C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
Transcript of C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
1/56
C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplanktonOscar Schofield (RU COOL)
Picture by Chris Gotschalk
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
2/56
Enough energy make something new( )rearrange a molecule
Enough energy to excite( )vibrate a molecule Enough energy move electrons
Phytoplankton growth and nutrient assimilation is tied to ambient light levels.
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
3/56
Photosynthesis = PAR * aph *
aph =
a(l )*Eo(l )dl400nm
700nm
Eo(l )dl400nm
700nm
Spectrally averaged absorption
Energy that is into the cell, ,Varies cell pigmentation light history
and size
~ 1%
)()()(
ddd EKdz
dE=
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Irradiance
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
Depth
(m
)
lar visible irradiance
gy in
to the oceanes with depth according to the IOPs
with radiative transfer eqns describe the AOPS
Efficiency of converting energy in( , ,End product electrons oxygen carb
Varies with end product and physiol
..Quantum efficiency of
Hi
gh
Low
Absorption
Fluorescenceor charge
separation
oxygen
carbonfixation
growth
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
4/56
Every day, the ocean changes colourEvery day, the ocean changes colour
or rather, it passes though a varietyor rather, it passes though a variety
of hues between the morning, noonof hues between the morning, noon
and night of a single day. The subtleand night of a single day. The subtle
shapes of clouds, the glittering lightshapes of clouds, the glittering light
of the sun, and the shifts inof the sun, and the shifts inatmospheric pressure tint the seaatmospheric pressure tint the sea
with deep tones, cheerful tomes,with deep tones, cheerful tomes,
plaintive tones that would cause anyplaintive tones that would cause any
painter to pause in wonder.painter to pause in wonder.
fromfrom The SamuraiThe Samurai by Shusaku Endoby Shusaku Endo
(1980)(1980)
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
5/56
Eyeball Optics
The Secchi Disk:
First systematic usage reported in 1866, butobserved and remarked upon much earlier.
Early experiments carried out by CommanderCialdi, head of the Papal Navy, and ProfessorSecchi onboard the SS LImmacolataConcezione (Cialdi, 1866).
Used operationally for establishing aids tonavigation over shallow water.
Thanks to Marlon Lewis
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
6/56
From John T. O. Kirks billabongs
Measuring the light into the system
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
7/56
Reflectance( ) = G* bb( )/{bb( ) +a( )}
Wh t f th l i l DIMS?
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
8/56
What are some of the classical DIMS?
Claustre et al.
Diatoms 0.114 + 0.051Cryptophytes 0.053 + 0.011
= P/(Qpar(0+))
Localweather
seasonal
Morel and Platt show * variabilityOf 50% around a value of at specific
chl values
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
9/56
Penetration of light is determined by the material in the waterwhich is determined by the overall inherent optical properties (IOPs)
( )Absorption a color
.Photos by S Etheridge
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
10/56
( )Scattering b clarity
+ =a b c=c attenuation
From Collin Roesler
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
11/56
detector detector
( )Absorption a ( )Attenuation b
WetLabs
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
12/56
Scattering Case I waterscp(660) bp(660)
Loisel and Morel 1998B
p ChlAc =)660(
Positivelycorrelated Non-linear, B 0.7
High
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
13/56
Particle backscattering
Cannizzaro et al. 2002
West Florida Shelf
Karenia brevisbloom
POC S i (C I )
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
14/56
POC Scattering (Case I waters)
Loisel and Morel 1998
Bp POCAc =)660(
B 1
Subtropical Pacific, North Atlantic
Contrast with non-linear
dependence on Chl
POC-Chl variationsare important
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
15/56
Bottom layer
POC-Scattering
Gardner et al. 2001
New England Continental Shelf
Surface layer
cp(660)
Under specific conditions, the cp POC relationship varies
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
16/56
E.m. radiation propagating as plane waves;E.m. radiation propagating as plane waves; gg
geometric crossgeometric cross
section (its shadow )section (its shadow )
EFFICIENCY FACTORSEFFICIENCY FACTORS
Energy absorbed withinEnergy absorbed withinEnergy scattered out by..Energy scattered out by..
DividedbyDividedby
Energy impinging onEnergy impinging on ggQaQa andand QbQb , respectively, respectively
From beautiful work of Morel, Bricaud, and Kirk
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
17/56
Durand et al. 2002
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
18/56
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
19/56
Positivelycorrelated
Chl: 0.02 25mg m-3
(eutrophic,mesotrophic, and
oligotrophicwaters)
Bricaud et al. 1995Non-linear dependence
Thanks to Heidi Sosik
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
20/56
Chl-specific phytoplanktonabsorption
Second-order
variability in aph ()
)(* )()( Bph ChlAa =
Chl
aa
ph
ph
)()(*
=
A( ) and B( )
statistically determined
This reflects effects of changing growth conditions andcommunity structure with trophic status
Note: unexplained variability
Negatively correlated
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
21/56
Low light
High light
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
22/56
Low light
High light
Photosyntheticpigments
Photo-protectivepigments
chlorophyte alga Haematococcus pluvialis
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
23/56
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
24/56
2 0 22 0 42 0 62 0 82 1 02 1 22 1 4
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
D
e
p
th
(m
)
2 0 22 0 42 0 62 0 82 1 02 1 22 1 4
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
D
e
p
th
(m
)
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
400 450 500 550 600 60
500
1000
1500
2000
molph
otons(m
-2
s-1
)
Depth( m
)
Calendar Day
B
mol photons m-2 s-1
C
Calendar Day
D
(m-1)pha
Depth( m
)
0 22 0 42 0 62 0 82 1 02 1 22 1 4
500
1000
1500
2000
0
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
400 450 500 550 600 650
0
0 . 3
0 . 6
0 . 9
1 . 2
4 0 04 5 05 0 05 5 06 06 57
surface
1m
2m
5m13m
Wavelength (nm)Calendar Day
A
0 6 3 31 2 6 71 9 0 0
0 .0 0 0 .1 6 0 .3 1 0 .4 7
.Oliver et al 2004
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
25/56
Vertical migration ofKarenia brevis
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
26/56
0.0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
chl achl b
chl c
PSC
PPC
wavelength (nm)
absor
ption
coef
ficient( m
2 m
g-1
)
From Bidigare
Individual pigments can be measured on discrete samples biochemically
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
27/56
0
5
10
15
20
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Wavelength (nm)
SpectralIrra
di ance(
W
cm-2
nm
-1)
chl a chl achl b
chl c
chl bcarotenoids
phycobilins
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.0
1.25
Relativ
eAbsorption
chl a-chl c-carotenoidschl a-chl b-carotenoids
chl a-phycobilins
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
28/56
0
20
40
60
80
1000 1 2 3
D
epth
(m)
Relative pigment-specific
spectrally weighted absorption
B)
Decreasing efficiency Increasing efficiency
Chl a
Chl bPSCChl c
Wavelength (nm)
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
400 500 600 700
Spectralirra
diance(
Wcm
-2s-
1)
1
25
90
Sun stimulatedfluorescence
A)
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
29/56
Absorbed photon Charge stabilization &
photosynthesis
Heat
Fluorescence
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
30/56
ChlorophyllChlorophyll a -a - Fate of photonsFate of photonsabsorbed by an isolated moleculeabsorbed by an isolated molecule
Diagram of energy states in chlorophyll and possibletransitions
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
31/56
Alexander Graham Belldeveloped spectrophone,
essentially an ordinaryspectroscope equipped with
a hearing tube instead of aneyepiece listening to lightinduced changes in the
thermal sound.
Light Absorption
Heating
Thermal Expansion
PressureWave
Photoacousticsignal
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
32/56
Weak light flash
Strong light flash
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
33/56
Light
Quantu
m
yield
max
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
34/56
Fluorescence
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
35/56
Chlorop h
yllfluorescen
ce
Chlorophyll concentration
An
idealw
orld
Stress(light, nutrients)
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
36/56
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
37/56
8:00 12:00 18:00 22:00
5
10
15
20
Local DaylightTime
0
Depth(m)
CDOM
8:00 12:00 18:00 22:00
5
10
15
20
0
D
epth( m
)
Chl a
mixed
chromop
hyte
community
m
onospe
cific
G.breve
c
ommunity
Local DaylightTime
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
38/56
Fluorescence: The Basics
F0 = aph PAR
kf
kp +kf+kd
Fm = aph PARkf
kf+kd
Fv = aph PARkf
kp(Q)+kf+kd
Fm - F0
Fm=
kp
kp +kf+kd=fIIe
o
time
Fluores
cencei n
tensity
F0
Fm
Ft
Saturating flash
Fm
Other useful indices
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
39/56
Time
Fluores
cencer i
se
Integrated area isreflection of the absorption
cross-section
Flash is onRC2
Highlightcells
Lowlightcells
Photo-acclimation
Photons
Other useful indicesFLUORESCENCE INDUCTION
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
40/56
Fluorescence
deca
yconstan
ts
Localtimeofday
Time
Other useful indicesFLOURESCENCE DECAY CONSTANTS
LightFlash
TurnedOff
Fluores
cenc
e
RC
Pheo
Qa
Qb
PQ
D1
D2
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
41/56
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.1 1 10 100 1000
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Irradiance ( mol photons m-2 s-1)Produ
ctivity
(mgCmgC
hl
a-2h
-1)
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
CarbonQ
ua n
tumY
ield
(molCmol p
hoton
sabsorb
ed-1
)
Fv/Fm
Pmax
Ik
max
Environmentalstress
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
42/56
From Jassby and Platt 1976
Is a cell a puddle or lake?
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
43/56
fluorescence-based predictions of oxygen evolution
m
easur
edoxygenev
olution
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
R
2
=0.92, P
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
44/56
Photosynthesis a chain of cascading reactions:
Each step sets the upper limit efficiency for each following step down the line
mpsii (0.65) > m02 (on the order 0.125)> mco2 (on the order 0.07)
For each use of energy go to one process, it is the expense of
another reaction, this impacts the overall efficiency
Nutrient source mco2Ammonium 0.09Nitrate 0.07
Simplest expression for photosynthesis is
P = * aph * PAR
While chlorophyll specific absorption varies 3-4 fold
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
45/56
From Babin et al.
p y p pquantum yields vary by an order of magnitude
Even in 1980s was treated as a constant
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
46/56
From Behrenfeld et al.
The con ersion efficienc can aries bet een end prod cts
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
47/56
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Absorbed Quanta by phytoplankton
Light-saturated photosynthesis
Light-limitedphotosynthesis
RatioofOxyge
ntoCa
rbonQ
uantum
Y
ields
The conversion efficiency can varies between end products
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
48/56
These instruments can be carried on remote platforms
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
49/56
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
5:00 9:00 13:00 17:00 21:00
0
400
800
1200
1600
PAR
molm
-2s
-1)
Fv/Fm
EPS
Local Daylight Time
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
6:00 10:00 18:0014:00
Local Daylight Time
Fv/F
m
0
200
400
600
800Visible light downregulation
UVBdamage
PAR(
molm
-2s
-1)
UVB + UVA + PARUVB + UVA + PAR
UVA + PARUVA + PAR
PARPAR
Ik>PAR Ik>PAR
Physiological response Environmental Stress
)Rough seas
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
50/56
50 100 150 200 250 300 3500.005
0.025
0.045
0.065
0.085
0.105
0.125
1
2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
1516
171819
20
21
22
23
New Jersey Coastal Region22 Southern California Bight21 NW Atlantic Continental Shelf (Spring)
20 Gulf Stream (Spring)19 NW Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (Spring)18 NE Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (Spring)17 Canary Islands (Spring)16 NW Atlantic Continental Shelf (Fall)15 Gulf Stream (Fall)14 NW Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (Fall)13 NE Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (Fall)12 Canary Islands (Fall)11 Antarctic (Palmer Station)10 Antarctic (Transitional Weddell Water)9 Antarctic (Bellingshausen Warm water)8 Antarctic (Bellingshausen Cold water)7
Arabian Sea (NE Monsoon)
6
Arabian Sea (Inter Monsoon)
5
Arabian Sea (SW Monsoon)
4321
Antarctic (Bransfield-Bellingshausen water)Antarctic (Bransfield-Weddell water)Antarctic (Ice-Edge water)Antarctic (Weddell-Scotia Confluence waters)
23
Ek(PAR) (mol photons m-2 s-1)
max
(molC m
olp
hotonsa
bs
orbed
-1)
Oligotrohicseas
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
51/56
-caroteneglobules
thylakoids
Low lightHigh light
NUTRIENT LIMITATIONS
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
52/56
NUTRIENT LIMITATIONS
Iron-Ex
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
53/56
Nutrient concentration (can be nitrogen, phosphorus)
Nutrie nt
Uptake(V
)
Vmax
Ks (usually at Vmax/2)
Austin Powers FatBastard System
Miss Manner System
V=Vmax*S/(Ks+S)V=Vmax*S/(Ks+S)
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
54/56
Diatoms
High VmHigh Ks
Coccolithophores
Low VmLow Ks
High or fluctuating nutrientsHigh mixing, upwellingLow average irradiance, light
fluctuationsHigh turbulence
Chronically oligotrophicStratified conditionsHigh average irradiance
Low turbulence
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
55/56
0.8
1Vmax
y
10
12
-
8/6/2019 C-MORE 2: Observing life, measuring the phytoplankton
56/56
depth
light
Chlorophyll
Ek