C# Part 1 - Summary
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Transcript of C# Part 1 - Summary
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C# Part 1 - SummaryWhat you need to know
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Table of Contents
1. Primitive data types and variables2. Operators and expressions3. Console In and Out4. Conditions5. Loops6. Algorithms7. Bonus: Arrays
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Primitive data typesHow to store data
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Primitive data types (1) Numbers
int, long - -4, -1213432, 0, 5, 145, 1224234
double, decimal – 4.5, -1234.578, 145.0001
Notes: Use long when you expect huge
results, otherwise int Use decimal if you want high
precision, otherwise double
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Primitive data types (2) Example
Bonus: BigInteger Add reference to
System.Numerics Use only if results are really huge! Slow operations
int number = 1; long hugeNumber = 999999999999;double otherNumber = 1.2; decimal num = 1.567m;
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Primitive data types (3) bool – true or false
char – 'a', 'b', 'c' Is actually int – you can make
operations on it
bool isGreater = (a > b);bool isSame = (a == b);bool isDifferent = (a != b);
char a = 'a';char someChar = 'a' + 'b';
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Primitive data types (4) string – basically text, sequence of chars
You can concatenate strings with +
You can use placeholders
string firstName = "Ivan";string lastName = @"Ivanov";string fullName = firstName + " " + lastName;
"Your full name is {0} {1} {2}.", firstName, fatherName, lastName
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VariablesHow to use data
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Variables (1) Declaring
Assigning
Text escaping \' for single quote \" for double
quote \\ for backslash \n for new
line
int firstValue = 5;int secondValue = firstValue;int num = new int();
<data_type> <identifier> [= <initialization>];
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Variables (2) Other:
Null – no value (used with ?) Every type has .ToString() "string".Length Some literals need 'f', 'm', 'd', etc.
at the end Object can be used for everything new string('.', 5) is equal to "….." Use only letters, numbers and '_'
for naming
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Operators and expressionsMath starts here
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Operators and expressions (1)
Note: Always use parentheses just to be sure!
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Operators and expressions (2)
Logical operators – used on booleans
! turns true to false and false to true
Bitwise operators - <<, >> and ~
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Operators and expressions (3)
Other Square brackets [] are used with
arrays indexers and attributes Class cast operator (type) is used
to cast one compatible type to another
The new operator is used to create new objects
Bonus: Math class Has Sin, Cos, Log, Ln, Pow, Min,
Max functions for easy calculations
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Console In and OutReading and writing
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Console In and Out (1) Input
Read(…) – reads a single character ReadKey(…) – reads a combination
of keys ReadLine(…) – reads a single line of
characters Output
Write(…) – prints the specified argument on the console
WriteLine(…) – prints specified data to the console and moves to the next line
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Console In and Out (2) Format
{index[,alignment][:formatString]} Converting
int.Parse(), long.Parse, double.Parse(), etc.
Convert.ToInt32(string) Invariant cultureusing System.Threading;
using System.Globalization;…Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = CultureInfo.InvariantCulture;
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Conditional statementsImplementing logic
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Conditional statements (1)
If-else statement
Note: else is not required Conditions can be nested else can be else if
if (expression) { statement1; }else { statement2; }
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Conditional statements (2)
Switch statementswitch (day){
case 1: Console.WriteLine("Monday"); break;case 2: Console.WriteLine("Tuesday"); break;case 3: Console.WriteLine("Wednesday"); break;case 4: Console.WriteLine("Thursday"); break;case 5: Console.WriteLine("Friday"); break;case 6: Console.WriteLine("Saturday"); break;case 7: Console.WriteLine("Sunday"); break;default: Console.WriteLine("Error!"); break;
}
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LoopsRepeating the code
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Loops (1) while loop
do-while loop
while (condition){ statements;}
do{ statements;}while (condition);
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Loops (2) for loop
foreach loop
for (initialization; test; update){ statements;}
foreach (Type element in collection){ statements;}
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Loops (3) Jump statements
break continue goto (avoid using it!)
for (int inner = 0; inner < 10; inner++) { if (inner % 3 == 0) continue; if (inner == 7) break; if (inner + 5 > 9) goto breakOut; }breakOut:
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AlgorithmsUseful code
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Algorithms (1) DateTime
Has various methods for dates and time
Date can be saved in numerous formats
Get all characters of a stringstring text = “some text”;for (int i = 0; i < text.Length; i++){
char currentChar = text[i];Console.WriteLine(currentChar);
}
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Algorithms (2) Find biggest element
Sum and product of N numbers
int max = int.MinValue;if (max < someNumber){
max = someNumber;}
int sum = 0; int product = 1;for (int i = 0; i < N; i++){ int number = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); sum += number; product *= number;}
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Algorithms (3) Print all digits of a number
int number = 1234;while (number > 0){
int remainder = number % 10;number /= 10;Console.WriteLine(remainder);
}
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Algorithms (4) N ^ M
Fibonacci – first 20 elements
int number = 10; int power = 3; int result = 1;for (int i = 0; i < power; i++){
result *= number;}
int first = 0; int second = 1;For (int i = 0; i < 20; i++;){
int sum = first + second;first = second; second = sum;Console.WriteLine(sum);
}
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Algorithms (5) Calculating N factorial with BigIntegerusing System.Numerics;static void Main(){ int n = 1000; BigInteger factorial = 1; do { factorial *= n; n--; } while (n > 0); Console.WriteLine("n! = " + factorial);}
Don't forget to add reference to System.Numerics.d
ll.
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Algorithms (6) Find all prime factors of a number
int number, factor;number = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());for (factor = 2; number > 1; factor ++) if (number % b == 0) { int counter = 0; while (number % factor == 0) { number /= factor; counter++; } Console.WriteLine("{0} -> {1}", factor, counter); }
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ArraysLike tables
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Arrays (1) Arrays
Table like data type holding elements
Elements are get or set by index For each index there is one value
Declare integer array with N elements
Get first and second value
int[] array = new int[N];
int number = array[0];int secondNumber = array[1];
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Arrays (2) Set first or second value
Using for loop to iterate the arrayint[] array = new int[10];For(int i = 0; i < array.Length; i++){ array[i] = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); Console.WriteLine(array[i]);}
array[0] = 10;array[1] = 15;
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