C 1: Studying Physics and Chemistry Physical Science.

C 1: Studying Physics and Chemistry

Physical Science

Thursday August 28, 2014

• Supplies: Pencil, Science Notebook.• Standards:

– Intro to Physical Science. – 9) Investigation and Experimentation

• Warm-up: Correctly completed homework is worth 10 points. James completed the first two assignments but did not do the third assignment. What is his homework grade after the third assignment? How many more perfect scores must he have to get an A- (90%) in homework?

Agenda• Collect Lab Safety Contract• Go over warm-up• C1 Lecture

Warm-up Solution

• Warm-up: Assume correctly completed homework is worth 10 points. James completed the first two assignments but did not do the third assignment. What is his homework grade after the third assignment? How many more perfect scores must he have to get an A- (90%) in homework?

Textbook on CD

• The Physical Science text is available on CD.• If you want to copy the text onto your

computer you may borrow a CD, take it home, copy it, and bring back the CD.

Science Notebook Expectations

• Pass out Science Notebook Expectations and review.• For this lecture we will practice charting format for

notes.

Procedure: Lectures

• Everyone must sit so they can see the screen.• Everyone must take notes as needed.• Raise your hand to ask appropriate questions.• Do not ask to leave the room except for

emergencies.

1.1 The Physical Science in Your Life

• Definitions• Mass: the amount of matter an object contains.• Matter: everything that has mass and takes up space.• Phases of matter: the different forms matter can

take, commonly occur as solid, liquid, or gas.


• Chemical change: a chemical change transforms one kind of matter into another kind (or several) which may have different properties.

• Energy (oops): energy measured the ability for things to change.


• Before cars, it was a three-week, dangerous adventure to travel 500 miles between San Diego and San Francisco.


Physics tells us how fast objects move or how much force it takes to get objects moving.

Physics also tells us how much force it takes to make objects turn or stop.


• Chemistry is the science that concerns the different kinds of matter.

• It also explains how different kinds of matter are created and how matter can be changed from one kind to another.


• Matter is everything that has shape and takes up space.


• Biochemistry is a branch of chemistry that explores exactly how plants and animals use chemicals and energy.

This sea otter needs chemicals to provide energy to keep its body warm.

1.1 The sun is the source of energy for Earth

• Energy measures the ability for things to change.

• Energy is exchanged when anything changes.

• Nothing changes when no energy is exchanged.

1.2 Time and Length

• For this lecture you will practice using Cornell Notes format.

1.2 Time and Length

• Definitions• Distance: the amount of space between two points.• Astronomical Unit (AU): the average distance

between Earth and the Sun.• Light year: the distance light travels in one year (9.5)

trillion km.

1.2 Time and Length

• Time has two important meanings.– What time is it?– How much time?

1.2 Units of Time

• Units for time include:– seconds– minutes– hours

• The second is the basic unit of time in both the English and metric systems.

1.2 Mixed Units

• Time is often expressed in mixed units.

• This timer shows the time for a race as 2 hours, 30 minutes and 45 seconds.

1.2 Mixed Units

• A microwave oven can program time in either mixed units (minutes and seconds) or in a single unit (seconds).

How will 1:30 and 0:90 will result in the same cooking time?

1.2 Length and Distance

• Distance is the amount of space between two points.

• Distance is measured in units of length.


• Some of the commonly used units of length include inches, feet, miles, centimeters, kilometers, and meters.

Know examples for each scale.


• The names of units in the metric system are based on multiplying by ten.

• Almost all fields of science use metric units because they are easier to work with.

Memorize the prefixes

1.2 Measuring Length

• For ordinary lengths you must measure in the laboratory a meter stick is the most convenient tool to use.

• For very small lengths, such as the size of a bacteria, scientists use measuring instruments that fit into a microscope.

1.2 Measuring Length

• The micron (μ) is a very tiny unit of length, appropriate to measuring tiny living creatures like bacteria.

• A micron is one millionth of a meter.

Trivial picture of bacteria.

1.2 Converting between units

• In order to convert between units, we use conversion factors.

• A conversion factor is a ratio that has the value of one.

1.3 Inquiry and the Scientific Method

• For this lecture, and future lectures, you may use either Cornell Notes format or Charting Notes format.


• Definitions• Natural Laws: the set of rules that are obeyed by

every detail of everything that occurs in the universe, including living creatures and human technology.

• Inquiry: a process of learning that starts with questions and proceeds by seeking the answers to the questions.


• Deduce: to figure something out from known facts using logical thinking. For example, “this is what happened … because…”.

• Hypothesis: an unproved or preliminary explanation that can be tested by comparison with scientific evidence. Early hypotheses are rarely correct and are often modified as new evidence becomes available.


• Theory: a scientific explanation supported by much evidence collected over a long period of time.

• Scientific Method: a process of learning that begins with a hypothesis and proceeds to prove or change the hypothesis by comparing it with scientific evidence.


• Objective: describes evidence that documents only what actually happened as exactly as possible.

• Repeatable: describes evidence that can be seen independently by others if they repeat the same experiment or observation in the same way.


• Learning by asking questions is called inquiry.

• An inquiry is like a crime investigation with a mystery to solve.

1.3 The Scientific Method

1. Scientists observe nature, then suggest hypotheses about how nature works.

2. Hypotheses are tested during experiments.3. Any hypothesis which correctly explains all of the

evidence from the experiments is a possible correct theory.

4. A theory is tested again and again by collecting new and different evidence.

1.3 Scientific Method Expanded

• Observation• Question• Hypothesis or Statement• Prediction• Experiment/Collect Data• Analysis of Data• Communicate Results


• A scientific theory is a human attempt to describe a natural law.

• For example, understanding heat puzzled people for a long time.

After many experiments, scientists were able to deduce that heat is a form of energy.

1.3 Theories and Hypotheses

A hot cup of coffee has more heat energy than a cold cup of coffee.

As coffee cools, it’s heat energy is transferred to the room.

As a result, air in the room is warmed.


• Scientists continually test theories against new evidence.

• Evidence must be objective and repeatable.

• It is important that scientific evidence be communicated clearly, with no room for misunderstanding.


You will be asked to propose explanations for things that you see and not all your explanations will be correct.

In inquiry, getting the right answer immediately is not important.

Inquiry allows you to discover how things work.

C 1: Studying Physics and Chemistry Physical Science.

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