c .1 .

r .2 .

2.1 .

_ 2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2 .3

2.9

2.10

2.11

2.12

2.13

2.13

_ 2.15

2.16 _

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

4

5

. 5.1

5.2

._ 5.3

5.4

AEROBIOLOGY

COPXENTS

Introduction ........................

Aeroplankton ........................

Anthropogenically generated particulates ..........

Anthropogenically generated gases ..............

Urban environments .....................

Indoor environments .....................

Natural occurring particulates ...............

Sub-micron particulates of piant origin ...........

Viruses ...........................

Bacteria ..........................

Fungi.. ..........................

Algae ............................

Lichen ...........................

Protozoa ..........................

Bryophytes .........................

Pteridsphytes ........................

Pollen ...........................

Particulates larger than 100 micron .............

Uptake agents ........................

Temperature .........................

Radiation ..........................

Hoisture dependent mechanisms ................

Wind ............................

Biological release .....................

Transport ..........................

Range of travel of particulate matter ............

Small scale transport ....................

Transport on a synoptic szale ................

Very large scale travel ...................

1

i

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

.4

G

C

= _

5

5

C 2

6

6

6

7

7

a

e

8

9

9

9

10

10

5.5

5.6

6

6 .1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7

7

7.1

7.1.1

7.1.2

7.1.3

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

8

-8.1

.8.2

.8.3

8.4

8.5

8.6

a.7

Biogeographical distribution ................

Trajectory models ......................

Atmospheric mixing .....................

Vertical motion and lapse rate ...............

Vertical motion and surface roughness ............

Air flow close tEo the surface ................

Vertical motion due to wind shear ..............

Vertical motion associated with synopric systems ......

Dispersal as a part of the strategy of spores to survive . .

Survival rate during dispersion ...............

Deposition .........................

Depositicn of particulates and compounds ..........

Sedimentation ........................

Impaction ..........................

Rain deposition .......................

Particles as nuclei of condensation .............

Freezing nuclei .......................

The rain process ......................

Washout by rain .......................

Target identification ....................

Biological interaction between target, particles and compounds ..........................

Particles which exert some con:rzl on their fall speed ...

Forecasting .........................

Operational systems for insects ...............

The desert locust ......................

African armyworm ......................

Aphids ...........................

Operational systems for other windborne particles ......

Foot and mouth virus for cleft hooved cattle ........

Tollen allergy model ....................

1c

1:

12

12

i2

12

13

i3

I.4

14

'4

14

15

15

15

i6

16

16

17

17

18

18

i9

19

19

19

20

2c)

20

21

0.8

9

f 9.1

4 9.2 .

9.3

9.4 _

9.5

9.6

10

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

10.5

10.6

10.7

11

c 11.1

11.2

_ 11.3

11.4

11.5

11.6

11.7

11.8

11.9

11.10

11.11

w 11.12

iii

Ragweed pollen forecasts ..................

Meteorological aspects and models ..............

Trajactories on a large scale ................

Atmopsheric Diffusion ....................

The transfer theory .....................

The statistical theory ...................

Pasquill's formula for diffusion estimates .........

Tracers ...........................

Case studies of the importance of aerobiology in agrometeorology .......................

Long distance spore transport ................

Cross-pollination between fields of sugarbeet ........

The circadian rythm of pollen emmsissions ..........

Radar studies of insect flights ...............

Aerosols as posszble climate regulators ...........

Aerobiology and genetic engineering .............

Influence of electric fields on transport and depositisn of disseminules ........................

Sampling in aerobiology ...................

Sampling atmos_pheric particulates with suction devices ...

The Cascade Impactor ....................

The Hirst Spore Trap ....................

The Andersen Sampler ....................

Rotating arm impaction samplers ...............

Sampling for airborne insects ................

Random trappings ......................

Insect suction traps ....................

Other randcm sampling techniques ..............

Selective trappings of insects ...............

Visual insect traps .....................

Sampling for gaseous ccmponents of the atmosphere ......

21

21

22

22

23

23

23

24

25

25

25

2-j

26

26

27

27

28

28

29

28

29

29

20 ,

29

30

30

3c

30

30

11.13

12

12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

12.5

12.6

12.7

12.8

12.9

i2.10

12.11

12.12

Future developments .....................

Research and Development ..................

Instrumentation for aercbio:ogy ...............

Aercallergens ........................

Airborne diseases of domestic animals ............

Sampling in the vertical ..................

Properties of particulates .................

Problems to be addressed ..................

Complementary meteorological measurements ..........

Insect-transmitted virus diseases ..............

Trajectory mapping .....................

Forecast and warning systems ................

Additional research .....................

Research reorientation ...................

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iv

FIGtiRE LEGENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

CHECKLIST FOR REFERENCES CITED IN TEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

31

31 ':

32 l L -.

32

32 -

32

33

33

33

33

!?

34

34

35

40

41