[G. Pridham] Stabilising Fragile Democracies New (BookZa.org)
C 37: The End of Empire Wars of liberation. Cold war politics. Ethnic and religious conflicts. ...
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Transcript of C 37: The End of Empire Wars of liberation. Cold war politics. Ethnic and religious conflicts. ...
C 37: The End of Empire
Wars of liberation. Cold war politics. Ethnic and religious conflicts. Fragile new democracies. Creation of Israel.
Post World War II = sometimes brought newly independent states autonomy and self-determination andsometimes pressures from the Cold War forced these new nations to choose sides (capitalism OR communism) often at the expense of their own independence
NATO and the Warsaw Pact = Militarization of the Cold War
Establishment of United Nations 1946: 50 original members, 5 permanent Security Council members (China, France, GB, US, Soviet Union) =
Post War Migrations
Great Leap Forward 1949
Cultural Revolution 1966:
“its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the
country by removing capitalist, traditional and
cultural elements from Chinese society”
This has caused shortages and higher costs for these resources on the global market, as well as air and water
pollution within China.
China’s economy has grown rapidly as market reforms have continued. Today, China’s economy is the second largest in the world, behind only the United States. As the economy has improved, so has the standard of living for many Chinese.
• Economic growth has not reached all China’s 1.3 billion people
• To prevent further population growth, Chinese government encourages families to have only one child
Economic Development
China Today
• Large population, rapidly expanding industries
• High demands on resources, environment
• Imports coal, iron ore, oil, natural gas to meet energy needs
Other Challenges
• The Jewel of the Crown– Legacy of British
colonialism• Deep division between
Hindus, Muslims• Role of Mohandas
Ghandi
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League
• Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party
• 1947 partition (civil war over Kashmir: Muslims v Hindus)–500,000 killed–10 million refugees
• India moves toward nonalignment position–The “third path” (but does accept aid from USSR)
Pre-WarAreas of Influence
Pakistan lost
Muslims leave India 1947Great Britain grantsIndia full independence in 1947
India becomes member ofDominion Commonwealthlike Canada (ENGLISH language)
Zealously protected India’sright to remain non-aligned
VERY different from the response of the French to
declarations of Independence by the Vietnamese in former
French IndochinaMISSED opportunity:
Ho Chi Minh and Truman
COMMUNIST
PAN-ARABISM
US pressures France, Israel and Great Britain to withdraw from Suez Canal
NATIONALISM
Nationalism in Egypt
EGYPT RETAINS CONTROL
By 1978: Iranians protested the Shah’s oppressive rule
1979: Iranian Revolution:Islamic republic under the Ayatollah Khomeini
1979: Iranian revolutionaries seized the US Embassy in Tehran
Took 66 American hostages and held (55) of them for 444 days1980: Iraq attacked Iran because of border disputes and because Iran’s government calls for revolution
Iraq used chemical weapons against Iran and Kurdish troops who supported Iran
Path toward conciliation was complicated by rise of Islamisn in Middle East (fundamental Islam: peaceful but start to see extremists)
The M
andat
e Sys
tem
1920
Regional Issue #3 = Conflict with Israel
1917 Balfour Declaration1947 State of Israel and Palestine established
by United Nation1948 Israel rejected plan, established as
independent state
After 1948, most Middle East countries refused to accept Israel’s right to existSeries of wars = Israel controlled more land than in 19481967= Six Day War (Israel took control of Gaza, Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, East and West Jerusalem
Until late 1970s, NO Arab nation recognized Israel’s right to exist…
Camp David Accords 1978 The main features of the agreement were the mutual recognition of each country by the other, the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the complete withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the rest of the Sinai Peninsula which Israel had captured during the 1967 Six-Day War ( Sadat/ Begin = Nobel Peace Prize 1978)
October 6, 1981
March 9, 1992
Over 500 Israeli civilians died in 140 Palestinian suicide bomb attacks from 2000 to 2007. More than 4,500 Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces in the same period.
Yassar Arafat (1929-2004)
Established PLO 1964Intifada 1987Oslo Peace Accords 1993 (w Itzhak Rabin)Received Nobel Peace Prize 1994Second Intifada 2000President Obama/ Secretary of State Clinton:renewed interest in peace process 2011
Nationalism in North Africa and the Middle East
North Africa: Morocco and Tunisia granted independence from theFrench in 1956
Algeria granted independence in 1962(many French settlers there)
Present Day (Arab Spring): Tunisia: 12/2010-1/2011Egypt: 1/2011-2/2011Libya: 2/2011 – 10/2011Syria: 1/2011- ????
Ghana= first sub-Saharan African nation to receive its independence (1957) most independence battles werebloody and prolonged depended in part on nature ofEuropean presence (settler colony?) 1947 Kikuyu rebels vs. BritishSettlers = years of fighting untilIndependence finally won in 1963 SOUTH AFRICA1989 = President F.W. de Klerk Dismantled the apartheid system African National Congress legalized and Mandela freed after 27 Years in jail 1994 Nelson Mandela = First democratically elected president of South Africa
1 million French
Former French and British colonies more successful transition than Belgium and Portuguese(civil war/ violence in Rwanda, Angola…)
Problems Facing Independent Africa:
•Dictatorships/ Corruption•Failure to modernize and diversify their economies•The Cold War (they are pawns)•Population growth/ food and water shortages•Low literacy rates/ access to education•HIV/AIDS•Lack of cultural/ linguistic unity•Intertribal/ inter ethnic conflict•Rights of women