C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy Why ? CTA.
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C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Why ?
CTA
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Where do we aim ?
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
The Cherenkov Telescope Array facility
aims to explore the sky in the 10 GeV to 100 TeV energy range
builds on demonstrated technologies
combines guaranteed science with significant discovery potential
is a cornerstone towards a multi-messenger exploration of the nonthermal universe
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
10-14
10-13
10-12
10-11
10 100 1000 104 105
E x
F(>
E)
[TeV
/cm
2s]
E [GeV]
Possible CTA sensitivity
Crab
10% Crab
1% Crab
GLAST
MAGIC
H.E.S.S.
E.F(>E) [TeV/cm2s]
AGN and pulsar
physics Exploring the cutoff regime in Galactic sourcesA deep look
at the TeV sky
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
4 x 4 degr. field
SNR modelsusing DAV 94n = 1 = 0.1
(consistent with HESSplane scan)
assuming1 mCrabsensitivity
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
How will we do it?
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Minimal detectable flux per band log10E=0.2, relative to a power-lawCrab spectrum
Sensitivity
limit fromevent count,~ 1/T.A
limit fromsyst. erroron background,indep. of T,A;~1/2
limit fromelectron bg,~ 1/T.A)1/2
limit fromproton bg,~ 1/.T.A)1/2
Threshold
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Ideal energy-dependent resolution & rejection
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Ideal energy-dependent resolution & rejection
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
10-14
10-13
10-12
10-11
10 100 1000 104 105
E x
F(>
E)
[TeV
/cm
2s]
E [GeV]
Possible CTA sensitivity
Crab
10% Crab
1% Crab
GLAST
MAGIC
H.E.S.S.
E.F(>E) [TeV/cm2s]
few 104 m2 with dense
coverage (5-10%)
O(107 m2) with low coverage
(0.03-0.05%)few 105 m2 with medium
coverage (1-2%)
~3000 m2 mirror area
~5000 m2 mirror area
~4000 m2 mirror area
x 1.5
Not to scale !
Option:Mix of telescope types
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
CTA as an observatory
CTA will be a normal astrophysical observatory, open to the community, with professional operators, AOs, support for data analysis etc.Data will be public after some time (1 y?)Significant guaranteed time (~50%) for construction consortium
CTA will most likely combine HEP and astrophysics worldsObservatory operationSignificant contribution to construction by institute shops to reduce required investment
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Getting on (the European) track
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Baseline given in ESFRI LoI
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
The EC/ESFRI route
CAPACITIES Work programme –New research infrastructures
Design studies (29 M€)Construction - Preparatory phase (63 M€)Infrastructure construction
Research Infrastructures in FP7
Robert-Jan Smits DG Research
European Commission
Existing Infrastructures
Design studies
New Infrastructures
Construction (preparatory phase; construction phase)
FP7 Research Infrastructures in brief
Integrating activities
e-infrastructures ESFRI
Roadmap
Policy Development and Programme Implementation
Planning of calls and indicative budget
Total operational budget 1630 M€
Call 12007
Call 22008
Call 32010
Call 42012
Integrating activities 275 x x
e-Infrastructures 89 115 x x
Design studies 35 x
Construction – Support to the Preparatory Phase
135 x
Construction – Support to the Implementation Phase
RSFF (200 M€) + 100 M€
Policy Development and Programme Implementation
25 5 x x
Total per call (M€) 284 395
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
World wide context
CTA as EuropeanInitiative
Close cooperation with Japan & US very desirableJoint technology development orJoint project
could help to fund 2nd site
Near future: concentrate on FP7 / EC aspects
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Possible Schedule
06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
Site exploration
Array layout
Telescope design
Component prototypes
Array prototype
Array construction
Partial operation
GLAST
FP 7 Design Study
“Letter of Intent”(100 pages, physics
+ conceptual design)
Proposal DesignReport
Prep. Phase ?
Products ofDesign Study
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Stages
Letter of Intent (spring 07)Establishs physics caseDiscusses basic performance needsLists possible sites and key characteristicsGives examples for array configurationsGives options for technical implementation Lists areas where further design is needed
Proposal (summer/fall 08)Re-iterates physics caseGives detailed performances for (few) array layoutsGives details for (few) implementation optionsMore on site options, organization optionsGives cost estimates
Design report (fall 09)Final Array layoutTelescope implementation choices and detailsList of final few candidates sites {not clear if final site choice}Proposal for organization, governance, operation
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
What should we have after design study
Detailed knowledge of characteristics, availability of (few) good site candidatesArray layout which optimizes physics performance for a given cost (and which is about 1 order of magnitude better than what we have now)Detailed design and (industrial) cost estimates for telescopes and associated equipmentPlan how to organize, produce, install, commission, operate the facility; estimate for operating costModel and prototype how to handle and analyze the dataSmall prototype series of components such as mirrors (~100), photosensors and electronics (~100-200 channels), probably a few drive systems, possible a secondary mirror, … to ensure that production issues and costs are understood
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Design study structures in Work Packages
WP1 Management of the design study
WP2 Astrophysics and astroparticle physics
WP3 Optimization of array layout, performance studies and analysis algorithms
WP4 Site selection and site infrastructure
WP5 Telescope optics and mirror
WP6 Telescope structure, drive, control
WP7 Photon detectors and focal plane
WP8 Readout electronics and trigger
WP9 Instrument calibration and analysis algorithms {merge with WP10?}
WP10 Atmospheric monitoring and associated science
WP11 Observatory operation and access (TOC + SOC)
WP12 Data handling, data processing, data management and data access (SDC)
WP13 Risk assessment and quality assurance, production planning (?)
WP14 Resource exploration
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
The challenge- putting the puzzle together
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Grand Challenge I
Find (and agree on) an array layout that has the required performance
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Camera field of view
3o 5o 8o
Effective field of viewfor given camera diameter
Large homogeneous fov • minimizes systematics• improves high-energy coverage
Best for Galaxy: 7o-9o
Best for AGN: small fov
5o: Easy7o: Probably doable10o: Brick wall
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Quantity versus quality (versus R&D time)
V. Vassiliev et al., astro-ph/0612718
40000 Pixels in camera for 10o fov
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
10-14
10-13
10-12
10-11
10 100 1000 104 105
E x
F(>
E)
[TeV
/cm
2s]
E [GeV]
Grand Challenge II: Cost and Funding
Crab
10% Crab
1% Crab
GLAST
MAGIC
H.E.S.S.
E.F(>E) [TeV/cm2s]
few 104 m2 with dense
coverage (5-10%)
O(107 m2) with low coverage
(0.03-0.05%)few 105 m2 with medium
coverage (1-2%)
~3000 m2 mirror area
~5000 m2 mirror area
~4000 m2 mirror area
x 1.5
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Grand Challenge II: Cost and Funding
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200
Cos
t pe
r 10
0 m
2
Mirror area (m2)
12000 m2 x 1.2 M€/100 m2 = 144 M€ x 1.5
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Grand Challenge II: Cost and III: Reliability
Reduce cost per areaCan spent a lot on design, if savings in production cost resultExploit mass production to reduce cost
ReliabilityCurrent telescopes (e.g. H.E.S.S.) have not reached the reliability required for such a large system
Telescope (drives, end switches, …)CameraSoftware & control
Design needs to be optimized for high reliabilityTo limit operating and maintenance costsTo maximize uptimeTo mimimize systematic errors
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Photon detectors
Structure
Optical layout andmirror facets
Electronics
weightfov
Camera Mount & dish
Telescope
Array
telescope types, size, fovtelescope costtrigger options
Site
environmentalconditions
area,height
Physics
Grand Challenge IV: Coordination
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Grand Challenge V: ProductionC TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
Grand Challenge VI: Organization
Legal form of the CTA observatoryNew (European?) entity ? Part of existing (European?) organization ?
CERNESO…
Operated by existing national organization ?DESYSaclayRutherfordother National Labs
Site decision will be influenced byChoice of host organizationContribution by host country or (transnational) host region
C TA An advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma ray astronomy
What if …
we don’t get the design study?continue CTA designlittle change in work programme, but missing funds will slow things downapply 2010 for Construction – Preparatory Phase
we cannot reach the performance goals within reasonable costs?we cannot agree on a layout & technology?
…