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C++PROGRAMMINGLANGUAGE1.IntroductionofC++

2.Generalstructure

3.InputOutputStreams

4.Operators

5.VariablesandDatatypes

6.Modifiers

7.Controlstructures

8.Functions

9.Classes

10.Objects

11.Memberfunctions

12.Inheritance

13.Polymorphism

14.MoreeBooksandApps

DisclaimerThiseBookcontentsisforinformationalandstudypurposesonly.TheKnowledgeflowmakesnoclaims,promises,orguaranteesabouttheaccuracy,completeness,oradequacyofthecontentsofthiseBookandnolegalliabilityorotherresponsibilityisacceptedbyKnowledgeflowforanyerrors,omissions,orstatementsonthiseBook.

IntroductionofC++C++isanexcellentfeaturedofprogramminglanguagethatbasedonconceptofobjectorientedprogramming,developedbyBjarneStroustrupintheearly1980satAT&TBellLabsinUSA.C++wasoriginallycalledbynameCwithclassesandrenamedC++in1983.ThenameC++comesfromtheCwithincrementoperator++thatdenotedtheenhancedversionofC.ThelanguageC++addingnewfeaturessuchclasses,objects,polymorphism,operators,memberfunctions,multipleinheritances.

StructureofaC++program

Includefiles

Classdeclaration

Memberfunctionsdefinitions

Mainfunctionprogram

AsimpleExampleofaC++program

#include//includeheaderfileusingnamespacestd;intmain(){cout

GeneralstructureHeadercommentsIncludesheaderfileFunction{Statements}

Example

//MyFirstProgram#includeusingnamespacestd;intmain(){cout

cinstandardinputtoreadtheinputfromthekeyboard.

return0;

Itistheendingofthemainfunction.return0;representtheprogramtreataswithouterrorsduringexecution.ItisusuallyusetoendofC++program.

InputOutputstreamsInC++standardlibrariesprovideasetofinput/outputcapabilitiesoccursinstreams,whichareflowofbytes.Ifbytesflowfromadevicelikeskeyboardtomainmemory,itiscalledinputoperationandbytesflowfrommainmemorytoadevicelikeadisplayscreencalledoutputoperation.

ThereareseveralheaderfilesinC++library.

Itcontainsios_baseandbasic_iosclassesandtheassociatedstreambuffer.

Itimplementsformattedinput.

Itimplementsformattedoutput.

Itimplementsformattedinputandoutput.

Itcontainsbasic_fstream,basic_ifstreamandbasic_ofstreamandclasstemplateswhichimplementformattedinputandoutputonfilestreams.

Itcontainsthebasic_stringstream,basic_istringstreamandbasic_ostringstreamandclasstemplateswhichimplementformattedinputandoutputonstring-basedstreams.

InputoutputfunctionsInputfunction

Totakeinputfromuserwemusthavetousecinasinput.

Syntax

cin>>variable

Outputfunction

Totakeinputfromuserwemusthavetousecinasinput.

Syntax

cout

OperatorsOperatorsaresymbolthatinstructthecompilertoperformspecificmathematicalorlogicalmanipulations.C++hasrichsetofoperators.InC++therearefollowingtypesofoperators.

ArithmeticOperatorsLogicalOperatorsRelationalOperatorsAssignmentOperatorsBitwiseOperators

ArithmeticOperators

InC++therearefollowingarithmeticoperatorssupported.

+operator-Itaddtwooperands.

-operator-Itsubtractssecondoperandsfromfirst.

*operator-Itmultipliestwooperands.

/operator-Itdividesnumeratorbyde-numerator.

%operator-Itisamodulusoperator.

++operator-Itisincrementoperator,itincreasesintegervaluebyone.

operator-Itisdecrementoperator,itdecreasesintegervaluebyone.

LogicalOperators

InC++therearefollowingLogicaloperatorssupported.

||operator-ItisLogicalORoperator,conditionbecomestruewhenanyofthetwooperandsarenon-zero.

&&operator-ItisLogicalANDoperator,conditionbecomestruewhenboththeoperandsarenon-zero.

!operator-ItisLogicalNOToperatorthatusetoreversethelogicalformofitsoperands.Thisoperatorwillbefalsewhenaconditionistrue.

RelationalOperators

InC++therearefollowingRelationaloperatorssupported.

==operator-Thisoperatorcheckthevalueoftwooperandsareequalornot,ifyesthenconditionwillbetrue.

>operator-Thisoperatorcheckthevalueofleftoperandisgreaterthanthevalueofrightone,ifyesthenconditionwillbetrue.

=operator-Thisoperatorcheckthevalueofleftoperandisgreaterthanorequaltothevalueofrightone,ifyesthenconditionwillbetrue.

>=,

VariablesVariablesarememorylocationinC++thatisusedtostoredataonmemory.Variablenamecanconsistofalphabets,numbersandstartwithunderscorecharacterandthefirstcharacterofvariablesshouldalwaysbealphabetnotdigitandblankspacenotallowed.

DataTypesAdatatypesworkaswhichtypesofdatawillstoreinvariablesandalsoworkasmemorystorageofdata.Datatypeseitheruserdefineddatatypesorstandarddatatypes.

TherearefourmaindatatypesinC++.

1. char2. int3. float4. double

char

Thisdatatypeisusedforcharacterdatatypestorepresentslettersandsymbols.

Signechar-representsignedcharacter.unsignedchar-representunsignedcharacter.char-representcharacter.wcahr_t-representwidecharacter.char16_t-representUTF-16character.char32_t-representUTF-32character.

int

Thisdatatypeisvalueswhichhavenodecimalanditcanbepositiveandnegativesuchas-10or-10.Itsvaluesrangingfrom-32768to32767.Itdoesnothavefractionpart.

int.shortint.lontint

float

Thisdatatypecontainafloatingpointnumberandanumberthatcontainafractionpart.Itsvaluesrangingisbetween+/-3.4e38to+/-3.4e38.Itusuallyfloatingpointnumbershasdecimalplaces.

double

Thisdatatypeislargerealnumberanditsvaluesrangingisfrom1.7x10-308to1.7x10+308.

ModifiersIfwewanttochangethenatureandworkingrulesofanydatatypes,thensomespecificwordsareusedthesearecalledmodifiers.

TherearetwotypesofmodifiersusedinC++.

SizemodifiersSignmodifiers

SizeModifiers

Ifuserwantstoincreaseordecreasetheactualsizeofdatatypesthenwemusthavetousesizemodifiers.TherearetwotypesofSizemodifierssupportedinC++program.

Longtoincreasethesize.Shorttodecreasethesize.

SignModifiers

Ifwewanttofixthesignofthedatatypesthenwecanusesignedandunsignedmodifiers.Bytheuseofsignwecanfixthedatatypestostoreonly+Positivevalueandwithuseofunsignedwecanfix-Positivevaluesonly.

ControlstructuresControlstructuresarestatementsthatmodifythesequenceofprogramincertainconditions,duringtheexecutionitmayrepeatthecodeortakedecisions.

InC++controlstructuresinstructtospecifythatwhatdonebyourprogram.

TherearethreecategoriesofControlstructures.

SelectionStatementsIterationStatementsJumpStatements

SelectionStatements

TherearesomeselectionstatementssupportedinC++program.

ifStatementifelsestatementSwitchstatement

IterationStatements

TherearesomeIterationstatementssupportedinC++program.

forloopwhileloopdowhileloop

JumpStatements

TherearesomeJumpstatementssupportedinC++program.

gotobreakcontinue

ifStatementSyntax

if(expression){Statements}

Program

#includeusingnamespacestd;voidmain(){inta=400;intb=800;if(b>a){cout

ifelseStatementSyntax

if(expression){Statements}else{Statements}

Program

#includeusingnamespacestd;voidmain(){inta=100;intb=200;if(a>b){cout

switchStatementSyntax

switch(expression){case1:Statementsbreakcase2:Statementsbreak..defaultStatements}

Program

#includeusingnamespacestd;intmain(void){intday;cout>day;switch(day){case1:cout

break;case4:cout

forloopStatementSyntax

for(initialization;condition;increment)

Program

#includeusingnamespacestd;intmain(void){inti;for(i=1;i

whileloopStatementSyntax

while(condition)statement;

Program

#includevoidmain(){intn;cout0:;cin>>n;while(n>0){cout

dowhileStatementSyntax

do{statement;}while(condition);

Program

#includeusingnamespacestd;intmain(){intn;cout>n;do{cout

breakStatementSyntax

break;

Program

#includeintmain(){inti;for(i=0;i

gotoStatementSyntax

gotolabel;..label:

Program

#includevoidmain(){inti;cout>i;switch(i){case1:cout

ExitedLoop

continueStatementSyntax

continue;

Program

#includeusingnamespacestd;intmain(){inta=9;do{if(a==13){a=a+1;continue;}cout

FunctionsFunctionsareseparateindividualmodulesdesignedinC++programs.

Afunctionisanareawherewecandeclarethecalculationpartandcancallituptomultipletimesbutappearsinthecodeonce.

Bymakingfunctionswecandecomposeourprograminseparateblockswhichareinter-linkedwithmain.

Syntax

main(){functionbodyreturn0;}

TherearetwotypesoffunctionsinC++.

Libraryfunction.Userdefinesfunction.

Pre-definedorLibraryfunction

Thosefunctionswhicharepredefineintheirheaderfilesi.e.(math.h,time.h,ctype.h)andcandirectlyusewithoutgivingthedefinitionofthefunction.

Thesefunctionsareinvokedthroughtheirspecificheaderfile.

Functionusing

ceil(),floor()

Example

#include#includevoidmain(){doublen;cout>n;//Computethesmallestandthelargestoftherealnumbercout

cout

ClassesAclassisatechniquetoholdthedatastructuresandfunctions.Itisawaytoallowusertocreatingandseparatespecificuserdefineddatatypes.

ItisthemostpowerfulfeatureofC++.

Whenwedefinedtheclassstartswithakeywordclassfollowedbyaclassnameandthebodyoftheclassenclosedwithtwocurlybracesandusesemicolonattheendofclasstoterminateitsameasstructure.

Thekeywordsprivateandpublicarecalledvisibilitylabels.

Wordprivatemakesthedataandfunctionprivateandaccessibleinsideonlytheclasswhereas,keywordpublicmakesthedataandfunctionpublicandcanbeaccessedbothoutsideandinsidetheclass.

Declarationofclass

Classclass_name{private:somedata;functiondeclarations;public:somedata;functiondeclarations;};

Example

classimage{private:intwidth;intheight;char*pixels;public:intget_width();intget_height();charget_pixel(intx,inty);voidset_pixel(intx,inty,charvalue);

voidsave(char*filename);};

ObjectsInclassinstantiationofdatatypesknowsasobjectsinC++.

Relationshipofobjectwithclasssameasvariablehaswithdatatypes,classvariablesarealsoknownasobjectsinC++.

Anobjectcontainsthepropertyofaclass.

Example

Productx;

Here,xistheobjectoftypeproduct.Oneormorethanoneobjectscanbedeclaredinonestatement.

Example

Productx,y,z;

Syntax

Class_nameObject_name{Public}

Example

classY{//membersofclassY};intmain(){Yobj;//declareaclassobjectofclasstypeY}

MemberfunctionsinClassesInC++memberfunctionsarethosefunctionswhicharedeclareinsideandoutsidethedefinitionoftheclass.Itcanbedefinedintotwoplaces.

Insidetheclassdefinition.Outsidetheclassdefinition.

Insidetheclassdefinition

Inthisdefinitionwecandirectlydefinethefunctioninsidetheclassdefinition.

Example

classProduct{intproductID;floatprice;public:voidgetdata(inta,floatb);//functionvoidputdata(void)//definedinsideclassdefinition{Cout

public:intside;intgetVolume();}//functionintcube::getVolume()//definedoutsideclassdefinition{returnside*side*side;}

InheritanceInheritanceisoneofthemostimportantfeaturesofObjectOrientedProgramming.

Itisatechniquetoreusetheexistingclasseswithoutanymodificationandproducehierarchicalrelationshipbetweenthem.

Itacquiresthepropertiesandcharacteristicsofoneclasstoanotherclass.

AclasswhichinheritedthepropertiestoanotherclassknownasParent,BaseclasswhereasclasswhichinheritsthepropertiesofanotherclassknownasDerived,suborchildclass.

TherearefivetypesofInheritanceinC++.

1. SingleInheritance.

2. MultipleInheritances.

3. MultilevelInheritance.

4. HierarchicalInheritance.

5. HybridInheritance.

Syntax

class_namesubclass_name:accessed_modebase_class_name{MembersofSubclass};

Example

#includeusingnamespacestd;//ParentclassclassCars{public:intWheels=4;};//Derivedclass

classBike:publicCars{public:inttyres=2;};intmain(){Bikeb;Cout

MultilevelInheritance

Inthisinheritanceaclassderivedfromanotherderivedclassinheritsfromoneparentclass.

HierarchicalInheritance

Inthisinheritancemultiplederivedclassesinheritfromoneparentclass.

HybridInheritance

Itisthecombinationofbothmultilevelandmultipleinheritance.

PolymorphismPolymorphismisoneofstrategicfeaturesofobjectorientedprogrammingthatsmeanhavingmanyforms.Polymorphismrollsupwhenahierarchyofclassesandtheyarerelatedbyinheritance.

TherearetwotypesofpolymorphisminC++programming.

Compiletimepolymorphism.Runtimepolymorphism.

Compiletimepolymorphism

Inthispolymorphismobjectisenclosingtothefunctioncallatthecompiletimeitselfknownasstaticbindingorstaticlinkageorearlybinding.

Runtimepolymorphism

Inthispolymorphismobjectisenclosingtothefunctioncallattheruntime.

Exampleofpolymorphism

#includeusingnamespacestd;classShapes{protected:intwidth,height;public:Shapes(intx=0,inty=0){width=x;height=y;}intarea(){cout

public:Rectangle(inta=0,intb=0){Shapes(a,b);}intarea(){cout

shapes=&tria;//calltrianglearea.shapes->area();return0;}

Aftercompilingandexecutedtheabovecodethefollowingresultwillbereceived.

Parentclassarea

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