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Transcript of C Is for Carbon Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Why does carbon form many...
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C Is for Carbon
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Why does carbon form many different compounds?• Carbon has the ability to form a wide variety of
molecules, based on the arrangement of its electrons.
• A carbon atom has a total of six electrons, two of which are in an inner shell.
• The four electrons in the outer shell form bonds with other atoms, and are called valence electrons.
Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry
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Why does carbon form many different compounds?• Carbon atoms form bonds by sharing their valence
electrons with other atoms.
• Because carbon has four valence electrons, it can form bonds with up to four other atoms at the same time.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry
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How does carbon form molecules?• A carbon atom can form up to four single bonds at one
time, each bond containing one electron pair.
• A carbon atom can form a double bond containing two electron pairs. Each carbon atom can form a maximum of two double bonds.
• A carbon atom can form a triple bond containing three electron pairs. Each carbon atom can form a maximum of one triple bond.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry
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How does carbon form molecules?• A carbon atom can form bonds with up to four
other carbon atoms, making it possible for long chains of carbon atoms to form.
• These chains can spread in a straight line, or they can branch off in other directions.
• The branches may also contain chains, which add to the size of the molecule.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry
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What are the types of structural formulas?• The structural formula of a molecule shows how
the atoms in the molecule are connected to one another.
• A full structural formula shows all of the bonds between the atoms of a molecule.
• In a simplified structural formula, the atoms bonded to each central carbon atom are grouped together.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
• An organic compound is a chemical compound that is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and possibly other elements.
• Many non-living things we use every day are made of organic compounds, such as nylon and heating fuel.
• Living things are also made up of organic compounds. They provide energy and structure for living things to grow and change.
• They can also include other elements, such as fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur.
Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry
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How are organic compounds classified?• A hydrocarbon is an organic compound that
contains only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms.
• The simplest hydrocarbon is methane, CH4, which has just one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.
• Some hydrocarbons have more than 20 carbon atoms. Most long-chain hydrocarbons are found in oils and waxes.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry
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How are organic compounds classified?• An organic acid is an organic compound that has
acidic properties.
• Organic acids are identified by a group of atoms called a carboxyl group: COOH.
• In a carboxyl group, one oxygen atom is double-bonded to the carbon atom, and the other oxygen atom is single-bonded to the carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry
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How are organic compounds classified?• A carbohydrate is a neutral organic compound
containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are usually two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom. 1:2:1
• C:H:O
• Carbohydrates are one of nature’s energy stores.
• Carbohydrates can be simple or complex. Simple carbohydrates are small sugar molecules, while complex carbohydrates are long chains of sugar molecules.
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Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry
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What other structures can organic compounds form?• Polymers are molecules composed of the same
repeating small groups of atoms joined together in long chains.
• The small units are called monomers.
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Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry
Technology Can Be Organic• Many flat panel screens on electronic
devices use organic compounds in a device called an organic light emitting diode (OLED).