).

D

evel

op n

ew e

nerg

y-ef

fici

ent p

roce

ssin

g te

chni

ques

.

Pro

mot

e ot

her

type

s of

ren

ewab

le

ener

gies

and

val

ue

addi

tion

met

hods

.

- Atte

ntio

n m

ust b

e pa

id

to w

omen

and

oth

er

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s m

ore

conc

erne

d.

- R

esea

rch/

acad

emia

. -

The

Sta

te.

- T

echn

ical

par

tner

s fo

r de

velo

pmen

t.

R

educ

ed c

onsu

mpt

ion

of f

uelw

ood.

-

Env

iron

men

tal

prot

ectio

n.

S

pec

ific

con

sum

er d

eman

d,

cau

sin

g th

e u

se o

f p

roh

ibit

edm

ean

s of

har

vest

Im

prov

e pe

ople

’s

livel

ihoo

ds.

- T

he S

tate

. -

Loc

al a

utho

ritie

s.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

-

NG

Os.

- Po

vert

y re

duct

ion.

-

Dis

cont

inua

tion

of

bad

fish

ing

prac

tices

. -

Reg

ener

ated

re

sour

ces.

29

Is

sue

lin

ked

to

catc

hes

nee

din

gto

be

tran

spor

ted

fro

m la

nd

ing

site

s on

a r

egul

ar b

asis

- O

rgan

ize

sale

s ch

anne

ls.

- Atte

ntio

n m

ust b

e pa

id

to w

omen

and

oth

er

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s m

ore

conc

erne

d.

- T

he S

tate

. -

Loc

al a

nd tr

aditi

onal

au

thor

ities

. -

Tec

hnic

al a

nd

fina

ncia

l par

tner

s.

- N

GO

s.

- C

ivil

soc

iety

.

- Im

prov

ed in

com

e.

- Los

s re

duct

ion.

S

iltin

g of

fis

hin

g ar

eas

Im

pac

t on

spa

wn

ing

grou

nds

In

Bu

rkin

a F

aso,

th

e gr

ass

that

grow

s at

cer

tain

tim

es o

f th

eye

ar o

n L

ake

Kom

pie

nga

an

dse

ason

al f

lood

ing

bri

ng a

bou

tro

tten

fis

h a

nd

mor

e fi

shm

orta

lity

in f

ish

ing

area

s

- E

nsur

e du

ne f

ixat

ion

and

bank

pro

tect

ion.

-

Ens

ure

dred

ging

of

wat

erbo

dy.

- R

econ

stitu

te c

anop

y.

- Im

plem

ent m

easu

res

agai

nst i

nvad

ing

aqua

tic p

lant

s.

- Cre

ate

inco

me-

gene

ratin

g ac

tiviti

es.

- The

Sta

te.

- Com

mun

ities

. - T

radi

tiona

l lea

ders

.

- Pro

tect

ion

of th

e aq

uatic

ec

osys

tem

. - C

reat

ion

of

prof

essi

onal

or

gani

zatio

ns a

nd

com

mun

ity g

roup

s - R

ecyc

ling

and

selli

ng

of s

and

for

cons

truc

tion

wor

ks.

S

easo

nalit

y/ad

vers

e w

eath

erco

nd

itio

ns

- D

raft

and

str

ateg

y fo

r re

sili

ence

act

ion

plan

s.

- Sug

gest

alt

erna

tive

in

com

e-ge

nera

ting

ac

tiviti

es to

wom

en a

nd

yout

h.

- Pro

vide

eas

y ac

cess

to

fina

nce

for

wom

en a

nd

yout

h.

- The

Sta

te.

- Sec

urin

g of

hou

seho

ld

inco

me.

- N

umbe

r of

be

nefi

ciar

ies.

- Mic

rofi

nanc

e in

stitu

tions

. - N

GO

s.

- Reg

iona

l and

in

tern

atio

nal

conv

entio

ns a

nd

prog

ram

mes

.

7.P

OL

ICY

/ R

EG

UL

AT

ION

S

R

iver

ban

ks

occu

pie

d b

yve

geta

ble

gro

wer

s in

Sou

rou

(cre

atin

g si

ltin

g an

d p

ollu

tin

gw

ith

fer

tiliz

ers/

man

ure

an

dp

esti

cid

es)

P

ollu

tion

fro

m w

omen

was

hin

gd

ish

es a

nd

clo

thes

on

th

eri

verb

ank

s

- Reg

ulat

e th

e us

e of

ri

verb

anks

. - E

nfor

ce e

xist

ing

regu

latio

ns.

- Mon

itor

and

eval

uate

th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of

regu

latio

ns.

- Int

rodu

ce c

omm

unity

-le

d to

tal s

anita

tion

in

prog

ram

me.

- Cre

ate

wat

er p

roxi

mit

y po

ints

(bo

reho

les)

. - C

reat

e ve

geta

ble

gard

enin

g ar

eas

for

wom

en a

nd o

ther

vu

lner

able

gro

ups

with

w

ater

fro

m b

oreh

oles

.

- The

Sta

te.

- Com

mun

ities

. - B

enef

icia

ries

.

- Beh

avio

ur c

hang

e.

- Pro

tect

ion

of

wat

erbo

dies

.

- Dec

entr

aliz

atio

n.

- NG

Os

and

trad

ition

al

lead

ers.

-

Pro

fess

iona

l or

gani

zatio

ns.

- Tec

hnic

al

deve

lopm

ent p

artn

ers.

-

regi

onal

inst

itutio

ns,

i.e. F

ishe

ries

C

omm

itte

e fo

r th

e W

est C

entr

al G

ulf

of

Gui

nea

(FC

WC

,)

EC

OW

AS,

Wes

t A

fric

an E

cono

mic

and

30

Mon

etar

y U

nion

(W

AE

MU

).

F

ish

erm

en’

stra

tegy

to

chan

gefi

shin

g te

chn

iqu

es d

esig

ned

to

cop

e w

ith

th

e d

ecli

ne

in h

arve

stsu

ch a

s fi

ner

mes

h n

ets

and

ille

gal p

ract

ices

, bu

t th

ese

are

har

mfu

l to

fish

erie

s re

sou

rces

L

onge

r fi

shin

g ti

mes

, hav

ing

anef

fect

on

qua

lity

and

als

ore

sult

ing

in lo

ss o

f m

ark

et d

ue

top

oor

qual

ity

/ fis

h s

ize

- Reg

ulat

e Il

lega

l, un

repo

rted

and

un

regu

late

d (I

UU

) fi

shin

g.

- Enf

orce

exi

stin

g re

gula

tions

. - D

evel

op f

ishe

ries

m

anag

emen

t loc

al

cove

nant

s/

spec

ific

atio

ns.

- Mon

itor

and

eval

uate

th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of

regu

latio

ns.

- Dev

elop

sub

regi

onal

co

oper

atio

n fo

r a

harm

oniz

ed r

egul

ator

y fr

amew

ork

on f

ishi

ng

gear

s (B

urki

na F

aso

and

Mal

i).

- Cre

ate

inco

me-

gene

rati

ng a

ctiv

itie

s fo

r w

omen

and

you

th.

- Gua

rant

ee th

e pr

otec

tion

of

wom

en a

nd o

ther

vu

lner

able

gro

ups

who

re

port

ille

gal p

ract

ices

.

- The

Sta

te.

- Com

mun

ities

. - B

enef

icia

ries

.

- Re-

trai

ning

of

fish

erm

en in

oth

er

inco

me-

gene

rati

ng

activ

ities

.

- Nat

iona

l and

in

tern

atio

nal l

egal

in

stru

men

ts.

- Sub

regi

onal

or

gani

zatio

ns.

- Mic

rofi

nanc

e in

stitu

tions

. - R

egio

nal i

nstit

utio

ns

(FC

WC

, EC

OW

AS

, W

AE

MU

).

S

easo

ns

are

affe

cted

by

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd a

re n

o lo

nger

wel

ld

efin

ed. T

hu

s, f

ish

ing

is d

iffi

cult

to p

lan

- Def

ine

and

supp

ort

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

a

miti

gatio

n an

d ad

apta

tion

str

ateg

y in

clus

ive

of f

ishe

ries

’ sp

ecif

ic c

once

rns.

- The

Sta

te.

- Re-

trai

ning

fis

herm

en

in o

ther

inco

me-

gene

ratin

g ac

tiviti

es.

- Nat

iona

l and

in

tern

atio

nal l

egal

in

stru

men

ts.

- Sub

regi

onal

or

gani

zatio

ns.

- Nat

iona

l and

in

tern

atio

nal

prog

ram

mes

on

clim

ate

chan

ge.

In

fras

tru

ctur

es a

re n

otco

ndu

cive

to

GH

Ps

H

uge

qua

lity

loss

es d

ue

toin

adeq

uat

e st

orag

e co

nd

itio

ns

P

hys

ical

loss

es d

ue

to t

hef

t of

th

efi

sh a

t la

nd

ing

site

- Est

ablis

h ba

sic

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd

mar

ketin

g (d

ock/

pier

, sa

fe w

ater

, jet

ties

, co

ld c

hain

).

- The

Sta

te.

- Tec

hnic

al a

nd

fina

ncia

l par

tner

s.

- Com

mun

ities

. - B

enef

icia

ries

.

- Foo

d sa

fety

. - N

atio

nal b

udge

t. - D

onat

ions

and

aid

. - T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

- R

egio

nal i

nstit

utio

ns

FC

WC

, EC

OW

AS

, W

AE

MU

).

31

E

xces

sive

use

of

woo

d f

orsm

okin

g

No

acce

ss t

o n

ew t

ech

nol

ogie

s

Res

earc

h f

ind

ings

are

not

adap

tab

le t

o lo

cal c

ond

itio

ns

and

wom

en a

nd

oth

er v

uln

erab

legr

oup

s’ n

eed

s; f

or e

xam

ple

,p

roce

ssor

s fi

nd

th

em c

hal

len

gin

gas

th

eir

nee

ds/

inp

uts

wer

e m

ost

lik

ely

not

tak

en in

toco

nsi

der

atio

n d

uri

ng

des

ign

an

dp

lan

nin

g st

ages

L

ack

of

kn

owle

dge

ab

out

corr

ect

han

dli

ng

and

pro

cess

ing

met

hod

s fo

r d

iffe

ren

t fi

shsp

ecie

s

- Pro

mot

e al

tern

ativ

e en

ergy

sou

rces

. - P

rom

ote

good

re

sear

ch p

ract

ices

and

te

chno

logi

es th

at a

re

adap

ted

to

smal

lhol

ders

livi

ng

cond

ition

s (d

eman

d-dr

iven

and

soc

io-

cent

red)

.

- The

Sta

te.

- Tec

hnic

al a

nd

fina

ncia

l par

tner

s.

- Com

mun

ities

. - B

enef

icia

ries

.

- For

est a

nd e

nvir

onm

ent

cons

erva

tion

. - D

evel

opm

ent o

f re

new

able

ene

rgie

s (s

un, w

ater

, air

).

Il

lite

racy

L

ack

of

entr

epre

neu

rsh

ip

Low

leve

l of

orga

niz

atio

n

Low

leve

l of

tech

nic

al s

up

por

t

- Cre

ate

soci

al a

nd

educ

atio

nal t

rain

ing

cent

res.

- Pro

vide

pro

gram

mes

on

func

tion

al li

tera

cy f

or

wom

en a

nd y

outh

.

- The

Sta

te.

- Tec

hnic

al a

nd

fina

ncia

l par

tner

s.

- Com

mun

ities

. - B

enef

icia

ries

.

- Sch

ool e

nrol

men

t and

li

tera

cy.

- NG

Os.

- T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

- D

ecen

tral

ized

se

rvic

es.

- Min

istr

ies.

Use

of

gear

, tec

hn

iqu

es a

ndp

roh

ibit

ed s

ubst

ance

s- R

egul

ate

IUU

fis

hing

. - E

nfor

ce e

xist

ing

regu

latio

ns.

- Mon

itor

and

eval

uate

th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of

regu

latio

ns.

- Dev

elop

sub

regi

onal

co

oper

atio

n fo

r a

harm

oniz

ed r

egul

ator

y fr

amew

ork

on f

ishi

ng

gear

s (B

urki

na F

aso

and

Mal

i).

- Ass

ess

and

addr

ess

the

dire

ct s

hort

-ter

m im

pact

of

reg

ulat

ions

on

wom

en

and

othe

r vu

lner

able

gr

oups

’ po

st-h

arve

st

activ

ities

.

- Reg

iona

l ins

titut

ions

(F

CW

C, E

CO

WA

S,

WA

EM

U).

- W

AE

MU

Gui

delin

es.

32

P

oor

road

con

dit

ion

s

Inad

equa

te t

ran

spor

t ve

hic

les

- Lin

k pr

oduc

tion

area

s.

- The

Sta

te.

- Tec

hnic

al a

nd

fina

ncia

l par

tner

s.

- Com

mun

ities

. - B

enef

icia

ries

.

- Fac

ilita

ting

of th

e m

ovem

ent o

f go

ods.

- T

he S

tate

. - T

echn

ical

and

fi

nanc

ial p

artn

ers.

- D

ecen

tral

ized

se

rvic

es.

- Min

istr

ies.

Arm

ed r

obb

erie

s af

fect

ing

fish

mon

gers

(lo

ss o

f su

pp

lyca

pac

ity;

fis

hm

onge

rs/a

rtif

icia

lgl

ut

in s

upp

ly s

ites

wit

h e

ven

tual

loss

es)

- Enh

ance

pub

lic s

afet

y.

- Pro

mot

e m

arke

ting

tran

sact

ions

with

m

inim

um c

ash

carr

ying

, e-c

omm

erce

an

d m

obile

mon

ey

tran

sact

ions

.

- Cre

ate

mon

ey tr

ansf

er

inst

rum

ents

ada

pted

to

fish

mon

gers

.

- The

Sta

te.

- Tec

hnic

al a

nd

fina

ncia

l par

tner

s.

- Com

mun

ities

. - B

enef

icia

ries

.

- Fre

e m

ovem

ent o

f pe

ople

and

goo

ds.

- Mon

ey tr

ansf

er

com

pani

es.

S

pec

ific

con

sum

er d

eman

d,

cau

sin

g th

e u

se o

f p

roh

ibit

edm

ean

s of

har

vest

- See

IU

U a

bove

.

In

adeq

uate

infr

astr

uct

ure

an

deq

uip

men

t ca

usi

ng

phy

sica

l and

qu

alit

y lo

sses

- See

abo

ve.

- Bui

ld g

ende

r-se

nsiti

ve

infr

astr

uctu

res.

H

aras

smen

t b

y th

e p

olic

e,cu

stom

s an

d h

ealt

h au

thor

itie

s,ca

usi

ng d

elay

s an

d lo

nge

rtr

ansa

ctio

ns

E

nfor

ce n

atio

nal a

nd

regi

onal

con

vent

ions

/ re

gula

tions

.

- The

Sta

tes.

- S

ubre

gion

al

orga

niza

tions

. - C

ivil

soc

iety

.

- Goo

d go

vern

ance

. - F

ree

mov

emen

t of

peop

le a

nd g

oods

.

- Int

erna

tiona

l co

nven

tions

. - S

ubre

gion

al a

nd

bila

tera

l agr

eem

ents

.

Con

trol

inst

itu

tion

s w

ith

insu

ffic

ien

t ca

pac

ity

resu

ltin

g in

loss

es

E

stab

lish

or

oper

atio

naliz

e qu

ality

ass

uran

ce

infr

astr

uctu

res

and

serv

ices

.

Dev

elop

cap

acit

y.

P

rovi

de tr

aini

ng o

f tr

aine

rs p

rogr

amm

e de

velo

pmen

t and

su

ppor

t.

- The

Sta

tes.

- S

ubre

gion

al

orga

niza

tions

. - T

echn

ical

de

velo

pmen

t pa

rtne

rs.

- Con

sum

ers.

- Rec

over

y an

d fo

od

secu

rity

. - I

n so

me

ripa

rian

co

untr

ies

ther

e ar

e st

atal

inst

itutio

ns w

ith

the

rele

vant

cap

acity

an

d ex

peri

ence

in

tack

ling

the

issu

es a

t st

ake.

- D

ecen

tral

ized

co

mm

uniti

es.

33

34

3.2 Guidelines for a subregional programme and national action plans addressing priority areas of intervention

Transforming the subregion’s fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest chains and regional trade into competitive contributors to sustainable food security, livelihoods and development rests on the overarching supporting umbrella of coordination, collaboration and partnership. This umbrella supports six dynamically inter-related priority areas and includes two cross-cutting beams, which are: (i) resilience and social protection; and (ii) specific gender concerns. The essential characteristics of each are described below, and the dynamics of relationships and linkages between actors and drivers of improvement strategies are illustrated in Figure 9. National action plans define the necessary government policies and interventions that aim to improve productivity and competitiveness in the fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest chain as well as regional trade. These plans are not limited to fishing/farm and processing, nor to effective marketing in the domestic, regional and international arenas, but also concern financial investments, institutional support, linkages between the different actors along the value chain, and capacity building. Table 2 details the roles and responsibilities of the different stakeholders, partnerships, challenges and opportunities in order to implement these plans. It is recommended that these national plans form part of a subregional programme that will align common and cross-cutting activities between countries that are to be developed, particularly in terms of: negotiations with technical and financial partners for the funding of post-harvest loss reduction

action plans and programmes for the Volta Basin; gender concerns to be taken into account throughout the value chain together with information on

post-harvest losses in order to better design the activities to be implemented; climate change adaption and increased resilience in action plans and programmes regarding

post-harvest loss reduction; implementation and monitoring and evaluation methodologies, including the sustainable use of

natural resources and waste reduction; linking the strategy, the regional programme and national action plans to the Sustainable

Development Goals, at the appropriate time. It is also recommended that FAO and NPCA collaborate together and with all the stakeholders of the subregional programme and national projects in order to: set up a subregional network of resource persons dedicated to post-harvest loss control (assessment

and reduction interventions) in order to share experiences, as well as strengths and weaknesses among stakeholders; this responds to the need of fish operators to share ideas as well as the data and information generated and analysed by the resources persons towards improved post-harvest fish loss management;

establish collection and analysis of lessons learned and innovations in the post-harvest loss reduction national action plans, programmes and projects to facilitate implementing a similar process of implementation in other geographical contexts.

35

Figure 9. Priority areas and cross-cutting beams to reduce post-harvest losses

Courtesy of: S. McDonough, FAO Regional Office for Africa. 3.2.1 The role of the government

The role of the government is to: (i) create an enabling and secure environment that favours post-harvest fish loss reduction; (ii) formulate policies; and (iii) create regulatory frameworks for enhanced post-harvest fish loss reduction and improved domestic and cross-border trade. Other government interventions include finance mobilization, gender mainstreaming, capacity development at all levels, and infrastructure development (Figure 10). Regulatory bodies and government agencies should ensure compliance to standards and participate in the capacity building of stakeholders in relevant areas (responsible fisheries, proper harvesting, proper handling, and best practices in processing and storage, marketing and market development) along the fishery value chain. The government can also provide public safety and incentive measures, ensuring implementation of social measures for consumers with weak purchasing power, and supporting safe fish consumption and responsible supply-related promotional programmes/initiatives. It should implement an information education communication (IEC) or a behaviour change communication (BCC) framework. Given the importance of the capture fisheries and aquaculture sector in terms of food security and job creation in the West Africa subregion, each government should look into the possibility of financing PHLAs at the country and basin level, and work together with the various authorities of the Volta Basin through the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). It is also important that evaluations/research on post-harvest losses pay particular attention to nutrient losses, given the importance of the nutritional value of fish and the fact that certain handling, collection and transport practices are likely to affect quality. Each government should also ensure that information on the PHLA and national action plans is consolidated and linked with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Bank for Investment and Development (EBID).

36

3.2.2 The role of the private sector

As indicated in the NEPAD Action Plan of 2005 (NEPAD, 2005), to increase the fish trade from Africa’s marine and inland waters, an efficient post-harvest sector needs to be developed. This will entail investment in the sector and the development of improved infrastructure and equipment. The private sector can play a crucial role along the value chain by: promoting and supporting technologies that can foster diversification and value addition; improving infrastructures and technology development through appropriate investment schemes; providing support to processors and traders, in particular to women and youth entrepreneurs, in

order to further develop their businesses; strengthening financing mechanisms, in particular credits and microfinance, with particular

attention to constraints faced by youth and women. The actors along the value chain are expected to be responsive to the various government policies and align their action plans, procedures and activities with them. 3.2.3 The overarching supporting umbrella: coordination, collaboration and partnership

Once each national action plan has been drafted, its successful implementation will call for a consensus among all stakeholders along the chain in terms of roles and responsibilities, and effective delivery and implementation monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, encompassing the two cross-cutting beams – resilience and social protection, and specific gender issues. The line ministry will be responsible for ensuring coordination of the six priority areas through public-private partnerships, which include: government staff, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and donors (institutional or individuals),

which provide funding and/or technical support for capacity building for developing an action plan as well as research that generates improved technologies, infrastructural and market development while ensuring proper monitoring and evaluation of sponsored programmes and projects, and the necessary capacity building on these specific areas;

professional organizations and groups as well as stakeholders, which work within the regulatory frameworks to ensure compliance with various financial, environmental, health and safety, and market regulations;

financial and development institutions and NGOs, which provide financial assistance and support to fishers, processors, traders and individuals’ interests along the value chain;

research institutes and universities, which generate the required technology that meets genuine needs and demands for development. They also engage in the capacity building of all stakeholders for dissemination/ease of transfer of these technologies;

the six riparian countries, which share new technologies, climate adaptation, good water use practices and trade issues, both at the government level and through exchange visits and peer-assisted activities.

the promotion of aquaculture as a means that allows processing activities to continue during the lean fishing seasons, thus preventing the temptation of illegal fishing practices with high post-harvest losses accompanied by a negative impact on the environment. This promotion of the initiative led by the VBA with donor funding must take into account a number of factors, such as: the regulating of aquaculture production; the environmental and commercial impact, the impact on fishers’ livelihoods; regulations in terms of imports and exports, production and type of feed with the least environmental pollution; nutritional value depending on the type of feed to ensure the nutritional quality of farmed fish; and regulating the arrival of the fish on the markets.

37

Figure 10. Actors’ responsibilities, linkages and drivers of improvement strategies

3.2.4 First cross-cutting beam: resilience and social protection

Freshwater resources are natural ecosystems with the ability to regulate themselves and regenerate from shocks. This is extremely challenging to replicate in artificial contexts in a cost-effective manner. Therefore, these natural settings will always remain the basic reservoirs of the fisheries genetic resources and sources of food and income. Nevertheless, in Lake Volta, the resilience of these resources is fast approaching its critical level of unsustainability. Thus, interventions are urgently needed to greatly reduce, if not stop, overfishing and habitat degradation due to human activities such as dam construction, nutrient overloading, eutrophication and pollution. Climate variability and the resultant effects on water levels are an added dimension of significant importance when designing strategic interventions and resilience action plans. Alternative sources of income-generating activities should be explored in a participatory manner with fishers and processors so that they may be more resilient to climate variability and market forces. This may also call for collateral solidarity groups. 3.2.5 Second cross-cutting beam: gender concerns

Gender is a leading indicator of sustainable development and livelihoods. Future PHLAs, strategies and programmes addressing post-harvest losses reduction will greatly benefit from addition information on gender-related issues within the value chain. Value chain analysis and identified upgrading strategies (product, function, process and system) will provide information on the relationships between male and female actors and the related gender concerns. Taking these gender issues into account can contribute to the optimization or sustainability of actions on technology and on infrastructure and services. The

38

identified gender concerns will also influence capacity-building needs that are specific to male and female actors or actions to improve dialogue and collaboration between different actors in the chain. This calls for a supplementary gender analysis of PHLA combined with value chain analysis information and will lead to, among other things, gender-sensitive technologies and innovations. Services specific to facilitating better working conditions and livelihoods (such as access to child care facilities, health centres, nutrition and social protection services, primary schools and literacy and accounting courses) need to be part of the interventions in order to contribute to increased well-being. Key issues are the specific needs and the employment conditions of youth, and specific training for women to make them equal participants in management and decision-making processes. In terms of policy and regulations, since the post-harvest actors will be stakeholders, they should be actively involved in the planning and formulation processes as well in the reinforcement of the policies and application of the regulations. 3.2.6 Priority Area 1: Capacity development

Stakeholders’ capacity development is a crucial factor in improving FAPHC & RT in the riparian countries of the Volta Basin and requires investment at all stages of the value chain. The areas requiring intervention are: training on responsiveness and adaptation to evolving techniques and technology; current best practices on responsible fisheries; good aquaculture practices (GAPs), GHPs, GMPs, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) for food safety management systems in processing and handling, packaging and storage; development of market information systems; management; and entrepreneurship. These should be underpinned by functional literacy and basic accounting skills, depending on the needs of operators, especially those of post-capture actors. Moreover, when fishers organize themselves in an association/group, they can generate a significant proportion of seed capital for private infrastructure development (such as storage facilities and equipment) and transportation for improved post-harvest handling, thus lowering risks of losses linked to marketing activities. As associations, they are also able to marshal stronger bargaining power in the input and output markets, and take actions that enable economies of scale. Based on best practices identified and analysed, in particular by FAO, organizations should be strengthened and, when pertinent, new groups/cooperatives should be set up for fishers and processors. 3.2.7 Priority Area 2: Policy/regulations

Access to electricity and other energy sources, good roads and good storage facilities are state prerogatives. Effectively enforcing good fishing, handling and processing practices through effective enforcement of fisheries regulation/laws as regards to net mesh sizes, gear type and prohibited physical or chemical methods of fishing will result in improving production and preserve natural stocks of the various fish species in the Volta Basin. The State should also promote and guarantee, through good governance, a favourable investment climate for investment and producer and trade organizations, protecting the rights, privacy, safety and property of its citizens as well as enforcing policies that support the development of a viable competitive FAPHC & RT in the region. This should be implemented in cooperation and effective partnership among the neighbouring countries, and more particularly in the areas of preserving the Volta Basin ecosystem and cross-border trade. Moreover, participatory implementation and monitoring should be promoted and accompanied by a monitoring, control and surveillance plan. Depending on the national and regional context, development partners for financial and technical support may be solicited to support all of these efforts. 3.2.8 Priority Area 3: Infrastructure/services

Important post-harvest losses contribute to low returns on investments in fisheries by diminishing the quantity and quality of fish available for sale and human consumption. The underlying causes of these

39

high losses are related to: poor infrastructure; limited access and use of processing innovations; value addition to the original product; and poor input/output markets. Key features and services that foster adequate market access are: policies and regulations governing domestic and international trade; the availability of market-related information, whether for short or long distances; marketing infrastructures; adequate means of transport and good road networks; handling and post-harvest processes that prolong shelf-life; value addition in the market; and institutional frameworks that support the efficiency of input supply chains and output delivery processes. 3.2.9 Priority Area 4: Technology/techniques

Through partnerships and funding by donor agencies, NGOs and government and research institutions will be responsible for providing improved species of tilapia fish or other fish of economic value to the Volta Basin and/or developing adaptable and cost-effective technologies for the handling, processing and storage of fish. This will lead to higher and more sustainable yields, increased catches, more efficient processing, and, ultimately, self-sovereignty in the region in the production and local supply of high-quality fish with reduced losses. More appropriate technical, institutional and policy innovations are essential to strengthen market opportunities. This includes first-rate science-based information on technology options and effective market demand, which influence the dynamics of economically viable innovation systems. Small-scale fishers and processors first need access to sustainable technologies that increase shelf-life and add value to fish and fishery products. Cash transfer options using mobile phones should be set up, which can also contribute to the safety of fishers, fish farmers, processors and traders as well as that of the general population. The substantial improvements offered, in particular by the newly developed FAO-Thiaroye Processing Technique (FTT-Thiaroye) for smoking and mechanical drying, can contribute considerably to reducing health hazards while enabling greater post-harvest benefits for the sector, and they should therefore be promoted on a wider scale. 3.2.10 Priority Area 5: Market access

Fishers and fish farmers, processors and traders should receive cash payments at competitive prices and/or rewarding bartered goods in exchange of their products. Beyond the existing outlets/markets for small- to medium-scale enterprises, they must also be in a position to take advantage of markets that offer quality inputs needed in their production processes. As discussed in the previous areas of priority, good market access and marketing require adequate infrastructure and services, market information, good financial and insurance services, and public safety. Moreover, an enabling policy and regulation environment is essential to facilitate adequate market access. Regional trade and opportunities to improve access to fish as food to provide better nutrition security should be addressed within the framework of ECOWAS’ protocol on free movement of goods and people. 3.2.11 Priority Area 6: Consumer-level intervention

Consumers’ awareness should be raised on the value of legal size and local fish, the nutritional status of a good quality fish, and sustainable supply. Promotional activities and well-targeted socio-economic measures towards population strata with weak purchasing power should also be set up to facilitate their access to needful nutrients and provide sustainable incentives for loss reduction. Fishers’ awareness should also be raised on the benefits of responsible fishing, including the legal size of fish species.

40

3.3 Coordination and monitoring of implementation

The responsibility for the coordination of the strategy and the implementation of the corresponding action plans lies with the relevant ministries of the six riparian countries in the Volta Basin. An important intergovernmental body will need to act as a repository for providing market and technical information, and will assist ministries in developing effective private-public sector collaboration. The governments concerned will need to address issues on political stability, transparent investment procedures, regulations, security guarantees (personal and investment) and improvement in infrastructures. Participatory monitoring and evaluation mechanisms with due consideration of ultimate beneficiaries are fundamental.

41

4. REFERENCES

African Union Commission & New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Planning and Coordinating Agency. 2014. Policy framework and reform strategy for fisheries and aquaculture in Africa. Creating a conducive and enabling environment for the fish sector to create equitable, social and economic development in Africa. (also available at www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/documents/30266-doc-au-ibar_-_fisheries_policy_framework_and _reform_strategy.pdf)

Akande, G.R. & Diei-Ouadi, Y. 2010. Post-harvest losses in small-scale fisheries. Case studies in five sub-Saharan African countries. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 550. Rome, FAO. 72 pp. (also available at www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1798e/i1798e00.htm).

Béné, C. & Russell, A.J.M. 2007. Diagnostic study of the Volta Basin fisheries. Part 1 – Livelihoods and poverty analysis, current trends and projections. Volta Basin Focal Project Report No 7. Cairo, WorldFish Center Regional Offices for Africa and West Asia, and Colombo, CPWF. 67 pp.

Diei-Ouadi, Y. & Mgawe, Y.I. 2011. Post-harvest fish loss assessment in small-scale fisheries: a guide for the extension officer. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 559. Rome, FAO. 93 pp. (also available at www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2241e/i2241e00.htm).

FAO. 1998. Responsible fish utilization. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries No. 7. Rome. 33 pp. (also available at www.fao.org/docrep/003/w9634e/w9634e00.htm).

FAO. 2015. Strengthening the performance of post-harvest systems and regional trade in small-scale fisheries: case study of post-harvest loss reduction in the Volta Basin riparian countries, by Yvette Diei-Ouadi, Boris K. Sodoke, Frieda A. Oduro, Yacouba Ouedraogo, Kissem Bokobosso and Ilia Rosenthal. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1105. Rome, Italy. (also available at www.fao.org/3/a-i5141e.pdf).

New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). 2005. The NEPAD Action Plan for the development of African Fisheries and Aquaculture. NEPAD-Fish for all Summit, Abuja, Nigeria. 30 pp.

Pittaluga, F., Braimah, L.I., Bortey, A., Wadzah, N., Cromwell, A., Dacosta, M., Seghieri, C. & Salvati, N. 2003. Poverty profile of riverine communities of southern Lake Volta. SFLP/FR/18. Cotonou, FAO. 70 pp. (also available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/document/sflp/SFLP_ publications/English/fr18.pdf).

I5935E/1/07.16

ISBN 978-92-5-109334-4

9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 9 3 3 4 4

ISSN 2070-6065