The Hellespont area was a significant centre of produc-tion and consumption. Its strategic location favouredcommercial contacts. During the Byzantine period, tradewas carried out in small scale between the Aegean Seaand the Sea of Marmara and in large scale between theBlack Sea and the Mediterranean. The common feature ofthe Byzantine coastal cities and settlements in these re-gions is that they had a port on the shore of the strait.These ports were generally located at the mouth of the val-leys formed by the streams that reached the Hellespont.Our team is in charge of a project that aims to explore andunderstand the settlement patterns developed in thesevalleys during the Byzantine period. The information de-riving from our studies indicates that the valleys weredensely populated in the Byzantine period. It is observedthat one of the densely settled valleys in the Byzantine pe-

riod was the Kalabakli Valley (Fig. 1) on the Asia Minorshore on the center of the strait. The present study evalu-ates the ware found in two areas in the northeast andsouthwest of the mouth of the Kalabakli Valley (Fig. 1).This study could be dealt as a contribution to the betterunderstanding of the Episcopacy of Dardanos and itsland.

Finds from Dardanos

The Dardanos region includes the hill where Hasan Mev-suf Cemetery of the Martyrs lies. This is located in thesouthwestern part of the Kalabakli Tributary, that is thesouthern border of the Sarisiglar Cove. The general regionalso includes the western and southwestern slopes of theafore mentioned hill (Fig. 1). In literary sources, one of the

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Ayşe Ç. Türker

BYZANTINE POTTERY FROM DARDANOS AND KEPEZ INTHE HELLESPONTUS

Τα κεραμικά ευρήματα που καταγράψαμε στις περιο-χές της Δαρδάνου και του Kepez, στις εκβολές της κοι-λάδας Kalabakli (Ελλήσποντος), παραπέμπουν στηνπερίοδο από τον 5ο έως τα τέλη του 13ου αιώνα. Στηνπεριοχή της Δαρδάνου καταγράφηκαν ευρήματα πουχρονολογούνται κατά κύριο λόγο στην πρώιμη βυζα -ντινή περίοδο. Η κεραμική που χρονολογείται στη μέσηκαι ύστερη βυζαντινή περίοδο κατέχει σημαντική θέσημεταξύ των ευρημάτων στην περιοχή του Kepez. Σε κα-μιά από τις θέσεις αυτές δεν έχουν διεξαχθεί αρχαιολο-γικές ανασκαφές και η κεραμική προέρχεται από επι-φανειακές έρευνες. Ωστόσο, οι πρώτες αξιολογήσειςτων κεραμικών ευρημάτων υποδεικνύουν ότι ο οικι-σμός της επισκοπής της Δαρδάνου είχε εξαπλωθεί καιστις δύο πλευρές των εκβολών του παραπόταμου Kalabakli.

The ceramic finds we documented in the localities of Dar-danos and Kepez at the mouth of the Kalabakli Valley(Hellespontus) indicate the period from the 5th century tothe late 13th century. The finds which were found on thelocality of Dardanos are dated considerably to the earlyByzantine period were documented. The wares that aredated to the middle and late Byzantine periods are con-siderable among the finds of the locality of Kepez. No ar-chaeological excavations have been made in either areaand the wares are surface finds. However, the first evalua-tions of the wares indicate that the settlement of the epis-copacy of Dardanos had spread on both sides of themouth of the Kalabakli Tributary.

Λέξεις κλειδιάΔάρδανος, Kepez, κοιλάδα Kalabakli, βυζαντινή κεραμική.

KeywordsDardanos, Kepez, Kalabaklı valley, Byzantine pottery.

1 J. Darrouzés, Notitiae Episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopoli-tanae, Paris 1981, 207, 220, 234, 253, 276, 297, 312, 355; J. W. Nesbit,Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum ofArt, vol. 3, Washington DC 1996, 91. 2 In a record of 410, the name of the bishop of Dardanos was mentioned as Dioscorus. J. W. Nesbit J. Oikonomides, Catalogue ofByzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum ofArt, vol. 3, Washington DC 1996, 91 92; Bishop Petrus attended theCouncil of Chalkedon (M. L’abbe Fleury, The Ecclesiastical HistoryA.D. 410-429, Oxford 1843, 201; R. Price M. Gaddis, The Acts of

the Council of Chalcedon, vol. 1, Liverpool 2005, 8, 40, 79, 95, 108,123, 127, 237, 298), while bishop Strategius attended the SecondCouncil of Iznik. 3 Leaf and Cook think that Akyarlar constituted the southern border of the territory of Dardanos. Leaf states that no traces of buildings are seen on the hill but the land is full of pottery sherds (W. Leaf,Strabo on Troad, Cambridge 1923, 28).4 J. W. Hayes, Late Roman Pottery, London 1972; J. W. Hayes, A Sup-plement to Late Roman Pottery, London 1980.

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southwestern ridges of the Hill towards the shore of thestrait. However, finds of the Byzantine period are notmentioned in these studies.During our surveys in the locality of Dardanos, potteryand terracotta roof covering materials representing theearly Byzantine period were documented. The pottery wedocumented included specimens of Red Slip (1-16) andcommon ware (17-19).The red slip pottery includes the specimens of the Pho-caean Red Slip group, also known as “Late Roman C.”4

Hayes forms 3H 10 are common among the finds. These

bishopric in the Hellespont region is recorded as Darda -nos.1 Dardanos, as an episcopacy centre affiliated withthe metropolitanate of Kyzikos, was mentioned in all noti-tiae from the mid-5th to the 13th century.2 The historicaldata situates the episcopacy of Dardanos on the shore ofthe Hellespont Strait (Fig. 1.1). It is considered that thecity of Dardanos was located at Cape Kepez on the south-ern border of the Sarisiglar Cove and that the acropolis of the settlement was located on the plain hill of HasanMevsuf Cemetery of Martyrs.3 The common ware foundin this area suggests that its settlement extended from the

Fig. 1. Byzantine finding areas in Kalabaklı Valley (drawing T. Türker).

two forms constitute the most common groups in theHellespont and also in the neighbouring Troia, Alexan-dria Troas, Assos and the most distant settlement ofEphe sos.5 Among the finds six sherds that overlap Hayesform 3H (4-9) are recorded. The slip applied on one of thesherds (4) is slightly darker than the fabric, especially onthe outer surface, and bears no rouletting on the rim. Theslip of sherds 8 and 9 has the same colour with the fabric.The pottery of this group dates to the mid-6th century.There are four pottery sherds of identical form with Hayesform 10 (12-15), two sherds of identical form with Type A(13, 15) and two sherds of identical form with Type B (12,14). On 12 and 13, the surface is covered with a thin layerof slip and the slip is of identical colour with the fabric.The slip on sherds 14 and 15 is slightly darker than thefabric and much darker on the exterior. These four sherdsare dated to the late 6th-early 7th century.There are two pottery sherds in Hayes form 1D group (1-2). In these examples there is a red band under the rim andon the body on the exterior. A closer comparison for formis a bowl from Ephesos.6 The date of this form is given asthe 3rd quarter of the 5th century. Two sherds of identicaltype with Hayes form 4 were documented (9-10). Slip is ofidentical colour with the fabric on the sherd. Althoughslip is slightly darker than the fabric and red on sherd 10,there is a dark band painted irregularly under the rim onthe exterior. The sherds of form 4 are dated to the 2ndquarter of the 5th century according to Hayes.Among the common wares, two lid fragments belong tothe knob and wall sections of domed lids. Parallels arefound in Busra,7 Jerash,8 Heshbon,9 Carthage10 and Cryp-ta Balbi.11 These lids, which were presumably used withcooking pots, are dated to the 6th-7th centuries.

Finds from Kepez

The glazed and the common ware with white and red fab-ric were detected extensively among the finds of Kepez(Fig. 1.15). The finding areas of the pottery are concen-trated in three different areas (Fig. 2). The first one amongthem is an approximately 350-m.-long and 75-m.-widearea on the shore of the Hellespont. In this area are wallsof a building that have partially remained under the sea.As a result of illegal excavations by treasure hunters inthis area, the wall traces extending vertically to the sea be-came visible and two in situ pithoi were destroyed. Thesedata and the considerable amount of pottery sherds thatare visible along the shore indicate a ceramic industry

BYZANTINE POTTERY FROM DARDANOS AND KEPEZ IN THE HELLESPONTUS

5 S. Heath B. Tekkök (eds), “Greek, Roman and Byzantine Pottery atIllion (Troia),” http://classics.uc.edu/troy/grbpottery; S. Feuser, “TheRoman Harbour of Alexandria Troas, Turkey,” The InternationalJournal of Nautical Archaeology 40.2 (2011), 256 273, esp. 269; M.Zelle, “Funde spätantiker Sigillata in Assos,” in B. von Liesen U.Brandl (eds), Römische Keramik. Herstellung und Handel. Kollo -quium Xanten (15. 17.6.2000), 2003, 77 106; S. Ladstätter R. Sauer,“Late Roman C Ware und lokale spätantike Feinware aus Ephesos,” inF. Krinzinger (ed.), Spätantike und mittelalterliche Keramik ausEphe sos, Vienna 2005, 143 201; G. Lüdorf, Römische und frühby -zantinische Gebrauchskeramik im westlichen Kleinasien, Typologieund Chronologie, Munich 2006, 36 39; id., Römische und früh -byzantinische Gebrauchskeramik im westlichen Kleinasien, Typo logie

und Chronologie, Internationale Archäologie, Rahden 2006, 39 40.6 Ladstätter Sauer, op.cit., Taf. 1/67 J. Wilson M. Sa’d, “The Domestic Material Culture of Nabataeanto Umayyad Period Busra,” Berytus XXXII (1984), nu. 474 476.8 C. S. Fisher, “Jerash Gerasa 1930,” AASOR 11 (1931), 30.9 J. A. Sauer, Heshbon Pottery 1971, Michigan 1973, fig. 2.91.10 J. A. Riley, “The Pottery from Cisterns 1977.1,1977.2 and 1977.3,”in J. H. Humphrey (ed.), Excavations at Carthage 1977, vol. VI, AnnArbor 1981, fig. 2.29.11 M. Ricci, “La ceramica comune dal concesto di VII secolo dellaCrypta Balbi,” in L. Saguì (ed.), Ceramica in Italy: VI-VII secolo,Atti del Convegno in onore di John W. Hayes (Roma, 11 13 maggio1995), Firenze 1998, figs 4.1, 5.4, 14.1.

ΔΧΑΕ ΛΔ´ (2013), 361-374 363

Fig. 2. Finding areas of the pottery in Kepez (drawing T. Türker).

12 J. W. Hayes, Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul, vol. 2, Prince ton 1992, 38 39.

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ing the construction activities in the environment hadbeen dumped into this area and that this soil might havebeen spread on the surface during landscaping. Thus, oneshould consider the possibility that the finds in this areamight have been carried from their original locations andbrought to this area.The ceramic finds in the locality of Kepez can be evaluat-ed in two main groups, namely the common ware and theglazed ware. The white fabric wares are fewer. This groupincludes base and body sherds of common kitchen vesselsbesides glazed bowls (Fig. 3.20-22). Of the common wares,three are base and body sherds of common kitchen vessels.One of the sherds was made of fabric containing heavymica (Fig. 3.21) and it has burn marks that were formedduring its use. It is reported that cooking pots made ofmicaceous fabric were considerable in UWW V among thefinds of Sarachane.12 Because of its resemblance to thesewares, the cooking pot in Kepez can be dated to the 12th

which flourished in the middle Byzantine period. The sec-ond area (Fig. 2.2) is the area used as the Marketplace to-day, located approximately 300 m. to the east of the coast,as well as its surroundings. During our studies in this areain 2004, the pottery sherds on the surface were document-ed. After this date, building activity in Kepez increasedrapidly. It is known that Byzantine period wall fragmentsare encountered from time to time during the foundationexcavations for the construction of new buildings. The re-semblance of the walls detected in this area and the wallsin the first area in terms of materials and technique leadsone think that they might have belonged to the same pe -riod. The quality of the buildings can only be understoodby carrying out systematic excavations. The third findingarea (Fig. 2.3), where the potteries are concentrated, is theapproximately 170-m.-long and 100-m.-wide section be-tween the first and second areas that is arranged as a parktoday. Nevertheless, it is understood that the soil dug dur-

Fig. 3. Pottery from Dardanos and Kepez (drawing T. Türker).

century. The other fragments have a pinkish fabric colour.Pinkish fabric is seen in UWW I among the common findsof Sarachane.13

Glazed vessels with white fabric include bowl and lidsherds (Fig. 3.27-32). The border of a lid (Fig. 3.27) wasformed at the wheel and is thin-walled. Its interior isgreen-glazed, while the exterior is glazed only at the rim.Some eight specimens of the base sherds of bowls were de-tected. One of them remained common (Fig. 3.22). It isunderstood that the interior and the exterior of two bowlsincluding the foot were glazed (Fig. 3.28-29). One of themhas colourless glaze, while the interior and the exterior ofthe second fragment is light green-glazed. Only the interi-or is glazed in the other specimens. The glaze colour islight brown and green (Fig. 3.31-32). These vessels resem-ble the finds of Sarachane that are dated to the periods ofthe Macedonians and the Comnenus.14

In one of the vessels, brown and green multicoloured paintdecoration was applied (Fig. 3.33). The glaze is partiallyflaked out. Only a small part of the decoration is pre-served. Based on parallel finds, it is dated to the 11th-12thcenturies.15

A blackish ink-coloured glaze is detected on one of thevessels (Fig. 3.34). It probably had a ring base form; how-ever, the borders of the fragment that was found at theseaside and its foot are abraded. The white fabric is tightand clean. With its fabric and glaze characteristics it re-sembles Sarachane GWW III.16

Common wares with red fabric include specimens of am-phorae and cooking wares. Kick-up base sherds of jugswere also documented among the common finds (Fig. 3.23).Those fragments which would enable to understand themouth and body forms of these jugs could not be detected.However, jugs with a kick-up base form are included in

BYZANTINE POTTERY FROM DARDANOS AND KEPEZ IN THE HELLESPONTUS

13 Ibid., 38.14 Ibid., 18 21.

15 Ibid., 29 30.16 Ibid., 29 30.

ΔΧΑΕ ΛΔ´ (2013), 361-374 365

Fig. 4. Pottery from Kepez (drawing T. Türker).

17 N. Atik, Die Keramik aus den Südthermen von Perge, Tübingen1995, 197, fig. 86.464; C. Williams, Anemurium. The Roman andEarly Byzantine Pottery, Toronto 1989, fig. 52.525; J. W. Hayes, “Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul,” DOP 22 (1968), 204 207, fig. 26;A. Ç. Türker, Byzantine Unglazed Pottery of Saint Nicholas Churchat Demre-Myra, İstanbul 2009, 77 79; M. Ballance J. Boardman S.Corbett S. Hood, Excavations in Chios 1952-1955, Byzantine Em-

porio, Oxford 1989, 102, fig. 33, 199 201.18 D. Papanikola Bakirtzi (ed.), Everyday life in Byzantium, Athens2002, 356, no. 416; J. Vroom, Byzantine to Modern Pottery in theAegean, Bijlefeld 2005, 70 71.19 D. Papanikola Bakirtzis N. Zekos, Eϕυαλωμένη κεραμικήυστεροβυζαντινών χρόνων από τη Θράκη. Απόπειρα ανάγνωσηςανασκαϕικών ευρημάτων, Thessaloniki 2007, 27, 37.

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dated to the 11th-12th centuries. The finds of Kepez canalso be dated to the same period.Glazed wares with red fabric include specimens of sgraffi-to, plain glazed, Aegean, champlevé and Zeuxippus ware.There are mouth and body sherds of plates and jugs in thesgraffito ware. The incised parts forming the decorationsare quite deep (Figs 3.23-34, 4.35-40, 10). Probably thebody of a bird figure and some of its foot are observed ontwo body sherds (Fig. 4.35-36). Their bodies were filledwith parallel lines. Parallel late Byzantine pottery isknown from Thrace.19 These lines are closely and regular-ly situated in a specific order. Incrustation motifs of simi-lar type are detected on the bodies of the bird and human

the finds of Perge, Anamur, Sarachane, Demre andChios.17 Of these examples, the jugs in Anamur,Sarachane and Chios are dated to the 7th century. Yet, thejugs in Demre were unearthed at the layers dated to the9th-10th centuries.A massive horizontal handle fragment is found among thecommon wares. It must have belonged to the body of aclosed vessel (Figs 3.26, 8.26). There is an incised decora-tion of wavy lines and spirals on it. The second specimenof the common vessels with an incised decoration is thebody sherd of a jug. Vessels with a similar incised decora-tion were unearthed in Ephesos, Thesssaloniki and Nicho-ria in Greece and in settlements on Chios18 and they are

Fig. 5. Pottery from Kepez (drawing T. Türker).

figures on the polychrome sgraffito on Cyprus.20 Theglazed finds include a mouth and a body sherd of the jugs,of which we have a few specimens (Fig. 4.39). Dependingon the decoration technique, these two sherds of the samevessel can be dated to the 2nd half of the 12th-13th cen-turies. The Aegean ware21 (Fig. 4.41-43) that is dated tothe same period is represented with three specimens,while the champlevé ware (Fig. 4.44) is represented withone specimen.In plain glazed ware (Figs 4.45-50, 7.45-50), the bases aregenerally of a low ring base type. There is one sherd with aflat base form (Figs 4.45-50, 7.45-50). The interior sur-faces are glazed, whereas only the area until the lower sec-tion of the mouth is glazed on the exterior. The glaze islight yellow or light green. Dark green glaze is observed ona few sherds. Tripod marks can be detected on the interior

of the bowls. These wares belong to the late 12th-13th cen-turies.The fabric of the Zeuxippus I ware is dense (Figs 5.51-61,7.61, 11). The nature and characteristics of the inciseddecoration, which is applied on the interior of the bowls,indicate the use of a tool with a fluted tip. The decorationgenerally consists of concentric circles.22 The incisedparts are as deep as to incise the slip. The glaze is lustrousand thick. The sherds are generally bases of bowls. Twotypes of base form are detected: one of them is a high basethat opens like a bell, while the other one is a low ringbase. In the specimens of the first group, the glaze is lightgreen or colourless. In the second group, yellow orange,and yellowish brown glaze is seen. The decorations gener-ally consist of concentric circles and a row of spirals withan open end. Wares with a plant decoration at the rim

BYZANTINE POTTERY FROM DARDANOS AND KEPEZ IN THE HELLESPONTUS

20 Vroom, op.cit., 120, 7.2, 7.4.21 A. H. S. Megaw, “An Early Thirteenth Century Aegean GlazedWare,” in G. Robertson G. Henderson (eds), Studies in Memory ofD. T. Rice, Edinburgh 1975, 34 45, pls 14 17.

22 A. H. S. Megaw, “Zeuxippus Ware,” BSA 63 (1968), 67 88; P.Armstrong, “Zeuxippus derivate bowls from Sparta,” in J. M.Sanders (ed.), ΦΙΛΟΛΑΚΩΝ. Lakonian Studies in honour of Hec-tor Catling, Oxford 1992, 1 9.

ΔΧΑΕ ΛΔ´ (2013), 361-374 367

Fig. 6. Pottery from Dardanos. Fig. 7. Pottery from Kepez.

23 D. Papanikola Bakirtzi F. N. Mavrikioy Ch. Bakirtzis, Byzan-tine Glazed Pottery in the Benaki Museum, Athens 1999, nu. 333.24 Jugs with an identical decoration but covered with colourless glazeare also included in the finds of Chersonesos, Kavala and the Castleof Torone, Papanikola Bakirtzi Zekos, op.cit., 44, 73; P. Armstrong,

“The Earlier Byzantine Castle at Torone,” The Australian Archaeo-logical Institute at Athens. Bulletin 3 (2005), fig. 7.25 D. Papanikola Bakirtzis, “Zeuxippus Ware: Some Minor Observations,” Mosaic Festschrift for A. H. S. Megaw, London 2001, 132.

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characteristic examples of Zeuxippus ware II. One of thebody sherds bears ‘combed’ decoration rather frequent inZeuxippus ware (Figs 5.62-63, 7.63, 9.62). The decorationwas enriched with brown paint. Nevertheless, the surfacewas covered with dark green glaze instead of transparentor light yellow glaze.24 The finds of Chrysopolitissa in-clude a fragment, on which green glaze was used.25

Bakirtzis shows this fragment as an example and statesthat subgroups are also needed for ZW II. There is a deco-ration of spirals with an open end on the second bodysherd of a jug (Figs 5.66, 7.66). The decoration enrichedwith brown paint and the jug was orange-glazed. Zeuxip-pus wares were detected in three more areas on the Kal-abakli Valley. Moreover, during our studies in the Helle-spont, numerous fragments were also documented in

were also documented. One of them (Fig. 7.61) has a broadband including whorl-motifs. A similar decoration com-position can be detected on a handle sherd in the BenakiCollection. This sherd is defined as a characteristic exam-ple of the Serres workshops.23

The Zeuxippus ware II (Figs 4.62-67, 7.62-67, 9.62, 9.67)is decorated with concentric circles, which are incised atthe centre of the bowls’ and plates’ inner surface; othermotifs that occur are zones with chevrons or simple floralpatterns. The rims of the wares are generally decoratedwith lines or spirals with an open end situated in a narrowband. The glaze applied on the slip is lustrous and thick.Colourless or light green glaze covered the bowls and theplates. There are two body sherds of jugs in this group(Figs 5.63-64, 7.63-64). They are distinguished from the

Fig. 8. Pottery from Kepez.

Lampsacus, Pegai, Madytos,26 Elaius, Karaaǧaçtepe,Sestos, Kallipolis and Kokarpinar. The ceramic finds inGulpinar and Troy also include specimens of Zeuxippusware.27

The ceramic finds we documented in the localities of Dar-danos and Kepez at the mouth of the Kalabakli Valleydate to the period from the 5th century to the late 13thcentury. The finds from Dardanos are dated considerablyearly, to the early Byzantine period. A few fragments ofthe Middle Byzantine period were also documented. Thewares that are dated to the middle and late Byzantine pe-

riods are extensive among the finds of the locality ofKepez. No archeological excavations are so far carried outin either area and the wares are surface finds. However,the first evaluations of the wares indicate that the settle-ment of the episcopacy of Dardanos lied on both sides ofthe mouth of the Kalabakli Tributary. Moreover, the dat-ing of the wares shows that the settlement in this area wasuninterruptedly populated from the Early Byzantine pe -riod to the Late Byzantine period. This evidence is alsosupported by the episcopal lists and the seals of the bishops of Dardanos.28

BYZANTINE POTTERY FROM DARDANOS AND KEPEZ IN THE HELLESPONTUS

26 A. Ç. Türker, “Glazed Byzantine Pottery in Eceabat Mdytos,” XII.Ortaçağ-Türk Dönemi Kazıları ve Sanat Tarihi SempozyumuBildirileri, İzmir 2010, 15 29.27 F. Yenişehirlioğlu, “La céramique glaçurée de Gülpınar,” in V.Déroche J. M. Spieser (eds), Recherches sur la Céramique Byzan-tine, BCH Suppl. XVIII, 1989, 303 315; F. Yenişehirlioğlu, “Apollo

Smintheus Tapınağında Sırlı Ortaçağ Anadolu Seramiği,” Arastir-ma Sonuclari Toplantisi 1983, 175 181. J. W. Hayes, “A Late By zantine and Early Ottoman Assemblage from the Lower City inTroia,” Studia Troica 5 (1995), 197 210.28 Darrouzés, op.cit. (n. 1), 207, 220, 234, 253, 276, 297, 312, 355;Nesbit, op.cit. (n. 1), 91.

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Fig. 9. Pottery from Kepez.

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10. Bowl, d: 0.16, hard-fired fabric (10R6/8) containssparse fine lime, mica, slip slightly darker than fabric,dark band below the rim from uneven stacking in kiln.11. Bowl, d: 0.20, moderately fired soft fabric (10R6/12)contains heavy, fine grit, lime, surface thinly slipped samecolour as fabric.12. Bowl, d: 0.20, moderately fired soft fabric (10R6/10)contains heavy fine lime, grit, surface thinly slipped samecolour as fabric.13. Dish, d: 0.24, moderately fired, soft fabric (10R6/12)contains medium grit, lime, mica, surface thinly slippedsame colour as fabric.14. Dish, est. d: 0.24, hard-fired fabric (10R6/8) containssparse fine mica, lime, grit, slip slightly darker (10R5/10)than fabric.15. Bowl, d: 0.16, moderately fired soft fabric (10R6/8)contains medium fine lime, grit, slip slightly darker thanfabric, much darker (10R5/10) on the exterior.16. Dish, d: 0.14, hard-fired fabric (10R5/8) containssparse fine mica, lime, grit, red paint (10R5/10) appliedprobably to cover the whole surface on the interior.17. Bowl, d: 0.12, porous fabric (2.5YR7/8) contains heavymedium mica, lime, grit.18. Lid, d: 0.026, porous fabric (2.5YR4/2) contains heavycoarse lime, grit, mica. 19. Lid, d: 0.03, porous fabric (2.5YR 4/8) contains heavycoarse lime, grit, medium mica. 20. Jar, d: 0.085, porous fabric (10R8/2) contains medium

Catalogue

1. Bowl, d: 0.16, hard-fired fabric (2.5YR6/8) containssparse mica, fine lime, red (10R5/8) band under rim andon the body on the exterior. 2. Bowl, d: 0.18, hard-fired fabric (10R6/10) containssparse fine lime, grit, plant-temper, slip slightly darker(10R5/10) than fabric.3. Bowl, d: 0.21, moderately fired fabric (10R6/10) con-tains sparse fine lime, grit, slip slightly darker (10R5/10)than fabric.4. Bowl, d: 0.18, hard-fired fabric (10R6/8) containssparse fine lime, grit, slip slightly darker than fabric,much darker (10R4/6) on the exterior.5. Dish, d: 0.24, hard-fired fabric (10R6/12) containssparse fine lime, plant-temper, grit, slip slightly darkerthan fabric.6. Bowl, d: 0.24, moderately fired soft fabric (10R6/12)contains heavy, small grit, lime, mica, surface thinlyslipped same colour as fabric.7. Dish, d: 0.25, hard-fired fabric (10R5/10) containsheavy fine lime, grit, slip slightly darker than fabric.8. Dish, d: 0.14, hard-fired fabric (10R5/10) contains medi-um lime, grit, surface thinly slipped same colour as fabric.9. Dish, d: 0.12, hard-fired fabric (10R5/10) containsmedium lime, grit, surface thinly slipped same colour asfabric.

Fig. 10. Amphorae from Kepez. Fig. 11. Bowl from Kepez.

lime, coarse grit, chamotte. 21. Jar, base sherd, d: 0.10, porous fabric (2.5YR8/2) con-tains sparse mica, medium coarse grit, chamotte.22. Bowl, d: 0.05, hard-fired fabric (2.5Y8.5/2) containssparse fine sand, plant-temper.23. Jug, kick-up base sherd, d: 0.064, hard-fired fabric(5YR9/2) contains sparse fine sand, plant-temper.24. Amphora, d: 0.06, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/10) con-tains heavy grit, chamotte and mica.25. Amphora, d: 0.05, hard-fired fabric (2.5YR6/10) con-tains heavy fine mica, grit.26. Handle, soft, porous fabric (10R6/12) contains medi-um fine lime, incised decoration of wavy lines and spirals.27. Lid, est. d: 0.16, hard-fired fabric (5Y8.5/2) containsmedium fine mica, sand, plant-temper, upper surface andrim are green-glazed (5GY5/4), slip is present between theglaze and the fabric.28. Bowl, d: 0.04, hard-fired fabric (5YR9/2) containsmedium coarse chamotte, fine grit, light green (7.5Y8.5/4)glaze was applied on a thin layer of slip. The glaze coversthe whole interior and exterior surfaces including the low-er section of the base. A tripod mark is present on the ex-terior.29. Bowl, d: 0.036, hard-fired fabric (10YR9/2) containssparse fine sand, pale green glaze (7.5Y8.5/2) applied onthe slip covers the whole interior and exterior surfaces in-cluding the lower section of the base.30. Jug, d: 0.05, hard-fired fabric (10YR8/2) containsheavy fine grit, light green (7.5Y8.5/4) glaze applied di-rectly on the fabric as a thin layer on the interior.31. Jug, d: 0.05, hard-fired fabric (10YR9/2) sparse finesand, medium plant-temper, a thin layer of slip, the interi-or is green-glazed (5GY6/6), the glaze was applied as athin layer; it is not spread equally on the surface; and it isin the form of waves in light and dark shades.32. Bowl, d: 0.06, from its foot section, it is understood tohave been a flawed production, some portion of the ringbase is slightly crushed. Moderately fired porous fabric(7.5YR9/2), sparse medium chamotte, grit, plant temper,the glaze (2.5Y6/8) applied directly on the fabric is ob-served on the interior only.33. Jug, d: 0.062, moderately fired soft fabric (2.5YR8/2)contains sparse medium grit, plant-temper, chamotte,multicoloured painting with only a small preserved por-tion on the interior, no slip.34. Dish, d: 0.09, hard-fired fabric (2.5YR9/2) containssparse fine grit, chamotte, the glaze that was applied di-rectly on the fabric has a blackish ink colour (10R9/2).35. Dish, hard-fired fabric (7.5YR6/6) contains sparse

medium mica, grit, lime, plant-temper, some portions ofthe foot and body of a bird figure are observed on the inte-rior, the body is filled with parallel lines, light green glaze(5Y8/6) on the interior.36. Dish, hard-fired fabric (7.5YR6/6) contains sparsemedium mica, grit, lime, plant-temper, some portions ofthe body of a figure are observed on the interior, the bodyis filled with parallel lines, light green glaze (5Y8/6) onthe interior.37. Dish, hard-fired fabric (7.5YR6/6) contains sparsemedium mica, grit, light green glaze (5Y8/6) on the interi-or.38. Dish, hard-fired fabric (5YR5/8) heavy fine mica,lime, grit, cream slip on the interior, green glaze (5Y7/8)has been considerably shed, plant motifs understood tohave been situated in a band in the upper section of thebody.39. Jug, d: 0.08, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/8) sparse finelime, grit, glaze (7.5Y8.5/6) on the cream slip was appliedas a thin layer, a decoration of incised lines on the neck, onthe body are intersecting lines to form equilateral quad-rangles and “V” shaped lines situated in them as well asconcentric circles.40. Dish, d: 0.18, hard-fired fabric (2.5YR5/8) sparse finesand, grit, glaze (2.5Y7/10) on the interior and at the rimon the exterior, three lines situated in parallel to each otherat the rim and a spiral extending downwards in its lowersection.41. Bowl, d: 0.20, moderately fired porous fabric(7.5YR6/4) contains medium lime, grit, cream slip on theinterior and in the lower section of the mouth on the exte-rior. Lemon yellow glaze (2.5Y8/6). Only the interior andrim are glazed.42. Bowl, est. d: 0.24, moderately fired porous fabric(5YR5/6) heavy coarse grit, lime, green (2.5GY7/6) glazeon the interior and exterior, but the glaze was applied onthe fabric without any slip on the exterior and, therefore,it has a darker colour.43. Bowl, est. d: 0.22, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/10) containsmedium fine grit, lime, light green (7.5Y8/6) glaze on theinterior and in the lower section of the mouth on the exte-rior. 44. Dish, d: 0.12, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/6) containsheavy medium lime, mica, cream slip on interior, interiorshiny dark and green glaze (2.5Y7/8), exterior washedwith cream glaze (2.5Y8.5/2).45. Dish, d: 0.06, hard-fired fabric (7.5YR 5/8) containsmedium fine lime, grit, on interior green glaze (7.5Y 8/12)on exterior upper part of the body green glaze and incised

BYZANTINE POTTERY FROM DARDANOS AND KEPEZ IN THE HELLESPONTUS

ΔΧΑΕ ΛΔ´ (2013), 361-374 371

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medium fine lime, grit, cream slip on interior, orange-brown glaze (7.5YR5/10), two concentric circles on cen-tre, back of base “K” shaped grafiti.59. Dish, d: 0.06, hard-fired fabric (7.5YR6/10) containsmedium fine mica, grit, plant-temper, orange-brownglaze (10YR7/8) on interior, tripot stilt is seen on glaze.60. Dish, d: 0.07, hard-fired fabric (5YR5/10) containsheavy fine mica, cream slip on interior and green(5Y7/10) glaze.61. Bowl, est. d: 0.16, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/10) containsmedium fine grit, orange-brown glaze (10YR6/12) on in-terior and exterior, a broad band with rinceau motif.62. Dish, d: 0.08, moderately fired fabric (5YR6/6) con-tains heavy fine grit, lime, plant-temper, cream slip on in-terior and colourless glaze at the rim on the exterior,brown painting beneath the glaze, three concentric circlesat the center, combed decorations repeated at certain inter-vals on the body and vertically incised lines between them.63. Jug, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/10) grit, lime, mica, darkgreen glaze (2.5GY5/6) on exterior, brown painting be-neath the glaze. Lines formed with a comb in the visiblesection of the decoration and incised lines forming spiralsbetween them.64. Jug, d: 0.08, moderately fired soft fabric (7.5YR6/6)contains sparse fine mica, grit, plant-temper, colourlessglaze on the exterior, brown painting beneath the glaze,two wavy lines horizontally encircling the lower section ofthe body.65. Dish, d: 0.27, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/8) containssparse fine lime, grit, linear decorations inside the borderformed with incised lines at the rim, the decoration is en-livened with brown paint, light green glaze (5Y8/6) on theinterior and only at the rim on the exterior.66. Jug, hard-fired fabric (2.5YR6/6), sparse fine mica,grit, lime, cream slip on the exterior, the decoration infine sgraffito technique consists of spirals with an openend, lines and concentric circles, orange-brown glaze(2.5Y6/8) on the exterior.67. Dish, d: 0.08, hard-fired fabric (5YR5/8) containsmedium fine mica, light green (5Y8.5/6) glaze applied toform a thick surface on a thick layer of cream slip, lightbrown painting beneath the glaze, an incised decorationlikely to have belonged to the body of an animal figure.

line, in wall one repair hole.46. Dish, d: 0.058, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/10) containssparse fine lime, mica, cream slip on interior, colourlessglaze.47. Dish, d: 0.048, moderately fired, porous, soft fabric(7.5YR6/8) contains medium coarse lime, grit, greenglaze (5Y8/6) on interior, tripot stilt is seen on exterior.48. Dish, d: 0.10, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/8) containsmedium fine lime, grit, pale green glaze (2.5GY7/10) oninterior tripot stilt is seen on glaze.49. Dish, d: 0.06, hard-fired fabric (5YR7/6) containsheavy fine lime, mica, grit, pale green (7.5Y8.5/2) glaze oninterior.50. Jug, d: 0.07, hard-fired fabric (2.5YR6/6) containssparse fine lime, grit, mica, cream slip traces and darkgreen glaze (10YR4/6) on interior.51. Bowl, complete profile, d: rim: 0.13, base: 0.5, ht: 0.065,hard-fired fabric (5YR5/8) contains heavy fine mica, grit,the interior surface and the section of the exterior surfaceuntil the lower section of the body are white-slipped, adecoration of concentric circles and light yellow glaze(7.5Y8.5/6) on the interior.52. Dish, d: 0.068, hard-fired fabric (7.5YR6/8) containsheavy fine mica, sand, cream slip and pale yellow glaze oninterior, chevron in central medallion, two concentric cir-cles on centre; back of base “X” shaped grafiti.53. Dish, d: 0.049, hard-fired fabric (2.5YR6/4) containsheavy fine mica, sand, lime, pale yellow glaze (2.5Y7/10)on interior, tree concentric circles on centre.54. Dish, d: 0.058, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/8) containsheavy fine mica, cream slip on interior and exterior, palegreen glaze (7.5Y8/6), tree concentric circles on centre.55. Bowl, d: 0.07, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/10) containsmedium fine grit, mica, pale green glaze (7.5Y8/6) on in-terior, two concentric circles on centre.56. Dish, d: 0.052, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/8) containsmedium fine lime, grit, plant-temper, pale green glaze(10Y8/4) on interior, one concentric circle on centre.57. Dish, d: 0.054, hard-fired fabric (5YR6/8) containsheavy fine grit, lime, medium mica, pale green glaze(10Y8/6) on interior, four concentric circles on centre.58. Dish, d: 0.08, hard-fired fabric (2.5YR6/8) contains

ΔΧΑΕ ΛΔ´ (2013), 361-374 373

Είναι γνωστό ότι η πόλη της Δαρδάνου βρισκόταν στοακρωτήριο Kepez, στα νότια όρια του όρμου Sarisiglar,και ότι η ακρόπολη του οικισμού καταλάμβανε την πε-ριοχή του νεκροταφείου των Μαρτύρων Hasan Mevsuf.Την επέκταση του οικισμού από τις νοτιοδυτικές παρει-ές του λόφου προς την ακτή των Στενών επιβεβαιώνει ηεύρεση χρηστικής κεραμικής. Ωστόσο, ευρήματα της βυ-ζαντινής περιόδου δεν αναφέρονται σε αυτές τις μελέ-τες.Κατά τη διάρκεια των επιφανειακών ερευνών στην πε-ριοχή της Δαρδάνου, καταγράφηκαν κεραμική και κέ-ραμοι, που απα ντούν στην πρώιμη βυζαντινή περίοδο.Μεταξύ των κεραμικών ευρημάτων που καταγράφη-καν υπάρχουν δείγματα κεραμικής με ερυθρό επίχρισμακαι χρηστικής κεραμικής. Μεγάλες συγκεντρώσεις εφυαλωμένης και χρηστικήςκεραμικής με λευκό και ερυθρό πηλό αναγνωρίστηκανστα ευρήματα του Kepez. Οι θέσεις εύρεσης της κεραμι-κής εντοπίζονται σε τρεις περιοχές. Η πρώτη από αυτέςείναι μια περιοχή μήκους 350 μ. και πλάτους 75 μ. περί-που στην ακτή του Ελλησπόντου. Στην περιοχή αυτήδιακρίνονται τοίχοι κτηρίου που διατηρούνται μερικώςστη θάλασσα. Οι ορατοί σήμερα κάθετοι τοίχοι τουκτηρίου, που βρίσκονται υπό τη στάθμη της θάλασσας,και η καταστροφή δύο κατά χώραν πίθων είναι αποτέ-λεσμα λαθρανασκαφών στην περιοχή. Τα δεδομένα αυ-τά και οι σημαντικές συγκεντρώσεις κεραμικής, που ε -ντοπίστηκαν κατά μήκος της ακτής, υποδεικνύουν τηδραστηριότητα βιοτεχνικών εγκαταστάσεων παραγω-γής κεραμικής που άνθησαν κατά τη μεσοβυζαντινή πε-ρίοδο.Η δεύτερη είναι η περιοχή που σήμερα χρησιμοποιείταιως Αγορά, βρισκόμενη περίπου 300 μ. ανατολικά τηςακτής, καθώς και τα περίχωρά της. Κατά τη διάρκειατων επιφανειακών ερευνών μας στην περιοχή το 2004,καταγράφηκαν τα επιφανειακά ευρήματα κεραμικής.Μετά τη χρονιά αυτή, η οικοδομική δραστηριότητα στοKepez αυξήθηκε ραγδαία. Είναι άλλωστε γνωστό ότιτμήματα τοίχων της βυζαντινής περιόδου ανευρίσκο -νται κατά περιπτώσεις σε εκσκαφές θεμελίων για την

Η περιοχή του Ελλησπόντου, λόγω της γεωγραφικήςτης θέσης-κλειδιού, κατά τη βυζαντινή περίοδο, κυριαρ-χεί στην παραγωγή, την κατανάλωση και το εμπόριομεταξύ του Αιγαίου και των περιοχών του Μαρμαράκαθώς και μεταξύ της Μαύρης Θάλασσας και των πε-ριοχών της Μεσογείου. Τα γεωγραφικά χαρακτηριστι-κά των Στενών παρουσίαζαν τρεις διαφορετικές μορ-φές. Κοινό στοιχείο των βυζαντινών παράκτιων πόλεωνκαι των οικισμών σε αυτές τις τρεις περιοχές αποτελεί ηύπαρξη λιμανιού κατά μήκος των ακτών των Στενών.Αυτά τα λιμάνια εντοπίζονταν γενικά στις εκβολές τωνκοιλάδων που σχηματίζονταν από τους χειμάρρους πουκατέληγαν στον Ελλήσποντο. Η επιστημονική μας ομάδα διεξάγει ερευνητικό πρό-γραμμα που στοχεύει στη διερεύνηση και την πλήρη κα-τανόηση των οικιστικών μοντέλων που αναπτύχθηκανσε αυτές τις κοιλάδες κατά τη βυζαντινή περίοδο. Απότα δεδομένα που συγκεντρώθηκαν από τις έρευνες τουπρογράμματος προκύπτει ότι οι κοιλάδες ήταν πυκνο-κατοικημένες κατά τη βυζαντινή περίοδο. Μια από αυ-τές, η κοιλάδα Kalabakli βρίσκεται στη Μικρασιατικήακτή και στο μέσον περίπου των Στενών. Η παρούσαμελέτη αποσκοπεί στην αξιολόγηση της κεραμικής πουεντοπίστηκε στα βορειοανατολικά και στα νοτιοδυτι-κά των εκβολών της κοιλάδας Kalabakli και στην κατα-νόηση της θέσης της επισκοπής της Δαρδάνου.Η περιοχή της Δαρδάνου ορίζεται από το λόφο, όπουβρίσκεται το νεκροταφείο των Μαρτύρων Hasan Mev-suf, νοτιοδυτικά του παραπόταμου Kalabakli, που συνι-στά και το νότιο όριο του όρμου Sarisiglar, και τις δυτι-κές και νοτιοδυτικές παρειές του λόφου. Στις γραπτές πη-γές, μία από τις επισκοπές στην περιοχή του Ελλησπό -ντου αναφέρεται ως Δάρδανος. Η Δάρδανος αναφέρεταισε όλους τους επισκοπικούς καταλόγους από τα μέσατου 5ου έως το 13ο αιώνα ως επισκοπικό κέ ντρο, συνδε-δεμένο με τη μητρόπολη Κυζίκου. Σήμερα, αν θα θέλαμενα εντοπίσουμε τη θέση της επισκοπής της Δαρδάνουστον Ελλήσποντο, δεδομένων των ιστορικών πληροφο-ριών, θα έπρεπε να την αναζητήσουμε στην περιοχή τηςαρχαίας πόλης της Δαρδάνου, στην όχθη των Στενών.

Ayşe Ç. Türker

ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΗ ΚΕΡΑΜΙΚΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΗ ΔΑΡΔΑΝΟ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ KEPEZ ΣΤΟΝ ΕΛΛΗΣΠΟΝΤΟ

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ανοικοδόμηση νέων κτηρίων. Οι ομοιότητες των υλικώνκαι της τεχνικής των τοίχων αυτής της περιοχής και τωντοίχων της πρώτης περιοχής οδηγούν στην υπόθεση ότιπιθανώς ανήκαν στην ίδια περίοδο. Τα ποιοτικά χαρα-κτηριστικά των κτισμάτων μπορούν να γίνουν κατα-νοητά μόνο με τη διεξαγωγή συστηματικών ανασκα-φών. Η τρίτη περιοχή έρευνας, όπου εντοπίζονται συγκε -ντρώσεις κεραμικής, αντιστοιχεί στον τομέα μήκους 170μ. και πλάτους 100 μ. περίπου, ανάμεσα στην πρώτη καιτη δεύτερη περιοχή, και σήμερα είναι διαμορφωμένη ωςπάρκο. Ωστόσο, πρέπει να ληφθεί υπόψη ότι πιθανώςτα χώματα στην περιοχή αυτή να είναι αναμοχλευμένακαι φερτά, ως αποτέλεσμα των εργασιών διαμόρφωσηςτου περιβάλλοντος χώρου. Επομένως, πρέπει να εξετα-στεί η πιθανότητα τα κεραμικά αυτά ευρήματα ναέχουν διαφορετική προέλευση.Τα κεραμικά ευρήματα, που καταγράψαμε στις θέσειςτης Δαρδάνου και του Kepez, στις εκβολές της πεδιάδας

Kalabakli, οριοθετούν χρονικά την περίοδο από τον 5οέως τα τέλη του 13ου αιώνα. Τα ευρήματα της θέσης τηςΔαρδάνου χρονολογούνται κατά κύριο λόγο στηνπρώιμη βυζαντινή περίοδο, ενώ καταγράφηκαν λίγαόστρακα της μέσης βυζαντινής περιόδου. Κεραμική τηςμέσης και ύστερης βυζαντινής περιόδου εντοπίστηκεκυρίως μεταξύ των ευρημάτων στη θέση Kepez. Δενέχουν πραγματοποιηθεί αρχαιολογικές ανασκαφές σεκαμιά από τις δύο περιοχές και η συλλογή της κεραμι-κής προέρχεται από επιτόπιες επιφανειακές έρευνες.Ωστόσο, οι πρώτες αξιολογήσεις της κεραμικής δεί-χνουν ότι ο οικισμός της επισκοπής της Δαρδάνου είχεεπεκταθεί και στις δύο όχθες των εκβολών του παραπό-ταμου Kalabakli. Επιπλέον, με τη χρονολόγησή της γίνε-ται αντιληπτό ότι ο οικισμός αυτής της περιοχής κατοι-κούνταν αδιάλειπτα από την πρώιμη βυζαντινή έως τηνύστερη βυζαντινή περίοδο. Αυτή η υπόθεση ενισχύεται,επίσης, από τους επισκοπικούς καταλόγους και τα μο-λυβδόβουλλα των επισκόπων της Δαρδάνου.