C 8002 Appendix

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

1/31

PDHengineer.comCourse C-8002

Design of Conduits, Culverts and Pipes

Document 2 of 2: Appendices

This document is the course text. You may review this material at

your leisure before or after you purchase the course. If you have not

already purchased the course, you may do so now by returning to the

course overview page located at:

http://www.pdhengineer.com/pages/C-8002.htm(Please be sure to capitalize and use dash as shown above.)

Once the course has been purchased, you can easily return to the

course overview, course document and quiz from PDHengineers My

Account menu.

If you have any questions or concerns, remember you can contact us

by using the Live Support Chat link located on any of our web pages,

by email at [email protected] or by telephone toll-

free at 1-877-PDHengineer.

Thank you for choosing PDHengineer.com.

PDHengineer.com, a service mark of Decatur Professional Development, LLC. C-8002 C1

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

2/31

Appendix AReferences

A-1. Required PublicationsEM 1110-2-1603Hydraulic Design of SpillwaysEM 1110-2-1913Design and Construction of LeveesEM 1110-2-2102Waterstops and Other Joint MaterialsEM 1110-2-2104Strength Design for Reinforced-Concrete HydraulicStructuresEM 1110-2-2400Structural Design of Spillways and Outlet WorksEM 1110-2-2901Tunnels and Shafts in RockNote: Specifications are grouped by issuing agency andthen arranged in numerical order by specificationdesignation.American Association of State Highway & Transporta-tion Officials (AASHTO) 1996American Association of State Highway & TransportationOfficials. 1996. Standard Specifications for HighwayBridges, Sixteenth Edition, Washington, DC.American Association of State Highway & Transpor-tation Officials (AASHTO)American Association of State Highway & TransportationOfficials, M36/M36M, Standard Specification for Corru-gated Steel Pipe, Metallic-Coated, for Sewers and Drains,Washington, DC.American Association of State Highway & Transpor-tation Officials (AASHTO)American Association of State Highway & TransportationOfficials, Ml 70/MI 70M, Standard Specification for Rein-forced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe,Washington, DC.American Association of State Highway & Transporta-tion Officials (AASHTO)American Association of State Highway & TransportationOfficials, M190, Standard Specification for Bituminous

Coated CorrugatedWashington, DC.

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97Metal Culvert Pipe and Pipe Aches,

American Association of State Highway & Transporta-tion Officials (AASHTO)American Association of State Highway & TransportationOfficials, M196/M196M, Standard Specljication for Cor-rugated Aluminum Pipe for Sewers and Drains, Washing-ton, DC.American Association of State Highway & Transporta-tion Officials (AASHTO)American Association of State Highway & TransportationOfficials, M2061M206M, Standard Specification for Rein-forced Concrete Arch Culvert Storm Drain and SewerPipe, Washington, DC.American Association of State Highway & Transporta-tion Officials (AASHTO)American Association of State Highway & TransportationOfficials, M2071M207M, Standard Specification for Rein-forced Concrete Elliptical Culvert, Storm Drain andSewer Pipe, Washington, DC.American Association of State Highway & Transporta-tion Officials (AASHTO)American Association of State Highway & TransportationOfficials, M218, Standard Specl~ication for Steel Sheet,Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) for Corrugated Steel Pipe,Washington, DC.American Association of State Highway & Transporta-tion Officials (AASHTO)American Association of State Highway & TransportationOfficials, M242/M242M, Standard Specification for Rein-forced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, and SewerPipe, Washington, DC.American Association of State Highway & Transporta-tion Officials (AASHTO)American Association of State Highway & TransportationOfficials, M245/M245M, Interim Specification for Corru-gated Steel Pipe, Polymer Precoated for Sewers andDrains, Washington, DC.American Association of State Highway & Transporta-tion Officials (AASHTO)American Association of State Highway & TransportationOfficials, M246/M246M, Standard specifications for SteelSheet, Metallic-Coated and Polymer Precoated for Corru-gated Steel Pipe, Washington, DC.

A-1

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

3/31

EM 1110-2-2902Change 131 Mar 98

A-2

American Association of State Highway & Transporta- American Concrete Pipe Association 1992

tion Officials (AASHTO)

American Association of State Highway & Transportation

Officials, M259/M259M, Standard Specification for Pre-

cast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections for Culverts,

Storm Drains, and Sewers, Washington, DC. American Iron and Steel Institute. 1993. Handbook of

American Association of State Highway & Transporta-



Officials, M273/M273M, Standard Specification for Pre- American Iron and Steel Institute. 1989. Welded Steel

cast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Pipe--Steel Plate Engineering Data, Volume 3, Washing-

Drains, and Sewers with less than 2 ft (0.6 m) of ton, DC.

Cover Subjected to Highway Loadings, Washington, DC.




Officials, M274, Steel Sheet, Aluminum-Coated (Type 2)for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Washington, DC. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)




Officials, M278/M278M, Standard Specification for Class

PS 50 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe, Washington, DC.




Officials, M294, Standard Specification for Corrugated American Society for Testing and Materials, A742/

Polyethylene Pipe 12 in. to 36 in. Diameter, Washington, A742M, Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, MetallicDC. Coated and Polymer Precoated for Corrugated Steel Pipe,

American Association of State Highway &

Transportation Officials (AASHTO)


Officials,M304, Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Wall

Drain Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside

Diameter, Washington, DC.


tion Officials (AASHTO) A760M, Standard Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe.


Officials, T99, Standard Method of Test for the Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 5.5 lb

(2.5 kg) Rammer and a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop,

Washington, DC.

American Concrete Institute PA.

American Concrete Institute, Building Code Requirements

for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318), Detroit, MI.

American Concrete Pipe Association. 1992. Concrete

Pipe Design Manual, Vienna, VA.

American Iron and Steel Institute 1993

Steel Drainage and Highway Construction Products,

Washington, DC.

American Iron and Steel Institute 1989

American Railway Engineering Association (AREA)

1996

American Railway Engineering Association (AREA).

1996. AREA Manual, Washington, DC.

American Society for Testing and Materials, A307, Stan-

dard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs,

60,000 Psi Tensile Strength, Philadelphia, PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

American Society for Testing and Materials, A619/

A619M, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon,

Cold-Rolled, Drawing Quality, Philadelphia, PA.


Philadelphia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, A746, Stan-

dard Specification for Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe,

Philadelphia, PA.



Metallic-Coated for Sewers and Drains, Philadelphia, PA.



A762M, Standard Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe,

Polymer Precoated for Sewers and Drains, Philadelphia,

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

4/31

EM 1110-2-2902Change 131 Mar 98

A-3

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

American Society for Testing and Materials, A796/ American Society for Testing and Materials, B789, Stan-

A796M Standard Practice for Structural Design of Corru- dard Practice for Installing Corrugated Aluminum Struc-

gated Steel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm tural Plate Pipe for Culverts and Sewers, Philadelphia, PA.

and Sanitary Sewers and Other Buried Applications, Phila-

delphia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, A798, Stan- num Pipe, Pipe-Arches and Arches for Culverts, Storm

dard Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corrugated Sewers, and Buried Conduits, Philadelphia, PA.

Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications, Philadel-

phia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, A807, Stan- Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe , Philadelphia, PA.

dard Practice for Installing Corrugated Steel Structural

Plate Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications, Philadel-

phia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, A849/ phia, PA.

A849M, Standard Specification for Post Applied Coatings,

Pavings, and Linings for Corrugated Steel Sewer and

Drainage Pipe, Philadelphia, PA.



A885M, Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc and

Aramid Fiber Composite Coated for Corrugated Steel

Sewer, Culvert, and Underdrain Pipe, Philadelphia, PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)American Society for Testing and Materials, A929/

A929M, Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic-

Coated by the Hot-Dip Process for Corrugated Steel Pipe ,

Philadelphia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, B744/

B744M, Standard Specification for Aluminum Alloy Sheet

for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe, Philadelphia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, B745/

B745M, Standard Specification for Corrugated AluminumPipe for Sewers and Drains, Philadelphia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, B788, Stan- phia, PA.

dard Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corrugated

Aluminum Culverts and Storm Sewer Pipe, Philadelphia,

PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)American Society for Testing and Materials, B790, Stan-

dard Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Alumi-


American Society for Testing and Materials, C76/C76M,

Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert,


American Society for Testing and Materials, C78/C78M,

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete(Using Simple Beam with triple-Point Loading), Philadel-


American Society for Testing and Materials, C361/

C361M, Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete

Low-Head Pressure Pipe, Philadelphia, PA.



C443M, Standard Specification for Joints for Circular

Concrete Sewer and Culvert Pipe Using Rubber Gaskets,

Philadelphia, PA.



C497M, Standard Test methods for Concrete Pipe, Man-

hole Sections, or Tile, Philadelphia, PA.




Arch Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe, Philadelphia,

PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)American Society for Testing and Materials, C507/


Elliptical Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe, Philadel-

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

5/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Oct 97

A-4


American Society for Testing and Materials, C655/ American Society for Testing and Materials, C1214/

C655M, Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete C1214M, Testing Concrete Pipe Sewerlines by Negative

D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe, Philadel- Air Pressure, Philadelphia, PA.

phia, PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)American Society for Testing and Materials, C789/ Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of

C789M, Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Soil Using Standard Effort (12,000 ft-lbf/ft3) (600 kN-

Concrete Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and m/m3), Philadelphia, PA.

Sewers, Philadelphia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, C850/ Standard Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials -

C850M, Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Sponge or Expanded Rubber, Philadelphia, PA.

Concrete Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and

Sewers with less than 2 ft (0.6 m) of Cover subjected to

Highway Loadings, Philadelphia, PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)American Society for Testing and Materials, C857/

C857M, Standard Practice for Minimum Structural Design

Loading for Underground Precast Concrete Utility Struc-

tures, Philadelphia, PA.



C877M, Standard Specification for External Sealing Bands

for Noncircular Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert

Pipe, Philadelphia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, C900, Stan-dard Test Method for Pullout Strength of Hardened Con-

crete, Philadelphia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, C924/ cation, Philadelphia, PA.

C924M, Standard Practice for Testing Concrete Pipe

Sewer Lines by Low-Pressure Air Test Method, Philadel-

phia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, C969/ Loading, Philadelphia, PA.

C969M, Standard Practice for Infiltration and Exfiltration

Acceptance Testing of Installed Precast Concrete PipeSewer Lines, Philadelphia, PA.



C1103M, Standard Practice for Joint Acceptance Testing

of Installed Precast Concrete Pipe sewer Lines, Philadel-

phia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, D698, Test


American Society for Testing and Materials, D1056,



Standard Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on

Asphaltic Materials, Philadelphia, PA.



Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl) Chloride)

(PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated PolyVinyl Chloride)

CPVC) Compounds, Philadelphia, PA.



Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Woven

Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Method (Constant Rate

of Traverse Tensile Testing Machine), Philadelphia, PA.



Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Ther-

moplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Appli-



Standard Test Method for Determination of External

Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)American Society for Testing and Materials, D2487-93,

Standard Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes

(Unified Soil Classification System), Philadelphia, PA.

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

6/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Oct 97

A-5


American Society for Testing and Materials, D2680, American Society for Testing and Materials, D4254,

Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile- Standard Test Method for Minimum Index Density and

Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density,

Composite SewerPiping, Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia, PA.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)American Society for Testing and Materials, D3034, American Society for Testing and Materials, D4161,

Standard Specification for Type PSM Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Standard Specification for 'Fiberglass' (Glass

(PVC) Sewer Pipe andFittings, Philadelphia, PA. Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipe Joints Using



Standard Specification for Joint for Drain and Sewer American Society for Testing and Materials, F667, Large

Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals, Philadel- Diameter Corrugated Polyethylene Tubing and Fittings,

phia, PA. Philadelphia, PA.


American Society for Testing and Materials, D3262, American Society for Testing and Materials, F679,

Standard Specification for 'Fiberglass' (Glass-Fiber- Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Sewer Pipe, Philadel- Large-Diameter Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings,

phia, PA. Philadelphia, PA.



Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe

Fittings Materials, Philadelphia, PA. (SDR-PR) Based on Outside Diameter, Philadelphia, PA.



Standard Practice for Ring-Lines Barrel Sampling ofSoils, Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl) Chloride) (PVC)

Philadelphia, PA. Profile Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings Based on



Standard Practice for Underground Installation of 'Fiber- American Society for Testing and Materials, F894,

glass' (Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipe, Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Large

Philadelphia, PA. Diameter Profile Wall Sewer and Drain Pipe, Philadelphia,



Standard Practice for Measuring Trace Elements in Water American Society for Testing and Materials, F949,

by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotome- Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)

try, Philadelphia, PA. Corrugate Sewer Pipe with a Smooth Interior and Fittings,

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)American Society for Testing and Materials, D4253,

Standard Test Method for Maximum Index Density and American Water Works Association. 1985. AWWA M11,

Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table, Philadelphia, Steel Pipe--A Guide for Design and Installation, Denver,

PA. CO.

Flexible Elastomeric Seals, Philadelphia, PA.


Controlled Inside Diameter, Philadelphia, PA.


PA.


Philadelphia, PA.

American Water Works Association 1985

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

7/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Oct 97

A-6

American Water Works Association 1989 Abbett 1956

American Water Works Association. 1989. AWWA Abbett, Robert W., ed. 1956. American Civil Engineering

C 300, Standard for Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Practice, Vol II, Wiley, New York, NY, pp 18-64 and

Steel Cylinder Type, for Water and Other Liquids, Denver, 19-08.

CO.

American Water Works Association 1992American Water Works Association. 1992. AWWA Pipe Handbook, Vienna, VA.

C 301, Standard for Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe,

Steel Cylinder Type, for Water and Other Liquids, American Concrete Pipe Association 1993

Denver, CO.

American Water Works Association 1987

American Water Works Association. 1987. AWWA

C 302, Standard for Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe,

Noncylinder Type, for Water and Other Liquids, Denver,

CO.

American Water Works Association 1992American Water Works Association. 1992. AWWA

C 304, Design of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe,

Denver, CO.

American Water Works Association

American Water Works Association. AWWA C 950,

Standard for Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting Resin

Pressure Pipe, Denver, CO.


American Water Works Association, C110/A21.10, Amer-

ican National Standard for Ductile-Iron and Grey-Iron

Fittings 3 in. through 48 in. (75 mm through 1200 mm),for Water and Other Liquids, Denver, CO, 80235



ican National Standard for Flanged Ductile-Iron Pipe

with Threaded Flanges, Denver, CO, 80235



ican National Standard for the Thickness Design of Duc-

tile Iron Pipe, Denver, CO.

A-2. Related Publications

EM 1110-2-2105

Design of Hydraulic Steel Structures

EM 1110-2-3104

Structural and Architectural Design of Pump Stations

American Concrete Pipe Association 1988



Technology Handbook, Vienna, VA.

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 1975

American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE). 1975.

Pipeline Design for Hydrocarbon Gases and Liquids,

New York, NY.


American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE). 1984.Pipeline Materials and Design, New York, NY.



Pipeline Design and Installation, New York, NY.



Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried Concrete

Pipe Using Standard Installations, New York, NY.


American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE). 1993. SteelPenstocks, ASCE Manual Report on Engineering

Practice, No. 79, New York, NY.

Civil Engineering Research Foundation 1992

Civil Engineering Research Foundation. 1992. Current

State of Life Cycle Design for Local Protection Struc-

tures, A Literature Search, Washington, DC.

Howard 1977

Howard, Amster K. 1977. Modulus of Soil Reaction (E1)

Values for Buried Flexible Pipe, Journal of the Geotech-

nical Engineering Division, American Society of Civil

Engineers, Vol 103(GT), Proceedings Paper 12700.

Krynine 1938

Krynine, D. P. 1938. Pressures Beneath a Spread Founda-

tion, Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers

(ASCE), New York, NY.

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

8/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Oct 97

A-7

Leonards 1962 Rowe 1957

Leonards, G. A., ed. 1962. Foundation Engineering, Rowe, R. R. 1957. Rigid Culverts Under High Overfills,

McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers

Metcalf and Eddy 1928

Metcalf, L. and Eddy, H. P. 1928. American Sewerage

Practice, Vol I, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, Spangler, M. G. 1948. Underground Conduits--AnNY. Appraisal of Modern Research, Transactions, American

National Utility Contractors Association

National Utility Contractors Association. Horizontal Earth

Boring and PipeJacking Manual No. 2, Arlington, VA. Szechy, K. 1973. The Art of Tunneling, Hungarian Aca-

Newmark 1942

Newmark, Nathan M. 1942. Influence Charts for Compu-

tation of Stresses in Elastic Foundations. University of Water Pollution Control Federation. 1974. Design and

Illinois Bulletin Series, No. 338, Urbana, IL. Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers, Manual of

Portland Cement Association 1975

Portland Cement Association. 1975. Concrete Culvertsand Conduits, Skokie, IL.

Roark 1989

Roark, R. J. 1989. Formulas for Stress and Strain,

McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

(ASCE), New York, NY.

Spangler 1948

Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), New York, NY, p 316.

Szechy 1973

demy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.

Water Pollution Control Federation 1974

Practice, No. 9. (American Society of Civil Engineers

(ASCE) Manual of Engineering Practice, No. 37.),

New York, NY.

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

9/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Appendix B metal pipe from ASTM A 796 is included for Chapter 4.Design Examples This method also applies to corrugated aluminum pipeusing the ASTM B 790 method of design.Design examples for conduits, culverts, and pipes are At the end of this appendix is a demonstration of a finitepresented in this appendix. Each equation in this manual element method computer code used to analyze concreterectangular and oblong shapes.is used in the order presented in its chapter. Once avariable is defined, that value is used throughout theremaining calculations. The design method for corrugated

B-1

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

10/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Chapter 2: Cast-in-Place Conduits for DamsPrism LoadsUnit Weight of Soil, Water, and Saturated Soil7$ = 21,210 N/m3 (135 pcf) - Saturated soilyd = 18,850 N/m3 (120 pcf) - Dry soilYW 9,800 N/m3 (62.5 pcf,) - WaterHeight of Soil, Water and Saturated Soil above the Crown of the Conduit.Hd = 2.44 m (8 ft) - Dry soil columnHW = 15.24 m (50 ft) - Water columnH$ = 6.10 m (20 ft) - Saturated columnVertical PressuresVertical pressures for the given soil condition; dry soil, dry and saturated soil, or reservoir condition (saturatedsoil under water).WWI = yd . Hd N/m2 (psf) (2-1) DryorW2=yd Hd+y~ H, N/m2 (psf) (2-1) Dry and saturatedorWW3=YW Hw+(y$-yw) H. N/m2 (psf) (2-1) ReservoirWWI = 45,994 N/m2 (960 psf)WW2= 1,753,754 N/m2 (3,660 psf)WW3= 218,953 N/m2 (4,572 psoInternal Water PressureHG = 36.6 m (120 ft) - Hydraulic gradientr + 1.22 m (4 ft) - Internal radius of conduit (+ or -) depending on the position of interest - top or bottom of the

conduitWi = yW (Hg + r) N/m2 (psf)Wi= 370,636 N/m2 (7,738 psf)

B-2

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

11/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Concentrated Live LoadsVertical PressureP = 44,480 N (10,000 lb)y = 0.305 m (1 ft) - Y - Cartesian coordinatez = 0.610 m (2 ft) - Z - Cartesian coordinatex = 0.915 m (3 ft) - X- Cartesian coordinate

R = ~~- m (ft) - Radial distance from point load

R = 1.141 m (3.742 ft)

~=3 Pz3c N/m2 (psf) - Vertical pressure from a concentrated load (2-3)2sn R5WC= 2,490 N/m2 (52 psf)Horizontal Pressurer = 0.610 m (2 ft) - Surface radius from point loadp = 0.3 Poissons ratio: 0.5 for saturated cohesive soils, 0.2 to 0.3 for other soils

P[3r2z

1(2-4)1 -2 P) Nsm (Psf)

c== ~5 ~pc = 1,074 N/m2 (23 psf)Trench Backfill Loads

Trench with No Superimposed Fill, Condition IVertical Trench Load Values for KP~and g are

KP, = 0.15 Granular w/o cohesion KP/ = 0.1924, g = 15,700 N/m3 (100 pcf)H = 2.44 m (8 ft) Sand and gravel 18,850 (120) 0.165

Saturated topsoil 17,280 (110) 150Ordinary clay 15,710 (loo) 0.130Bd = 1.52 m (5 ft) Saturated clay 20,420 (130) 0.110

Maximum design load 22,000 (140) 0.110

B-3

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

12/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

(2-7)

cd = 1.274 DimensionlessB= = 1.22 m (4 ft)W, I = Cd ~d , B; N/m (lbf/ft) (2-5)orWe2 = ~d BC - H N/m (lbf/ft) (2-6)

W,l = 55,483 N/m (3,812 lbf/ft)We2 = 56,113 N/m (3,840 lbf/ft)Horizontal Trench Pressure$ = 300 = Internal friction angle in degreesH= 6.1 m(20ft)~d = 18,850 N/m3 (120 pcf) for dry soil

[ 2[450 -~)rNm2(psoPe2 = ~dH tan(2-8)

p , 2= 38,828 N/m (800 psf)Trench with Superimposed Fill, Condition IIVertical Trench LoadIIf = 3 m (10 ft) - Height of superimposed fill above the top of the trenchHh = 1.5 m (5 ft) - Height of effective fill in trenchHP = 1.2 m (4 ft) - Height of projected conduit above the natural ground

[ )(fWW~=cdyd Bd2+ H +H )1.5 yd oBC - Hh - cd yd B; N/m (lbf/ft)c Por [1fWe4=~d Bc Hh+ H+H ( ~.5~d BC Hh-~d Bc Hh ) N/m (lbf/ft)c P

(2-9)

(2-lo)

B-4

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

13/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

W,3 = 53,946 N/m (3,724 lbf/ft)We4 = 41,584 N/m (2,900 lbf/ft)Horizontal Trench Pressure[( 411 H!Pe3=y Hh tan2 45 deg - ~ + Hc + HP

{ [( !: 0.5y Hh-y. Hh. tan245deg -$

(2-11)

Pe3 = 11,362 N/m (242 lbf/ft)Embankment Condition Ill

Vertical Loads in N/m (lbf/ft) using yd = 18,850 N/m3 (120 pcf) dry soil:Case 1: we5=l.5y~ Bc Hc (2-12)

Case 2: We6 = Yd Bc Hc (2-13)

Vertical Loads in N/m2 (psf)Case 1: We7 = 1.5 - ~d Hc (2-14)

Case 2: Weg = ~d Hc (2-15)

We5 = 210,423 N/m (14,400 lbf/ft)We6 = 140,282 N/m (9,600 lbf/ft)We7 = 172,478 N/m2 (3,600 ps~We, = 114,985 N/m2 (2,400 psf)Horizontal Loads in N/m2 (psf)

(2-16)Case 1: pe4 = ().5 . yd HC N/m2 (psf)Cme 2: pe~ = ~d Hc N/m2 (1,200 psf) (2-17)

pe4 = 57,493 N/m2 (1,200 psf)P,5 = 114,985 N/m2 (2,400 psf)

B-5

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

14/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

I Notes on Loading Conditions for EmbankmentsCase 1: pi we = 0.3 and ka = 0.50Case 2: pi we = 1.00 and ka = 1.00

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

15/31

Bf

=1.431

Xp

Xa

3

EM 1110-2-2902Change 131 Mar 98

B-7

(3-1)

Chapter 3: Circular Precast Concrete Pipe for Small Dams and Major Levees

D-Load Analysis

Load Factor for Trench Condition

Bedding Type Load Factor

Ordinary 1.5

First Class 1.9

Concrete Cradle 2.5

Load Factors for Embankment Condition

Projection Ratio Concrete Cradle Other Projection Bedding

' X Xa a_____________ _____________ ____________________

0.0 0.150 0.000

0.3 0.743 0.2170.5 0.856 0.423

0.7 0.811 0.594

0.9 0.678 0.655

1.0 0.638 0.638

Type of Bedding Xp__________________________

Impermissible 1.310

Ordinary 0.840

First Class 0.707

Concrete Cradle 0.505

X = 0.811a

X = 0.505p

ASTM C76 Class and D0.01

B = 6.098 Class Df 0.01

W = 145,940 N/m (10,000 plf) I 40 (800)1

W = 175,130 N/m (12,000 plf) II 50 (1,000)e

H = 1.3 Factor of Safety III 65 (1,350)f

IV 100 (2,000)

S = 1,200 mm (4 ft) V 140 (3,000)i

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

16/31

D

=W

7

BI

#

HI

SL

=W

7

(HI

)

BI

(SL

)

EM 1110-2-2902Change 131 Mar 98

B-8

(3-2)

D = 57 N/m/mm (1,172 plf/ft) ASTM C76M Class III0.01

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

17/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Chapter 4: Corrugated Metal Pipe for Rural LeveesDesign in accordance with ASTM A 796 or ASTM B 790

Earth Load (EL)

H=3m(10ft)w = 18,850 N/m2 (120 pcf)EL = H cw N/m2 (psf)EL = 56,550 N/m2 (1,220 psf,)

Live Load (LL)Live Loads Under Highways and Railroads

Height of Cover, m (ft] Highway, N/m2 (PSQ Railroad, N/m2 (psf)-0.3 (1) 86,180 (1,800)0.6 (2) 38,300 (800) 181,940 (3,800)0.9 (3) 28,730 (600)1.2 (4) 19,150 (400)1.5 (5) 11,970 (250) 114,910 (2,400)1.8 (6) 9,580 (200)2.1 (7) 8,380 (175)2.4 (8) 4,790 (loo)3.0 (10)3.7 (12)4.6 (15)6.1 (20)9.1 (30)

LL = 38,200 N/m2 (800 psf) - Live load includes impactP = EL + LL N/m2 (psf)P = 94,850 N/m2 (2,000) psf) - Total load on conduit

76,610 (1,600)52,670 (1, 100)38,300 (800)28,730 (600)14,360 (300)4,790 (loo)

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

18/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Required Wall AreaS = 1.2 m (4 ft) - Spanof conduit

T = p oS) Thrust per length of2 conduitT = 56,910 N/m (4,000 lbflft) - Thrust per length of conduitSF = 2 Factor of Safetyf y = 227,530,000 N/m2 (33,000 psi) - Steel yield strengthA= ~ q 1000 mm2/mm (in.2/ft) Required area of wall

YA = 0.5002 mm2/mm (0.2424 in.2/ft) - Required area of wallCritical Buckling Stressk = 0.22 Soil stiffness factor for granular side fill materialE = 2 1011N/m2 (29,000,000 psi) Modulus of elasticity of steelf u = 3 . 1 0 0 1 0 8N/m2 (45,000 psi) Ultimate strength of metatr = 4.3713 mm (0.1721 in.) Radius of gyration (from ASTM)s = 1Z20 mm (48 in.) Conduit span

2

[)k.~ 2fcl=fu -&7 Buckling strength of conduit wall

orf . 2= 1 2 E

nKOS 27

f c = + < ; . J q , f c , $ f c 2 ]

fc = 2.72.108 N/m2 (39J23 psi) - This value is greater than the yield strength of the material; therefore, thewait area calculated is adequate. If this value were less than the yield strength then the wallarea would need to be recalculated with the lesser value.

B-10

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

19/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Required Seam StrengthSF~ = 3 Safety factor for seamsSS = T SF. Required seam strength in N/m (lbf/ft)SS = 170,730 N/m2 (12,000 lbf/ft) - Check values with tables in ASTM A 796 or ASTM B 790Handling and Installation StrengthI -39,198 mm4/mm (2.392 in.4/ft) - Moment in Inertia of the section selected from the ASTMFF=< 1,000,000 mm/N (FF/106 in.fib)E* IFF = 0.00019 mm/N (0.00003 in.flbf) - Flexibility factor shall not exceed the value in the ASTMFlexibility Factors

Depth of Corrugation, mm (in.)6 (1/4)13 (1/2)25 (1)50 (2 (round pipe))50 (2 (arch))140 (5-1/2 (round))140 (5-1/2 (arch))

Trench EmbankmentFF, mm/N (in./lb] FF, mm/N (in.lb)0.255 (0.043) 0.255 (0.043)0.343 (0.060) 0.255 (0.043)0.343 (0.060) 0.188 (0.033)0.114 (0.020) o.114 (0.020)

0.171 (0.030)o.114 (0.020) 0.114 (0.020)

0.171 (0.030)Minimum Cover Designd = 13 mm (1/2 in.) - Depth of corrugationsAL = 142,340 N (32,000 lb) - Maximum highway axle load

Highway LoadingsClass Maximum Axle Load, N (lb)H 20 142,340 (32,000)HS 20 142,340 (32,000)H 15 106,760 (24,000)HS 15 106,760 (24,000)

B-1 1

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

20/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

~ mi n = i f [ 0 2 3 < E : i f0 4 , > R: o , , ~ o Rl lHmin = 0.3 m (1 ft) - minimum cover for highway loads and is never less than 0.3 m (1 ft)Check the requirements for railroad and aircraft loads.Pipe-Arch Bearing DesignMaximum height of fill over arch pipe assuming 191,520 N/m2 (2 tsf) bearing capacity for the soilrc = 0.46 m (1.5 ft) - corner radius of pipe-arch

66.7 r-cHmax = 0.3048 m (H.ax/0.3048 = ft) Maximum coversH.ax = 7.79 m (25 ft)

B-1 2

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

21/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Chapter 5: CulvertsUse the same design procedure as developed in Chapter 3 for precast pipe. Use the bedding load factors asdefined in American Concrete Pipe Association Concrete Pipe Design Manual (1992).Circular Concrete Culvert, Class B Beddhg, Embankment Condition

CAf= (-N-xq (5-1)CA = 1.431CN = 0.707x = 0.594A = 0.33P = 0.7CC=3H=8Bc=4ftE = 0.50

[ 1PH+EP

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

22/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Chapter 6: Plastic Pipe for Other ApplicationsPipe StiffnessD = 0.250 m (10 in.) - Pipe diameterR = ~ R = 0.125 m (5 in.) - Pipe radiust = 8 mm (O.1345 in.) - Wall thicknessEP = 3.03 109 N/m2 (440,000 psi) - Initial modulus of elasticity (plastic)

~3z= ~ 10-9 m4/m (in.4/in.) Moment

1 = 4.27 10-8 m4/m (0.0026 in.4in.)

of inertia

D2FF= * 1000 < = 0.542 m/N (95 in.fib)E* I(6-1)

FF = 0.4834 m/N (85 in.lb)

Ps= 1 > = 98,9461D Nlrn/m (5651D lblin.lin.) (6-2)0.149 R398,946PS = 444,2372 = 395,784 OKD

DeflectionDL = 2.5 Deflection lag factor for long-term predictionK = 0.11 Bedding constantE = 6.89 106 N/m2 (1,000 psi) - Soil modulusP = 69,000 N/m2 (10 psi) - Service pressure at the crown of the pipeAY DL K*P= o 100 percent (6-3)D 0.149 (PS) + 0.061 @)AY_ = 3.90% - Pipe deflectionD

B-1 4

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

23/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Wall Stress (Crushing)PST = 68,950 N/m2 (1,440 psf) - Short-term pressure at the crown of the conduitPLT = 68,950 N/m2 (1,440 psf) - Long-term pressure at the crown of the conduitfi = 3.03 109N/m2 (440,000 psi) Initial tensile strength of the pipe material~50= 1.09 109N/m2 (158,400 psi) - 50-year tensile strength of the pipe materialD = 0.3 m (1 ft) - Diameter of pipe

ST TsT = 10,343 N/m (720 lbf/ft) - Short-term wall thrustST=D z (64)

LTTLT=D ~_TLT = 10,343 N/m (720 lbf/ft) - Long-term wall thrust (6-5)

[ -)STA>2. LT 106 A = 25.8 mm2/m (0.0124 in.2/ft) - Wall area (6-6)x fso

Ring BucklingH = 3 m (10 ft) - Height of soil above the crown of the pipeiYW= 6 m (20 ft) - Height of water above the crown of the pipeR = 0.3 m (12 in.) - Mean radiusB=l-O.33~ Buoyancy factor B = 0.34

E = 9.65 108 N/m2 (140,000 psi) - 50-year Modulus of elasticityM$ = 11.72.106 N/m2 (1,700 psi) - Soil modulusA = 3,050 mm2/m (1.44 in.2/ft) - Wall areaI = 42,610 mm4/m (0.0026 in.4/in.) - Moment of inertia of the wall section

Cr= 07~R EN/m2 ( fa* 12 (psi)) - Wall buckling stress (6-7)

B-15

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

24/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

fCr = +FS = 2 fCr = 7.6424 106 N/m2 (1,096 psi)Hydrostatic Bucklingv = 0.39 Poissons rationK = 1.5 (10)-12 S1, 216 non-SI

Pcr = c[)

KEI 00.7 N/m2 (psf) - Buckling stress(1 - V2)R3

C = Ovality = 0.7 for 4 percent deflectionPC, = 1,886 N/m2 (37.3 psf) - Field stress or radial pressureWall Strain Crackingtm = 6 mm (0.25 in.) - Thickness of pipe wallD = 250 mm (10 in.) - Pipe diameter

. ..Y_ 39%-. . . .D

tmaxEb =7

.,Katlo or pipe aerlecuon to pipe aiameter7

(6-8)

from the water

0.03. ED

TImm/mm (in./in.) - Wall strain < strain limit/2

1-0.02;(6-9)

Eb= 0.003< 0.05/2 = 0.025 OK

B-1 6

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

25/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Chapter 7: Ductile Iron Pipe and Steel Pipe for Other ApplicationsEarth Load Limited by:Bending Stressf= 3.31 -108 N/m2 48,000 psi) - Design stresst = 6 mm (0.25 in.) - Wall thicknessD = 250 mm (10 in.) - Pipe diameterE = 165.5 , 109 N/m2 (24,000,000 psi) - Modulus of elasticityE = 3.450106 N/m2 (500 psi) - Soil modulus DIPRA Type 4 bedding

Kb = 0.157 Bending moment coefficientKx = 0.096 Deflection coefficientND = 0.03 Deflection limit

=~

1 1DKbT

Pvl = 458,267 N/m2 (10,279) psf)Deflection=[%][[;,J+O2E]

m

(7-1)

(7-2)

PV2 = 578,439 N/m2 (12,061 psf)

B-17

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

26/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Chapter 8: Pipe Jacking11~ 1.2 m (4 ft) - Diameter of pipew = 18,850 N/m3 (120 pcf) - Unit weight of soilKP = 0.130 Soil constantH = 15 m (50 ft) - Height of soilc = 4,790 N/m2 (100 psf) - Cohesion

r { \-l

~,=1 - XPI-2K[;JIoad~oeffi~ient2 KPICt = 0.8509 Load coefficientWl=Clw. Bt2 -2 C C ~ Bt N/m (lbf/ft) Earth load on pipe

(8-2)

(8- )

Wt = 13,314 N/m (953 lbf/ft)

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

27/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Rectangular Conduit (Trench) - Cast-/n-PlaceVertical PressureWe =18.9 (3)= 57.6 kPa (1,200 psf)Pe. = 57.6 = /9.2 kPa (400 Psf) ;

l .3Pe. = 43 m (/9.2)= 28.8 kPa3.0 m (600 psf)Ws =Weight of StructurekN-m (pIf)

BOX

Next calculate FEMs and distribute to design section.Use load factors from EM //10-2-2/04.Other Computer programs that can be used to anal zeYhls shaped culverf include CANDE (Culvert AnalyssDesign), CORTCUL (Des/gn or Invest lga t lon of OrthgonalCulverts)Standard reinforcement for rectan ular sections8s included In ASTM C789 and C 50.

1 9 . 2 k Pa, , o f l n

2 8 . 8 kPa( 6 0 0 p s f ) 5 7 . 5 k Pa1 ( / 2 0 0 D~ f ) I

1 9 . 2 k P a(400psf)

B2 8 . 8 k Pa( 6 0 0 p s f )I (w(mY)s3m I

LOADING DIAGR AM

8B (6.5) 8.8 (6.5)8 . 89 . 81 2 2

1 2 2 ( 9 . 0 ) / 2 2 (9.0)

MOMENT DIAGRAM kN-m(K-ft)

B-19

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

28/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Oblong Conduit (Trench) - Cast-in-PlaceVertical PressureWe = 183 (3) Ordina~ Damp Clay 3 m= 57.6 kPa (1,200 psf) HNN

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

29/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Appendix CEvaluation and Inspectionof Existing Systems

This appendix will be completed when data become avail-able in the future. The outline below presents a list ofkey features that need to be considered when evaluatingand inspecting existing systems.c-1 .

a,bc.d.

c-2.a,b.

Site InspectionSu~ace settlement.Su$ace water.Dip in pavement.Settlement of manholes or control structure.

Interior InspectionVisual inspection.Camera inspection.

c. Smoke testing.d. In.ltration.e. Exjiltration.f Piping.

C-3. Failuresa. Leaking joints.b. Separated joints.c. Crushed pipe wall.d. Perforated pipe wall.e. Misaligned pipe sections.$ Root penetration of pipe.g. Material deposition.h. Change in loading condition.

c-1

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

30/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Appendix D D-3. In-Place Fracturing and ReplacementRepair of Existing Systems D-4. Concrete ReliningThis appendix will be completed when data become D-5. Plastic Relining and Groutingavailable in the future. The outline below lists some

D-6. Jacking Pipemethods to repair existing systems.D-1. Pipe ReplacementD-2. Slip Lining

D-1

8/3/2019 C 8002 Appendix

31/31

EM 1110-2-290231 Ott 97

Appendix EMetric Conversion Data Sheet

Quantity Unit Symbollength meter mmass kilogram kgtime second sforce newton N = kg dS 2

Mukidv Bv To ObtainMass

kg (force/ 9.806650 Nmass)

pound- 0.453592 kilogrammass (Ibm) (kg, mass)

Forcepound-force 4.448222 N(Ibf

lbf/ff 14.593903 N/mTorque

stress pascal Pa = N/m2 lb-in. 0.112985 N-mIb-ff 1.355818 N-menergy joule J = N-m

Metric ConversionsMultiply By To Obtain

Area and Volumeft 0.092903 mf? 0.028136847 m3gal 0.003785412 m3in. 645.160000 mm

Section Modulusin.3 16387.064 mm3

Moment of Inertiain.4 416231.430 mm4Length

Pressure and Densitvfoot of waterg/cm3glcm3kg/cm2ksipcfpcfpsfpsi

2.98898062.4279009.80665098.0665006.89475716.018460157.08761647.8802606.894757

kPapcfkN/m3kPaMPa, N/mmzkg/m3N/m3PakPa

foot (ft) 304.800 millimeters (mm)inch (in.) 25.400 millimeters (mm)

C 8002 Appendix

Documents

Transcript of C 8002 Appendix