C Diff: The Latest Scope on the Poop - Kathleen · PDF fileC‐Diff: The Latest Scope on the...

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CDiff: The Latest Scope on the Poop Kathleen M. Vollman MSN, RN, CCNS, FCCM, FAAN Clinical Nurse Specialist / Consultant ADVANCING NURSING [email protected] Northville Michigan www.Vollman.com ©ADVANCING NURSING LLC 2017

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C‐Diff: The Latest Scope on 

the PoopKathleen M. Vollman MSN, RN, CCNS, FCCM, FAAN

Clinical Nurse Specialist / ConsultantADVANCING [email protected] Michiganwww.Vollman.com

©ADVANCING NURSING LLC 2017

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C‐diff• Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is an anaerobic, spore‐forming bacteria spread through fecal‐oral transmission

• C. difficile infection (CDI) colonizes the large intestine and releases two toxins

• Causes a number of illnesses; diarrhea, colitis and sepsis.• Transmission: contaminated environments and health care personnel hands

• Antimicrobial therapy most important risk factor for CDI infection• longer courses• multiple antibiotics• Fluoroquinolones ↑the risk. 

• Other drug may disrupt colonic flora; gastric acid suppression*, chemotherapy

Health Research & Educational Trust (2017). Clostridium difficile Infection Change Package: 2017 Update. Chicago, IL: Health Research & Educational Trust. Accessed at www.hret‐hiin.org.Howell MD, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(9):784‐790 

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Burden in Australia/New Zealand• Internationally, the incidence of CDI has increased significantly over the past 10 years

• Upward trend in CDI rates

• 12 683 cases of hospital‐identified CDI, giving an aggregate with incidence of 3.65/10 000 patient days.

• Community associated CDI: 1.08 per 10 000 patient days

• US‐3rd leading infection

Magill SS, et al. New England Journal of Med, 2014;370:1198‐208Mitchell BG and Gardner A. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control. 2012; 1: 20.Lessa FC, Gould CV and McDonald LC. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2012; 55: S65‐S70Mitchell BG, et al.  Healthcare Infection. 2012; 17: 127‐32.

2 major virulence factors: toxin A (an enterotoxin) toxin B (a cytotoxin) 3rd “binary” toxin 

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• Attributable cost/patient: $6,100‐11,300• Associated with longer length of stay (~3 days increase) and readmissions

• Attributably mortality 6% to 7%• CDI reoccurs in 15‐35% of pts with 1 previous event, 33‐65% in pts with > 2 episodes of CDI

• Costs related to CDI are estimated at US $4.8 billion for acute care facilities alone

Clostridium difficile Infection is Costly

Dubberke ER, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:S88–92; Zimlichman E, et al. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173(22):2039‐46Health Research & Educational Trust (2017). Clostridium difficile Infection Change Package: 2017 Update. Chicago, IL: Health Research & Educational Trust. Accessed at www.hret‐hiin.org. Butler M,et al. Early Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Clostridium difficile: Update. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 172. AHRQ Publication No. 16‐EHC012‐EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; March 2016Mitchell BG and Gardner A. Mortality and Clostridium difficile infection: a review. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control. 2012; 1: 20.

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CDI Prevention Efforts Should Focus on Community‐ and Facility‐based Antimicrobial Stewardship and 

Preventing Disease & Transmission.

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Tier 1:  First Steps to Address C. diff.• C. diff surveillance

• Appropriate & timely testing of suspect cases• > 3 days HO,  < 3 day CO (US) Australia uses 48hrs• Appropriate testing

• Clinically significant diarrhea without other obvious causes.• Use recommended stepwise testing method

• Antibiotic Stewardship• Eliminate unnecessary antibiotic use• Use antibiotics with lower risk for promoting CDI

• Contact Precautions; order at time of ordering C. diff. test• Hand Hygiene• Glove and Gown use • Patient specific equipment and disinfection prior to use with others

• Effective and thorough cleaning and disinfection processes

• Effective Hand Hygiene Program• Environmental Cleaning

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Stewardship and CDI Testing

• Only test symptomatic patients• > 3 unformed stools per day within 1 to 2 days• Lab should refuse formed stools test• Asymptomatic colonization rates high (10%)

• Don’t test if received laxatives within past 24 hrs• Don’t retest within 7 days/Lab hard stop• Discontinue test if not collected within 24 hrs• Time of test = placement into contact precautions

• Timely recognition of symptoms

Health Research & Educational Trust (2017). Clostridium difficile Infection Change Package: 2017 Update. Chicago, IL: Health Research & Educational Trust. Accessed at www.hret‐hiin.org. Dubberke ER, et al. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2014;35(6):628‐645

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Strategies for CDI Testing

Health Research & Educational Trust (2017). Clostridium difficile Infection Change Package: 2017 Update. Chicago, IL: Health Research & Educational Trust. Accessed at www.hret‐hiin.org. 

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CDI Testing• Rapid diagnosis will lead to prompt treatment & implementation of contact precautions that can limit the spread of CDI in the environment of care

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests have a sensitivity of 90 percent or greater and a specificity of 95 percent or greater

• More facilities use a two‐step approach as a method of detection: 1) the stool is first tested for GDH and toxins and 2) indeterminate results then undergo PCR analysis. (Use of a secondary method reduces the number of false‐positive results

CDI is a clinical Diagnosis; no test makes the diagnosis of CDI Health Research & Educational Trust (2017). Clostridium difficile Infection Change Package: 2017 Update. Chicago, IL: Health Research & Educational Trust. Accessed at www.hret‐hiin.org. 

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Antibiotic Stewardship• Program that promotes appropriate selection, dose, route and duration of antimicrobial therapy

• Primary goal: optimize clinical outcomes while reducing unintended consequences of antimicrobial use

• Toxicity• colonization of pathogenic organisms• Antibiotic resistance

• Secondary goal: reduce health care costs associated with diseases such as CDI and antimicrobial resistance.

• 30‐50% of all antibiotic use is inappropriate• Comprehensive programs both large & small hospitals shown ↓ in an microbial use between 22%‐36% with annual savings of $200,000 to $900,000.

Health Research & Educational Trust (2017). Clostridium difficile Infection Change Package: 2017 Update. Chicago, IL: Health Research & Educational Trust. Accessed at www.hret‐hiin.org. 

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Australian National Antimicrobial Stewardship Network

• Established by the Commission to facilitate communication relating to AMS between the Commission, states and territories and private and paediatric sectors. 

• Goal:• Provide a means to implement AMS activities nationally

• Assist in identifying resources suitable for national development

• To share materials and lessons learned• Provide advice to the Commission via the Antimicrobial Stewardship Advisory Committee

https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our‐work/healthcare‐associated‐infection/antimicrobial‐stewardship/national‐antimicrobial‐stewardship‐network/

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Antibiotic Use Among 323 U.S. Hospitals

MMWR March 7, 2014 / 63(09);194‐200

Greatest Risk

Model estimates that 30% reduction in use of broad-spectrum antibiotics will result in a 26% reduction in CDI.

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Key Prevention Action Steps• Monitor Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) performance measures on antibiotic utilization in pharyngitis, upper respiratory infections and acute bronchitis.

• Eliminate redundant combination antimicrobial therapy • Adopt guidelines for managing CAP using a shorter course • Educate prescribing clinicians about appropriate selection, use dose, timing and duration of treatment  

• Focus efforts on reducing the use of certain antibiotic classes associated with CDI, such as cephalosporins, clindamycin and fluoroquinolones

• Limiting the formulary and requiring pre‐authorization for certain antibiotics is a key strategy in reducing unnecessary use of antibiotics 

Health Research & Educational Trust (2017). Clostridium difficile Infection Change Package: 2017 Update. Chicago, IL: Health Research & Educational Trust. Accessed at www.hret‐hiin.org. 

(1) Remove unnecessary antibiotics from the formulary, (2) restrict options for duplicate antibiotics and antibiotics for special circumstances, (3) provide ongoing surveillance of antibiotic use by pharmacy, and (4) escalate to physician leaders as necessary—all of which leads to improved accuracy of antibiotic use. 

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©2017 Trinity Health 15

Proper Hand Hygiene and disinfection of surfaces can help 

prevent the spread of C diff.

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Hand Hygiene is the Single Most Important Factor in Preventing

the Spread of Infection

Jullian‐Desayes I, et al American Journal of Infection Control 45 (2017) 51‐8

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Australian & New Zealand Hand Hygiene Compliance RatesAustralia‐2017

New Zealand

http://www.hha.org.au/LatestNationalData/national‐data‐for‐2017.aspxhttps://www.hqsc.govt.nz/our‐programmes/infection‐prevention‐and‐control/news‐and‐events/news/2993/

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CDC. Hand Hygiene Guidelines: MMWR 2002; 51(No. RR-16):[1-45]WHO Hand Hygiene Guidelines 2009Ellingson K, et al. Infect control & Hosp Epidemiology, 2014;35(2): S155-S178

• When hands visibly soiled or exposure to potential spore forming organisms, wash with either a non‐antimicrobial or antimicrobial soap & water (40‐60 seconds) (II).  Can still use ABH in non‐outbreak C‐diff settings

• C‐diff‐wear gloves & gown/both methods of hand hygiene are not real effective

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Contact Precautions• Order at time of ordering C. diff. test

• Hand Hygiene• Glove and Gown use • Patient specific equipment and disinfection prior to use with others

• Use disposable equipment or dedicate equipment to a single patient (e.g., blood pressure cuffs, thermometers, commodes). 

• Use commode liners to limit splashing or contamination when emptying 

• Effective and thorough cleaning and disinfection processes

• Define who is responsible for cleaning ventilators, IV pumps and other critical patient care equipment. 

Health Research & Educational Trust (2017). Clostridium difficile Infection Change Package: 2017 Update. Chicago, IL: Health Research & Educational Trust. Accessed at www.hret‐hiin.org. 

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C‐Diff‐Environmental Impact

• CDI spores can survive on surfaces for as long as five months.

• CDI spores were found in 49% of the hospital rooms occupied by patients diagnosed with CDI, 

• 29 % of the rooms of asymptomatic CDI carriers 

• The most heavily contaminated areas were hospital room floors, bed rails and bathrooms

Health Research & Educational Trust (2017). Clostridium difficile Infection Change Package: 2017 Update. Chicago, IL: Health Research & Educational Trust. Accessed at www.hret‐hiin.org.

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21©2017 Trinity Health

Examples of High Frequency Touch Surfaces; Patient Room

Use specialized privacy curtains that can be replaced without a ladder and appropriately cleaned & Attach disposable, plastic adhesive shields to privacy curtains to prevent glove or hand contact and contamination 

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Reducing the Load in the Environment: Cleaning of Patients Room

• Develop procedures for routine disinfection of environmental surfaces with an EPA‐registered sporicidal disinfectant1

• Use a 1:10 dilution of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite• Use bucket method for appropriate kill time2

• Use audible timers to ensure appropriate contact time for cleaning agents 

• Use bleach wipes as an adjunct 2

• Use a two‐step cleaning protocol incorporating mobile, automated equipment that releases ultraviolet‐C radiation or hydrogen peroxide vapor3,4

1. Siegel JD, et al. Available at: http://www.cdc gov/hicpac/pdf/isolation/isolation2007.pdf. Accessed April 4th, 2013.2. APIC’s  Guide to Preventing Clostridium difficile Infections (2013). Available at  

http://cdiff2013.site.apic.org/about‐the‐conference/new‐c‐diff‐guide.  Accessed on April 4th, 2013. 3. Nerandzic MM, et al. BMC Infect Dis 2010 Jul 8;10:1974.  Health Research & Educational Trust (2017). Clostridium difficile Infection Change Package: 2017 Update. Chicago, 

IL: Health Research & Educational Trust. Accessed at www.hret‐hiin.org. 

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Effect of Ultraviolet Light on C‐Diff  Spore Recovery vs. Bleach Alone• Evaluate effectiveness of manual cleaning and UV‐C on inpatient hospital room surfaces

• Measured CFUs on 9 high touch surfaces after bleach cleaning & after UV‐C cleaning

• 3 tower system.  Bathroom done daily & inpatient room on discharge

Liscynesky C, et al. Infect Control & Hospital Epidol. 2017;38(9):1116-1117

Bleach alone: 13% positive for C‐diff > 10 CFU’sBleach & UV‐C: .4% positive for C‐diff > 10 CFU’s

Toilet seat and over bed table most commonly + sites

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Consider Stool Containment

•Potential to Reduce Skin Injury• IAD is a type of irritant contact dermatitis (inflammation of the skin)

• IAD 5x more likely to develop a HAPU

•Reduce Exposure to Harmful Microorganisms

Giuliana K. Presented at the CAACN September 25‐27th Winnipeg, Manitoba, CAGray M. Presenting a Wound Care Conference, 2016, New York City, NY

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Evidence Based Review & Recommendations

• Jan 2009 to April 2015• 3236 articles screened• 261 meet criteria for review• 46 studies included• Quality‐82% (QI‐MQCS)• Results:

• Twice daily disinfection of high touch surfaces & terminal cleaning with chlorine based products ↓ CDI 45% to 85%

• Bundled interventions & antibiotic stewardship showed promise for ↓ CDI Louh IK, et al. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 

2017;38:476–482

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Tier 2: Enhanced Practices; Escalation of Tactics in Tier 1 Implemented but No Decrease Seen

• Define the opportunities for improvement• Focused review of hospital onset C. diff. cases

• Consider prompt assessment & expedite specimen submission for testing; “time to isolation?”

• Same rooms versus different rooms?• Review Antibiotic use• Review Testing practices• Check Timing of Contact precaution & compliance • Shared equipment? • Review type and practices around sporicidal surface disinfectant

• Consider supplemental disinfection strategies 

27Intervene based on opportunities found

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Thank You