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Transcript of c Sharp Part i Mahedeev1 130718012115 Phpapp01
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Md. Mahedee Hasan
Senior Software Engineer
LEADS Corporation Limited
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Introduction
C# Fundamentals
C# Pre defined Types
C# Expressions
Debugging Application Conditional & Iteration Statement
Class, Method & Constructor
Static Class Member
Designing Object
Inheritance Polymorphism
Arrays & Collections
Interface
Exception Handling
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Introduction C# Fundamentals
C# Pre defined Types
C# Expressions
Debugging Application
Conditional & Iteration Statement
Class, Method & Constructor
XML Comments
Static Class Member
Designing Object
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Arrays & Collections
Interface
Exception Handling
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C# is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programminglanguage
It is very sophisticated programming language It is developed by Microsoft with its .NET
initiatives
The language is intended for use in developingSoftware Components
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Introduction
C# Fundamentals
C# Pre defined Types
C# Expressions
Debugging Application Conditional & Iteration Statement
Class, Method & Constructor
XML Comments
Static Class Member
Designing Object Inheritance
Polymorphism
Arrays & Collections
Interface
Exception Handling
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Program execution begins at Main()
The using keyword refers to resources in the.NET framework class library
Statements are commands that perform actions A program is made up of many separate statement
Statement are separated by a semicolon
Braces are used to group statement
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Use indentation to indicate enclosingstatements
C# is case sensitive
White space is ignored
Indicate single line comment by using //
Indicate multiple line comment by using
/*and*/
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Introduction C# Fundamentals
C# Pre defined Types
C# Expressions
Debugging Application
Conditional & Iteration Statement
Class, Method & Constructor
XML Comments
Static Class Member
Designing Object
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Arrays & Collections
Interface
Exception Handling
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Types are used to declare variables
Variables store different kinds of data
Predefined types are those provided by C# and
.NET framework You can also defined your own
Variable must be declared before you can use
them
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A variable is a storage location for a particular type Declaring
Assign a type
Assign a name
End with a semicolon
Ex. int noOfUser; string firstName;
Initializing Use assignment operator
Assign a value
End with a semicolon Ex. string firstName = “Mahedee”;
Assigning literal variable Add a type suffix
Ex. decimal deposit = 50000M;
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string str = “Hello world”; //Hello world
Literal string
string str = “\”Hello\””; //”Hello”
Escape character string str = “Hello\nWorld”; \\ a new line is added
between Hello and World
Using verbatim string string str = @”Hello\n”; \\Hello\n
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Declare using const keyword and type
You must assign a value at the time ofdeclaration
Examples const double pi = 3.14;
const int earthRadius = 6378;
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User defined data type
Purpose of enumeration type is to use constantvalues
Process to create enumeration type Create an enumeration type
Declare variable of that type
Assign values to those variables
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Defining enumeration typesenum BluechipTeam{
Azad,
Mahedee,
Sarwar, Jamil
}
Using enumeration typesBluechipTeam aMember = BluechipTeam.Mahedee;
Displaying the variablesConsole.WriteLine(aMember);
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Introduction
C# Fundamentals
C# Pre defined Types
C# Expressions
Debugging Application
Conditional & Iteration Statement Class, Method & Constructor
XML Comments
Static Class Member
Designing Object
Inheritance Polymorphism
Arrays & Collections
Interface
Exception Handling
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An expression is a sequence of operators andoperands
The purpose of writing an expression is to
perform an action and return a value
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Expressions are evaluated according to operatorprecedence Example: 10 + 20 / 5 (result is 14)
Parenthesis can be used to control the order ofevaluation. Ex. (10 + 20) / 5 (result is 6)
Operator precedence is also determined byassociativity Binary operators are left associative i.e evaluated from
left to right.
Assignment and conditional operators are rightassociative i.e evaluated from right to left
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Introduction C# Fundamentals C# Pre defined Types C# Expressions Debugging Application Conditional & Iteration Statement Class, Method & Constructor XML Comments Static Class Member Designing Object
Inheritance Polymorphism Arrays & Collections Interface Exception Handling
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Step In = F11 = Step into a Method
Step Out = Shift + F11 = Steps up and out of amethod back to the caller
Step Over = F10 = Steps past a method to thenext statement
Stop Debugging = Shift + F5 = Stops a
debugging session
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A conditional statement allows you to controlthe flow of your application by selecting thestatement that is executed, based on the value
of a Boolean expression.
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if statementif ( sales > 10000 ) {
bonus += .05 * sales;}
if else statementif ( sales > 10000 ) {
bonus += .05 * sales;}else {
bonus = 0;}
if else if satementif ( sales > 10000 ) {
bonus += .05 * sales;}else if ( sales > 5000 ) {
bonus = .01 * sales;}else {
bonus = 0;if ( priorBonus == 0 ) {// Schedule a Meeting;}
}
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Switch statements are useful for selecting one branchof execution from a list of mutually-exclusive choices.
switch( favoriteAnimal ) {
case Animal.Antelope:// herbivore-specific statements
break;
case Animal.Elephant:
// herbivore-specific statements
break;
case Animal.Lion:
// carnivore-specific statements
break;case Animal.Osprey:
// carnivore-specific statements
break;
default:
//default statemennt
}
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Use when you know how many times youwant to repeat the execution of the code
Syntax:
for (initializer; condition; iterator) {statement-block
}
Example:for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {
Console.WriteLine( "i = {0}",i );
}
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A Boolean test runs at the start of the loop andif tests as False, the loop is never executed.
The loop executed until the condition becomes
false. Syntax:
while (true-condition) {
statement-block
}
Examplewhile ( i <= 10 ) {
Console.WriteLine(i++);
}
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The continue keyword to start the next loop iterationwithout executing any remaining statements
The break keyword is encountered, the loop isterminated
Example:int i = 0;
while ( true ) {
i++;
if(i>5)
continue;if(i>= 10)
break;
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
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Executes the code in the loop and thenperforms a Boolean test. If the expression astrue then the loop repeats until the expressiontest as false
Syntax:do {
statements
} while (boolean-expression);
Example:int i = 1;
do {
Console.WriteLine("{0}", i++);
} while ( i <= 10 );
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Introduction C# Fundamentals
C# Pre defined Types
C# Expressions
Debugging Application
Conditional & Iteration Statement Class, Method & Constructor
XML Comments
Static Class Member
Designing Object
Inheritance Polymorphism
Arrays & Collections
Interface
Exception Handling
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Value Types
Directly contain data
Stored on the stack
Must be initialized Cannot be null
An int is a value type
Example: int a; a = 15;
a15
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Contain a reference to the data
Stored on the heap
Declared using new key word
.NET garbage collection handles destruction
A class is a reference type
Example: EmployeeInfo c;
c* 15
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Boxing
Treat value types like reference types
Example: object boxedValue = (object) x;
Unboxing Treat reference types like value types
Example: int y = (int) boxedValue;
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How to define classpublic class Investor
{
public string firstName;
public string lastName;
public double purchasePower;
}
How to create an object Example: Investor objInvestor = new Investor();
How to access class variable Example: objInvestor.firstName = “Mahedee”;
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Declaring namespacenamespace Bluchip{
public class Investor{
public string firstName;public string lastName;public double purchasePower;
}
}
Nested namespacesnamespace Bluchip{namespace InvestorSetup{
public class Investor{
//to do}
}}
The using namespace using Bluechip using Bluechip.InvestorSetup
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Access modifiers are used to define theaccessibility level of class members
public: Access not limited
private: Access limited to the containing class internal: Access limited to this program
protected: Access limited to the containing class andto types derived from the containing class
protected internal: Access limited to the containingclass, derived classes or to members of this program.
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A method is a class member that is used to define the actions Declare Mathod:
class Lion {
private int weight;
public bool IsNormalWeight() {
if ( ( weight < 100 ) || ( weight > 250 ) ) {
return false;}
return true;
}
public void Eat() { }
public int GetWeight() {
return weight;
}
}
Invoke method:Lion bigLion = new Lion();
if ( bigLion.IsNormalWeight() == false ) {
Console.WriteLine("Lion weight is abnormal");
}
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Passing by valueclass Lion {
private int weight;
public void SetWeight( int newWeight ) {
weight = newWeight;}
}
Lion bigLion = new Lion();
int bigLionWeight = 200;bigLion.SetWeight( bigLionWeight );
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Passing by reference
Using the ref keyword
Definite assignment
Using out parameter keyword Allow you to initialize variable in method
Use if you want a method to modify or returnmultiple values
Achieve this by passing the method a reference
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class Zoo {
private int streetNumber = 123;
private string streetName = "High Street";
private string cityName = "Sammamish";
public void GetAddress(ref int number, ref string street, ref stringcity)
{
number = streetNumber;
street = streetName;
city = cityName;
}
}
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class ClassMain {
static void Main(string[] args) {
Zoo localZoo = new Zoo();
// note these variables are not initialized
int zooStreetNumber;
string zooStreetName;
string zooCity;
localZoo.GetAddress(out zooStreetNumber, out zooStreetName, out zooCity);
Console.WriteLine(zooCity);
// Writes "Sammamish" to a console
}
}
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When you pass a reference type to a method, themethod can alter the actual object.
using System;namespace LearningCSharp {
class MainClass {static void Main(string[] args) {Zoo myZoo = new Zoo();
Lion babyLion = new Lion();myZoo.AddLion( babyLion );}
}
class Lion {public string location;
}
class Zoo {public void AddLion( Lion newLion ) {newLion.location = "Exhibit 3";}
}}
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Method overloading is a language feature thatenables you to create multiple methods in oneclass that have the same name but that take
different signatures By overloading a method, you provide the
users of your class with a consistent name foran action while also providing them with
several ways to apply that action. Overloaded methods are a good way for you to
add new functionality to existing code.
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class Zoo {
public void AddLion( Lion newLion ) {
// Place lion in an appropriate exhibit
}
public void AddLion( Lion newLion, int exhibitNumber ) {
// Place the lion in exhibitNumber exhibit
}
}
Zoo myZoo = new Zoo();Lion babyLion = new Lion();
myZoo.AddLion( babyLion );
myZoo.AddLion( babyLion, 2 );
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Constructors are special methods thatimplement the actions that are required toinitialize an object.
Instance constructors are special type methodsthat implements the actions required toinitialize an object.
Have the same name as the name of the class
Default constructor takes no parameter
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public class Lion {
private string name;
public Lion() {
Console.WriteLine("Constructing Lion");
}
public Lion( string newLionName ) {this.name = newLionName;
}
}
Lion babyLion = new Lion();
Console.WriteLine("Made a new Lion object");
Output:
Constructing Lion
Made a new Lion object
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When you use the readonly modifier on a membervariable, you can only assign it a value when the classor object initializes, either by directly assigning themember variable a value, or by assigning it in the
constructor. Use the readonly modifier when a const keyword is not
appropriate because you are not using a literalvalue—meaning that the actual value of the variable is
not known at the time of compilation.
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class Zoo {
private int numberAnimals;
public readonly decimal admissionPrice;
public Zoo() {
// Get the numberAnimals from some source...
if ( numberAnimals > 50 ) {admissionPrice = 25;
}
else {
admissionPrice = 20;
}}
}
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Create multiple constructor that have samename but different signatures
It is often useful to overload a constructor to
allow instances to be created in more than oneway.
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Introduction
C# Fundamentals
C# Pre defined Types
C# Expressions
Debugging Application
Conditional & Iteration Statement
Class, Method & Constructor
XML comments
Static Class Member
Designing Object
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Arrays & Collections
Interface
Exception Handling
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Static members belong to the class, rather than aninstance.
Static constructors are used to initialize a class.
Initialize before an instance of the class is created.
Shared by all instance of the class
Classes can have static members, such as properties,methods and variables.
Because static members belong to the class, rather thanan instance, they are accessed through the class, notthrough an instance of the class.
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using System;
namespace StaticExample {
class ZooDemo {
static void Main(string[] args) {
Console.WriteLine( "Family: {0}", Lion.family );
Console.ReadLine();}
}
class Lion {
public static string family = "felidae";
}
}
Output: fedilae
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Instance constructors are used to initialize anobject
Static constructors are used to initialize a class
Will only ever be executed once Run before the first object of that type is
created.
Have no parameter Do not take an access modifier
May co-exist with a class constructor
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using System;namespace StaticConstructor {
class RandomNumberGenerator {
private static Random randomNumber;
static RandomNumberGenerator() {
randomNumber = new Random();
}
public int Next() {return randomNumber.Next();
}
}
class Class1 {
static void Main(string[] args) {
RandomNumberGenerator r = new RandomNumberGenerator();
for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {
Console.WriteLine( r.Next() );
}
}
}
}
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Introduction C# Fundamentals
C# Pre defined Types
C# Expressions
Debugging Application
Conditional & Iteration Statement Class, Method & Constructor
XML Comments
Static Class Member
Designing Object
Inheritance Polymorphism
Arrays & Collections
Interface
Exception Handling
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Structure Design Object Oriented Design
Process centered Object centered
Reveals data Hide data
Single unit Modular unit
One time use ReusableOrdered algorithm No ordered algorithm
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Programs are easier to design because objectsreflect real-world items.
Applications are easier for users because data -
they do not need is hidden. Objects are self-contained units.
Productivity increases because you can reusecode.
Systems are easier to maintain and adapt tochanging business needs.
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Grouping related piece of information andprocesses into self-contained unit.
Makes it easy to change the way things work underthe cover without changing the way users interact.
Hiding internal details.
Makes your object easy to use.
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Protect access to the state of object.
It like fields, but they operate much likemethods.
The get and set statements are called accessors.private double balance;
public double Balance {
get {
return balance;
}set {
balance = value;
}
}
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Introduction C# Fundamentals
C# Pre defined Types
C# Expressions
Debugging Application
Conditional & Iteration Statement Class, Method & Constructor
XML Comments
Static Class Member
Designing Object
Inheritance Polymorphism
Arrays & Collections
Interface
Exception Handling
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Inheritance specifies an is-a kind ofrelationship
Derived classes inherits properties and
methods from base class, allowing code reuse Derived classes become more specialized.
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public class Animal {public bool IsSleeping;
public void Sleep() {
Console.WriteLine("Sleeping");
}
public void Eat() { }
}
public class Antelope : Animal {}
public class Lion : Animal {
public void StalkPrey() { }
}
public class Elephant : Animal {
public int CarryCapacity;}
Uses:
Elephant e = new Elephant();
e.Sleep();
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You cannot derive from a sealed class
Prevents the class from being overridden orextended by third parties
public sealed class Elephant {
...
}
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Introduction C# Fundamentals
C# Pre defined Types
C# Expressions
Debugging Application
Conditional & Iteration Statement Class, Method & Constructor
XML Comments
Static Class Member
Designing Object
Inheritance Polymorphism
Arrays & Collections
Interface
Exception Handling
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Polymorphism is an object-oriented conceptthat enables you to treat your derived classesin a similar manner, even though they aredifferent.
When you create derived classes, you providemore specialized functionality;polymorphism enables you to treat these new
objects in a general way.
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A virtual method is one whose implementationcan be replaced by a method in a derived class.
Use the keyword virtual, in the base class
method Use the override keyword, in the derived
class method.
When you override a virtual method, theoverriding method must have the samesignature as the virtual method.
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public class Animal {public virtual void Eat() {
Console.WriteLine("Eat something");
}
}
public class Cat : Animal {
public override void Eat() {Console.WriteLine("Eat small animals");
}
}
public void FeedingTime( Animal someCreature ) {
if ( someCreature.IsHungry ) {
someCreature.Eat();
}
}
Cat myCat = new Cat();
FeedingTime(myCat);
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The base keyword is used in derived classes to accessmembers of the base class.public class Animal {
public virtual void Eat() {
Console.WriteLine("Eat something");
}}
public class Cat : Animal {
public void StalkPrey() { }
public override void Eat() {
base.Eat();
Console.WriteLine("Eat small animals");
}
}
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An abstract class is a generic base class Contains an abstract method that must be
implemented by a derived class.
An abstract method has no implementation inthe base class
Can contain non abstract members
Any class that contains abstract members must
be abstract
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public abstract class Animal {public abstract void Eat();
}
public class Mouse : Animal {
public override void Eat() {
Console.WriteLine("Eat cheese");
}
}
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A data structure that contains a number ofvariables called element of the array.
All the array elements must be of the same
type. Arrays are zero indexed.
Arrays can be:
Single- dimentional, an array with the rank one.
Multidimentional, an array with the rank more thanone
Jagged, an array whose elements are arrays
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Method Description
Sort Sorts the elements in an array
Clear Sets a range of elements to zero or null
Clone Creates a copy of the array
GetLength Returns the length of a given dimensionIndexOf Returns the index of the first occurrence of a value
Length Gets the number of elements in the specifieddimension of the array
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Declare the array by adding a set of squarebrackets to the end of the variable type of theindividual elements
int[] MyIntegerArray;
Instantiate to create
int[] numbers = new int[5];
To create an array of type object
object[] animals = new object[100];
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Initialize an arrayint[ ] numbers = {10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0};
numbers[4] = 5;
Accessing array membersstring[] animals = {"Elephant", "Cat", "Mouse"};
Animals[1]= “cow”;
String someAnimal = animals[2];
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Using foreeach statement repeats theembedded statement(s) for each elements inthe arrays.
int[] numbers = {4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, -2, -1, 0};
foreach (int i in numbers) {
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
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params keyword used to pass a variablenumber of arguments to method
class ParamExample {
public string Combine(string s1, string s2,
params object[] others) {
string combination = s1 + " " + s2;foreach ( object o in others ) {
combination += " " + o.ToString();
}
return combination;
}
}
You can use this method as follows:
string combo = pe.Combine("One", "two", "three", "four" );
// combo has the value "One two three four"
combo = pe.Combine("alpha", "beta");
// combo has the value "alpha beta"
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When a class contains an array, or a collection,it is useful to access the information as thoughthe class itself were an array.
An indexer is a property that allows you toindex an object in the same way as an array.
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public class Zoo {private Animal[] theAnimals;
public Animal this[int i] {
get {return theAnimals[i];}
set { theAnimals[i] = value;}
}
public Zoo() {
theAnimals = new Animal[100];
}}
public abstract class Animal {
abstract public void Eat();
}
public class Lion : Animal {
public override void Eat() { }
}public class Elephant : Animal {
public override void Eat() { }
}
public class Antelope : Animal {
public override void Eat() { }
}
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class ZooKeeper {static void Main(string[] args) {
Zoo myZoo = new Zoo();
myZoo[0] = new Elephant();
myZoo[1] = new Lion();
myZoo[2] = new Lion();
myZoo[3] = new Antelope();
Animal oneAnimal = myZoo[3];}
}
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Lists, Queues, Statcks and Hash Tables arecommon way to manage data in an application
List: A collection that allows you access by index.Example: An array is a list, an ArrayList is a list
Queue: First in first out collection of objects.Example: Waiting in line at a ticket office.
Stack: Last in first out collection of objects.Example: a pile of plates
Hash Tables: Represents a collection of associatedkeys and values organized around the hash codeof the key. Example: Dictionary
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ArrayList does not have fixed size; it grows asneeded
Use Add(object) to add an object to the end of
the ArrayList Use [] to access elements of the ArrayList.
Use TrimToSize() to reduce the size to fit thenumber of elements in the ArrayList
Use clear to remove all the elements
Can set the capacity explicitly
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public class ZooKeeper {static void Main(string[] args) {
Zoo myZoo = new Zoo();
myZoo.ZooAnimals.Add( new Lion() );
myZoo.ZooAnimals.Add( new Elephant() );
myZoo.ZooAnimals.Insert( 1, new Lion() );
Animal a = myZoo[0];
myZoo[1] = new Antelope();
}
}
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Queues: first in, first out Enqueue places object in the Queue
Dequeue removes objects from the Queue.
Stacks: last in, first out Push places object in the stack
Pop removes object from the stack
Counts get the number of objects contained in a
stack or queue
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using System;using System.Collections;
class Message {private string messageText;public Message (string s) {
messageText = s;}public override string ToString() {
return messageText;
}}
class Buffer {private Queue messageBuffer;public void SendMessage( Message m ) {
messageBuffer.Enqueue( m );}public void ReceiveMessage( ) {
Message m = (Message) messageBuffer.Dequeue();
Console.WriteLine( m.ToString() );}public Buffer() {
messageBuffer = new Queue();}
}
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class Messenger {static void Main(string[] args) {
Buffer buf = new Buffer();
buf.SendMessage( new Message("One") );
buf.SendMessage( new Message("Two") );
buf.ReceiveMessage ();
buf.SendMessage( new Message("Three") );
buf.ReceiveMessage ();buf.SendMessage( new Message("Four") );
buf.ReceiveMessage ();
buf.ReceiveMessage ();
}
}
The preceding code produces the following output:
One
Two
Three
Four
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using System;using System.Collections;
class Message {private string messageText;public Message (string s) {
messageText = s;}public override string ToString() {
return messageText;
}}
class Buffer {private Stack messageBuffer;public void SendMessage( Message m ) {
messageBuffer.Push( m );}public void ReceiveMessage( ) {
Message m = (Message) messageBuffer.Pop();
Console.WriteLine( m.ToString() );}public Buffer() {
messageBuffer = new Stack();}
}
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class Messenger {static void Main(string[] args) {Buffer buf = new Buffer();buf.SendMessage( new Message("One") );buf.SendMessage( new Message("Two") );buf.ReceiveMessage ();buf.SendMessage( new Message("Three") );
buf.ReceiveMessage ();buf.SendMessage( new Message("Four") );buf.ReceiveMessage ();buf.ReceiveMessage ();
}}
The preceding code produces the following output:TwoThreeFourOne
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A hash table is a data structure that is designedfor fast retrieval
Book b2 = new Book("Inside C#", 0735612889 );
myReferences.bookList.Add(b2.ISBN, b2);
Book b = (Book) myReferences.bookList[0735612889];
Console.WriteLine( b.Title );
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Introduction
C# Fundamentals
C# Pre defined Types
C# Expressions
Debugging Application
Conditional & Iteration Statement Class, Method & Constructor
XML Comments
Static Class Member
Designing Object
Inheritance Polymorphism
Arrays & Collections
Interface
Exception Handling
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Interface is a reference type that defines contact Specifies the members that must be supplied
by classes or interfaces that implement the
interface Can contain method, properties, indexers,
event.
Does not provides implementation for the
member Can inherits zero or more members
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interface ICarnivore {bool IsHungry { get; }Animal Hunt();void Eat(Animal victim);
}
public class Lion: ICarnivore {private bool hungry;public bool IsHungry {
get {
return hungry;}
}
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interface ICarnivore {bool IsHungry { get; }
Animal Hunt();
void Eat(Animal victim);
}
interface IHerbivore {
bool IsHungry { get; }
void GatherFood();
}
interface IOmnivore: IHerbivore, ICarnivore {void DecideWhereToGoForDinner();
}
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Abstract Class Is a special kind of class that cannot be instantiated An abstract class is only to be sub-classed(inherited from) The advantage is that it enforces certain hierarchies for all the
subclasses It is a kind of contract that forces all the subclasses to carry on the
same hierarchies or standards Interface
An interface is not a class It is an entity that is defined by the word Interface Interface has no implementation; it only has the signature
The main difference between them is that a class can implementmore than one interface but can only inherit from one abstract class Since C# doesn’t support multiple inheritance, interfaces are used
to implement multiple inheritance.
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Introduction C# Fundamentals C# Pre defined Types C# Expressions Debugging Application Conditional & Iteration Statement Class, Method & Constructor XML Comments Static Class Member Designing Object Inheritance Polymorphism Arrays & Collections Interface Exception Handling
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An exception is any error condition or unexpectedbehavior that is encountered by an executing program
try {
byte tickets = Convert.ToByte(numberOfTickets.Text);}
catch (FormatException) {
MessageBox.Show("Format Exception: please enter a number");
}
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try {byte tickets = Convert.ToByte(numberOfTickets.Text);
}
catch (FormatException e) {
MessageBox.Show("Format Exception: please enter a number");
}
catch (OverflowException e) {
MessageBox.Show("Overflow: too many tickets");
}
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A finally block is always executed, regardless of whether anexception is thrown.
FileStream xmlFile = null;
try {
xmlFile = new FileStream("XmlFile.xml", FileMode.Open);}
catch( System.IO.IOException e ) {
return;
}
finally {
if ( xmlFile != null ) {
xmlFile.Close();
}
}
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You can create your own exception classes by deriving from theApplication.Exception class
class TicketException: ApplicationException {
private bool purchasedCompleted = false;
public bool PurchaseWasCompleted {
get {return purchasedCompleted;}
}
public TicketException( bool completed, Exception e ) : base ("Ticket Purchase Error", e ){
purchasedCompleted = completed;
}}
The ReadData and run_ Click methods can use TicketException:
private int ReadData() {
byte tickets = 0;
try {
tickets = Convert.ToByte(textBox1.Text);
}
catch ( Exception e ) {
// check if purchase was complete
throw ( new TicketException( true, e ) );
}
return tickets;
}
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private void run_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs ea) {int tickets = 0;
try {
tickets = ReadData();
}
catch ( TicketException e ) {MessageBox.Show( e.Message );
MessageBox.Show( e.InnerException.Message );
}
}
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