Work ing Mothers: Their Problems andCoping Strategies, An Exploratory Study

Hlipinizat ion of the Socia! Sciences:A Red Herring?

In this issue:

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VOL. 10 NO. 2 JULV·SEPT EMBER 1982

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Venation Pattern in Philippine Tee­tarioid Ferns

Monograph Ser ies No.3. Preparedwith the assistance of the ResearchUtilization and Dissemination Office,Integrated Research Cente r, De LaSalle University

by Arthur Edward Salgado, FSC

- Philippine Geographical JournalVol. 26 No.2 April -J une 1982

- The Philippine StatisticianVol. 30 .Nos. 3-4 Ju ly-Decem ber

1981

Publ ished by the Int ernat io nal RiceResea rch Insti t ute, 1978by Y. Hayami in association wit hM. Kikuchi , P. F. Moya , L. M. Bam­bo , and E. B. Marciano

- Telex MoonThe secon d book in the tr ilogy ofSaint Lazarus pu blished by t he In­t egrated Research Cen ter, De LaSalle Unive rsity .

by Ciri10 F. Bautist a

- Philippine Journal of PsychologyVol. 11 Nos. 1 and 2 1978

-i MatayVol. 2 No. 1 March 1982

- Anatomy o f a Peasant Economy;A Rice Village in the Philippines

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COMMUNICATION AND RAPPORTFOR EFFECTIVE RESEARCH

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published book, "since the integrity of the phenome­non being observed always comes before the metho­dologicalprinciples being used to study it. II

Another way oflooking at the problemis through the import­ance of interpersonalcommunication andrapport. To break downthe barrier between theinvestigator and the in­terviewees participatingin an experiment, whynot a brief reversal ofroles for the latter to beable to empathize with the researcher's predicament,preferably at a midpoint in the long process of in­quiry.

A forthright statement: "This is what I'm tryingto do ... " followed by a candid question: "Do youthink I am going about it well enough, or would youhave suggestions on how I could do a better job?"would be a refreshing change that may well elicitvaluable information on apt methodology fromhighly perceptive participants.

Ulth current researchers too much engrossed inassessing content validity, the need oflikewise assess­ing process validity should be given importance insocial science research. The latter could in fact bedone in a number of cases through the simple andstraightforward manner suggested above.

An anxiety that often haunts the social scientistgathering raw data arises from the suspicion that hehas unwittingly hedged himself within the type ofinstrument or method that he has adopted, howevercarefully chosen.

The behavioral scientist in particular is disturbedby the apparent inadequacy of the structured ap­proach. l1hen seeking to uncover the mainsprings ofhuman conduct, he has to interact with the subjectsthemselves in a study which takes the form of aformal situation. From there on he fulfills his roleof investigator vis-a-vis the reactors who have agreedto participate in the "drama" of research and whatemerges is a predictable play wherein the instigator's"hypothesis" either is or is not borne out by thecooperators' ready supply of information ostensiblydrawn from their own experience.

The very act of structuring required in socialscience research has an element of artificiality in itthat will somehow affect the spontaneity and natural­ness desired from recruited participants in the explo-ration ofsocial phenomena. .

Dr. Alex Gilandas was aware of this pitfall whenhe delved into the sexual behavior of Omega womenin the Philippines. He recognized that the methodo­logy adopted has no other significance than being ahandy vehicle for "approaching reality without un­duly contaminating it." Thus the efficiency of thevehicle has to be constantly monitored, and if in factfound wanting, immediately abandoned.

"One's loyalties must not be for traditional tech­niques per se," Dr. Gilandas emphasized in his newly

by Raul R. Ingles~~. Professor of Journalism

(U.P. Writer-in-Residencel

JUL Y-SEPTEMBER 1982/1

Working Mothers: Their Problems andCoping Strategies, An Exploratory Study

Lynna-Marie SyCipDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of the Philippines

Women today often find that theyare the objects of conflicting attitudesand sentiments. In spite of all that hasbeen said or written on what a woman's"true role" or "purpose" in life oughtto be, people in general, and men andwomen in particular, find that they arestill in disagreement over various issues.On the one hand, there are those whobelieve that women should take a moreactive role, not only in ensuring theeconomic survival of her family, butalso in enhancing the social, political,artistic, and economic development ofher community and of her nation.Looking around us, however, we maynotice that very little has been done toactually assist the woman in accomplish­ing all of these laudable goals.

For example, although the social andeconomic conditions of the times seemto demand that women engage moreand more actively in the labor force, theprevailing societal attitudes continue tocast aspersions on not only the value of

women as mothers and wives shouldthey in fact join the labor force, butalso on their worth as reliable and effi­cient workers. Female workers consist­ently earn lower than their male count­erparts, and they tend to cluster in thelower-ranked occupations such as salesand service. There are also higher un­employment and underemploymentrates for women than for men (Castillo,1980). These findings are indicationsthat employers, if given a choice, wouldprefer to hire male workers as opposedto female workers. A major reason forthis is, of course, the possibility of preg­nancy, and the hours lost from the jobas a result of maternity leaves. This isnot to count the other hours lost due todomestic emergencies such as a sickchild or husband, or the abrupt leave­taking of household help.

Other women have had to bear withunsympathetic husbands; families, andneighbors who delight in pointing outthe household chores left undone, the

children and husband neglected, or thefamily/clan outings missed as a result ofoffice work. The men, on the otherhand, are rarely, if at all, chided for thesame faults since it is commonlythought that a lot must be sacrificed ifthe man is to adequately fulfill his roleas the breadwinner of the family.Having to deal with feelings of guilt andanxiety, as well as the strain from theexhausting efforts of meeting the tripleroles of mother, wife, and worker, aretherefore probably alien experiences tothe self-possessed husband.

Working mothers, however, regard­less of their social class, often findthemselves caught in this double bindwherein the terrible experience andemotional upheaval of role-strain is feltand agonized over. With the belief that"a mother's place is in the home,"and with children widely viewed prima­rily as a woman's problem, many work­ing mothers wonder whether it is reallypossible to combine a career with

Lynna-Marie SyCip is Instructor 11/ of the Department ofPsychology, Univer­sity of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City and Associate Editor of the PhilippineJournal of Psychology. She holds an M.A. in psychology from the U.P.

This article is an abstract of her Master's thesis of the same title for which shewasgranted a PSSC Discretionary Research Award.

2/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

marriage and having children.Because working mothers now make

up a substantial part of the labor force,and because of the increasing number ofwomen who must go through thisexperience, it therefore begins to as­sume the proportions not only of apersonal problem, but also of a socialone. Hoffman (1974) has pointed outthat the pressure of trying to handlethe dual roles of mother and worker canresult in a state of stress that in turn hasa negative effect on the child. On theother hand, Baruch (1972) and King, etal. (19681. as cited in Hoffman, havefound that the tendency of workingmothers' children to have positiveattitudes is enhanced when the employ­ment is accompanied by a minimum ofconflict and strain for the mother.Kligler and Lambert (as citedin Hoffman, 1974) have also found thatwhen work is a personal satisfaction forthe mother, her role as mother is posi­tively affected and enhanced.

Objectives of the StudyIn the light of these findings, it be­

comes imperative that the stressfulsituation which the working motherfinds herself in be investigated furtherso that a clearer understanding of thedynamics underlying her problematiclifestyle may be reached. Then perhapsthe much needed changes will follow.With this in mind, the following objec­tives were laid down for th is study: (1)

to come up with a list of the commonproblems encountered by workingmothers; (2) to investigate how muchstress is generated by each of theseproblems; (3) to rank-order the prob­lems according to degree of importanceattached to them by the mothers;(4) to find out how the mothers havebeen coping (if at all) with such prob­lems; (5) to find out how they feelabout the solutions they have workedout to the problems; (6) to find outwhether working mothers are troubledby psychosomatic symptoms (this willbe used as a measure of the general level

of stress that they are experiencing);and (7) to come up with recommenda­tions regarding how the situations inwhich working mothers find themselvesmay be made less stressful for all thoseconcerned.

METHODOLOGY

Sampling SchemeThe sampling scheme used was highly

purposive in nature since a specificgroup of working mothers was beingtargetted for the study. Thus, it shouldbe noted that only mothers who wereworking in and around Makati, Manila,Caloocan, and Quezon City wereincluded in this study. There was like­wise no attempt made to sample ran­domly across the various types of busi­ness establishments or offices. Basically,however, most of the working mothersincluded in the study were employedin banks, were teachers, practiced asdoctors or lawyers, or worked in pri­vate companies as researchers, typists,

secretaries or administrative officers.This may, of course, limit the general­izability of the findings to workingmothers as a whole. However, it is feltthat the information which wasgathered will still prove useful in point­ing out areas for further study andaspects of the working mother's lifewhich are ripe for change.

Description ofRespondentsSeventy-three working mothers

served as the respondents for this study.Another group of twenty-nine full-timehousewives were also included so thatthe answers of the working motherscould be seen in perspective. Unfor­tunately, it proved extremely difficultto find full-time housewives whopossessed approximately the same char­acteristics (l.e., age, educational attain­ment, socioeconomic status, etc.) as theworking mothers. For this reason, theresults obtained for both groups maynot be comparable and this report will

thus discuss only the findings whichwere obtained for the working mothers,who are, after all, the main focus ofthis study.

The working mothers who partici­pated in this study were married womenwho had children and who were eitherself-employed or employed and whoseplace of work was separate from theirplace of residence. More specifically,they had to be working for at least ayear at the time of the study, have aworking husband currently residing withthem, be a full-time worker (average of8 hours a day, 5 days a week), and haveat least one child who was not yet inschool. Women with these characteris­tics were chosen since it was assumedthat they would be under more stressthan women who worked at home, orworking women who were single, child­less, or who had children who were allof school-age and who would thus notrequire as much care and attention asa younger child.

Generally, the working mothers andtheir husbands could be characterizedas being in their late twenties or earlythirties, with relatively young and smallfamilies of one or two children. Theywere also well-educated, with the major­ity of them having finished college orhaving gone on to either the profession­al school or to graduate school. Socio­economically, they were likewise rela­tively well-off, with the majority ofthe respondents and their husbandsearning an average combined monthlyincome of "4,000 or more. Interestinglyenough, although the respondents' edu­cational training was comparable to thatof their husbands', 63 percent of themwere earning less than their spouses.The husbands also tended to cluster inthe professional and administrativeoccupations, whereas the respondentswere mostly found in the professionaland clerical groupings. The observationmade earlier, that more women thanmen are underemployed, seems to findsupport in these findings.

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InstrumentA semi-structured, self-administered

questionnaire was used in gathering theresponses of the working mothers. Itconsisted of six sections designed tolook into the following:

(1) common problems encountered;(2) stress ratings for problems en­

countered;(3) rank-ordering of problems en­

countered;(4) coping strategies of respondents;(5) perceptions of respondents reo

garding their manner of coping;(6) frequency of psychosomatic ail­

ments experienced;(7) perceived benefits of being a

working mother;(8) reasons for working;(9) information on certain demogra­

phic variables; and(10) common household activities.

This report, however, will focusmainly on the commonly encounteredproblems and on the coping strategieswhich have been evolved to deal withthem.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Problems EncounteredThe working mothers were generally

concerned with problems involvingtheir "precarious" economic and finan­cial situations, the health of their chil­dren and of the family as a whole, andtheir inability to devote as much timeas they might want to household needsand responsibilities and to their chil­dren. Sixty-three percent of them alsoindicated that they had difficulty try­ing to combine their multiple roles ofwife, mother, and worker.

In another light, however, it may besaid that these women were also con­cerned with their work (or their careers)when they said that they had difficultyconcentrating on their work, or thattheir work was interrupted whenever,their children became ill (around 80percent admitted being troubled by

this). While their main concern mighthave been their children's illness, itmay also be said that they did not takethe interruptions in their work lightly.They apparently had a "sense of duty"towards their work and career andwere therefore bothered when thisprofessional aspect of their liveswas ad­versely affected, even though the rea­son for it may have been another as­pect of their lives (children) which alsomeant a great deal to them personally.

A large number of respondents (81percent) likewise complained of theirdissatisfaction with not being able toattend to household matters personally.Although 92 percent of them had thebenefit of domestic help, this did notseem to be a totally acceptable solutionfor them. In fact, such domestic helpmay even become an additional sourceof anxiety for the mothers since theywould now have to take charge of super­vising them - a rather difficult task ifone happens to get helpers who are nottoo bright, or who are not too carefulwith appliances and other householditems which are either expensive orvaluable.

An interesting finding was that theworking mothers did not have too manycomplaints either about their husbandsor their in-laws. It might therefore behypothesized that the families of theserespondents were quite sympathetic andsupportive of their difficult situations.

There was no clear congruence be­tween the frequency with which a prob­lem was reported by these women andthe amount of stress that it produced inthose who encountered it. Some prob­lems were experienced by a large num-.ber of the respondents although thesereceived relatively low stress ratings,while others were reported by only afew respondents who were, however,greatly affected by them [i.e., husbandconcerns). There were only a few prob­lems which were reported by a largenumber of the respondents and whichalso received high stress ratings. Such

JULY-SEPTEMBER 1982/3

were problems having to do with thehealth of the children and the resultanteffect on the mothers' work efficiency;the inadequate time with which to at­tend to their children's needs; the healthof their family members; and theirfinancial situations.

The previous findings would seemto indicate that the fact that a problemmay be cited time and again by respon­dent after respondent does not reallyprovide information as to the amountof concern or anxiety it produces. Thus,a problem which is frequently mentionedby the respondents may not 'necessarilybe among the major problems thatplague them. Common problems neednot be ones that cause the respondentsa great deal of worry or strain. It is thusnecessary to find out from the respon­dents which problems they consider tobe the most troublesome.

The working mothers cited the fol­lowing problems as being among theirfive most troublesome worries: beingtired after work and yet having to takecare of household chores upon reachinghome; the children being sick and thusaffecting their concentration at work;:prices rising faster than thei r salaries;:and the lack of time in which to attendto the needs of their children. While'there did not seem to be as much agree­ment among the respondents with re­gard to the importance with which theyviewed their various problems, the areas;of concern remained consistent. Again,.these were problem areas having to dowith their children's health and well­being, the management of the house­hold, and economic concerns.

Coping StrategiesIn order to find out how the respon­

dents usually dealt with the specificproblems that they encountered, they;were asked to describe briefly how they;would normaliy cope with the five mosttroublesome problems which they hadlisted down. While they were reacting tospecific problem statements, it was pos-

4/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

sible to group these statements intoseveral problem areas, arriving at a gen­eral picture of how they usually handledvarious types of problems. The problemareas covered included the followingconcerns: economic, health, household,in-laws, children, husband, and work.

In the area of economic concerns,the strategies most frequently men­tioned included the following: tightbudgeting, prioritizing expenses andavoiding unnecessary purchases, andsupplementing the monthly income byaccepting >sideline work. Thus, themajority of the respondents indicatedthat they would try their best to copeactively with their financial problems,either by increasing the supply ofmoney, or by decreasing expenses.

Interestingly enough, only one of therespondents ever mentioned that shetried to work this problem out withher boss, possibly indicating thatalmost all of the others had more orless resigned themselves to the fact thatthey would continue on in their presentjobs, and that their salary scales werenot really going to get that much higher.While they did generally try to dealrationally and constructively with theirfinancial difficulties, they did not seemto consider looking for another jobwhere the pay would be more com­patible with their needs. Of course, thiscould simply be a reflection of the typeand quality of the skills that they pos­sessed, perhaps unduly limiting theircareer horizons. It could also be a com­ment on the present social and econo­mic state of the nation wherein "equalopportunity" is more of a slogan thana reality. Definitely, there are deeperreasons why salaries cannot seem tokeep up with prices or the family'sneeds - of course, such things may bebetter left untouched for the moment'sconvenience and peace of mind.

For those who included health pro­blems as being among their major wor­ries, most of them would either per­sonally care for sick family members

by giving them the proper medicationor just by being with them; or else theywould make sure that they got the bestmedical treatment possible by bringingthem to the doctor or by having themchecked-up. Only three of the respon­dents said that they would leave it allto God or pray. It is therefore quiteobvious that they took an illness inthe family quite seriously and tried tomake sure that any illness receivedimmediate treatment, either from thedoctor or from themselves.

It is interesting to note, however,that when it was the mothers them­selves who were sick, they did not seemto take as many precautions. Thus, forthe few who considered this as a prob­lem (n = 5), only one mentioned thatshe would have a check-up. Three saidthat they would try to take a rest (whenpossible) coupled with taking the pro­per medication (indicating self-pres­cribed remedies). One respondent evensaid that she would ~'... try not to feelguilty about taking a nap when I'msick."

It is obvious that while these workingmothers were extremely concernedabout the members of their families,they tended to neglect themselves,sometimes to the extent of feeling pangsof guilt whenever they thoL;lIht thatthey were "pampering" themselves bytaking a much-needed break. One canonly speculate about the "martyr­complex" that some of them must havehad.

In the area of household concerns,the primary problem appeared to bethe fast turn-over of household help.

That this was cited at all as a problemis already indicative of the importantrole that ready household help play.When this general support is removed,the working mother finds that she isleft mostly to her own coping devicesunless she happens to have non-workingrelatives with time to spare. It wouldseem that other social supports are non­existent (with the exception of the

extended family, which> not all urbancouples can avail of).

It is interesting to note how the res­pondents generally dealt with thisproblem of "disappearing" maids. Mostof their coping strategies were gearedtowards finding a replacement for thelost helper, or temporarily filling-inby absenting themselves from work(definitely not a long-term kind ofsolution). Mothers with infants arespecially helpless during such times andif they are unable to take a leave fromwork, they may have to send the childor baby to the province where parentsor in-laws are usually available for child­rearing. Because of this lack of socialinstitutions or mechanisms which couldhandle such cases, a mother's workingstatus may mean long-term separationfrom her children, or that she and herhusband will not really be able to estab­lish a life of their own (in the Westernsense) because they would now be de­pendent on the extended family system.

There was a great tendency for theworking mothers to give their familiesgreater priority over their work, and thiswas apparent in the way they handledconflicts arising from being a mother,wife, and worker all at once. Generally,they were inclined to leave at the office'all feelings, thoughts, and> anxietiesassociated with work; or else theywould try to make the time spent withtheir families as meaningful as possible.

This is not to imply, however, thatthese women would so willingly neglecttheir work to be able to be with theirfamilies more often. They definitelyhad conflicts regarding this and tried tocome up with solutions which wouldnot compromise either aspect of theirlives. Most of them tried to use time­management strategies, scheduling all

their activities as well as they couldso that none were left out or neglected.As one mother put it, "I am quite'ideallstic. I want to be a good motherand wife, but I also love my work. Ifthere are conflicts, I drop my work

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in favor of my family." Here, the desireto be good in all three roles is clearlyexpressed, although the choices to bemade when role-conflicts ensue arealso clearly marked out. After all, ifone stops to think about it, it is quitelikely that many of the women whotook part in this study did not reallyhave jobs that were that fulfilling or"ego-enhancing," whereas they pro­bably felt better appreciated and neededat home.

Not all the mothers, however, gavetheir families their unchallenged prior­ity. Thus, there was one respondentwho said, "I have learned to set up mypriorities. First my work, then mybaby, then my husband. When my babyis old enough to understand the mean­ing of a relationship, then he will bemy first priority, next my husband,then my work." While this respondent'sordering of her priorities may seemunacceptable to some males, it is inter­esting to note that a mother can puther work above all else, at least forsometime.

For the problems involving children,not having enough time for them wasone of the concerns identified. Thebasic coping strategy employed by themothers was to spend all their free­time with their children, interactingwith them and personally attending toall their needs. Four mothers even wentso far as to create their own free-timeby being absent from work, going towork late, or by stopping work tempo­rarily. Obviously, they found interac­tions with their children much moresatisfying than their jobs. For thosemothers who generally worked withinthe restrictions of their jobs, however,they were quite conscious of the timethat they spent away from their chil­dren. Therefore, they tried their bestto make-up for their absence duringthe week-ends or after work.

Another problem which seemed tobe a major concern of the respon­dents involved their children falling ill.

The most common strategy employedinvolved removing one of the sourcesof their distress (being away from theirsick child). That is, they would take abreak from work and go home or elsethey would be absent or take a leavefrom work so that they could attendto their children personally. Of course,their being absent from work couldcreate other problems which some res­pondents also tried to deal with.

Thus, one mother said, "I make themost out of my work during the timemy child has no health problems so thatmy work is not affected by my ab­sence if my tiny child is sick." Anothermother admitted that she would skipwork so that "I don't have to concen­trate on anything but my child," al­though she also made provisions at workso that it would "not be unduly jeopar­dized by "delegating some of my workto other members of the staff." Theemployer's permission was also soughtby two other respondents while anothertrusted luck to see her through thecrisis by "just crossing my fingers andhoping that the people I work with willunderstand."

There were also working mothers,however, who tried their best to copewith the situation of a sick child with­out having to miss work. Thus, onemother would do her work while herchild was resting while two other res­pondents said that their mother andmother-in-law would look after thechild while they were at work. Twosaid that they resorted to calling homeregularly to check-up on the child'scondition. Three others tried the tech­nique of compartmentalizing these twoaspects of their lives so that one wouldnot affect the other. Thus, they wouldtry to concentrate on their work andforget their domestic problems whilethey were in the office. Of course, onemother anticipated the sometimes in­effective nature of this coping strategywhen she related, "I try to attend tothem first and see to it that they're

JUL Y-SEPTEMBER 1982/5

given the needed medication and at­tention so that after attending to them

maybe I can proceed to my workalthough I always have difficulty inconcentrating on my job."

Recognizing the fact that her con­centration would probably be dis­turbed no matter what she did, onemother said that she would simply dowork which would need less concentra­tion. One mother was also quite strongabout expressing "her priorities in life.Thus, she said, ''These .are not usuallyproblems since I have a healthy child,but when they do occur my priorityis always my child - to heck withmy work." Employers may feel bad'about such an attitude, but it should beseen in the light of the limited careeropportunities open to women in thefirst place, making them feel thatgreater good could be served by stayinghome and at least making sure thatthis part of their lives, over which theymay have had greater control, workedout well for them.

Generally, therefore, the work ingmothers tried to cope realistically withthe various problems which they en­countered. Emotional reactions (Le.,fits of depression, anxiety, anger) wereusually elicited only in problem situa­tions which involved the respondents'husband (a low-frequency problem).Other areas of concern were usuallydealt with matter-of-factly, with therespondents making use of whateverresources were at their disposal (i.e.,seeking the help of relatives, friends,or working' double-time to make sureeverything that had to get done gotdone). If nothing concrete could bedone to change the situation, then therespondents learned to adapt to it bytightening their belts or rationalizingconflicting motives. Only a few turnedto escapism and fantasy (i.e., relyingon prayer and pure faith to get themthrough hard times, or just pretend­ing that the problem did not exist),perhaps indicating that the respon-

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dents were rather well-adjusted indivi­duals who had worked out their owneffective means of dealing with stress,in spite of the occasional lack of hus­band support, and the obvious lack ofinstitutionalized support systems.

CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS

Working mothers, like most otherpeople, have their own share of pro­blems and worries. Contrary to whatthe literature has predicted, however,the working mothers who participatedin this study did not seem to beunusually bothered by the various dif­ficulties which they encountered. Asa matter of fact, they tended to takea very pragmatic attitude towards theirproblems, always being optimistic thatsuch difficulties would eventually re­solve themselves.

However, ambivalent attitudestowards the working mothers conti­nue to prevail. For example, the womanmay be required to look after mostof the domestic tasks because her tra­dition-oriented husband has not fullyaccepted her multiple roles. That is,while he may recognize the necessityof having two breadwinners in the fami­ly, he may not yet have internalizedthe concept of the working mother.Such a situation could result in hisplacing unreasonable demands upon hiswife thus programming her for failureand in the end proving his point thatwomen should stay at home.

In this study, however, many ofthe respondents were employed in jobswhich would not really be classified asbeing low-paying and unstimulating. Infact, very few of them had any com­plaints about the kind of work thatthey were doing, and only one com­plained of boredom. A number ofthem were even self-employed, or werepracticing professions which they hadtrained for (medicine, law). In terms ofthe domestic responsibilities whichthey had to fulfill, practically all of

them were making use of helpers whoassumed not only the burden of thedomestic duties, but also many of thetrying tasks as well (i.e., those involvingchild care and child rearing - bathing

them, watching over them). Finally,perhaps because of the relatively highlevel of education of both the workingmothers and their husbands, there didnot seem to be much domestic dishar­mony present. That is, most of therespondents indicated that thei r hus­bands were quite understanding andsupportive of them, and if any prob­lems arose they were usually handledin a logical and rational manner.

Given these factors, however, thereis still much to be learned from theresponses of the working mothers.First of all, it was found that economicconcerns (rising prices and low wages),domestic concerns, arid concerns aboutthe health of their children headedtheir list of worries. While all of thesetroubles were taken seriously, the work­ing mother seemed more able to dealwith the first two. In matters whichconcerned the well-being of her chil­dren, a great deal of distress was feltand she was usually unable to concen­trate on her work until she could besure that her sick child was being wellcared for. The resolution of this pre­dicament of trying to be in two placesat the same time (by her child andat work) was often left to her owningenuity since only one respondentmentioned that she and her husbandwould take turns missing work whennecessary. None of them complainedabout this, however, indicating thatthey had accepted the dictum that amother's first priority is to her chil­dren.

An interesting, though not necessa­rily fair pattern seems to be emerginghere. Women are traditionally identifiedas the keepers of the home and thus,all kinds of domestic and familialresponsibilities have been assigned tothem. These days, however, economicconditions decree that they also go

out and take on the additional load ofhelping ensure the financial securityof their families. At the same time,they have not really been relieved oftheir other duties. It seems quiteobvious that one set of responsibilitiesis bound to suffer at some point intime. That is, there will always be somesituation which would pit the two setsof duties directly against each other.

The question now is of course whichset of duties should she choose?Normal­Iy, whenever one is faced with a con­flict, there are certain guidelines whichwill make the choice that much clearer,or that much easier. In the case of theworking mother, however; the guide­lines seem to be rather hazy. In fact,she may often find herself in a double­bind. First, society stresses the impor­tance of children and concurrent withthis is the widespread view that theyshould be well cared for. At the sametime, there is also a consensus that ifone can work, he should work. Ofcourse, women are not specificallyalluded to here, but there is generallygreater prestige attached to a personwho is actively working than to onewho remains "idle" (i.e., one who just"stays at home"). A woman may nowdecide to go out and work for variousreasons. Should her child suddenlyget sick one day, she must decide whe­ther she will stay home or continue onto work. If she stays home (adheringto the principle that children shouldbe well cared for), she earns the ire ofher husband, her parents, her in-laws,and even her conscience (which hasbeen successfully molded along tra­ditional lines). Whichever choice ismade, the woman is on the receivingend of a long line of complaints.

If people are really serious in declar­ing their concern for the welfare of chil­dren, then measures must be adoptedso that choosing in their favor will be­

come obvious and so that this choicewill not be followed by negative reper­cussions which could endanger similarchoices in the future. For example, if

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a worker is granted sick-leave for him­self/herself, why cannot the same work­er also be granted a sick-leave to enablehim/her to care for his/her dependents.It must be obvious that if someone isdependent on us and becomes ill, thenwe are responsible for overseeing theperson's recovery. In this light, a work­ing father and mother could be grantedsick-leave to care for their sickchild. If it is complained that this wouldmean too great a loss in productiontime, then perhaps it is time to takestock of what values we are really usingto guide our decisions. Perhaps the guiseof caring for the welfare of othersshould be shed and material advance­ment as a primary value should be putforth.

Considering now the other domesticproblems of the working mothers, itwould seem that one of the only waysto get around the many problems whichare inherent in the use of domestichelpers would be to professionalizetheir services. Many respondents com­plained that they had difficulty findinggood helpers who would stay with themfor any length of time. Tackling the firstaspect of the problem, the training ofdomestic help should be standardizedso that all of them would possess cer­tain basic skills. Secondly, each helpercould sign a contract which wouldmake him/her criminally liable if he/sheleft before the date stipulated. Thirdly,the rates of these workers should alsobe standardized (and such rates shouldbe strictly enforced). As Epstein (1970)has mentioned, for the mechanism oftask or role delegation to work, thedelegation must be "professional;selection must be routinized and qualityevaluated in advance." If prostitution canbe legalized, why cannot this particular

service occupation be upgraded? Infor­mal and sometimes haphazard arrange­ments may have worked in the past, butwith the increasing demand for hiredhelp, such procedures no longer seemtenable. Working mothers may end up

paying more for such services. However,in the long run, the decrease in thestrain and anxiety may well be worththe additional cost.

In terms of the distribution of eco­nomic opportunities, women are often­times on the losing end. It thereforebecomes natural for them rather thantheir husbands to give up their workwhenever problems arise. In this light,employers often decline to give toppositions to women (especially if theyare mothers) on the grounds that theirpresence at work is rather unpredict­able. The other side of the coin shouldalso be looked at, however, in the sensethat if the husband's job was more"dispensable," then it would be hedoing the absenting rather than she.Employers should therefore becomemore aware of this and realize that it isbasically the circularity of their reason­ing which continues to relegate womento an inferior position in the laborforce.

Finally, if we consider the fact thatmost of the working mothers gave finan­cial reasons for their being in the laborforce, we would realize how importantthis aspect of their job is to them. Inthis light, the financial incentives formarried women to enter the labor forceshould be more closely scrutinized. Atpresent, the tax scheme being imple­mented by the government seems toplace an unusual burden on the middleincome earners when both the husbandand the wife are working. The optionaldeductions allowed for couples who filejoint income statements are hardlyenough to cover all the expenses thata family unit incurs. As it often endsup, many working mothers see quitea bit of their incomes going into justtax-paying alone. Under such condi­tions, it is not surprising to hearhusbands trying to convince their wivesto stop working since the additionalincome that they would bring in wouldsimply put them in a higher tax bracket,

JULY-SEPTEMBER 1982/7

with the increase in income being dis­proportionate to the additional taxeswhich will have to be paid.

Considering all these factors there­fore, it would seem that the odds arereally stacked against working mothers.Still, the working mothers who continueto proliferate around us serve as a con­stant reminder that difficulties do notconstitute impossibilities. As a matterof fact, one thing that this study hasshown is that it is possible for the work­ing mothers to work either around, orwithin, their difficulties. Thus, whileone gets the impression that they' weresurrounded by understanding husbands,employers, and relatives who wouldoften pitch-in as substitute homemakersor babysitters, the possibility shouldnot be overlooked that it was really theworking mothers. themselves who werelargely responsible for the harmonywhich seemed to be present in theirlives. One will also be led to suspectthat it was the generally tolerant anddown-to-earth attitude adopted by mostof the women that seemed to ensuretheir sanity even under the most stress­ful circumstances.

This is not to say, however, that theyshould do all (or most) of the adjusting.Definitely, there is still a long way togo before the working mother can finallysay that her time has arrived. Attitudeswhich have been drummed into us frombirth, but which saddle the workingmother down with many unnecessarydifficulties will have to be changed. Per­haps if the menfolk would realize thatwomen just like them, have their ownset of ambitions and career aspirations,then they would be more open tochange. The mothers in this study couldprobably have accomplished much more

in terms of personal development ifthey got more than just understandingfrom their spouses. After all, a person'sright to develop his/her potentialsshould be recognized for what it is - aright, and not something which is givenout as alms would be to a beggar. It is

8/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

..

to the credit of these women that theywere able to keep body and soul to­gether in spite of their many respon­sibilities which were often at odds withone another.

One coping strategy which was men­tioned by a number of respondentswould illustrate how adjustment to astressful situation could stifle the de­velopment of the people involved. Inresponse to the nagging of their hus­bands regarding their neglect of domes­tic duties, many respondents said thatthey would simply ignore the com­plaints and wait until things settleddown once more. While the patienceof these women may be seen in a posi­tive light, it should also be realizedthat their not reacting to such com­plaints would not help pave the way for

working out a compromise or a solutionwhich would be most suitable for allthose concerned.

Perhaps then, what is needed is forwomen to become less accepting of theproblems around them. Perhaps what isneeded instead is for them to becomemore aggressive in the resolution ofeach problem. A more active role maybe what is called for so that the catalystfor change may be set off. More diffi­culties and problems will naturally linethe road to change since it is alwaysa shock to move into new and unfa­miliar roles. If things must get worsebefore they get better, however, thenso be it. Growth is oftentimes painful,but we must be willing to endure allits aches so that we may develop intobetter persons.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Castillo, Gelia T.1980 "The Filipino woman: wife,

mother, worker and citizen."NS DB-UP Research Illustra­ted, Jan.-Mar., v. 4, n.l: 16­33.

Epstein, Cynthia F.1973 Ubmen's Place. California:

University of California Press.

Hoffman, Lois W.1974 "Effects of maternal employ­

ment on the child - a reviewof the research." Develop­mental Psychology, v. 10.

JULY-SEPTEMBER 1982/9

Filipinization of the Social Sciences:A Red Herring?

Andrew B. Gonzalez, FSCDe La Salle University .

....

..

INTRODUCTION

red herring n 1. a herring cured bysalting and slow smoking to a darkbrown color. 2. (fr. the practice ofdrawing a red herring across a trail toconfuse hunting dogs]: a diversionintended to distract attention from thereal issue (Webster's Seventh New Col­legiate Dictionary 1969)

My occupational propensity as alinguist shows itself by becoming en­tangled in words and terms: the con­trolling image which will form whatthe poet T.S. Eliot called 'an objectivecorrelative: in this case, a sharp imageembodying or realizing an idea, for thisarticle is precisely this, a red herring,associated with that ancient Britishsport of the hunt where a smoked

*An earlier version of this paper wasgiven at a symposium on NationalDevelopment and the Social Sciencesduring National Science and Technolo­gy U€ek (july 11-17, 1982), underthe sponsorship of the National Scienceand Technology Authority and thePhilippine Social Science Council, at thePhilippine International ConventionCenter in Manila. Bro. Andrew is Pres­ident of De La Salle University andimmediate past Chairman of the Exec­utive Board of the Philippine SocialScience Council.

herring was used to confuse huntingdogs.

Ever since Alfredo Lagmay of thePsychological Association of the Phil­ippines brought up a research proposalat one annual meeting of the SocialSciences Division of the. National Re­search Council of the Philippines onfunding research directed towards theindigenization or Filipinization of thesocial sciences, the question of indi­genization has been much on my mind.

Inspired by Alfredo Lagmay's sugges­tion, in SY 1978-79, I gathered togethersome of our social scientists on mycampus for a series of monthly collo­quia on their ideas on indigenization ofresearch within their own disciplines(see Gonzalez 1979). We began withthe notion of 'model' or Kuhn's 'para­digm' and examined the meaning of thistechnical term within each discipline,by implication, attempting to drawout what the requirements would befor a Philippine 'model' in that disci­pline.

One fruit of these discussions was apresentation of one of our visitingprofessors, Alvin Scaff, who subse­quently expanded his presentation toa full-length monograph, the fruit ofseveral lectures in 1979-1980 at Silli­man University; these lectures werelater expanded into a book (1982)entitled Current Social Theory for Phil­ippine Research.

My ideas therefore are very muchcolored by the experience of thesecolloquia and my own backgroundas a linguist and the specific use ofthe term 'model' in grammatical theo­ry.

The topic is very much to the forein the minds of social scientists notonly in the Philippines but all overAsia; the Association of Asian SocialScience Research Councils (ASSREC)during its conference in Manila onSeptember 12-17, 1979 devoted anentire session to the topic of indige­nization of the social sciences (seesection VII of the Asian Social Scien­tist Newsletter No.3, 1979).

INDIGENIZA TlON AS A FELICITOUSUNSOUGHT FOR RESUL T RA THERTHAN A PERFORMANCE

My own admittedly subjective viewon this matter, at present, as my titleindicates, is that this conscious researchfor a 'Filipino' social science is a redherring, that is, 'a diversion [uninten­tionally] intended to distract attentionfrom the real issue' which in my opinionis the development of social scienceresearch in the Philippines for nationaldevelopment.

This search for a social science thatis 'Filipino' is to me narclsslstlc.vlnGreek mythology, Narcissus fell inlove with his own image and in the pro-

1O/PSSCSOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

cess was turned into a flower!In general, it is my impression

that certain felicitous results in humanlife arise as a result of the convergence01 spontaneous currents. Where onetries to 'plan' too much, the resultscan be unhappy ones. In many areasof human life, one is 'performing' andthis 'performing' can lead to a lack ofperformance.

To make my point clear, let me takean example from the areas of sexuality.

Robert S. Wider, who used to writethe column 'Dear Dr. Oui' in Oui maga­zine remarks in an article for the period­ical San Francisco: 'My customary (andwisest) advice about sexual problemswas to not worry about them. Many,if not most, "physical" disorders areprimarily emotional, and nothing breedsimpotence and failure like fear of im­potence and failure, which can turn asingle incident into an ongoing condi­tion. Pressure to perform is the cancerof the id' (1982:64).

If I might paraphrase, by serendi­pity, and move the universe of dis­course to the area of social science re­search, 'Pressure to be Filipino is thecancer of competent social science:

SOME EXAMPLES OF 'PERFORM­ANCE'

Moving into an area where I havesome familiarity, theology and philo­sophy, and the humanities in general,this pressure to 'perform' by Filipi­nizing theology. philosophy and lite­rature antedated similar pressure to'perform' in the social sciences. Be­cause there have been some very clearefforts to Filipinize in this area, look­ing at the results might prove of somebenefit.

In the area of philosophy and theo­logy, perhaps the best known and fullyconscious attempt to arrive at 'ele­ments' of Filipino Philosophy andTheology has been Leonardo Mercado'sattempts. While the efforts have been

valiant and consistent, I am afraid thatthe results have been infelicitous. WhatMercado has done in his books (1974,1975) is to cull from the findings ofcultural anthropology and folklore 'ele­ments' that could constitute seminalideas for what traditional Westerntheology and philosophy have includedin their considerations: God, Man, theUniverse, Man's Relation with God andwith Others. What results, it seems tome (Gonzalez 1976). is a labeling pro­cess, a matter of givingPhilippine names,to realities learned in a Western tongue.If this is what Filipino philosophy andtheology are, it is not too interesting.

A later attempt (1979) to Filipinizehas been attempted by Jose de Mesa,a Louvain-trained theologian, especiallyin his notion of a 'Bahala Na God,' andwhile de Mesa competently adds empi­rical data from sociology and psycho­logy in addition to data from culturalanthropology ar.d folklore and litera­ture, what results once more in hiswork is Western personalism and phe­nomenology given Tagalog labels (seemy review, Gonzalez 1980).

I am not downgrading these efforts.I am pointing out that this conscioussearch has not yet resuIted in aninteresting body of knowledge; perhapsthe very logic and structure of theenterprise, when 'performed' this way,inevitably gives rise to glorified labeling,a less obvious form of translation.

Presently I am grappling with asearch' for an approach, a methodology.Whatever this approach or methodo­logy, it seems to me that theologizingand philosophizing are spontaneousreflections based on lived experience,in the case of theology, lived experiencearound a community of believers con­tinually meditating on a tradition, pre­ferably in their native tongues. Whlltresults from such a lived experience isprobably unpredictable, but it will pro­bably be more authentically Filipinothan the self-conscious search we aretalking about. The enterprise takes

years of maturation and experienceof living together, dialoguing, thinkingtogether, exchanging views and criti­cizing each other.

The same principle of spontaneityrather than narcissistic perfonningwould apply to a search for an authen­tic Philippine literature going beyondour folklore. Here language is on theside of indigenization. A friend of mineand a colleague, a prizewinning poetand dramatist fluent and 'literary' inboth Pilipino and English, told me justrecently that he can no longer writedrama in English anymore since thespeech patterns of his Filipino charac­ters sound so unnatural in a foreigntongue whereas he could still write fic­tion in English since he was not subjectto the same constraint. Americanauthors have been trying to write theGreat American Novel for two centu­ries and have not yet succeeded. Idoubt if there ever will be a GREATFILIPINO NOVEL until we stop worry­ing about whether our fiction is authen­tic Filipino, ersatz American, or deri­vative European. The literary writer'svision will emerge from the Philippineexperience, and while language is cer­tainly a plus factor, I would essay theguess that something authentically Fili­pino can also be written in English if itis born of an author's life and vision,without the hassle of. trying to beauthentically Filipino.

Moving now into the area of thesocial sciences, one thinks of RemigioAgpalo's (1973) corporeal metaphor forlocal government, a conscious attemptto come up with a governmental modelstrictly Filipino. My impression is thatit has not taken on.

Neither for that matter has thebarangay model of local governancetaken on except in the imaginationsof certain New Society strategists andcollaborators in the writing of Tad­hana!

My suspicion is that these modelshave not taken on for the same reason

.,

~I

...

I mentioned - they did not arise fromthe lived experience of Filipinos atpresent and hence are not spontaneouscreations but efforts at performance,in the latter case, to serve political endsof social engineering.

In social science research in thePhilippines, a promising locus of acti­vity in this enterprise of indigenizationhas been the group around VirgilioEnriquez in his search of sikolohiyangPilipino. The earlier attempts by Lynchand Hollnsteiner (see de Guzman andLynch 1973 and Hollnsteiner 1979)seemed to be labeling activities ofcommon Asian and feudal-agriculturalvalues (authentic but not necessarilyFilipino per se). Enriquez first of alldoes his theorizing in Filipino and doeshis writing in Pilipino; merely as a heu­ristic device, a discovery procedure, thishas merit, since it forces the writer tore-think concepts and principles andeven the model in its most simple andelementary forms by returning to the'deep structure' of the language(linguists have lately attempted to ex­plain the process of translation bymeans of a two-tiered grammaticalmodel consisting of deep and surfacestructures). Moreover, Enriquez (1977)worked in an area where Filipinos aremost adept, where the language hasa rich vocabulary of feeling and senti­ment. The method called for ethno­graphic methods, language analysis,semantics, and introspection, whichare probably taboo to a SkinnerianBehaviorist but nevertheless haveyielded a treasure trove of rich nuancesof sentiment. Here I would aver thatlanguage was a discovery (heuristic)tool for the sensitivity of a people; itprovided the instrument to refine thetools of research so as to discover cate­gories and subcategories which wouldbe lost to a Western English-speakingresearcher. Language provides the clues,but ultimately, standard empirical pro­cedures had to be employed to verifythese intuitions and ultimately to givethem empirical undergirding. In Enri-

quez's circle, what began as 'perform­ance' ended up in additional insight,bolstered by a variety of Western pro­cedures and techniques, in the process,undoubtedly, especially in the area ofdiscovery procedures, better tools ofinvestigation were shaped, which havecontributed to methodological enrich­ment.

Moving to an area where I am morefamiliar, the area of language, specifi­cally the sociology of language, JoshuaFishman (1981) reviewed a coopera­tive work of our linguists on bilingualeducation and mentioned (perhaps'complained' is a better term) that whilethe work of our sociolinguists wascompetent, its research designs were toomuch based on 'precedents' done 'inNorth America and other parts of theworld by North Americans and did notsufficiently explore the possibilities ofinnovating in research procedures andmethodology suggested by Philippineconditions.

MODELS AND PARADIGMS IN THESOCIAL SCIENCES

While there have been reservationswith regard to Kuhn's use of the term'paradigm' (it would seem that 'para­digm' is an analogical term, with notquite exactly the same meaning acrossdisciplines, especially the physicalsciences vis-a-vis the social sciences;the term as used would then have whatWittgenstein called 'a family resemb­lance' across disciplines) and his claimregarding the dominance of one para­digm (the normal state of scienceseems to be that paradigms coexist), hisanalysis is nevertheless still relevant tothe discussion.

Perhaps, more than the infelicitousresults of the efforts thus far in Filipi­nizing the social sciences (which couldvery well be attributable not to anyinherent difficulty with the conceptof indigenization or acculturation whenapplied to the social sciences but whichmay be ascribed to the lack of maturity

JUL Y-SEPTEMBER 1982/11

of research in the discipline within oursocial context) is my keen awareness,based on my experience as a linguistin dealing with grammatical paradiqrns,that there are many alternative para­digms or models available to the socialscientist in almost every discipline(Gonzalez and Rafael 1980). Thispossibility of choice protects theserious social scientist from 'intellec­tual imperialism' if he is creative enouqh:to familiarize himself with different:models and flexible enough not merelyto replicate foreign studies and designsbut, like Claude Levi-Strauss' (1966) un­schooled 'scientist' in a pre-rationalistnon-Western culture, if he can be abricoleur, to improvise from existingmaterials, in this case various models,and to come up with a product thatutilizes the best of existing paradigms.

I am not for a moment advocatingthe indiscriminate potpourri of variousparadigms or models of which unfor­tunately certain students not awareof the metascience of their respectivesciences have been guilty. Some re­searchers seem unable to realize thatthe conceptual tools they are workingwith are manmade, culture-bound, his­torically limited and themselves pro­ducts of the social construction ofreality with all the attendant factorsthat went to make up this paradigm.What they end up with is a form of ,indigestible intellectual goulash. Toextend the analogy, what I am advo­cating is a modern version of Levi­Strauss' bricolaqe, a creative intellec­tual artistic activity which combinesthe best of ingredients into a pleasingconsistent whole.

The existing state of the socialsciences permits such an option, in thesense in that in most disciplines (I amthinking of linguistics, psychology,sociology, economics, and politicalscience in particular), there is an arrayof paradigms to choose from. In fact,the training of a social scientist in thesedisciplines should include a meta­scientific dimension, a critical view of

12/PSSC SOCIAL SCIh'NCE INFORMATIONIII

the existing dominant paradigms in thediscipline across cultures so that thecreative young social scientist workingin his own milieu and grappling withhis own problems, in his researchdesigns and in his search for a theorywithin which to fit his investigations,will be able to select that theory ormodel or paradigm which best suitsthe purposes of the study to make hisdata gathering meaningful and produc­tive.

As far as I can see, with the per­fervid activity in most of the socialscience disciplines, what we have nowis a healthy buyer's market of paradigmswith which we can do our scientificwork for our own disciplines and ourown needs, this time, contextualizingour needs within the over-all purposeof national development.

It seems to me that what is prima­rily needed for the progress of thesocial sciences in the Philippines is nota conscious search for a Philippine pa­radigm in sociology, psychology, eco­nomics, lingiJistics, political science,etc. but an empirical orientation thatlooks at the reality of the situation, thefacts, in their context and as muchas is humanly feasible, in their total­ity; creative guessing in the beginningto help us in formulating our workinghypotheses; and then a search for thetheory (among available theories) whichmight help us attempt an explanationand to find verification for our hypo­theses; usually such theory is allied witha particular procedure, methodology,and tools (in the case of the socialsciences, quantitative tools). For thisactivity, good libraries are needed tohelp us familiarize ourselves with whathas been done to meet similar problemsall over the world, to suggest possibi­lities, to enrich our guesses.

One of the problems of Philippinesocial science research is this lack ofaccess to world scientific literatureespecially outside of the North Arner­ican world (compounded by a lack ofreading knowledge of foreign languages)

and the lack of a critical sharpening inthe training of our social scientists tomaster their imported models ratherthan be mastered by them. Beingmastered by them is manifested byamong other things enslavement toone's M.A. or Ph.D. training (never goingbeyond this); enslavement to (evenhero-worship of) one's teachers; andabove all, like the groundhog, settinglimits to one's intellectual territory.Few Ph.D.'s in the Philippines, as aresult of many pressures, especiallyadministration and consultancies, doany serious research after their docto­rates (thus they are limited in theirintellectual horizons to the paradigmused in their doctoral dissertations) andif they do research, few read outsideof their particular specialization tobe able to serendipitously discover thatthere are different ways of intellectuallyskinning a cat and that there are diffe­rent modes of inquiry which might bemore suitable to the project at hand.

, have often been dismayed duringM.A. and Ph.D. dissertation presenta­tions and similar oral examinations bythe aping of research designs (replica­tions of sorneone's study abroad) and bymindless churning out of statisticaltables (aided by the legitimacy of acanned computer program - with thethesis writer often not knowing whathis statistical 'consultant' has done fora fee) and irrelevant numbers whichadd nothing to our knowledge butmerely add more numerical support tofacts we already know or which are self­evident from simple description.

One particular M.A. thesis that I readstands out as a classic example of thistype of mindlessness. A particular gra­duate student had fallen in love withanalysis of variance (ANOVA) andset out to 'prove' from language testresults that the different sections ofa particular year in one school werestatistically different in their languageproficiency. In those days, we did nothave computerized ANOVA programsto help us with the burden of calcula-

tion and this person had to do two-wayanalyses of variance among eight sec­tions (8 factorial) by a calculator andspent months computing these, withthe help of research assistants, onlyto arrive at the 'startling' conclusionthat the language proficiency of thestudents in each section were 'signifi­cantly' different. I could have toldher the same thing by quickly lookingat the English grades or by askingevery section to write a short para­graph and then doing an impression­istic survey of the written samples.

If this type of mindless repetitionand imitation is what our dependen­cy-theorists term 'intellectual coloni­zation: then by all means, it shouldgo and be eradicated as soon as pos­sible.

However, this kind of 'colonization'is of our own making. Intellectual libe­ration or freedom should come frombeing aware of other paradigms, notbeing dominated by one, but using theseparadigms as our needs indicate, basedon the perceived and intuited realitiesof the situation, so that in turn, theseintuitions may be verified by moreformal rational and logical procedures.

TO WARDS PHILIPPINE PARADIGMS

Models, usually revisions of domi­nant ones, or radical alterations of exist­ing ones as critical reactions to theirlimitations, do not arise in an intellec­tual vacuum.

They spontaneously arise from scien­tific minds grappling with reality, at­

tempting to. explain it, and unsatisfiedwith the conceptual tools being usedto explain these ':l!alities.

Local models and paradigms willemerge 'on native soil' not by conscious­ly searching for them but by doingcompetent - 'good' - social science.The establishment of a research tradi­tion in social inquiry, a tradition that ismade alive when social scientists talk toeach other, are not afraid to cri­ticize each other, read each other's

•

•

I...

•

II.

works and help each other by suggestingrevisions and improvements, exchangingpublications with one another, meetingin forums, forming professional socie­ties into strong bodies instead of splint­ering into different groups built aroundpersonalities, is the work of a genera­tion. There can be no 'instant' Filipinosocial science. From a tradition whichwill constitute the seed bed will sproutinnovations in paradigms, based onperception of what Kuhn calls 'anoma­lies: and eventually, as a natural, spon­taneous, not self-conscious, by-product,model revision and model substitution.

That is why I tend to think of oursearch for a Philippine paradigm asa redherring, a distraction veering us awayfrom what we should be pursuinginstead with passion and fortitude - asone advocate of a national language re­marked in the second decade of ourhistory in this century - con fortaleza:what we need is not a conscious Philip­pine model but good competent inter­nationally credible social science re­search. Innovating, improving, bold inour inquiries and willing to differ fromreceived traditions, critical of the limi­tations of our colleagues from outsidethe country who are limited by theirown cultural backgrounds, but aboveall, critical of ourselves in our metho­dology, we shall hone our investiga­tive skills to a fine point.

From the ecstasy that arises fromplay, rather than effort, will come illu­mination - bodhi - and in the-pro­cess, without our searching for it, willarise a Philippine social science arisingout of a tradition of research.

The process, not the product, is im­portant for our efforts, for the productwill arise from the process - quitenaturally and spontaneously.

Our aim should be the big pushtowards research in the countryside,among our people, not from the air­conditioned confines of our offices inMakati and seminars at well-appointedtourist spots, but among the people,living with them as unobtrusive parti-

cipant observers, searching for all rele­vant factors in context, and above all,wondering and asking questions.

These remarks by Alvin Scaff (1982:8) are worth repeating:

As the development of Philippinenationalism gathers momentum, select­ing and formulating theory for researchin the Philippines becomes high prior­ity for Philippine social scientists. Thereview of current theory reveals thatthere are several options to choosefrom. Theory which has been develop­ed in other nations may be borrowed,adapted, changed, or improved forPhilippine use. The sources for theory,as is true in all sciences, are intema­tional. It is not necessary to re-inventthe wheel just to prove national iden­tity. The borrowing of theory doesnot rule out the development of newtheory ... Filipino social scientists arealready making a place for themselvesamong their counterparts in interna­tional professional circles. Theory isnot an end in itself; on the contrary,theory is a needed step in reachinggreater understanding. The primaryobjective must be the understanding ofPhilippine society.

REFERENCES

ASIAN SOCIAL SCIENTIST. 1979.Final report of the Third ASSRECConference, Manila, Philippines,September 12-17. Newsletter No.3.

AGPALO, REMIGIO. 1973. The or­ganic-hierarchical paradigm and poll­tics in the Philippines. Quezon City:University of the Philippines Press.

DE GUZMAN, ALFONSO and FRANKLYNCH. 1973. Four readings onPhilippine values. Quezon City: Insti­tute of Philippine Culture, Ateneode Manila University Press.

DE MESA, JOSE M. 1979. And Godsaid, "Bahala nal" Quezon City:Publishers' Printing Press.

ENRIQUEZ, VIRGILIO G. 1977. Fili­pino Psychology in the third world.Quezon City: Philippine Psycholo­gy Research House.

lUL Y-SEPTEMBER 1982/13

FISHMAN, JOSHUA A 1981. R,eviewof Emy Pascasio's The FilipinoBilingual: Studies on Philippinebilingualism and bilingual education.Language Problems and LanguagePlanning 4.89-175.

GONZALEZ, ANDREW B., FSC. 1980.Review of Jose M. de Mesa'sAndGod said: "Bahala na!" ReligiousStudies Journal 3. 1 & 2. 18-102.

________________., ed. 1979.Working papers on problems withWestern concepts and models in thesocial sciences. Manila: De La SalleUniversity (mimeographed).

. . 1976. Re-

view of Leonardo Mercado's Ele­ments of Filipino theology. Phil­ippine Studies 24.481-90.

GONZALEZ, ANDREW B., FSC andTERESITA C. RAFAEL. 1980. TheLinguistics marketplace: A buyer'smarket. D LSU Dialogue 16.1.18-25.

HOLLNSTEINER, MARY. 1979. Socie­ty, culture and the Filipino. A text­book of readings in anthropologyand sociology. Quezon City: Insti­tute of Philippine Culture, Ateneode Manila University Press.

LEVI-STRAUSS, CLAUDE. 1966. Thesavage mind. Chicago: Illinois: Uni­versity of Chicago Press.

MERCADO, LEONARDO. 1975. Ele­ments of Filipino theology, ed. byVictoria Salazar. Tacloban City:Divine Word University Press.

_______________ 1974. Ele-ments of Philippine philosophy. Tac­loban City: Divine Word UniversityPress..

SCAFF, ALVIN A. 1982. Currentsocial theory for Philippine research.Quezon City: New Day Publishers.

WIDER, ROBERT S. 1982. Dear Dr.Oui. San Francisco 24.4.62-5, 99­100.

14/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

pssc activities

Special meeting ofPSSC associate members held

Last July 12, the associate membersof the PSSC held a special meeting atKowloon, Makati.

The meeting was called for two rea­sons: 1) To involve the associate mem­bers in the planning of the PSSC annualmeeting and convention in December,and 2) To ask the associate members fortheir comments, suggestions and ideason how to make PSSC more responsiveto the role it should play in the develop­ment of the social sciences.

The members scheduled the annualmeeting on December 4 and plannedon the following activities for said date:1) Symposium on the topics bilingualeducation and the return of grade 7,­2) Giving of award to a person whohas helped Phi1ippine social scienceattain a certain degree of recognition(This year's awardee is Dr. GerardoSicat): 3) Giving of the Best JournalA ward, Best Research A ward and BestResearch Center Award.

To attain greater participation inPSSC activities, the members decidedto meet regularly twice a year, i.e.,every May and October and to sit(two or three at a time) as observersin the monthly meetings of the PSSCExecutive Board. Thus the next meet­ing of the associate members wasscheduled on October 23 at the Phil­ippine Normal College (PNC) whichwould be the host.

The special meeting was also theoccasion for the formal election ofDr. MacArthur Corsino as member ofthe PSSC Executive Board represent­ing the discipline of political science.He replaces Francisco Nemenzo, Jr.,who is currently on sabbatlcal leave.

Fourteen institutions were repre­sented during the special meeting.These were the following: PNC Re-

search Center, PNC Language StudyCenter, DLSU Integrated ResearchCenter, Philippine Historical Associa­tion, U.P. Population Institute, U.P.College of Public Administration, Phil­ippine Society of Public Administra­tion, U.P. Institute of Mass Communi­cation, U.P. Law Center, PhilippineChristian University, Philippine Geo­graphical Society, American StudiesAssociation of the Philippines, Phil­ippine Statistical Association, and thePhilippine Psychology Research andTraining House.

Symposium onSocial Science and Developmentconducted

As the participation of the socialsciences in the observance of NationalScience and Technology Week, thePSSC sponsored a symposium onSocial Science and Development onJuly 13 at the Philippine InternationalConvention Center (PICC). Logisticalsupport was provided by the NationalScience and Technology Authority.

Bro. Andrew B. Gonzalez, FSC,President of De La Salle University andimmediate past Chairman of the PSSCExecutive Board and Dr. Armand V.Fabella, Chairman of the Commissionon Reorganization and former Chairmanof the PSSC Executive Board were thesymposium speakers. Dr. Bonifacio P.Sibayan, current PSSC Chairman, actedas moderator.

Bro. Andrew talked on "Filipiniza­tion of the Social Sciences: A RedHerring? ", while Dr. Fabella's topic was"Technology Transfer and Develop­ment."

The symposium was organized byDr. Sibayan and Dr. Loretta MakasiarSicat, Executive Director of the PSSC.

(Photos on page 15)

Research Consortia Programactivities

It's full steam ahead for the Re­search Consortia Program of the Phil­ippine Social Science Council. Threestudies revolving around the theme ofpoverty in the Philippines are now indifferent stages of implementation.These are: "The Cost of Borrowingof Some Selected Groups of SmallFarmers in Camarines Sur and Albay"conducted by the Bicol Research Con­sortium, "The Faces of Poverty in theVisayas: A Cross-Sectoral Study" by theVisayas Research Consortium and "AMulti-purpose Survey of Fishing Villagesin Eastern Mindanao" by the EasternMindanao Area Research Consortium(EMARC).

On July 2-3, the Visayas ResearchConsortium (VRC) sponsored a two­day workshop at the Central PhilippineUniversity in Iloilo City on the topic"Statistical Analysis of Social SurveyData." Participants included researchersfrom La Salle College in Bacolod, Silli­man University in Dumaguete City, Uni­versity of San Carlos in Cebu City,Central Philippine University in IloiloCity and representatives from privateand government development agenciesof Region VI and Region VII. Resourceperson was Dr. Ricardo A bad, Chairmanof thoe Department of Sociology andAnthropology of Ateneo de Manila

University.In a similar move, some seven re­

searchers and project directors fromthe Eastern Mindanao Area ResearchConsortium also visited the ComputerCenter at the University of the Philip­pines in Los Banos on August 24-27for an on-the-spot observation of corn­puter processing of their survey datagathered from some fishing communi­ties in Eastern Mindanao. Supervisingconsultant was Dr. Henry Magalit ofthe UPLB Department of Statistics.

JUL Y-SEPTEMBER 1982/15

The group also made a short visit to thePhilippine Council for Agriculture andResources Research (PCARR) in LosBanos. Dr. Aida Librero, Directorof PCARR, delivered a brief talk onthe role and function of the Socioeco­nomic Research Division (SERD) ofPCARR in particular and the role of thesocial science researchers in general.Areas of possible collaboration betweenSERD and EMARC were also explored.

(Photos on page 16)

"Management by Objectives PublicSchool Administrators' Interpreta­tion, Extent of Application andJudgement as to Its Effectiveness""'3,700.00

9. Romeo C. Quieta"The Anti-Poverty Instrument andthe Administration of Social De­velopment: The Case of MSSD'sSelf-Employment Assistance Pro­gram" "'4,500.00

10. Jaime T. Durnarpa"An Exploratory Study of theLand Ownership System AmongMaranao Muslims: Its Implicationfor the Mindanao Conflict"

"'3,800.0011. Rene D. Somera

"The Socio-Anthropological ov­namics of Immigrant Life as Re-,flected in llocano Literature;Hawaii, USA" fl3,233.55

The open forum.

PSSC Symposiumon Social Scienceand Developmentconducted on July13 at the Philip-

.. pine InternationalConvention Center.

From left - Dr.Armand Fabella,Dr. Bonifacio st.boyan and Bro. An­drew Gonzalez.

New granteesDiscretionary Research A wards Program

1. Antoinette Bass-Hernandez"The Phases in the Process ofGroup Problem-5olving of FilipinoStudents in Informal Group Dis­cussion Situations" " 4,940.00

2. Oscar L. Evangelista"Second Generation Filipino-Amer­icans: A Study in Historical Con­tinuity" fl5,000.00

3. Perla S. Nelmida"Pangasinan Folk Literature: Col­lection and Analysis" fl 3,800.00

4. Labi Hadji M. Sarip"A Profile of the Economic Roleof Maranao Women in Mulondoand Maranao, Lanao del Sur, andthe Islamic City of Marawi"'3,985.70

5. Nilo S. Ocampo"Ang Palawan sa Panahon ng Ko­lonyalismong Espaliol at Repub­Iikang Filipino 1621-1901"fl3,000.00

6. Josefina G. Ilagan"A Test of Communicative Compe­tence in the Use of Pitipino inSocial Studies for Grade Six Pupils"fl3,260.00

7. Patricia C. del Rosario"The Image of the Filipino Pea­sant in the Tagalog Novel (1905­1930)" "'3,360.00

8. Rufina E. Escala

L

II"

...

...

16jPSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMA TION

The Eastern Mindanao Area Research Consortiumworkshop on "Computerization of Social SurveyData" held on August 26 to 27 at the Universityof the Philippines in Los Banos.

\)

'.

..I

newsbriefsA lecture discussion on the topic

"Patterns of Religious Conversion andPractice, and Its Relation to PoliticalFactors" was sponsored by the Instituteof Philippine Culture last July 2 at themultipurpose room, AdministrationBuilding, Ateneo de Manila University.The speaker was Raul Pertierra, a socialanthropologist and a senior lecturerof the School of Sociology, Universityof New South Wales in Sydney.

Dr. Pertierra conducted fieldworkin Burgos, llocos Sur in 1975-1976. Hisresearch focused specifically on thepatterns of religious conversion andpractice. and the relation of these topolitical factors.

* * *

July 11-17 was designated as Nation­al Science and Technology week. Thetheme for this year's celebration was"Science and Technology in the '80s:Its Role in Rural Development andNational Prosperity." The event coin­cided with the 24th anniversary of theNational Science and TechnologyAuthority (formerly NSDB).

The PICC was the venue of most ofthe activities that included exhibits,symposia on a broad range of science,technology and developmental issuesand topics, and scientific meetings.Awards to outstanding science andmathematics teachers, best researchpapers, outstanding young scientists andnational artists capped the closing ritesheld at Malacaiiang with PresidentFerdinand E. Marcos as guest of honor.

Among the ten chosen as 1982 Out-. standing Young Scientists, in the fieldof social science, were: Dr: Virgilio G.Enriquez, eminent psychologist whoseprofound interest in Filipino psycho­logy inspired him to formulate theo­retical models and methods of researchwhich are applicable to the Philippinesituation; Dr. Alejandro N. Herrin,Director for Finance, U.P. School of

Economics, recognized for his exten­sive work on demographic economics;Dr. Jose A. Marasigan, Chairman of theAteneo de Manila University Depart­ment of Economics, awarded for hisinvaluable contribution for the train­ing of the country's young mathema­ticians.

* * *

The Asian Social Institute (ASI)marked its 20th anniversary with aweek-long program that started onJuly 17. The activities included a dia­logue with representatives of culturalcommunities (July 19), a talk on theMuslim community of Mindanao byFr. Jun Mercado (July 20), and apresentation of testimonies on theplight of fishermen in Laguria bay,Cavite and Bacoor (July 25).

ASI was founded in 1962 by Fran­cis Senden, CICM, a Dutch philoso­pher-sociologist. It was envisioned byhim as a training institute for Filipinoand Asian leaders using sociologicaland research skills in improving con­ditions in society.

At present, ASI offers graduatecourses in economics, sociology andsocial work. It also has a communi­cation center which documents andpublishes researches of the instituteand prepares audio-visual aids foreducational purposes.

ASI also runs a family center thathelps families in re-orienting theirlifestyles to suit the rapidly changingenvironment. The Senden Home islikewise run by the Institute.

* * *

The College of Development Eco­nomics and Management (CDEM) ofthe University of the Philippines at LosBanos marked its fourth foundationday with a simple program held onJuly 27 at the Agricultural Credit and

JUL Y-SEPTEMBER 1982/17

Cooperatives Institute auditorium. Thetheme of this year's celebration was"Productivity and Equity for NationalGrowth and Stability."

* * *

A symposium on "Nuclear Powerand You" took place on July 29 atthe U.P. Faculty Center conferencehall. The speakers were Ex-SenatorLorenzo Tafiada, Restituto Sibal, Jr.,and Commissioner Zoilo Bartolomeof the Philippine Atomic Energy Com­mission. The symposium was sponsoredby the University Student Council.

* * *

"Modeling Exchange Rate Fluctua­tions" was the topic of the U.P. Schoolof Economics Seminar Series held onJuly 29 at the Economics building. Theresource person was Lawrence R. Kleinof the University of Pennsylvania.

* * *

The Family PlanningOrganizationofthe Philippines observed its 13th anni­versary from August 2-8 with thetheme "A Teamwork Approach toFamily Planning Welfare Through Dyna-mic Community Participation."

The FPOP is a nationwide, privateand civic organization which espousesbeliefs in family planning and respon­sible parenthood as vital measurestoward achieving quality life.

* * *

The Mindanao State University,hosted this year's national confer­ence of the Philippine PoliticalScience Association. Scheduled fromSeptember 24-26, the theme was "De­velopment Politics: Focus on Minda­nao."

18/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

social scientists on the move

* * *

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* * *

Henry Abraham, Vice-President ofthe American Political Science Associa­tion, was a recent Philippine visitor.He gave a lecture on the American Cons­titution and its influence on other coun­tries at the Thomas Jefferson CulturalCenter last July 16. The lecture wasco-sponsored by the American StudiesAssociation of the Philippines. Dr.Abraham also travelled to Cebu andDavao to give lectures.

* * *

* * *

Sylvia P. Montes, Minister of SocialServices and Development was electedVice-President for Coordination at theWorld Assembly on Aging held fromJuly 24 to August 6 in Vienna, Austria.

Minister Montes headed the Philip­pine delegation and delivered the Phil­ippine paper at the Assembly.

She will also meet with heads ofvarious state welfare agencies in theUnited States concerning Filipino chil­dren adopted by U.S.-based Filipino­American families.

Wilhelm Solheim II, a Professor ofanthropology at the University ofHawaii, conducted a lecture on pre­historic Philippines at the Ayala Mu­seum last July 23. He also conducteda training course in earthenware pot-.tery analysis at the National Museum.

Dr. Solheim earned his doctoratedegree in archaeology from the Uni­versity of Arizona. His dissertationwas on the Philippine Iron Age.

He was also responsible for settingup the Department of Anthropologyat the University of the East where hetaught for some years.

F. Mitsy Canto of the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology has beenawarded a grant by the Aga KhanProgram for Islamic Architecture todo field research on the MaranaoMuslim during the months of July andAugust. She has been appointed as Re­search Fellow of the Dansalan Re­search Center for the period of herstay in Marawi City.

* * *

* * *

* * *

* * *

Melvin Mednick, Professor of anthro­pology of the Virginia CommonwealthUniversity in Richmond visited MarawiCity and the Dansalan Research Centerfrom July to August. He did refresherresearch preliminary to a longer periodof research in the Maranao area.Twenty­five years ago he did a major study ofMaranao society. He has written articlesand monographs based on his researchamong Muslim Filipinos. The last timehe visited the Philippines was in 1968.

Rosario M. Cortes, faculty member,U.P. College of Arts and Sciences,accepted a teaching and research ex­change fellowship award at Gadja MadaUniversity, Indonesia, under the auspi­ces of the Southeast Asian StudiesProgram (SEASP). She left in July andmay be back early next year.

Francisco A. Datar, faculty member,U.P. Department of Anthropology, visit­ed Japan from June 24 to July 14 as aco-investigator of the scientific researchon "Population Genetic Studies of theNegritos" at the invitation of KeiichiOmoto, Professor at the University ofTokyo.

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This year's annual conference work­shop of the Division of Social Sciences,National Research Council of the Phil­ippines (NRCP) is tentatively scheduledto be held in Baguio City on December27-29. The workshop will focus on con­temporary issues in the social sciences.

TIle -....... M'" SUSAN S UTI""" ~1Ido_oll'S$C SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION wa. of ,.,lIheM 1. OUARTERLY l~ 01 ,_I. .. ENGUSH It..,...... _... ....,........ 1 ~.~O...... Q.C."""... ol ...... iqtoonl.rfwr_.. _ ... '"-..1O-.s- w ilfll fSthlIDll-woe.u_IOI-.. "I.C>lGIl.tioWI.IrtC .•'IIIINdl._tdllt'~25lI) e..-_IihActNo201.

The PSSC Library is invitingorganizations having social sciencepublications to exchange theirmaterials with our PSSC SocialScience Information.

Proposals for exchange shouldbe addressed to the Librarian,Philippine Social Science Council,Inc., House no. 7 Purok HeneralAguinaldo, U.P. Diliman, a.c.

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The conference aimed at an in­depth discussion of development issuesfacing Mindanao with the end in viewof proposing measures and alternativeapproaches to the problem of develop­ment in the region.

. Partial funding support for the con­ference was provided by the PSSC.

..

Evelyn C. David represented theU.P. Institute of Mass Communicationin a Seminar on Media and School inAsia held from August 15-21 in SriLanka. This was under the sponsor­ship of the Asian Mass CommunicationResearch and Information Center(AMIC).

***

Raul P. de Guzman was recentlyappointed Vice-President for Planningand Finance by U.P. President EdgardoJ. Angara.

Dr. de Guzman was named AssistantProfessor of public administration in1957, Associate Professor in 1962, andfull Professor in 1966. He has beenDean of the U.P. College of Public Ad­ministration since 1973. He is currentlyChairman of the U.P. ManagementEducation Council and the Manage­ment Review Committee.

* * *

David Ohlson is the new Directorof the Summer Institute of Linguistics.He replaces Leonard Newell who isreturning to Canada after four years asSI L Director.

Mr. Ohlson is a graduate of Biola Uni­versity and Talbot Seminary in theUnited States. Peter Green will replacehim as the Director of technical person­nel for the northern Sl L teams.

SI L now has 62· teams throughoutthe Phillppines doing linguistic research,translation, and literary work:

* * *

Carmen Tonogbanua, a facultymember of the Ateneo de Davao Uni­versity was recently awarded theNational Economic and DevelopmentAuthority (NEDA) scholarship for a

'Master of Statistics degree at the U.P.Ms. Tonogbanua already holds a Mas­ter's degree in Education, with Mathe­matics as major. Earlier she also took

refresher statistics courses on a non­credit basis.

* * *

Soledad Mina, a faculty member ofthe Central Luzon State University inMunoz, Nueva Ecija, arrived recentlyfrom the University of Hawaii. She hasjust finished her Ph.D. in EducationalPsychology under an East-West Centerscholarship grant. She worked on theaffective and perspective abilities ofyoung children for her dissertation.

Dr. Mina obtained her Master'sdegree in Educational Psychology fromthe same university in 1978 under thesame grant.

* * *

BernardinoA. Perez, a former UnitedNations statisticlan, and now an inde­pendent international consultant andlecturer, has been invited to Washing­ton, D.C., to deliver lectures to thestaff of study centers and key agencieson conditions in Asian countries.

He will attend a world assembly ofscientists, planners and executives onthe theme "Information Revolution andthe Future:' He will also participate ina seminar on "Forecastinq and IssuesManagement."

Dr. Perez has also been elected to theInternational Statistical Institute atthe Hague.

* * *

Ester D. Pasaporte, who has justfinished M.S. Economics at the Uni­versity of San Agustin in Iloilo is thenewest addition to the economicsfaculty, Social Science Division, Ateneode Davao University (ADDU). Shegraduated from the ADDU in 1980with an A.B. Economics degree. Hergraduate studies was made possibleby a scholarship grant from the Asso­ciation of Catholic Universities of thePhilippines for which she was recom-

JUL Y-SEPTEMBER 1982/19

mended by the ADDU.

* * *

Loretta Makasiar Sicat, ExecutiveDirector of the PSSC left last August8 to perform several assignments inthe Xllth World Congress of theInternational Political Science Asso­ciation (IPSA) held in Rio de Janiero,Brazil, from August 9-14. It was fol­lowed by a six-day educational tourorganized by the Congress itself. FrormBrazil, she proceeded to Warsaw, Polandlfor the XXVth Anniversary PugwashConference on Science and WorldAffairs held from August 26-31. Alsoincluded in her itinerary was Cologne,Germany to receive diplomas repre­senting two awards given to her,namely, election as FE LLOW of theInternational Academy of Social andMoral Sciences, Arts and. Letters, andLIFE FELLOW of the Institute for In­ternational Sociological Research, Sec­tion for Political and Social Sciences.But she opted to by-pass this tempora­rily in favor of do!ng a professionalerrand for PSSC with the Volkswagen­werk Stiftung in Hannover, Germany.

* * *

Laurence D. Stifel, Vice-Presidentand Secretary of the Rockefeller Foun­dation visited Maniia on July 23 and 24,and was able to meet with the PSsC'sExecutive Director.

The purpose of Dr. Stifel's trip is tofind out if any scholar might be interest­ed in doing studies in development, pre­ferably with a historical perspective.

YOU'RE ALL INVITED

to submit articles, news items,announcemen ts, in formationon recent publications, papers,research projects, etc. forpossible publication in the PSSCSocial Science Information.

20/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMA TION

infol'mation sectionRESEARCH PROJECTS

Reported research projects, contempla­ted, ongoing, and completed for thethe period July-September 1982.

Entry Format: Title of project/propo­sal. Project director/researcher.Home institution. Status of project.Funding agency.

Status of project:Contemplated - formal proposaldrawn.Ongoing - preparatory activitiesafter proposal is drawn to the stagebefore the completion of the finalwrite-up.Completed - final write-up accom­plished.

The Bangso Moro: Self-Image and In­ter-ethnic Attitudes. Abdulsiddik Ab­bahil. Dansalan Research Center ­University of San Carlos (DRC-USC)Consortium. Ongoing. Inquire fromthe Dansalan Research Center(DRC), Marawi City

Behavior Modification as an Approachto Problem Behaviors EncounteredAmong Elementary School Children.Lina Cabrera Nepomuceno. U.P.Completed. PSSC, UP-NSDB Gra­duate Manpower Training Programand UP Graduate School.

Comprehensive Directory of Social Hel­fare Agencies. Thelma Lee-Mendoza.U.P. Institute of Social Work andCommunity Development. Ongoing.Office of Research and Publications-ISWCD.

Evaluation of the Rural Social UbrkField Placement Program. Office ofResearch and Publications Staff,ISWCD. Ongoing. UNICEF.

An Exploratory Study of the Land

Ownership System Among MarrmaoMuslims. Jaime Dumarpa. DRC-USCConsortium. Ongoing.

Family Planning Knowledge, Attitudesand Practices of Maranao House­wives. Rocaya Maidan. DRC-USCConsortium. Ongoing.

From Forest to Field: A Study ofPhilippine Negritos in Transition.Navin K. Rai. Department of An­thropology, University of Hawaii.Completed.

Indigenous Rural Technology (IRU­TECH). Elmer M. Ferrer, AngelitoC. Manalili, Maureen C. Pagaduanand Josefina F. Carandang. U.P.Institute of Social Work and Com­munity Development. Ongoing.

Maranao Migrants in Manila. MoctarMatuan. DRC-USC Consortium. On­going.

Muslim-Christian Intermarriage in }olo.Jundanan Sandangan. 0 RC-USCConsortium. Ongoing.

A Profile of the Economic Activitiesof Maranao Ubmen. Labi HadjiSarip. DRC-USC Consortium. On­going.

Social Ecology, Cognition and LifeAspirations of Landless AgriculturalUbrkers. Sylvia H. Guerrero, Ma.Corazon J. Veneracion, Josefina F.Carandang, and Ma. Lourdes Logan.U.P. Institute of Social Work andCommunity Development. Ongoing.PCARR.

Socio-Economic Profile of }eepneyDrivers. Ma. Theresa V. Tungpalan.U.P. Institute of Social Work andCommunity Development. Ongoing.

Teaching Materials. for Community De-

velopment. Ma. Theresa V. Tungpa­Ian. U.P. Institute of Social Workand Community Development. On­going.

Ubrking Mothers: Their Problems andCoping Strategies: An ExploratoryStudy. Lynna Marie Sycip. U.P.Completed. PSSC.

RECENTLY REPORTEDPUBLICATIONS

Recently reported publications for theperiod July-September 1982.

Entry Format: Title. Author/Editor.Home Institution. Where published(if it is an article). Vol. No. Date.Pages. Cost. Where available.

BOOKS/MONOGRAPHS

All Asia Guide. Asia's most com­plete guide book. Published by FarEastern Economic Review, Ltd.c1980. Available at the PSSCLibrary.

Asia 1982 Yearbook. Published by FarEastern Economic Review, Ltd.1982. Available at the PSSC Library.

Contemporary Social Problems andIssues; Focus on the Philippines. C.A. Sanchez and f. B. Agpaoa. c1979.Available at the PSSC Library.

Kinship and Casework. H. Leichterand W. Mitchell. New York: RussellSage Foundation. 1967. Availableat the PSSC Library.

Methods in Social Research. William J.Goode and Paul K. Hatt. McGraw­Hill Book Co., Inc. c1952. Availableat the PSSC Library.

A Non-Formal Education Strategy for

-

Agricultural Development: The Caseof the Bulacan Farmers' TrainingCenter. Rogelio V. Cuyno, et al.Occasional Paper No.5, NFEIWIDExchange - Asia. University of thePhilippines at Los Banos. June 1982.Available at the PSSC Library.

Pioneers of Psychology. Raymond E.Fancher. New York: W. W. Nortonand Co., 1979. Available at thePSSC Library.

Psychology; A Scientific Study ofHuman Behavior. L. Wrightman, etal. Monterey, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. 1979. Availableat the PSSC Library.

Reversing the Brain Drain: The "Balik­Scientist" Program In the Philippines.Olivia C. Caoili. Occasional PaperNo. 12. Research and PublicationsProgram, College of Public Adminis­tration, University of the Philippines.November 1978. Available at thePSSC Library.

Role of the Family in the Rehabilitationof the Physically Disabled. editedby P. Power and A. Dell Orto. Balti­more: University Park Press, 1980.Available at the PSSC Library.

Sociology. D. Light and S. Keller. NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf. 1979. Avail­able at the PSSC Library.

Sociology of Deviant Behavior. 5thedition. M. Clinard and R. Meier.New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wins­ton. 1979. Available at the PSSCLibrary.

libmen in a Changing librld; The Dy­namic Story of the InternationalCouncil of libmen since 1888. Lon­don: Routledge and Kegan Paul.1966. Available at the PSSC Library.

libmen in the Organization. HaroldFrank. Philadelphia: University ofPennsylvania Press. 1977. Availableat the PSSC Library.

ARTICLES

"Asia: The Crowded Continent." PCFMedia Service. Vol. 4, No. 11.1981.Pp. 1-4. See Journals.

"The Asianization of Anthropology."Ponciano L. Bennagen. Asian Stu­dies. Vol. 18. April, August, Decem­ber 1980. Pp. 1-26. See Journals.

"Beyond the Economics of OverseasEmployment: The Human Costs."Patricia B. Licuanan. Notes andComments. Philippine Studies. Vol.30, Second Quarter. 1982. Pp. 262­271. See Journals.

"Beyond Syntax and Semantics via 110­kano Adverbial Particles." Sonja A.Chan. St. Louis University Researchjournal. Vol. 12, No.4. December1981. Pp. 507-577. See Journals.

"Christian-Muslim Dialogue in the Phil­ippines, 1976-1981." Peter G. Gow­ing. Islamochristiana 7. Rome, 1981.Pp. 211-225. See Journals.

"The City of Baquio.' Baguio CityPublic Information Office. Philip­pine Geographical journal. Vol. 26,No.2. April-June 1982. Pp. 101-106.See Journals.

"The Consequences of Early Marriage."Virgilio V. Vitug. PCFMediaService.Vol. 4, No. 11. 1982. Pp. 1-4. SeeJournals.

"Culture and Consciousness in a Philip­pine City." Alfred W. McCoy. Phil­ippine Studies. Vol. 30, SecondQuarter. 1982. Pp. 157-203. SeeJournals.

JUL Y-SEPTEMBER 1982/21

"Data-Capture and Data-Base SystemsTechnologies for Statistical DataProcessing." William T. Torres. ThePhilippine Statistician. Vol. 30, Nos.3-4. July-December 1981. Pp. 1-14.See Journals.

"Developmentalism and the 'NewSociety' the Repressive Ideologyof Underdevelopment." AlexanderR. Magno. Asian Studies. Vol. 18.April, August, December 1980. Pp.42-57. See Journals.

"Economist's View: Lead People toWhere Jobs are Available." RobertoC. Navarro. PCF Media Service.Vol. 4, No. 11. 1982. Pp. 1-5. SeeJournals.

"Environmental Education ThroughGeography." John Emery. Philip­pine Geographical journal. Vol. 26,No.2. April-June 1982. Pp. 53-67.See Journals.

"Faith Healing in the Philippines: AHistorical Perspective." Zeus A. Sala­zar. Asian Studies. Vol. 18. April,August, December 1980. Pp. 27-41.See Journals.

"How Many Relations does a LanguageNeed? " Resty M. Cena and TerryV. Ramos. Lipunan. Vol. 2, Series2. 1980. Pp. 76-83. See Journals.

"Individual Premarriage CounselingFound Effective." Rosemarie R. delos Reyes. PCF Media Service. Vol.4, No. 11. 1982. Pp. 1-5. See Jour­nals.

"Kankanay Plant Names." St., LouisUniversity Research journal. Vol. 12,No.4. December 1981. Pp. 481­506. See Journals.

"Mango and its Relatives in the Philip­pines." Nestor D. Bondad. Philip-

22/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

pine Geographical journal. Vol. 26,No.2. April-June 1982. Pp. 88-100.See Journals.

"Modality in English and Tagalog."Clarita Pangilinan. St. Louis Univer­sity Research journal. Vol. 12, No.4. December 1981. Pp. 578-628. SeeJournals.

"In the Mountain's Womb." MichaelManuel Gonzalez. Asian Studies.Vol. 18. April, August, December1980. Pp. 58-70. See' Journals.

"The New Strategy: 'Enterteach'."Renato Segundo. PCFMedia Service.Vol. 4. No. 11. 1982. Pp. 1-5. SeeJournals.

"A Note on Development of a LocalStatistical Package for Small Com­puters." Rudy H. Tan and CeferinoS. Sincioco. The Philippine Statis­tician. Vol. 30, Nos. 3-4. July-Dec­ember 1981. Pp. 33-39. See Journals.

"Packages for Statistical Computing andAnalysis." Manuel M. Manuel, Jr.The Philippine Statistician. Vol. 30,Nos. 3-4. July-December 1981. Pp.15-32. See Journals.

"Ang Pananaw sa Buhay at Weltan­schauung na Mahihiwatigan sa Siko­lohiya ng Wikang Tagalog." VirgilioG. Enriquez and Amelia B. Alfonso.Asian Studies. Vol. 18. April,August, December 1980. Pp. 79-89.See Journals.

"Peasant World View. Biomedical Philo­sophy and Planned Change in a Taga­log Community." F. Landa Jocano.Lipunan. Vol. 2, Series 2. 1980. Pp.56-75. See Journals.

"The Philippines in the 1980s: Needsand Demands on the ArchitecturalProfession." Serafin D. Talisayon.

Lipunan. Vol. 2, Series 2. 1980.Pp. 84-94. See Journals.

"Politics and the Peasant Question inthe Philippines." Marvyn N. Bena­ning. Lipunan. Vol. 2, Series2. 1980.Pp. 1-25. See Journals.

"Potensiya, Bisa, at Anting-anting."Prospero R. Covar. Asian Studies.Vol. 18. April, August, December1980. Pp. 71-78. See Journals.

"Practices in the Mental Health Screen­ing of Filipino Overseas Workers."Ma. Leonora Vasquez-de Jesus. Notesand Comments. Philippine Studies.Vol. 30, Second Quarter. Pp. 272­282. See Journals.

"Quaternary Volcanoes and VolcanicRocks of the Philippines." RogelioDatuin and Fernando L. Uy. Phil­ippine Geographical journal. Vol.26, No.2. April-June 1982. Pp. 68­87. See Journals.

"In Retrospect: The Second Interna­tional Philippine Studies Confer­ence." Resil B. Mojares. Notes andComments. Philippine Studies. Vol.30, Second Quarter. 1982. Pp. 283­299. See Journals.

"A Review of Teodoro A. L1amzon'sHandbook of Philippine LanguageGroups." E. Arsenio Manuel. St.Louis University Research journal.Vol. 12, No.4. December 1981. Pp.662-685. See Journals.

"Some Aspects of Sentential Comple­mentation in English and Tagalog."Guillermina L. Verzosa. St. LouisUniversity Research journal. Vol.12, No.4. December 1981. Pp. 629­661. See Journals.

IIA Spaniards' Diary of Mangalore,1776­1777." Salvador P. Escoto. AsianStudies. Vol. 18. April, August,

December 1980. Pp. 121-135. SeeJournals.

"The Theaters of Manila - II by JuanAtayde." Translated by ConcepcionRosales and Doreen G. Fernandez.Text and Documents. PhilippineStudies. Vol. 30, Second Quarter.1982. Pp. 231-261. See Journals.

"Towards a Theory of a Valid CriticalApproach to Philippine Folk Drama:Focus on the Folk Drama in Iloco."Mario G. R. Rosal. Lipunan. Vol.2, Series 2. 1980. Pp. 26-55. SeeJournals.

"Urbanization and Class in the IlocosRegion." Mark Macdonald Turner.Philippine Studies. Vol. 30, SecondQuarter. 1982. Pp. 204-230. SeeJournals.

"The War of National Liberation inKampuchea, 1954-1970." M. Ragos­Espinas. Asian Studies. Vol. 18.April, August, December 1980.Pp. 90-120. See Journals.

JOURNALS

Asian Studies. S. V. Epistola, issue edi­tor. A journal of research studiesand analyses on subjects of intellec­tual and cultural interest in Asiapublished by the Asian Center, Uni­versity of the Philippines, Diliman,Quezon City. Vol. XVIII. April,August, December 1980. 136 pp.

Lipunan. Araceli C. Hidalgo, issueeditor. Published annually by theAsian Center, University of thePhilippines, Diliman, Quezon City.Vol. II, SeriesII. 1980.

Malay. Nicanor G. Tiongson, editor.Published bi-annually by De LaSalle University. Vol. 2, No. 1.March 1982. 138 pp. Single copy

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- P 27.10. Address communicationsto De La Salle University, 2401Taft Ave., Metro Manila.

Philippine Geographical Journal. Domi­nador Z. Rosell, editor-in-chief andbusiness manager. Vol. 26, No.2.April-June 1982. 108 pp, Subscrip­tion Rates: Philippines per year ­

" 8.50; foreign countries per year ­US$8.50. Single copy, regular issue,local - " 2.15; foreign - US$ 2.15.Single copy, special issue, local ­P4.25; foreign - US$4.25. Addresscorrespondence to the PhilippineGeographical Journal, P. O. Box2116, Manila, Philippines.

Philippine Statistician. Burton T. Onate,editor. Vol. 30, Nos. 3-4. July­December 1981. 108 pp. Annualsubscription rates: Philippines ­" 12.00; Foreign - $4.00. Pub­lished by the National Census andStatistics Office, Magsaysay Blvd.,Metro Manila.

Philippine Studies. Joseph L. Roche.S. J., editor. Published quarterlyby the Ateneo de Manila UniversityPress. Vol. 30, Second Quarter 1982.Domestic subscription rates: oneyear - " 62; two years - P 120;single copy - " 16. Elsewhere: oneyear - US$14; two years - $25;single copy - $4. All back issues," 16, $4. Address all communica­tions to P.O. Box 154, Manila, 2801,Phiii ppines.

St. Louis University Research Journal.Felino L. Lorente, editor. Publishedfour times a year in March, June,September, and December by SaintLouis University. Vol. 12, No.4.December 1981. 698 pp. Subscrip­tion rates: "58.19 in the Philippines($26.60 in other countries); singlecopies, , 16.30 per issue ($9.70foreign). Subscription and purchase

orders should be placed directly withthe Business Department, Saint LouisUniversity Research Journal, SaintLou is University, P.O. Box 71,Baguio City 0216, Philippines.

RECENT ACQUISITIONS

The following materials are availablefor room use at the PSSC library.

Abut-tanaw. Vol. 9, No. 12. May 1982;Vol. 10, No.1. June 1982. Institu­tional publication of De La SalleUniversity.

Asian and Pacific Census Forum. Vol.8, No.3. February 1982. Publishedby the East-West Population Insti­tute.

Beijing Review. A Chinese Weekly ofNews and Views. Vol. 25, Nos. 17,23, 24, 25, and 26. April and June1982.

Canopy International. Vol. 8, Nos. 1and 2. January and February 1982.Published by the Forest ResearchInstitute, MNR, College, Laguna.

Development Forum. Vol. 10, No.5.June 1982. Published by the United

, Nations University and the Divisionof Economic and Social Information.

Far Eastern Economic Review. Vol.116, No. 26. June 1982; Vol. 117,No. 27. July 2, 1982. Publishedweekly by the' Far Eastern EconomicReview Limited.

Focus Philippines. Vol. 10, No. 32. July3, 1982. Published every Saturday byFocus Philippines Publishing Co.

Impact. Asian Magazine for Human De­velopment. Vol. 17, No.7. July1982.

JUL ¥-SEPTEMBER 1982/23

International Atomic Energy AgencyBulletin. Vol. 24, No.1. MarcH1982. Published quarterly by theInternational Atomic Energy Agen­cy.

International Studies in the NordicCountries Newsletter. No. 1. June1982. Issued by the Nordic Coope­ration Committee for InternationalPolitics, including Conflict and PeaceResearch.

Language and Society. No.7. Winter/Spring 1982. A magazine of infer­mation and opinionpublished by theCommissioner of Official Languagesof Canada.

The NFE/ WID Exchange -- Asia. UPLBInformation Exchange Center forAsia. VOl. 2, No.5. April-June 1982.

Newsweek. Vol. 99, No. 25. June 1982!;Vol. 100, No.1. July 5, 1982; Voll.100, No.2. July 12, 1982; Vol;100, No.3. July 19, 1982. Publishedby Newsweek, Inc.

PCF Media Service. Population Newsfor Mass Media. A project of thePopulation Center Foundation. Vot:4, No. 11. 1982.

Philippine Development. Vol. 10, No.1.June 1982. Published fortnightly bVthe Office of the Director-General ofthe National Economic and Develop­ment Authority.

Philippine Studies Newsletter. Vol. 101,

No.2. June 1982. Published with theassistance of the Social SciencesResearch Institute and the Center forAsian and Pacific Studies, Universityof Hawaii.

Population Events. Activity and lnfor­mation guide published fortnightl\(by the Population Center Founda-

24/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMA TION

tion. Vol. 7, No 13. June-July 1982;Vol. 7, No. 14. July 1982.

Pulong. A research forum. Vol. 5, Nos.1·2. July-August 1981. Publishedby the Divine Word University,Tacloban City.

Mho. Vol. 4, Nos. 56-52. June-July1982. A weekly publication of theLiwayway Publishing, Inc.

*******

University of the Philippines School ofEconomics Discussion Papers avail­able at the PSSC library:

Is Agricultural Loan Delinquency In­evitable? by ChitaTanchoco-Subido.Discussion Paper 8109. UPSE. Au­gust 1981.

Asian Urbanization and Development: AComparative Analysis. by ErnestoM. Pernia. Discussion Paper 8104.UPSE. April 1981.

The Corporate Income Tax: Its Distri­butive Implications on IndividualShareholders. by Nilda D. Vasquez.Discussion Paper 8102. UPSE. Feb­ruary 1981.

The Development Contribution of Mul­tinational Firms in the Philippines:

A Summary of a Survey of 28Hrms. by Charles W. Lindsey. Dis­cussion Paper 8106. UPSE. July1981.

A Lexicographic Arbitration Model. byJose Encarnacion. Discussion Paper8108. UPSE, July 1981.

Lexicographic Consumer Theory. byJose Encarnacion. Discussion Paper8103. UPSE. February 1981.

Local Public Enterprises in DevelopingCountries: Issues and Practices. byBenjamin Diokno. Discussion Paper8115. UPSE. December 1981.

Are Money Balances an Inferior Asset?:Rational Expectations and theHousehold Demand for Money, byManuel F. Montes. Discussion Paper8114. UPSE. December 1981.

Normal Backwardation and HedgingAsymmetry. by L. S. Venkatara­manan. Discussion Paper 7812.UPSE. September 1978.

Philippine Intra-Asean Trade Liberali­zation. By Armando Armas. Dis­cussion Paper 7813. UPSE. October1978.

Relative Contribution of Mixed Varia-

bles to the Variation ofa Regressond.by Jose Encarnacion. DiscussionPaper 8101. UPSE. February 1981.

Rural Savings Behavior. by Chita Tan­choco-Subido. Discussion Paper 8111.UPSE. August 1981.

Some Aspects of Japanese Investmentsin the Philippines. by Florian A.Alburo. Discussion Paper 8113.·UPSE. October 1981.

Subcontracting and Technological Dif­fusion in Philippine Manufacturing.by Hal Hill. Discussion Paper 8112.UPSE. September 1981.

On the Use of Linear Programming forFamily Planning Resource Alloca­tion. by Rolando A. Danao. Discus­sion Paper 8107. UPSE. July 1981.

Uhat's W-ong (or Right) About ourCredit Policies? by Chita Tanchoco­Subido. Discussion Paper 8110.Uf>SE. August 1981.

Youth Employment in the Philippines.by Rosa Linda P. Tidalgo and Virgi·nia A. Teodosio. Discussion Paper8105. UPSE. May 1981.

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TO OUR VALUED READERSwe're doing our best to updateyour Journals ...

thank you for bearing with us!journal of historyphilippine economic journalphil. geographical journalphil. journal of linguisticsphil. journal of psychologyphil. political science journalphil. sociological reviewsocial workphil. statistician

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The Directory of Food Policy Insti­tutes compiled by Duncan Miller andMorag Soranna of the OECD Develop­ment Center is now available.

The Directory aims to provide userswith basic information about foodpolicy institutes in all regions of theworld and a preliminary analysis of thecomparative characteristics and priori­ties of these institutes.

The coverage of the Directory iswide. Whereas the Development Cen­tre's own interest in this effort grewout of a research programme on foodpolicies in selected Third World coun­tries, the Directory is not limited toresearch institutes but includes insti­tutes engaged in education and train­ing, technology diffusion and projectfinancing. On the other hand, individualefforts in the field are not noted andfew Ministries of Agriculture are in­cluded, due to the broad and multi­sectoral approach advocated.

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P.O. Box 63Westbury HouseBury StreetGuildford, Surrey GU2 5BH, U.K.

Directory of Food PolicyInstitutes out

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26/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

ISSN 0115-1169 ~ SOCIAL SCIENCE

I~ INFORMATION

A quarterly newsletter published by the PHILIPPINE SOCIALSCIENCE COUNCIL, INC. (PSSC) with offices at House No. 7Purok Heneral Aguinaldo, University of the Philippines, Diliman.Quezon City. P. O. Box 655 Greenhills, San Juan. Metro Manila3113, Philippines. Telephones: 972671,978741,976061 loc.735

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The PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION primarily seeks" toserve as a clearinghouse for the exchange of information, documen­tation, research activities, and news on people involved in the socialsciences. Since 1973, it has endeavored to be a regular and com­prehensive inventory of information and a catalyst of discussion.

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1982 EXECUTIVE BOARD

Bonifacio P. Sibayan, ChairmanLeslie E. Bauzon, Vice-ChairmanPaulina F. Bautista, Secretary-TreasurerProspero R. Covar Saturnina L. HamillMercedes B. Concepcion Ofelia R. AngangcoRomeo B. Bautista Elpidio D. MakanasDominador Z. Rosell Loretta Makasiar SicatJaime C. Bulatao (Executive Director!Romeo B, Ocampo are. Andrew B. Gonzalez, F.S.C.MacArthur F. Corsino (Immediate past Chairmanl

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Last issue, we published the Summary Statement of Conclusions of theInter-Regional librkshop SPECIFICITY AND UNIVERSALITY ConceptualAspects and Underpinnings of Regionalization in the Social Sciences which washeld in Vienna, Austria on December 14-17, 1981. Please be reminded thatwe need your reactions and comments to the report. Write to the Social ScienceInformation. House No.7 Purok HeneralAguinaldo, U.P. Diliman, Q.C. '

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Venation Pattern in Philippine Tee­tarioid Ferns

Monograph Series No.3. Preparedwith the assistance of the ResearchUtilization and Dissemination Office,Integrated Research Center, De LaSalle University

by Arthur Edward Salgado, FSC

Published by the International RiceResearch Institute, 1978by Y. Hayami in association withM. Kikuchi, P. F. Moya, L. M. Bam­bo, and E. B. Marciano

- The Philippine StatisticianVol. 30 Nos. 3-4 July-December

1981

- Telex MoonThe second book in the trilogy ofSaint Lazarus published by the In­tegrated Research Center, De LaSalle University .

by Cirilo F. Bautista

- Philippine Journal ofPsychologyVol. 11 Nos. 1 and 2 1978

- Philippine GeographicalJournalVol. 26 No.2 April-June 1982

-MalayVol. 2 No.1 March 1982

- Anatomy of a Peasant Economy;A Rice Village in the Philippines

Now available from the ess

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