By:Richard Drake Program Manager, Transportation Research
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Transcript of By:Richard Drake Program Manager, Transportation Research
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By: Richard Drake Program Manager, Transportation ResearchNew York State Energy R&D Authority (NYSERDA)
New York StatePlug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Initiative
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New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
Public Benefit Corporation created in 1975,
primarily funded by utility ratepayers
Three Goals: Energy Savings
Environmental Benefits
Economic Development
NYSERDA
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Additional Resources
Funding that NYSERDA can facilitate: USDOE (e.g., Clean Cities) USDOT (e.g., CMAQ, FTA grantee) USEPA (e.g., Anti-Idling) NYSDOT (e.g., Research Consortium) NYS Special Programs (e.g., PHEV Initiative) Public Utilities Transit/Municipal Agencies
Now managing 60 vehicle deployment projects; Budget over $120 million (incl. 3:1 leveraging)
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Transportation ResearchHow We do Business
Contract Terms – Usually “Cost Shared” – Usually Require Royalties
Emphasize– Product Development– Commercialization– Teaming
Desired Benefits – Energy – Environment – Economic Development
Program Opportunity Notices (PONs)– Competitive Solicitations– Review by Technical Panel (internal & external Reviewers)
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Advantages+ Less petroleum consumption+ Reduced urban air pollution, potential large CO2 reductions+ Off-peak charging can improve grid economics+ Creates path from renewables (e.g., Wind) to vehicles+ Potential offshoots: V2G, emergency power for home+ Unlike battery-electric: + No range restriction, smaller batteries + Charging is optional/interruptible, infrastructure is simple
Disadvantages– Additional battery weight, vs. standard HEV– Additional cost: batteries and infrastructure– Battery life uncertainties– Thus far, auto companies have not embraced
Plug-In HEVs
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NYSERDAPlug-In HybridVehicle Projects
Odyne Corp./Thor Industries:24-Passenger Bus, 20-mile Electric-Only Range
DaimlerChrysler Corp.:“Sprinter” Delivery Van, 25-mile Electric-Only Range
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BAE Systems HybriDriveTM
R&D Program 1995-1999 1999 – Ongoing Hybrid Bus Production
(825 firm orders to date)
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Past EV Experience
1999 – 2001 500 Postal Service vehicles built
2001 – 2003 100 Station Cars
demonstrated
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Governor’s Press Release (August 1, 2006)
“$10 million plug-in hybrids program...the 600 hybrid vehicles in the State fleet
will be retrofitted to be plug-in hybrids.”
Plug-in HEV Initiative
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Hybrid-Electric Vehicles in NYS Fleet
Toyota Prius
Ford Escape
Honda AccordHonda Civic
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Agency Escape Prius Civic TotalDEC 71 0 24 95MTA 58 16 0 74DMV 0 0 49 49Lottery 19 26 0 45DOT 12 0 20 32Other 38 21 61 120 Total 198 63 154 415
NYS Hybrid FleetLate Model (04+)
Excl. Accord & Silverado
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Stage 1 Validate the TechnologyResolve issues such as: Certification: Safety, Emissions Performance: mpg, winter operation, etc. Best fit: driving cycle, garaging, etc. Cost: vehicle, infrastructure, O&M, warranty, etc.
Stage 2 Convert State-Owned HEVs
PHEV Technology Initiative
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Stage 1 (proposals due 9/18/06) Up to $100K for sample vehicle (“first-article”) Multiple awards One vehicle model per proposal Proposer could submit multiple proposals Emphasized rapid delivery of first-article
Stage 2 (proposals with due date TBD) Open only to successful Stage 1 participants Convert State HEVs using balance of $10 million
Plug-in HEV InitiativePON 1088
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16 Proposals, 3 Models: Ford Escape 6 proposals Toyota Prius 8 ” Honda Civic 2 ”
9 Proposers/Teams
Stage 2 Price Estimates (Qty. <100):$6,500 – 37,500
Plug-in HEV InitiativePON 1088, Stage 1 Proposals
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• Four teams building six vehicles: Ford Escape 3 vehicles
Toyota Prius 2 vehicles Honda Civic 1 vehicle
• Variety of battery packs: Three manufacturers Two configurations (replace vs. add) for both Escape and Prius Four kWh capacities
• Two operating modes: blended, all-electric
Plug-in HEV InitiativePON 1088, Stage 1 Awards
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Plug-In HybridsBeyond the Current Initiative
Goal is to stimulate car companies to provide PHEV options.
Success depends on economics:Batteries with low life-cycle costGasoline pricesPublic policy: Tax credits , CO2 regulationCar company “business case”
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U.S. Department of Energy - Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity
PHEV Testing
NYSERDA – December 2006Jim Francfort, Don Karner, Kevin Morrow
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Vehicle Test Methods Accelerated testing
Utilizes dedicated driversSpecific drive protocolsWith & w/o onboard data loggersFuel use, miles, maintenance & repairs, & life-cycle
costs End-of-life testing
Conduct battery capacity (Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization) & power testing (Static Capacity)
Rerun two fuel use drive cycle tests (A/C on & off)
U.S. DOE: AVTA
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• Developing PHEV specifications & test procedures for:Baseline performance testingAccelerated testingFleet testingEnd-of-life testing (PHEV miles?)
Preparation for eventually testing production PHEVs
Initial baseline performance test procedures draft reviewed by National Laboratories
PHEV Testing PlansU.S. DOE: AVTA
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Second draft to be distributed to OEMs & PHEV convertersReview for accuracy & adequacyRecommend testing scope changes, as required
Third draft to be distributed to DOE’s PHEV Forum Stakeholders
Validating test procedures for baseline performance testing and accelerated testing (Phoenix & Argonne National Laboratory)- Energy CS Prius & Renault Kangoo in testing
- HyMotion Prius available early 2007
DOE: PHEV Testing Plans (cont’d)
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DOE: PHEV Accelerated Testing
Cycle Urban Highway Charge Repetitions Total Repetitions Miles Cumulative
(mi) (10 mi) (10 mi) (hr) (N) (mi) (%) (%) (mi)
10 1 0 4 60 600 45% 14% 600
20 1 1 8 30 600 23% 14% 1200
40 4 0 12 5 200 4% 5% 1400
40 2 2 12 5 200 4% 5% 1600
40 0 4 12 5 200 4% 5% 1800
60 2 4 12 10 600 8% 14% 2400
80 2 6 12 8 640 6% 15% 3040
100 2 8 12 6 600 5% 14% 3640
200 2 18 12 3 600 2% 14% 4240
Total 1740 2500 984 132 4240 4240
Average 41% 59% 7.5 32.1
Accelerated testing - 4,280 Mile / 4 Month test
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PHEV Prius Test Program bySacramento Municipal Utility District
CARB 2006 ZEV
TechnologyReview
9/27/06
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SMUD Program:PHEV Prius Conversion
• SMUD provided standard 2005 MY Prius to EnergyCS in Dec. 2005 to be converted to
PHEV
• Car received at SMUD April 19, 2006
• “Break-in” runs were conducted for two months
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Replaced 1.3 kWh NiMH battery with Lithium FePO4 (cathode) 8.5 kWh pack from Valence Technologies
Usable energy went from 0.4 kWh to 6.5 kWh
Installed 1.1 kW Delta Q charger & 110 volt plug
Proprietary Energy CS software manages the 2,376 Li cells (18650’s)
SMUD Program:PHEV Changes vs. HEV
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Delta Q prototype charger failed in early May
Delta Q prototype charger failed again in mid-June, causing cell/group low voltage problem
Replaced one group of cells
Vi (voltage/current) contactor malfunctioned in Sept. – disabled the Delta Q charge function temporarily.
SMUD Program:The Nature of Prototypes
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• “First-article” vehicles often exhibit glitches• PHEVs are emerging technology and require
significant test miles to ensure reliability; PHEVs should not immediately be assigned to daily fleet duty with random drivers
• Gain in mpg can be very high, but sensitive to:- Trip length (best mpg may on trips of 10-40 miles)- Emissions goals (highest mpg may not yield
lowest emissions)
Preliminary Observations, Based on Review of PHEV Testing to Date
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PHEV Contacts in NYSERDA’s Transportation R&D Program
Richard Drake, Program Manager 518-862-1090, ext. 3258 [email protected] Wagner, Sr. Project Manager 518-862-1090, ext. 3228 [email protected]