Byzantium Becomes the New Rome

SPLITS

• Capital = Constantinople

• Continued as the New ROME

• Kings saw themselves to still be considered ROMAN emperors

Byzantine EmpireB

ECO

MES

Constantinople• Survived because it

was far away from the Germanic tribe invasions

• It was the crossroads of trade so it was successful

• Preserved Greco-Roman culture

Justinian• Justinian was a serious

emperor who worked from dawn to midnight

• He helped rebuild and re-conquer Rome

• Had ABSOLUTE POWER = controlled both government and church

Byzantine Under Justinian

• He wanted a re-conquest of the Roman territories that were lost through Germanic invasions

Justinian’s Accomplishments

• Sent Best general Belisarius to take North Africa from the Vandals

• 2 Years later Belisarius took Rome back from the Ostrogoths

• Justinian won back nearly all the territory Rome used to rule.

Justinian Code• Justinian set up a panel of legal

experts to look through 400 years of Roman law.–Some laws were outdated

–Justinian wanted to create a single, uniform code

• This became known as the Justinian Code that was used for 900 years after his death

Justinian Expands Trade• The main street that

ran through Constantinople was called the MESE which means “Middle Way”–It ran from the

imperial palace to the outer walls

• There was a giant open-air market where shoppers could buy –Tin from England

–Wine from France

–Cork from Spain

–Ivory and gold from Africa

Justinian Expands Trade

Byzantium Preserves Learning

• Families valued education–Sent children to

monastic or public schools

–Hired private tutors

–Greek and Latin grammar, philosophy and rhetoric

• They preserved Greek and Roman great works

Justinian’s Building Program• Launched the most ambitious public building

program the Roman world had ever seen.• City protected by a deep moat, and three walls

that were 25 feet thick• City coast was surrounded by a 14-mile stone

wall

The Hagia Sophia• Justinians’ most splendid building

• Christian church later taken by the Muslims

Byzantine Society & Politics

• Ruler heads both Church and State Ruler heads both Church and State • Complicated bureaucracy supports imperial Complicated bureaucracy supports imperial

authorityauthority• Military troops recruited and given land for serviceMilitary troops recruited and given land for service• Peasants supplied the food and provided most tax Peasants supplied the food and provided most tax

revenuesrevenues• Large urban class kept satisfied by low food prices Large urban class kept satisfied by low food prices

(Romans????????)(Romans????????)• Cultural life centered on Hellenistic secular Cultural life centered on Hellenistic secular

traditions and Orthodox Christianitytraditions and Orthodox Christianity• Artistic creativity only in art and architecture Artistic creativity only in art and architecture

– Domes, Mosaics, & IconsDomes, Mosaics, & Icons

SPLITWhy do the Roman Catholic Church in Why do the Roman Catholic Church in

the west and the Orthodox Church in the west and the Orthodox Church in the east have differences?the east have differences?

• Grew too large to communicate Grew too large to communicate • Different versions of BibleDifferent versions of Bible• Services held in different languagesServices held in different languages• Byzantine Emperors resist Papal Byzantine Emperors resist Papal

interference from Romeinterference from Rome• Priests may be married in Eastern Priests may be married in Eastern

OrthodoxOrthodox• No divorce in Roman CatholicNo divorce in Roman Catholic• Final split – 1054 over arguments about Final split – 1054 over arguments about

type of bread used in mass and type of bread used in mass and celibacy of priestscelibacy of priests

Byzantine Warfare• 11stst choice – Diplomacy choice – Diplomacy• Last choice – war Last choice – war

Looooooooong Road to Decline

• Muslim invaders – constant attacksMuslim invaders – constant attacks• Crusades (especially the 4Crusades (especially the 4thth))• 1453 – Ottoman Turks conquered 1453 – Ottoman Turks conquered

ConstantinopleConstantinople

Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe

• Byzantium influences people in the Byzantium influences people in the Balkans and southern RussiaBalkans and southern Russia– Missionaries, trade, invasionsMissionaries, trade, invasions– Cyril & MethodiusCyril & Methodius

• Cyrillic scriptCyrillic script• Allow use of local languages in servicesAllow use of local languages in services

– Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Hungarians Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Hungarians fall under Roman Catholic influencefall under Roman Catholic influence• Weak, regional monarchies develop, Weak, regional monarchies develop,

controlled by strong land-owning controlled by strong land-owning aristocracy (one reason for power nation-aristocracy (one reason for power nation-states not developing in Eastern Europestates not developing in Eastern Europe

EMERGENCE OF KIEVAN RUS

• Scandinavians and Slavs mix and Scandinavians and Slavs mix and create monarchy - Kievan Rus create monarchy - Kievan Rus (855ce)(855ce)

• Vladimir I converts to Christianity – Vladimir I converts to Christianity – prefers Eastern Orthodoxy – Why?prefers Eastern Orthodoxy – Why?

• Yaroslav the Wise (similar to Yaroslav the Wise (similar to Justinian) Justinian)

CULTURE IN KIEVAN RUS• Borrow heavily from ByzantiumBorrow heavily from Byzantium• Orthodox Christianity & Russian Orthodox Christianity & Russian

culture blendculture blend• Peasants are free farmersPeasants are free farmers• Boyars – aristocrats – have less Boyars – aristocrats – have less

power than aristocrats in Western power than aristocrats in Western EuropeEurope

• Women – secluded, stay at home Women – secluded, stay at home most of the time (elite)most of the time (elite)

Kievan Rus

Kievan Decline (12th century)

• Struggle over succession (same old Struggle over succession (same old story)story)

• Decline of Byzantium = trade Decline of Byzantium = trade diminishesdiminishes

• Mongols took over Kievan lands in 13Mongols took over Kievan lands in 13thth century – RUSSIAN STATE emerges in century – RUSSIAN STATE emerges in 1515thth century (Ivan the Terrible, et al) century (Ivan the Terrible, et al)– Destroyed trade, literature, and Destroyed trade, literature, and

educationeducation– Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) survived – Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) survived –

united the peopleunited the people

The Mongols Invade The Mongols Invade RussiaRussia

End of an Era in Eastern Europe

• Mongol invasions, decline of Mongol invasions, decline of Kievan Rus, and collapse of Kievan Rus, and collapse of Byzantium cause Eastern Europe Byzantium cause Eastern Europe to enter into difficult periodto enter into difficult period– Poland – western influencePoland – western influence– Balkans – Islamic world of TurksBalkans – Islamic world of Turks

• Western and Eastern Europe Western and Eastern Europe evolve separately – Western evolve separately – Western Europe becomes more powerful Europe becomes more powerful and sophisticatedand sophisticated

Mongols

• In 1240, Kiev was destroyed by the Mongols and the Russian territory was split into numerous smaller dukedoms.

• Mongols gain control Russia, known as the Golden Horde

• Mongols do not disrupt Russian culture

• Decline of Mongols after 100-200 years of rule

• Rise of Muscovy – shift from Kiev to Moscow

Muscovy

• After the Mongols were pushed out of Russia, power shifted from Kiev to Moscow.

• After the fall of Constantinople, Ivan III (1462-1505) referred to his empire as "the Third Rome" and considered it heir to the Byzantine tradition.

• Ivan IV (the Terrible) (1530-1584) was the first Russian ruler to call himself czar. He pushed Russian eastward with his conquests

• Ivan was succeeded by Boris Godunov, whose reign commenced the so-called Time of Troubles. Relative stability was achieved when Michael Romanov established the Romanov Dynasty that ruled Russia until 1917.

Social Classes

• There were two main “classes” in Russian history

1. Cossacks – peasants

2. Boyars – nobles

Romanovs

• Michael Romanov – was elected to be Czar/Tzar/Tsar (sounds like Caesar), but afterwards the ruling family of Russia was inherited.

• Alexis became Czar in 1645 and ruled until 1676. • His son Fedor (Theodore) III became Czar and was

basically competent, but he was physically deformed and had some problems ruling. He died and his two brothers Ivan V and Peter I were declared co-Czars. Ivan was mentally retarded, so their sister really ruled until Peter was old enough to.

Themes Themes in Russian Historyin Russian History

Expansion by conquest.Expansion by conquest.

Need for warm-water Need for warm-water ports.ports.

The necessity of a The necessity of a strong, central strong, central government.government.

The Pendulum The Pendulum of Russian Historyof Russian History

Pro-WestPro-WestFor Progress & ChangeFor Progress & ChangeEncourage New Ideas,Encourage New Ideas,

Technologies, etc.Technologies, etc.

Anti-WestAnti-WestIsolationistIsolationistXenophobicXenophobic

Ultra-ConservativeUltra-Conservative

Most TsarsMost Tsars

Russian Orthodox Russian Orthodox ChurchChurch

MilitaryMilitary

BoyarsBoyars

peasantspeasants

A few TsarsA few Tsars

Intellectual elitesIntellectual elites

Merchants/Merchants/businessmenbusinessmen

Young members of the Young members of the middle class.middle class.

REFORM-MINDEDREFORM-MINDEDLEADERLEADER DEMAGOGUEDEMAGOGUE