C G W A P , N - Government of New Brunswick, Canada GEORGE WALKER AT ALSTON POINT, NEPISIGUIT...

COMMODORE GEORGE WALKER AT ALSTON POINT, NEPISIGUIT

1768-1777

by Patricia Allen

NEW BRUNSWICK MANUSCRIPTS IN ARCHEOLOGY 31

COMMODORE GEORGE WALKER À LA POINTE ALSTON,1768 à 1777

par Patricia Allen

MANUSCRITS SUR L'ARCHÉOLOGIE 31 DU NOUVEAU-BRUNSWICK

Commodore George Walkerat

Alston Point, Nepisiguit

1768 -1777

byPatricia Allen

Culture and Sport Secretariat

ii Manuscripts in Archeology 31

This series is designed to facilitate thedistribution of manuscripts relating toNew Brunswick archaeology. They will bepublished in small quantities and willgenerally be available by special requestonly.

(c) Patricia Allen and the Province of New Brunswick.

New Brunswick Manuscripts in Archaeology 31, 2003Series Editor: Christopher J. Turnbull

Published byArchaeological Services, Heritage BranchCulture and Sport Secretariat

P.O. Box 6000Fredericton, N.B.E3B 5H1Canada

ISBN 0-155396-052-1

Printed in Canada

CNB 1717

Commodore Walker at Alston Point iii

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ iii

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. iv

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ v

Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................... v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1

George Walker - Mariner .............................................................................................................................. 2

Northern Nova Scotia Fishery and Settlement ............................................................................................. 5

George Walker - Nova Scotia Fisherman/Trader ........................................................................................... 7

Rebels in the Bay ........................................................................................................................................ 12

Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 13

Addendum: Archaeological Implications .................................................................................................... 14

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 14

Alston Point and Carron Point ............................................................................................................................ 15

Allan’s Point or Point au Pére (currently Ferguson Point) ........................................................................ 16

Walker’s Nepisiguit River Fishing Station ........................................................................................................ 17

Belledune and Mouth of the Restigouche River ............................................................................................ 18

References .................................................................................................................................................. 20

iv Manuscripts in Archeology 31

List of Figures

Cover Aerial photo of Alston Point, 18th C map of Bathurst Harbour and Capture of the Glorioso in1747.

Figure 1 Map of Bathurst Harbour, northern New Brunswick

Figure 2 Capture of the Glorioso in 1747

Figure 3 Nepisiguit Harbour, Walker’s post shown on Alston Point circa 1770

Figure 4 Approximate area of George Walker’s 1768 -1777 establishment, Alston Point

Figure 5 Chaleur Bay: wide sand beach at Alston Point, excellent for 18th C fish drying stages

Figure 6 Early 19th C lots surveyed at the tip of Alston Point circa 1831

Figure 7 Ferguson Point at the mouth of Tetagouche River (1982)

Figure 8 Head of tide on the Nepisiguit River (2001)

Commodore Walker at Alston Point v

Acknowledgements

This report has been prepared through thegenerosity of several individuals and institutions. Iwould like to thank historians Fidèle Thériault andDr. George MacBeath for opening their files andallowing this researcher to use their work. I wouldalso like to thank the staff of the New BrunswickProvincial Archives, the University of NewBrunswick Archives and the Legislative Library forassisting with my search for maps and otherhistorical documents. Finally, I would like to thankThe National Maritime Museum in Greenwich,London for the inter-library loans and photos ofWalker’s sea battles.

Abstract

Commodore George Walker was one of the mostsuccessful and publicly acclaimed British privateersea Captains of the mid-18th century. His exploitsduring war and peace ranged from theMediterranean to the North Sea to the coasts ofNorth America. In 1763, following the resolution ofsome unfortunate personal circumstances inLondon, George Walker sailed for Nova Scotia. Hisship laden with salt and fishing implements,Walker was determined to start a new life in thetrade and fishing industries.

By 1768 Walker is successful in establishing afishing station and trading post at Alston Point,Nepisiguit. With the backing of a British merchant,Hugh Baillie, Walker brings in men and supplies tofurnish a comfortable and well-outfitted post. Histrade encompasses the entire Bay of Chaleur. He isthe only administrator of Justice from Restigoucheto Cumberland and the first British subject to setup a land based trading and fishing post on thatcoast.

Between 1768 and 1775 the Alston Pointestablishment flourishes. By 1775 over 10,000L oftrade goods have been received from London.Walker’s company is shipping a variety of salt fishto the Mediterranean, London and the West Indies.During the winter months Walker’s carpenters andcrew occupy themselves in building ships thatrange between 30 to 300 tons. Walker alsomanages to win the respect of the Acadians, theNatives and the few other British who inhabit theBay.

By 1777 war with the revolting American colonieshas put fear into all the Nova Scotia outpostsettlements. Privateer raiders are indiscriminatelyattacking and plundering any coastalestablishments in British territory. While theGovernor at Halifax is busy reissuing Commissionsto and testing the loyalty of all the gentlemenwithin his territory, Walker sails for London. He iswell acquainted with the tactics of the Americanprivateers and only too familiar with how theiractions could be stopped. On September 20th,1777, as he lodges in London, Walker dies. In Julyof 1778, American privateers plunder all the Britishestablishments in Chaleur Bay, including no doubt,the homes and stores of George Walker.

Speical thanks are extended to Tanya Duffy andMichael Côté of Communications New Brunswick.

vi Manuscripts in Archeology 31

Figure1: Map of Bathurst Harbour, northern New Brunswick

Commodore Walker at Alston Point 1

Introduction

“At Alston Point Mr. Walker had asplendid and elegantly furnishedsummer residence, also five large stores,a requisite number of out houses and atolerably strong battery. Here he alsohad a very fine lawn and a handsomelydisposed garden. At Youghall near thehead of the harbor he had anotherlarge dwelling house which he occupiedin winter, besides a fishingestablishment on the Big River aboutthree miles from its entrance. At thistime Mr. Walker engrossed the wholetrade of the Bay then consisting of anextensive exploitation of furs, mooseskins, and the hides, fat and tusks of thewalrus. To these general exports heusually added an annual cargo ofsalmon, and sometimes two or three ofcod and scale fish to the West Indies andthe Mediterranean.” 1

To describe George Walker’s Nepisiguitestablishment, Robert Cooney had had theopportunity to gather a first hand accountfrom someone who had actually worked atWalker’s post. Mr. James Robertson ofBathurst, originally from Banffshire, Scotland,was well over 90 years of age at the time of

Cooney’s 1832 publication. Immigrating toNova Scotia circa. 1764, Robertson wasemployed for several years as Master Cooperin the service of the celebrated CommodoreGeorge Walker. Robertson’s 1834 obituaryclaims that even at the advanced age of 98,“his memory, till within a few days of hisdeath, remained unimpaired and he was afaithful and interesting chronicle of eventsoccurring at the period ...”.2

But who was this celebrated CommodoreWalker and why do we find him engrossed inthe whole trade of Chaleur Bay during thelate 1760s? To learn something of Walker’searlier life we must turn to The Voyages andCruises of Commodore Walker During theLate Spanish and French Wars.3 This rarebook printed in Dublin in 1762 details theexploits of a gallant and heroic 18th Centurysea Captain. A reprint of the same volume,updated with an Introduction and Notes byH. S. Vaughn, was published by the Seafarers’Library in London in 1928.4 A brief summaryof important events from the original book isprinted in The Dictionary of NationalBiography.5 Additional biographicalinformation concerning Walker beyond 1762is included in the Encyclopedia Canadiana. 6

1 Robert Cooney 1832, pp.171-172.2 The Chatham Gleaner, Obituary, 1834.3 Manwaring, G.E., The Voyages and Cruises ... 1928.

4 ibid.5 Laughton 1909, pp.513-515.6 MacBeath 1977, p. 252.

2 Manuscripts in Archeology 31

George Walker - Mariner

George Walker, originally from Scotland, joinedthe Dutch Navy at a young age. Hisintroduction to life at sea came at the hands ofship’s Masters who were entrusted withprotecting trade vessels against Turkish andGreek pirates in the Mediterranean. A youngWalker learned the lessons of seamanship andthe tactics of battle while at the same timegaining the understanding that capturingprizes and conducting trade could makeprofits.7

By 1740 George Walker was principal ownerand commander of the William, a privatemerchant vessel. To better protect his owntrading interests between London and SouthCarolina during the outbreak of war withSpain, Walker applied to the High Courtseeking a Letter of Marque.

“ Nov.20, 1740. Appeared personallyCapt. George Walker & produced aWarrant from the Lords Commissionersof the Admiralty for the granting of aCommission or Letter of Marque to himthe said George Walker & in pursuanceof H. M. Instructions to Privateers madethe following declaration, that his shipis called the William & is of the burthenof about 200 tons, that he the Declarantgoeth Commander of her, that shecarries 20 guns, 30 men, 36 small arms,36 cutlaces...”8

In 1740 the coast of the Carolinas was infestedwith Spanish privateers.9 When Walker arrivedin American waters, he found the settlementson the North Carolina coast completelydefenseless. In the absence of any Englishman-of-war, Walker put the William and hercrew at the service of the colonialgovernment. A record of billing for Walker’sservice states that the Province of NorthCarolina paid a total of L10,000 for the“Hireing and fitting out with the Victualsand Men the ship William of London,Captain George Walker, Commander fromCape Fear to Ocacock Inlet, for the relief ofthe inhabitants of these parts from someSpanish privateers that lay there taking allships coming in and out of the inlet,destroying cattle ashore and devastating thecountry”.10

From all accounts Walker was quite successfulin clearing the Carolina coasts of the Spanish.The Governor of the colony and his Assemblypassed a vote of thanks to Walker and offeredhim a large Grant should he, a reliablefighting man, be interested in settling in thatpart of the world. Walker refused. With thisCarolina experience Walker started a career, asthe Maritime historian H. S. Vaughn wouldlater declare, as the greatest of EnglishPrivateer Captains.11

7 Manwaring, G.E., The Voyages and Cruises...1928, p.xxi.8 ibid.

9 Laughton, 1909, pp.513-515.10 Manwaring, G.E., The Voyages and Cruises...1928, p.xxii11 ibid. p.l


Following the loss of the William during astorm, other British merchant ship ownersemployed Walker. By 1745 he had masteredseveral well-armed merchant vessels. He spenta brief period as a French Navy prisoner ofwar, saw numerous French and Spanish colorslowered by his cannon and took sizable prizesmuch to the comfort of his ships owners.12

The most notable ship that Walkercommanded during this time was theBoscawen. In May 1745, in partnership withthe Privateer Sheerness, the Boscawen wassuccessful in capturing and bringing in fiveFrench prizes to the port of Bristol. For thisparticular feat, the Lords Commissioners of theAdmiralty offered congratulations. “My LordsCommissioners of the Admiralty beinginformed that you and the BoscawenPrivateer are arrived at Bristol with 5 sail ofFrench ships you have taken which werebound from Martinico to France, Their

Lordships are very glad to hear of your goodsuccess, and command me to congratulateyou thereon...”13

Following the wreck of the Boscawen in late1745, Walker was given command of asquadron of four ships, collectively known asthe Royal Family. The ships were KingGeorge, Prince Frederick, Duke and PrincessAmeila. The success and prestige of thissquadron, was very high. During his first eightmonth cruise with the Royal Family Walkercaptured prizes valued at upwards of220,000L.14 By July of 1747 Walker’s fleetconsisted of six ships, mounting 114 carriageguns and manned by a total of 1000 men.

Walker went on to other distinguished actionsincluding a courageous battle with the huge 70gun Spanish battleship Glorioso. (Figure 2).This particular battle was favorably reported in

Figure 2: Capture of the Glorioso 1747, courtesy of the National Maritime Museum. Painting by Charles Brooking. (BHC0371)

12 Manwaring, G.E., The Voyages and Cruises..... 1928, p.xxii 13 Manwaring, G.E., The Voyages and Cruises...1928,p.xxix14 ibid. p. xxxix.


the London Daily News15. The brush of marineartist Charles Brooking recorded this andother sea actions by Walker. Several of thesepaintings are housed in the Gallery of theNational Maritime Museum in Greenwich,England.

With the return of peace, George Walkerassumed command of a vessel in the NorthSea trade. It was here that Walker becameinterested in the fishing industry, an interestthat would, a decade later, entice him to onceagain cross the Atlantic. Walker was a chartermember of The Society of the Free BritishFishery, established 1750, and he is known tohave written and published at least onepamphlet on the fishing industry.16 He was, inparticular, intent on reviving the Britishherring fishery and also branching into codand ling. Walker was instrumental in chartingScotland’s coastal waters and it was there heestablished several fishing communitiesinvolving the settling hundreds of families.17

The following is taken from a piece ofcontemporary literature, perhaps even writtenby Walker himself.

“Captain Walker, late commander of theRoyal Family Privateers, in whichstation he behaved with uncommonConduct and Bravery, is about taking along lease of the Island of Arran for

himself and some other gentlemen inorder to improve it for the fishery; amost laudable example of truePatriotism, first boldly to wage warwith the enemies of his country andthen to employ the Reward of hisDangers and Toils in improving thesame at home”.18

Walker’s 1750s initiatives and successes withestablishing fishing posts in Scotland areespecially important for our understanding ofhis slightly later efforts in New Scotland/NovaScotia.

Throughout his sea career Walker had “wonwide respect for his seamanship, daringtactics and courtesy to his prisoners.”19 Fromall accounts he was an honest andcompassionate man. He would sometimesadvance crews wages from his own pocketwhen owners were tardy with payments.Unfortunately, Walker’s judgement of charactersometimes seems to have been far toogracious. Bookkeeping disputes arose withthe greedy and very politically influentialowners of the Royal Family. By 1757 Walkerwas financially bankrupt and imprisoned fordebt. His first twelve months in closeconfinement are said to have ruined hishealth.

In 1762, having had his case heard before theHouse of Lords, Walker was finally releasedand cleared of all charges.20 Very shortly after,with the backing of one worthy gentleman,Commodore George Walker sailed for NovaScotia where new prospects and a new lifeawaited.

15 Illustrated London News 193916 Ibid., p.xlvii

17 Mamwaring, G.E, The Voyages and Cruises.... 1928,p.xlvii18 ibid., p.xlviii19 MacBeath 1977 p.25220 Manwaring, G.E., The Voyages and Cruises, 1928, p.xlix


Northern Nova Scotia Fisheryand Settlement

George Walker’s name first appears in a NovaScotia document that is dated February 22,1764. On that date, Lieutenant GovernorMontagu Wilmont issued “A Short Commissionof the Usual Tenor under the seal of theProvince appointing George Walker Esq.,during pleasure, one of her Majesty’s Justicesof the Peace for the County of Halifax in thesaid Province of Nova Scotia....”21 WhileWalker introduces himself to Halifax andexplores the opportunities of the Nova Scotiacoastline, it becomes important for us to havesome understanding of the circumstanceswithin which he will shortly establish hisfishing/trading business at Nepisiguit.

From 1745 until 1763 there are repeatedgovernment references as to the value of thefishery in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and alongthe Acadian coasts. Some would agree that“British aspirations to monopoly over theentire fishery was the only arguement of asolidly commercial kind for the grandambition of expelling the French from NorthAmerica.”22 Following the first years ofAcadian Expulsion, New England planters andfishermen were encouraged to settle thefertile Nova Scotia marshlands and the coastalfishing villages. By 1761 shiploads of settlershad established themselves in the moresouthern regions.23 Areas to the north of theisthmus townships of Cumberland andSackville, however, remained relatively

unpopulated by British subjects. There was acontinuing fear of the northern Acadians andtheir Native supporters.

Nepisiguit, on the south shore of Bay Chaleur,had one of the largest Acadian populations tohave escaped the early deportations. However,the colonial office at Halifax believed that “solong as the French peril remained, officialefforts to promote the settlement of(northern) Nova Scotia could yield noresults.”24 In late October of 1761, one CaptainMacKenzie, with about 50 Highlanders underorders from Halifax, swept into Nepisiguitharbour and removed about one hundredeighty residents, approximately half of theNepisiguit Acadian population.25

A few days before MacKenzie’s action, aMassachusetts trading vessel and her merchantowner Gamaliel Smethurst visited Nepisiguit.His vessel, under license from the Governor ofQuebec, had just loaded with one hundredand twenty tons of dry fish, oil, etc. Smethurstwas much disturbed by the abrupt militaryaction as he had already made arrangementswith the Acadians and Mi’kmaq to preparehim five thousand quintals of fish and fourthousand weight of beaver, etc. for thefollowing year.26 Sumerhurst provides a goodimpression of the value of trade to be had inthe Bay of Chaleur.27

21 Lieutenant Governor’s Commission Papers (1749-1766)Book 164, p.239.

22 McNutt 1965 p.27.23 Ibid. pp.60-61.

24 Ibid. pp.60.25 Ganong 1905, p.365.26 Ibid., p.365-367.27 Ibid.


On his return trip from Nepisiguit to Halifaxin November of 1761, Smethurst lodged withhis friend Captain William Allan atCumberland. Allan was a prominent residentof Cumberland who had first arrived in Halifaxin 1749 as a quartermaster aboard the 631 tonship Wilmington.28 He was latercommissioned as the Cumberland Collector ofTax and Duties (February 1762), FirstLieutenant in the Cumberland County Militia(June 1762) and Justice of the Peace for thattownship (October 1762).29

Despite the recent experience of his friendSmethurst, Allan was convinced that there wasstill business to be conducted and profits tobe made in northern Nova Scotia. In 1763William Allan petitioned for and received a“License to Occupy, for the purpose ofFishing, the Bay of Chaleur.”30 In April 1765Allan was also granted “License to traffic withthe Micmack Indians in the North and Eastparts of this Province...”31 No documents havebeen found to suggest that Allan everestablished a shore settlement in the north.Like Smethurst, his efforts would appear tohave consisted of seasonal contacts to carryon the fishing/trading business.

28 Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild (http://istg.rootsweb.com/1700/wilmington174906000)

29 Lieutenant Governor’s Commission Papers (1749-1766)book 164, pp.164-173.

30 Nova Scotia Land Registry, Land Grantees List 1738-1811,Vol.371.

31 Lieutenant Governor’s Commission Papers (book 1759-1766) p. 364.


George Walker - Nova ScotiaFisherman/Trader

George Walker most likely arrived in Halifaxduring the 1763 sailing season. It is stated in a1770 Memorial that he, “about seven years(ago) carried a large cargo of salt and aquantity of fishing implements in his ownship to America to promote the fishing tradeon the coasts of Nova Scotia, northwards ofSaint John’s and having largely entered inthat branch of trade and commerce andestablished settlements on shore, has theopportunity, experience of making someobservations thereon...”.32 This document notonly confirms Walker’s year of arrival but alsogives a clear impression of his businessintentions.

While he was granted a Commission of Justiceof the Peace in Halifax in early 1764, it is onlyin the year 1768, with the financial backing ofthe London merchant Hugh Baillie (alsospelled Bailley), that George Walker actuallysettles at Nepisiguit (Figure 3). A note in theMemorial of John Schoolbred, who laterpurchases Baillie’s interest in the settlement,confirms the fact, “that in the year 1768, Mr.George Walker, who had formerly renderedessential services to his country during thecommand of the Royal Family privateers,settled in the Bay of Chaleur, in the provinceof Nova Scotia.” 33

32 George Walker Memorial 1770. 33 John Schoolbred Memorial 1775.

Figure 3: Nepisiguit Harbour with Walker’sestablishement marked on thePoint at Harbour entrance circa1770. Photo courtesy of NewBrunswick Provincial Archives(Ref. RS686C, G4/2)

Figure 4: Approximate area of GeorgeWalker’s 1768-1778 establishment,Alston Point, Youghall Park, lookingtowards Nepisiguit/BathurstHarbour,July 1996.


Complete with men and equipment Walkersets up a trading post/fishing station at AlstonPoint, Nepisiguit. One can only assume, basedon his previous accomplishments in Scotlandthat Walker was, by 1768, very familiar withthe Nova Scotia coastline, fishery and trade.The move to Nepisiguit may or may not havebeen prompted by encountering in Halifax,Captain William Allan, who in that same yeartakes a Commission of Justice of the Peace forHalifax County.34 Captain Allan also receives aCommission or contract to seasonally watchover the English fishing interests in the Bay ofChaleur.35

With his generous and trusting nature and hisbackground in the protection of trade, GeorgeWalker is successful in establishing the firstpermanent British trading/fishing station inthe Bay of Chaleur. From the first handdescription of his Alston Point settlementgiven at the beginning of this narrative, it isclear that George Walker planned to stay, toencourage settlement, to profit from thetrading and fishing business and to protect hisinvestments by force if necessary. His splendidand elegantly furnished Alston Point summerresidence, five large stores, out houses and gunbattery surrounded by lawns and gardensdepict a thriving business. That he had builtanother large winter dwelling house atYoughall near the head of the harbor andestablished a fishing station on the NepisiguitRiver suggests his complete commitment tothe venture.36

In 1764 George Walker had been issued hisCommission as Justice of the Peace for HalifaxCounty and, from the record, he clearlytransported this appointment with him to

Nepisiguit. Several documents refer to hisauthority. For example, in the spring of 1768Alexis Landry returned to his home atCaraquet from which he had been earlierforcefully removed. Archival papers of theLandry family indicate that Alexis Landry wasdoing business with the merchant GeorgeWalker and a Charles Ross from Nepisiguit onSeptember 7, 1768. 37 On March 13th, 1769,George Walker, the Magistrate at Nepisiguitgave Landry official permission to settle onthe land that he had occupied in 1761.38

Although Commodore Walker was no strangerto challenges and adverse conditions, onMarch 3, 1770, he prepared a Memorialaddressed to the right honorable, the Lord ofTrade and Plantation.39 The “sole justice of thepeace all the way from Chaleur Bay to BayVerte, requested...a separate governmentalestablishment for this vast and lonely region.Along the entire coast there were only twentyBritish families...”40 This plea for a separateauthority was ignored and no sub-governorwas ever appointed for the north.

Walker’s concerns about the state of law andorder in the northern province did not deterthe continuing efforts of he and his financialbackers to acquire grants in the region. OnJune 12th, 1770, Hugh Bailley Doctor of Laws,Hugh Bailley Jr. and Allan Auld merchant,asked that Walker make application for severalextremely large northern Nova Scotia landtracts. The tracts would encompass all thegood fishing districts of Restigouche,Belledune, Nepisiguit, Caraquet and virtuallyall of what was not already granted toDavidson and Cort on the Miramichi Riversystem.

34 Lieutenant Governor’s Commission Papers, middle book,p.61.

35 John Schoolbred Memorial 1775.36 Robert Cooney 1832, pp.171-172.

37 Notes of Placid Gaudet, Le Moniteur Acadien, April 5, 1889.38 Alexis Landry, Dictionary of Canadian Biography Vol.4.39 Memorial of George Walker, March 3, 1770.40 W.S. MacNutt 1965:63


This 1770 request included a plea for “tenthousand acres of land at Nipisiguit in thesaid Bay of Chaleur with the rivers andfisheries there unto belonging in the name ofGeorge Walker, late commander in chief ofprivate ships of war, now of Nova Scotia,also one thousand acres at Belldoune withthe beach and pond where the said Walkerhas carried on his fishery and made greatimprovements.”41

Lord William Campbell, then Governor ofNova Scotia, apparently looked upon theabove grant application with favor, however,he passed the application on to the thenSecretary of State, Lord Hillsborough.Campbell’s note accompanying the grantrequest stated that it was the intention of theapplicant, “a Scotch gentleman, namedGeorge Walker,...to settle these lands withpeople from the Orkneys”.42

While the above request was being passedfrom one government official to another, arather discouraging situation for Walkertranspired in the colonial office. After twoyears in the Bay of Chaleur “establishing atrade with the Indians...and taking theproper steps to carry on a cod fishery on theCoast” Walker journeyed to London on thebusiness of the above grant request.43 WhileWalker was temporarily away from his station,Captain William Allan, who had been cruisingthe coasts of Bay Chaleur in the man-of-warGlasgow, presumably as a protector of theBritish inhabitants and their trade, applied forand received a 2000 acre grant at Nepisiguit.44

Apparently the 2000 acre Allan Grantencompassed Walker’s homes, stores, and hisgrowing fishing/trading establishment atNepisiguit. Upon his return to Nova Scotia,Walker had no alternative but to buy out

Allan’s rights. This he did, with the backing ofhis merchant friend Hugh Baillie, for the sumof 600L sterling.45 Allan does not appear tofurther interfere with Walker and in the early1820s the Allan Grant is escheated.46

On April 19th, 1771, Walker’s attorney, AllanAuld applies once again for a land grant offifteen thousand acres in Nova Scotia. Theapplication reads in part, “To the RightHonorable the Lords Commissioners for thetrade and plantations, the petition of GeorgeWalker, formerly commander in chief of theRoyal Family’s private ships of war. HumblySheweth; That your petitioner being willingto lay out a considerable sum of money incarrying on the fisherys and settling lands inNova Scotia, provided your Lordships willgrant him such a tract of land as will makeit worth his attention”.47 Again, this petitiondoes not appear to have been addressed. Evenwith such setbacks, Walker was able to pushon the Nepisiguit settlement. In the threeyears from 1770-1773, Hugh Baillie shippedapproximately L10,000 of trade goods toWalker’s Nepisiguit stores.48

By early 1775, due to competing businessinterests in the West Indies, Hugh Baillie sellshis rights in the Nepisiguit venture to themerchant John Schoolbred of London. Mr.Schoolbred continued to finance the AlstonPoint establishment with George Walker as hismanager. In his Jan. 17th, 1775, Memorial tothe Earl of Dartmouth, John Schoolbreddescribes the settlement at Nepisiguit whilerequesting property be granted to him so hemay also carry on a landed fishery atRestigouche, another location alreadyfrequented by Walker.49 Of the Nepisiguitsettlement where Walker is in chargeSchoolbred writes:

45 John Schoolbred Memorial 1775.46 New Brunswick Land Petitions, New Brunswick Archives,

William Armstrong, 1820...47 Allan Auld, Petition of George Walker. National Archives of

Canada.48 John Schoolbred Memorial 1775.49 Ibid.

41 Allan Auld et al, Memorial 1770, National Archives ofCanada...Nova Scotia A, vol.86:79-81.

42 W.O. Raymond, The North Shore, 1899, p.124.43 John Schollbred Memorial 1775.44 Nova Scotia Land Registry, Book 9, p.199.


“Your Memorialist has a store housethere well supplied with everycommodity for carrying on the peltry,and fish trade with the Acadians,Indians, and other resident traders inthe great Bay of Chaleur and itsenvirons. Your Memorialist under thedirection of Mr. Walker now employstwenty British subjects, in fishingduring the summer and shipbuildingduring the winter. They build vesselsfrom 30 to 300 tons, both for privateuse and sale, the ironwork, cordage,sails etc. of which are sent fromEngland. Dryer cod, and salted salmonare prepared for the Mediterraneanmarket, barrel’d cod and mud fish forthe London consumption; and theraising of corn is by no meansneglected, herring and mackerel, withvarious kinds of lumber for the WestIndies, the Bay will supply and anextensive seal fishery may be carried onupon the neighbouring coast ofLabrador, from whence the Bay Chaleuris distant only 60 leagues...” 50

As Walker gains a new business partner in theBay of Chaleur and at Nepisiguit, we find himnow also engaging as a middleman in anexpanded trade. In 1775 Alexis Landry ofCaraquet had begun shipbuilding. In 1776, hedelivered to “Walker’s Company at Nipisiguita brigantine intended for sale to a LondonCompany”51. We may note that althoughBaillie first and Schoolbred second, actuallyfinanced the trading, fishing and shipbuildingof the Nepisiguit establishment, it was Walkerwho oversaw the day to day business here aswell as at Belledune and Restigouche. It wasWalker whose personality, perseverance andhumanity won the respect of the other British,the Acadians and the Mi’kmaq of the region.

Walker’s knowledge of the fish trade was wellregarded. One letter tells a 1776 story of howMr. Walker, while visiting Bonaventure, wasasked to give his expert opinion on the qualityof two batches of preserved salmon from theRestigouche River where William Smith andRobert Connor both had fishing stations. Theoutcome of the judgement was notquestioned, both parties being pleased topresent their wares before the master trader.52

Another later letter refers to the late GeorgeWalker as the discoverer of this very excellentharbor (Nepisiguit) and remarks that Walkerhad a keen eye for opportunity. He had sentclay samples from Nepisiguit harbour back toEngland for assessment. The clay provedto be of a quality equal to that called QueensWare.53

51 MacBeath, Alexis Landry, Dictionary of CanadiaBibliography

52 John Schollbred Memorial 1775.53 W.O. Raymonmd, The North Shore...1899, p.129.

Figure 5: Chaleur Bay side of wide sand beach at Alston Point,excellent for 18th C fish drying stages (June 1996)

50 John Schollbred Memorial 1775.


That Walker had become a respected authorityand perhaps even a friend to the Nativepopulation is also indicated. One documentstates that “they (Indians) been frequentlycam to a settlement in the Bay of Chaleurcalled Nipisiguit where a gentlemen residesthat was appointed a naval officer a fewyears ago, he is the only civil, military, orecclesiastick officer of these parts, hisresidence is ...side of the Indians and uponwhich occasions of the following, they applyto him for relief -vizt- to settle differences anddisputes amongst them, baptize their infants,perform the ceremony of marriage and burytheir dead, at best those of them that livenear where he resides...at the aforesaidsettlement of Nipisiguit, there are upward of70 souls, including twenty Indians...”54

Walker had settled well into life on the northshore and for a full decade, he contributedconsiderably to the economic and socialdevelopment of the region. He traded with allit’s inhabitants, appeared to be respected bythe same and “continued, both by exampleand influence to advance and improve thecountry until his spirited and beneficialenterprize was interrupted by the warbetween Great Britain and her revoltedColonies.”55

With the American invasion of Canada at theend of 1775, Nova Scotia communitiespondered their loyalties as fears of beingraided mounted. During the summers of 1776and even more so in 1777, America Privateers“plagued trade and conducted generalwarfare against all territory that remainedBritish.”56 The raiders were generally out toplunder for profit. It made little difference asto who or what they destroyed.

For the northern coastal posts like Walker’s atNepisiguit, little hope for protection could befound in the garrison at Cumberland or in thefleet at Halifax. As tensions mounted theLieutenant Governor at Halifax redoubled hisefforts to fortify the loyalty of his mostdistinguished citizens. He offered new andreinforced old Commissions. On May 5th,1777, George Walker’s name appears in a longlist of gentlemen that were appointed aCommission of the Peace. In July of the sameyear Walker’s name again appears withanother large group who are given theresponsibilities of both “General Commissionof the Peace and Justice of the Peace...” 57

Whether or not Walker was actually present toaccept the above Commissions is not clear.The next knowledge we have of Walker he isin London. The reasons for the trip are notrecorded although one historian has suggestedthat perhaps he wished the Commission of anarmed ship that would better enable him toprotect the Chaleur Bay settlements and tofight the Americans.58 This interpretationwould seem plausible considering what wehave discovered about this man.Unfortunately the truth may never be known.

On September 20, 1777 at Seething Lane,Tower Street, London, Commodore GeorgeWalker dies. On September 24th his burialtakes place at the Church of All Hollows,Barking-by-the-Tower, London.59 This church,within blocks of the Customs House and NavyOffice, then had and continues to have aspecial relationship with those of the seafaringcommunity. That Walker would be interred inthis particular Church yard was a fittingtribute to his life as a sea officer and agentleman.

54 John Schollbred Memorial 1775.55 Robert Cooney 1834 pp.171-175.56 W.S. McNutt 1968 pp.82-83.

57 Lieutenant Governors Commission Books Nova Scotia1759-1781.

58 Placid Gaudet 1889 notes on Commodore George Walker59 Manwaring, G.E., The Voyages and Cruises...1928, p.1.


Rebels in the Bay

Less than a year following Walker’s death, inthe early summer of 1778, the Bay of Chaleurestablishments are under threat and attack byAmerican privateers. A letter written byCaptain Watts, now in charge of the Nepisiguitpost, declared “being in the store doing somebusiness, I was informed that the Point wassurrounded by Rebels... I comply’d with theirrequest and gave them as little as possible(provisions) and they immediately departed.Next morning... the second party of Rebelsappeared in five carriers... I immediatelyfired one of my rope yarn guns which madesuch a report that the Rebels landed andtook to the woods.”60

A few days later, July 4th, 1778, Captain Wattsagain writes. “This morning at day break Iwas alarmed by two Indian friends who toldme that a party of Rebels was at theirwigwams on the opposite point of the River(Caron Point). I then immediately preparedfor them and called all the people togetherand was determined to keep the place ifpossible, from being destroyed... I’ll defendthe place as long as I can... The Americanshave told the Indians that they are to beback and destroy all the stores in the Bay...” 61

In a slightly later letter from William Smith atBonaventure to John Schoolbred (London), thedesperate circumstances in the Bay for theBritish fishermen/traders are described. “Onthe 9th two American privateers called herebut finding nothing worth their notice theydeparted the same day for this Bay. On the11th at night they arrived at Paspebiac andnext morning seized on Mr. Robins “Bee” and“Hope”, and all his stores and effects

ashore...The same night expresses arrivedhere (Bonaventure) to Mr. Roxburgtacquainting him with his immediatedanger...he loaded all the valuable peltries inone shalloup and ordered her to proceed to amost secret creek in Restigouche... in anotherto be loaded with the most valuablemerchandise with which he proceededhimself to Nipisiguit.”62

Further correspondence to Schoolbred fromSmith details the feelings of those British leftin the Bay. “The risk of advancing on ourpart is now very great for we will mostcertainly receive another visit, perhaps morefatal, from the Americans before it can bepossible for us to leave the coast ... The wholeinhabitants of this country are becomeenemies of the Englishmen, and I amdetermined to leave the Bay as early as Ican... Our Gulph is swarming with Americanprivateers...they swear revenge this Fall asthey are almost certain we shall then bewithout protection. We mean by that time tohave our stores pretty empty and as manyvessels away as possible.” 63

No details on either the destruction orabandonment of the Nepisiguit post have yetbeen uncovered. It would appear from theabove accounts, however, that the gunprotected Watts establishment, formerly that ofGeorge Walker, was probably the last in theBay to be plundered. Six years later, in 1784,British subjects at Nepisiguit are once againtaking part in the fishing business. Both thenew and former residents fondly rememberthe late Commodore Walker.64

60 Letter from Captain Watts to William Smith, June 1778.61 Ibid.

62 Letter from William Smith to John Schoolbred, July8, 1778.63 Idid.64 W.O. Raymond 1899, The North Shore, p.129.


Summary

Although he seemingly found immediateacceptance with the Governor at Halifax in1763, George Walker was dealt no real favorsin Nova Scotia. He never received any of thegrants for which he or his agents petitionednor did he receive any response in his plea formore government control in the north. Whilethis was perhaps due in part to the size of thegrant requests, it could also be connected withthe fact that he had once been a Privateer.After all, his daring seamanship and wartimeheroics had often won “prizes” that outrankedthose taken by the Kings own ships.

Whatever the case, it is clear that the NovaScotia fishery was considered of the utmostimportance and it was George Walker whovoluntarily set up a landed fishing/trading postwhere other British feared establish. Hebrought with him a company of skilled men,equipment and other goods necessary forfishing, trading and shipbuilding. He set upfishing stations on the Nepisiguit, on theRestigouche and at Belledune. He befriendedand conducted affairs with the Acadians, theMi’kmaq and the other British traders. In aword, he was successful in planting a thrivingBritish business on the northern Nova Scotiacoast only a short time after the turmoil andstrife of the Acadian Expulsion.

Within a few short years Walkers success atNepisiguit came to be jealously regarded.When his Alston Point settlement prosperedhe and his financiers had to deal with an actof skullduggery intended to seize his entirebusiness. Settling the issue with the air of atrue gentleman, Walker prevailed. Hecontinued on to oversee varied businessaffairs and transactions that indeedencompassed the entire trade of the Bay.

In the view of marine historian Herbert S.Vaughn, Walker was a man “singularly modest,conspicuously sincere, brave as a lion,untiring and fearless in the performance ofhis duty, and clever in all things but thoseaffecting his pocket”.65 This description seemsto suit well the man who brought the northshore of Nova Scotia into the fold as aproductive British territory between 1768 and1777. If it were not for his unexpected death,one can only imagine what continued roleGeorge Walker would next have played in thistumultuous period of our history.

65 Manwaring, G.E., The Voyages and Cruises 1928 p.l.


Addendum: ArchaeologicalImplications

Introduction

The foregoing summary of preliminarydocumentary research provides us with someinsights concerning Commodore GeorgeWalker and the time he spent at Nepisiguit.Even greater exposure to this man, hisendeavors and this notable piece of NewBrunswick history may lie buried within thehistoric sites occupied or frequented byWalker and his crew. The potential of these

sites to shed further light on the last decade inthe life of George Walker depends on wherethe sites were located and, how muchdisturbance, either man made or natural, hastaken place at the locations since the late 18thcentury. These locations could, depending ontheir condition, hold significant historicalinformation.

Figure 6: Early 19th century lots surveyed at the tip of Alston Point and Miller Grant shown opposite on Carron Point,circa. 1831 - Courtesy of New Brunswick Provincial Archives (Ref. RS687B4/1, G2/12)


At Nepisiguit, at least four Walker related sitesare known to have existed. These sites are; onAlston Point at the entrance to Bathurstharbor; on Carron (Caron) Point oppositeAlston Point; on Allan’s Point/ Point au Pere(presently Ferguson Point) near the head ofthe harbor; and on the Nepisiguit River,approximately three miles from its mouth.Two additional sites are mentioned in theliterature, one at Belldune and one at themouth of the Restigouche River. The followingbriefly examines the evidence that points tothe Walker connection at each of theselocations. All of these sites would requirefieldwork to examine the present physicalcondition of the properties and to explore thepossibility of Walker related archaeologicalresources, their condition and potential.

Alston Point and Carron Point

The Walker trading/fishing establishmentsituated on Alston Point was detailed byCooney as having a fine and elegantlyfurnished summer home, five large stores,lawns, gardens and a protective gun battery.66

Schoolbred, the second of Walker’s financiers,describes the trading post/storehouse as wellsupplied with every commodity for carryingon the peltry and fish business. He alsomentions the raising of corn, the drying of fishand the building of ships of between 30 and300 tons. Twenty British subjects worked atthe site. Additionally, some 20 Natives, wholooked to Walker for the administration ofJustice, religious ceremony and trade livednearby.67

Whether the winter ship building activitiestook place on Alston Point or on anothershore remains a question. The gently slopingwide sand beaches surrounding the Point

would easily lend themselves as slip ways,however, the Point itself is exposed to theharshest of the winter elements. If Walker’sshipbuilding occurred at another location, thiswould be an archaeological site worthseeking.

According to Cooney the location of Walker’smain trading/fishing post is perfectly clear. Itwas on the end of Alston Point. In 1778,Captain Watts, who replaces Walker asmanager at the Nepisiguit, writes that theIndians are gathered on the opposite point ofthe River at Carron Point. 68 This letter,penned during the time of the American raids,clearly places the Walker/Watts store on AlstonPoint, opposite the Mi’kmaq camp on CaronPoint at the entrance to the harbor. An 18thcentury archival map marks Alston Point witha significant establishment. (Figure 3).

The map of Nepisiguit harbor mentionedabove, illustrates the 2000 acre 1770 CaptainWilliam Allan grant as well as the later 1784Captain Goold grant. The only buildings thatare indicated on this map are a circle of sixsmall structures surrounding a larger peaked-roofed building near the end of Alston Pointand, one rectangular structure on the end ofAllan’s Point/ Point au Pere at the mouth ofthe Tetagouche River. The cluster of buildingson Alston Point can be no other than theestablishment of Commodore George Walker.

During the first half of the 19th century AlstonPoint played host to a number of valuablemercantile and fishing buildings owned byprominent citizens of the emerging town ofBathurst. Salt sheds, stores and at least onehouse were built on sub-divided lots acrossthe end of the point. (Figure 6).

66 Robert Cooney 1832, pp. 171-17267 John Schoolbred Memorial 1775

68 Letter from Captain Watts to William Smith , June 1778.


Throughout the remainder of the 19th and intothe 20th century Alston Point played asignificant role in the fishing, shipping,lumbering businesses of the town. The Pointprovided a training area for the local Militia,an anchorage for fishing boats and later, apopular recreation area hosting picnics andband concerts. In keeping with theserecreational values, the Point was designated aProvincial Park. The City of Bathurst Parks andRecreation Department currently manage theproperty as a Municipal Park.69

The historic documents and maps compiledfor this report and for another relateddocument concerning the later use of AlstonPoint, suggest that the bulk of the significant18th and 19th century heritage sites areconcentrated within the southern end of thePoint. A 1996 surface survey of the Park alsofound both historic period and pre-EuropeanNative sites in other areas. Some sites havebeen destroyed by recent developments andothers, such as the 17th century D’Entremontsite, have been eliminated through erosion.70

Although modern Park developments anderosion have resulted in many physicalchanges, the southeastern end of Alston Pointappears to have, to some extent, escaped thefull force of development. (Figure 4). It is thisportion of the Point that holds the greatestpotential for Commodore Walker’s 18th

century establishment. The entire end ofAlston Point requires survey and testing workto verify the nature and condition of theremaining heritage resources.

The 18th century Native site on Caron Point isnot well described in the historic record. Also,19th century maps and recent air photossuggest any site on this Point is less likely tohave survived both historic and recentdevelopments including those related to thefishery, land filling and cottage construction.An archaeological survey of Caron Point

would provide an assessment of the potentialheritage value of what remains at thislocation.

Allan’s Point or Point au Pere(currently Ferguson Point)

A second archaeological resource that couldoffer details concerning Walker’s time atNepisiguit, is the site of his winter home.Cooney states, at Youghall near the head ofthe harbor he had another large dwellinghouse which he occupied in winter.71 OnAllan’s Point/Point au Pere, at the mouth ofthe Tetagouche River, on the same circa 1770map that marks the Alston Pointestablishment, one additional structure isillustrated. The building appears somewhatremoved from the lowland portion ofAllan’sPoint/Point au Pere overlooking thewide mouth of the Tetagouche River (Figure3). Doubtless surrounding the harbor at thetime were other structures belonging to theMi’kmaq and Acadians, however, none aremarked. It would appear that this map marksonly the British presence and we know fromthe written record that circa 1770 Walker andhis crew are the only planted British atNepisiguit.

69 Patricia Allen, Alston Point at Bathurst, N.B. Late 18th,19thand 20th Centuries, April 2000.

70 Ibid.

71 Robert Cooney 1832, pp.171-172.

Figure 7 : Ferguson Point at the mouth of Tetagouche River


During a 1982 archaeological survey in searchof early Acadian sites at Bathurst, JenniferBishop noted what appeared to be a portionof a cut sandstone and natural graniteboulder foundation eroding unto the beachon the west side of the harbor on the southside of Ferguson’s Point. Hole 15 of theGowan Brae Golf and Country Club layadjacent the eroding bank.72 No artifacts werecollected to indicate a possible age for thefoundation, recorded on the provincialdatabase as CjDj-10. Along the beach on bothsides of the foundation, flakes were picked upfrom an apparently extensive Native site, CjDj-9. Bishop noted that erosion was severe evenwithin the protected harbor and that manysites appeared lost either through erosion ormodern shoreline development.

Whether the eroding foundation found byBishop in 1982 represents evidence ofWalker’s winter home remains to be seem.Allan’s Point/Point au Pere is also thelocation generally accepted to be the site ofNicolas Deny’s mid-17th century habitation.73

This site needs to be revisited to determine ifthe foundation has not totally eroded away, ifanything on the surrounding beach lends itselfto dating and if anything worthy ofarchaeological attention remains. A recentconversation with the Manager of the GowanBrae Golf and Country Club suggests erosionhas been very severe along this section ofbeach. 74

Walker’s Nepisiguit River Fishing Station

A fourth potential site of Walker’s at Nepisiguitis the location of a fishing establishment onthe Big River about three miles from itsentrance.75 Walker was annually shippingsalted salmon to Mediterranean markets andthis station no doubt supplied quality fish forboth export and home use.76 In the yearfollowing Walker’s death, the fishery on theNepisiguit is taken over by Colonel ArthurGoold.77 Goold did not reside at Nepisiguit butfor some years employed a number of men inthe salmon fishery on the Nepisiguit River. Hismen worked with John Robertson who hadpreviously been part of Commodore GeorgeWalker’s crew.78 It’s quite possible that Goold’screw used Walker’s previously establishedlocation for their station.

72 Jennifer Bishop, A Summary of Field Activities: BathurstHarbor Survey 1982.

73 W. F. Ganong, Origins of Settlements in New Brunswick,Royal Society of Canada, 1904.

74 Personal Communication Cledis Landry September 2001.

75 Robert Cooney 1832, pp.171-172.76 John Schoolbred Memorial 1775.77 W.O.Raymond, “The North Shore” , P. 129-132, 1899.78 Ibid.79 Gordon Allen, Personal Communication August 2001.

Figure 8: Head of tide on Nepisiguit River.

Approximately three miles upriver from themouth of the Nepisiguit or Big River lies astretch of water locally known as Connley’sPool. The pool is situated along the easternbank of the Nepisiguit River. A Pump Houserests on a rock ledge near this pool. A hightree covered rock known locally as SheepIsland lies opposite the Pump House.Connley’s Pool, at the Nepisiguit head of tide,is the last calm water before the River begins arough and rocky journey to the interior.79

The Nepisiguit River has never been


examined for it’s archaeological possibilities.An archaeological survey needs to beconducted along this section of the river. Ifanything remains of the Walker fishing stationon the Nepisiguit, the Connley Pool areawould seem a most likely location from whereto begin a search.

Belledune and Mouth ofthe Restigouche River

In a letter to Commodore George Walkerdated June 12th, 1770, three gentlemen ofLondon wish Walker to make petitions forthem to the governor of Nova Scotia. HughBailley, Hugh Bailley Jr. and Allan Auld, by thisletter empower Walker to ask for several largeNova Scotia land grants with associatedfisheries. One of their requests asks thatWalker himself be granted “one thousandacres at Belledoune with the beach and pondwhere the said Walker has carried on hisfishery and made great improvements”.80

From current maps of the Belledune coast,

there appear two locations where Walker’sfishing site could have been located. One is atBelledune Point where the smelter industrialcomplex currently sits. The second is at LittleBelldune Point where a fertilizer plant and anexpansive deep water docking terminal havebeen constructed in recent years. While boththese locations had protected inshore basinsor ponds, the main Belledune Point basin wasbrook fed and also had a wide beach frontingon the Bay Chaleur. Only a ground surveycould identify if anything remains of theoriginal coastline at either of these locations.

In the same letter mentioned above, theLondon gentlemen ask that “thirty thousandacres of land on the south side of the RiverRustigou extending from the old churchupward, also including the salmon fisherytherein” be granted to Allan Auld. In theMemorial of John Schoolbred, dated January17th, 1775, it is clear that this 1770 request hadnot been granted. “Mr. Baillie did applyhimself or agents for a grant of 500 acres onthat river to make settlement, but by somemeans it was neglected to be expedicted...” 81

John Schoolbred goes on to propose that he

80 Petition of Alan Auld et al, National Archives of Canada 1770. 81 John Schoolbred Memorial 1775.


“be allowed at his own proper expense...torun out and survey 500 acres of land on theNova Scotia side of the river Rustigush andadjoining to the old Indian Church, payingsuch price as land ...may be deemed worth, ifyour memoraliste cannot be indulged with itfrom his majesty’s royal bounty”.82 Furtherreference to the Restigouche fishery andWalker’s involvement is revealed in the sameMemorial. “The salmon fishery has but lattelybecome an object of attention: the principaplace of carrying it on is in the riverRustigush, which lies at the head of the Bayof Chaleur, and has a communication withit for vessels of small burthen. To this riverpeople employed by your memorialist haveresorted, but there are no settlements oneither side of the river, the carrying on thebusiness in it present state is attended withmuch inconveniency...” 83 That Walker oversaw the entire business in the Bay, for firstBaillie and then Schoolbred, speaks to hisinvolvement with the Restigouche fishery.

acres on the south bank of the Restigouche.The grant ran from Walker’s Brook to PointHenry farther up the Restigouche, andincluded a ten mile stretch of the river.”84

Later documents indicate a shore station wasbuilt at Restigouche under the direction ofWilliam Smith and that this post is destroyedin July of 1778 by American privateers.85 Asystematic search of the coastline upriverfrom Old Mission Point at Atholville may yetgive some indication of the shortlived 18th

century Walker/Schoolbred/Smithestablishment. The name Walker’s Brook liveson in the community today.

Schoolbred was successful in his 1775 petitionand “on May 7, 1776 he received from theGovernor and Council of Nova Scotia 5,000

82 John Schoolbred Memorial 1775.83 Ibid.

84 MacBeath, The Story of the Restigouche, 1954.85 Letter from William Smith to John Schoolbred July 1778.


References

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The Illustrated London News, Dec. 30, 1939.Commodore Walker’s Astonishing Action with theSapnish Battleship “Glorioso” (74 guns) off Cape St.Vincent in 1747...

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