CHAPTER 9: AN EMERGING WORLD POWER

Section 1: The Roots of Imperialism

TEXT NOTES

In March 1889 in the South Pacific harbor of Apia, part of present Western Samoa, seven warships-one British, three German, and three U.S.- faced off. Before a shot could be fired, a typhoon struck destroying all but the British ship and possibly preventing a war.

IMPERIALISM The quest for colonial empires.

Why? need of markets raw materials power and prestige.

A handful of industrialized nations seized control of vast areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

SOCIAL DARWINISM

The belief that life consists of competitive struggles in which only the strongest survive.

Felt that certain nations were superior to others.

FREDRICK JACKSON TURNER

The Significance of the Frontier in American History

Talked about the frontier as a safety valve and people compared the global world to it.

EXTRACTIVE ECONOMIES

Economy in a colony where the colonizing country removed raw materials and shipped them back home for their own country to benefit.

HENRY CABOT LODGE

Senator of Massachusetts argued that the US needed to join the race of imperialism.

to maintain its military and economic strength.

MATTHEW PERRY

Sent in 1854 to persuade Japan to open its door to trade with the West.

ALASKA

In 1867, William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia.

Seward’s Icebox $7.2 million

ALFRED THAYER MAHAN

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power

Argued that the US needed a strong navy to protect its economic interests in foreign markets.

TEXT NOTES

Other supporters of expansion claimed that the US had a duty to spread its political system and the Christian religion throughout the world.

ACQUIRING HAWAII

Tropical climate and lava enriched soil. A good place to build naval bases and

coaling stations for ships traveling to and from Asia.

Introduce people to Christianity.

TEXT NOTES

During the late1800’s ships began arriving in Hawaii more often. The ships brought missionaries, settlers, and traders. They also brought diseases that reduced the Hawaiian population from about 300,000 to fewer than 150,000 by 1819.

KALAKAUA

Hawaiian king, who took the throne in 1874.

US had a lot of influence over king.

THE HAWAIIAN LEAGUE

A secret league who wanted to overthrow the monarchy and persuade the US to annex Hawaii.

Finally forced Hawaiians to allow them to build Pearl Harbor

SUBSIDY

A gov’t bonus payment.

Sugar producers in the US received 2 cents per pound. This caused sugar prices to drop and the Hawaiian economy to suffer.

LILIUOKALANI

b/c Queen in 1891. pledged to regain

“Hawaii for the Hawaiians”

HAWAII’S ANNEXATION

In 1893 Liliuokalani planned to publish a new constitution.

U.S. minister John L. Stevens ordered Marines ashore.

The revolutionists established a new gov’t with Sanford B. Doyle as president.

Stevens recognized the new gov’t and proclaimed the annexation of Hawaii.

All this happened w/o permission

TEXT NOTES

Liliokalani lived out the remainder of her life in Honolulu, serving as a proud reminder of Hawaii’s past. Hawaii became a US territory in 1900 and the 50th sate in 1953. In 1993 Congress apologized for the US role in Liliokalani’s overthrow.

TEXT NOTES

Hawaii was valuable to the US in part because it was a convenient for American trading ships traveling to China. Trade between China and the US began in 1784 when the American ship Express of China sailed for the port of Guanzhou.

CHAPTER 9: AN EMERGING WORLD POWER

SECTION 2: THE SPANISH AMERICAN

WAR

TEXT NOTES

Supporters of US expansion had long been interested in the Caribbean Island of Cuba. In the late 1800s Cuba simmered with unrest, wanting to get out of Spain’s control.

JOSE MARTI

When Cubans launched a revolt in Feb. of 1895 he joined.

He became a martyr for Cuban independence when he was killed in battle.

VALERIANO WEYLER

Put down revolt. He forced

thousands of farmers into concentration camps to prevent them from providing aid to rebels.

JOSEPH PULITZER

Journalist New York World

Heightened public’s dislike of Spain.

He used yellow journalism to further aggravate the situation.

WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST

A journalist New York Journal He pressed for US

involvement in Cuba.

He used yellow journalism to further aggravate the situation.

YELLOW PRESS

Newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated in order to promote readership.

WILLIAM MCKINLEY

President 1897-1901

He did not want to get involved.

“ I have been through one war, I have seen the dead piled up, and I do not want to see another”

ENRIQUE DUPUY DE LOME

Spain’s ambassador to DC

Wrote A letter that called McKinley a weak & stupid politician.

Hearst published the letter.

JINGOISM

Aggressive nationalism

American relations with Spain were inflamed,

USS MAINE

Had been sent to Havana to protect US lives and property.

On Feb. 15 The Maine blew up killing 260 soldiers.

Journalists blamed the enemy.

TELLER AMENDMENT

Once Cuba won its independence from Spain the US would allow Cuba to control the island and its own gov’t.

GEORGE DEWY

US commander who was ordered to attack the Spanish held Philippines.

Olympia- Spanish easily defeated.

EMILIO AGUINALDO

Filipino nationalist who led rebellion against Spain in the Philippines.

TEXT NOTES Meanwhile, American troops landed in Cuba

in June 1898. US Marines capture Guantanamo Bay .

GENERAL WILLIAM SHAFTER

Army general who stormed ashore east of Santiago.

Led a Calvary that consisted of state national guardsmen, the African American 10th, and the 10th Calvary from the western frontier.

TEXT NOTES

In spite of soldiers excitement for the war, the troops faced terrible conditions. They were poorly trained and supplied. The soldiers were given obsolete weapons and wool uniforms that were unsuitable for Cuba’s tropical climate. Corrupt official provided the men with rotting and contaminated food.

ROUGH RIDERS

Led by Lieutenant Colonial Teddy Roosevelt.

This unit was composed of rugged westerners and upper class easterners.

No horses! They take San Juan

Hill.

TEXT NOTES

Two days after the battle of San Juan Hill, the Spanish navy made a desperate attempt to escape from Santiago harbor. US forces destroyed the Spanish fleet as it tried to break out. Surrounded, outnumbered, and dispirited Spanish forces surrendered.

TREATY OF PARIS

Spain gave up all claims to Cuba and ceded Puerto Rico and the Island of Guam to the US.

Spain also gave up claim to the Philippines. US could not take Cuba.

TEXT NOTES

After the Spanish American War, the US is now recognized as a world power!

CHAPTER 9: AN EMERGING WORLD POWER

Section 3:The US and East Asia

TEXT NOTES

The Filipino nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo had thought the US was an ally in the Filipino struggle for independence. His forces had fought side by side with the Americans against Spain. However, the US decided to maintain possession of the Philippines.

GUERRILLA WARFARE

A form of nontraditional warfare generally involving small bands of fighters to attack behind enemy line.

1901 Emilio caught.

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT

1901 became governor of the Philippines.

Wanted to help the islands recover.

TEXT NOTES

In 1916, Congress passed the Jones Act, which pledged that the Philippines would ultimately gain their independence. Thirty years later, after US forces liberated the islands from Japan, the Philippines finally became an independent state.

SPHERES OF INFLUENCE

Regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over mines, railroads, and trade.

Britain, France, Russia, and Germany had carved out these throughout the world.

JOHN HAY

Secretary of State

1889 asked for Open Door Policy

OPEN DOOR POLICY

A policy that would give all nations equal access to trade and investment in China.

OPEN DOOR NOTES 1. Keep all ports open to all nations. 2. Allow Chinese officials too collect all tariffs

and duties. 3. Guarantee equal harbor, railroad, and

tariff rates in their spheres to all nations trading in China.

European Nations and Japan never approved or denied this policy.

BOXER REBELLION

1900 Boxers attacked

Western missionaries and traders in China, killing more than 200 people.

RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

1904 Japan attacked Russia in Manchuria.

In 1905 Japan asked TR to negotiate peace.

TR wins Nobel Peace Prize for his actions.

GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT

The school board agreed to end its segregation policy. In return Japan agreed to limit immigration to the US.

GREAT WHITE FLEET

1907 Roosevelt sent an armada of 16 battleships in a good will cruise around the world.

Demonstrated America’s increased military power to the world.

PROTECTORATE

The US’s promise to protect a country from other nations, but reserved the right to intervene in a country’s affairs.

Cuba

SECTION 4:THE US AND LATIN AMERICA

Chapter 9: An Emerging World Power

FORAKER ACT

1900 established that Puerto Rico’s governor and upper house of the legislature would be appointed by the US.

Puerto Rico would elect the lower house.

TEXT NOTES

As the United States gained power in the Pacific region, it also expanded its role in Latin America.

PLATT AMENDMENT Amendment to the Cuban constitution

limiting Cuba’s rights to make treaties and authorizing the US to intervene in Cuban affaires as necessary.

Required Cuba to sell or lease land to US for naval and fueling stations.

Guantanamo Bay

BIG STICK DIPLOMACY

speak softly and carry a big stick: you will go far.

TR’s policy of creating and using, when necessary, a strong military to achieve America’s goals.

TEXT NOTES

Having interests in both the Caribbean and the Pacific, the US wanted to cut the travel time between the seas. Traveling around South America took several weeks. The US proposed digging a canal across South America.

FRANCE

A French company began building the canal, but after 10 years and 20,000 deaths, the French abandoned the effort.

TEXT NOTES

Before it could build a canal through Panama, the US needed the consent of the Columbian gov’t. America’s effort to negotiate a purchase of land across the isthmus stalled when Columbia demanded more than the US was willing to provide.

PHILIPPE BUNAU-VARILLA

Former chief engineer for the French canal building attempt.

Began plotting revolution against the Colombian gov’t.

US supported him.

HAY–BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY

Gave the US complete and unending control over a 10 mile-wide Canal Zone.

To secure land we gave Panama $10 million

$250,000 annual rent

CANAL BUILDING

At first, yellow fever and Malaria crippled the completion of the canal.

On August 15, 1914, the SS Ancon completed the first passage through the Panama Canal.

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

Updated the Monroe Doctrine

Told the world The Western Hemisphere was the United States.

Hands Off!

TEXT NOTES

Many Latin Americans resented America’s role as the hemispheres police force. They disagreed with Roosevelt’s belief that they could not police themselves.

DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

Taft’s policies of expanding American investments abroad.

Increase American investments in businesses and banks throughout Central America and the Caribbean.

MORAL DIPLOMACY

Wilson’s statement that the US would not use force to assert influence in the world, but would instead work to promote human rights.

TEXT NOTES

For decades Mexico had been gripped by a dictator.

PORFIRIO DIAZ

Came to power in Mexico in 1877.

His first goal was to impose order, which he did by controlling opponents.

Countries started to invest in Mexico, but mainly Diaz and friends benefited.

MEXICAN REVOLUTION

In 1911 the Diaz dictatorship was toppled.

FRANCISCO MADERO

A wealthy landowner whose ideas sparked the Mexican Revolution.

VICTORIANO HUERTA

Madero’s commanding general.

He seized the gov’t and restored calm.

Madero was murdered

4 major armies continued to fight Huerta.

TAMPICO

The USS Dolphin was stationed near Tampico.

Several crew members went ashore and where arrested by Herta’s men.

They were quickly released and unharmed.

THE OCCUPATION OF VERA CRUZ

Wilson learned that a German ship was transmitting arms to Huerta.

He ordered the US navy to seize the port of Vera Cruz.

There was a brief struggle for the city. Huerta resigns and leaves Mexico

VENUSTIANO CARRANZA

Took over control of the government after Huerta left.

Wilson approved.

PANCHO VILLA'S RAID

March 1916 Villa and his troops

crossed the border to New Mexico to raid a small town.

17 Am. killed.

JOHN J. PERSHING

Wilson sent him to Mexico to find Villa “dead or alive”.

Wilson finally ordered US troops to withdraw to prevent a war with Mexico.

TEXT NOTES

Pershing forces chased Villa for several months, but failed to capture the rebel leader. Wilson eventually withdrew troops from Mexico in 1917 because of concerns over WWI. The US declared war on Germany not to long after troops left Mexico.