By: Tommy Fiocchi, Robert M. Buchsbaum III, Andrew Maximo, Alex Tittle, Brandon Wingeier, Ingrid...
-
date post
19-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of By: Tommy Fiocchi, Robert M. Buchsbaum III, Andrew Maximo, Alex Tittle, Brandon Wingeier, Ingrid...
Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
By: Tommy Fiocchi, Robert M. Buchsbaum III, Andrew Maximo, Alex Tittle, Brandon Wingeier,
Ingrid Zibritovsky
Background•April 26, 1986, 80 miles North of Kiev, Ukraine •In the new city, Pripyat (2 miles from the plant) there were 49,000 inhabitants• The old town of Chernobyl (9 miles to the southeast of the complex) had a population of 12,500•Within a 18 mile radius of the power plant, the total population was between 115,000 and 135,000.
4
April 25 -Prior to a routine shutdown, operators begin a test to determine how long turbines would spin and supply power to the main circulating pumps in the case that there would be a loss of main electrical power supply.
April 26- Testing continued, at one point disabling the automatic shutdown mechanisms. The reactor was in an unstable condition and as the control rods were inserted into the reactor, a power surge causing the core to overheat, ultimately resulted in the initial explosion.
Background continued
5
Swedish reaction Response: a TV newscaster on Moscow
television read a four-sentence statement from the Council of Ministers: ''An accident has taken place at the Chernobyl power station, and one of the reactors was damaged. Measures are being taken to eliminate the consequences of the accident. Those affected by it are being given assistance. A government commission has been set up.''
Background continued
6
More than 300,000 people were evacuated from a roughly 18-mile zone that would later be dubbed the “Zone of Alienation.”
50,000 people were evacuated just from the town of Pripyat, turning it into an abandoned city virtually overnight.
31 deaths initially (two from the explosions, one reportedly from coronary thrombosis, and 28 firemen and plant personnel from acute radiation syndrome)
However…According to the 2006 report of the UN Chernobyl Forum's 'Health' Expert Group: "The actual number of deaths caused by this accident is unlikely ever to be precisely known."
Background continued
8
1. Create heat
2. Create steam
3. Drive the turbine engine and create power
Main Steps in Creating Nuclear Power
9
Heat is generated by fissioning of Uranium atoms
Must control the energy created first◦Pellets, Rods, and Bundles
Fuel assembly is submerged in the nuclear core
Create Heat
10
Uranium atoms are split by neutrons
Chain reaction occurs and heat results
Prevention of overheating◦Raise and lower control rods
Create Heat cont…
11
Core water must be pumped into a steam generator
The heat from the core water is transferred to the turbine water
The heat produces steam
Create steam
12
Steam is piped into the turbine
Steam drives the blades of the turbine to spin
Spinning the blades generates power
Turbine Engine and Power
14
14x10^18 Bq of radiation released into
environment.
200,000 square-mile area contaminated.
◦Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were the most
affected.
◦ Iodine-131, caesium-137, americium-241,
plutonium radioisotopes, and strontium-90 were
the most abundant contaminates.
Environmental and Health Impacts of the Chernobyl Nuclear Meltdown
16
Iodine-131 has a half-life of 8 days.
Caesium-137 has a half-life of 30 years.
The others are large particles that traveled a
short distance from the blast and were able to
be disposed of.
Environmental and Health Impacts of the Chernobyl Nuclear Meltdown
17
Urban areas
◦Cities close to the explosion were evacuated.
◦Up to 400,000 evacuees.
◦Contamination collected in yards, on roofs,
streets, in bushes, sewers, and water.
Environmental Impacts
18
Agricultural areas
◦Surface contamination affected crops and
livestock.
◦Crops were removed, livestock were fed clean
fodder, cesium binders were used to
decontaminate animals who ingested caesium-
137, and grazing pastures were removed and
lands reseeded.
Environmental Impacts
19
Forests◦Still has higher levels of radiation due to less
human presence.◦People are not to eat mushrooms and berries
from the forests.◦Game above a certain radiation level cannot
be eaten.◦Lumber above a certain radiation level cannot
be harvested and burned.
Environmental Impacts
20
Aquatic areas
◦ Closed water systems are still highly contaminated
and it is suggested to not eat fish from these
sources.
◦ Open water systems have flushed out contaminates
since the accident.
◦ Clean drinking water was shipped in to certain cities
until their drinking water radiation levels dropped.
Environmental Impacts
21
600,000 emergency responders, medics, fire
fighters, researchers, waste disposers, and
other clean-up and response personnel were
put on staff for clean-up.
They were referred to as “liquidators.”
Environmental Impacts
22
Liquidators from 1986-1989 were exposed to an average accumulated radiation dose greater than or equal to 100mSv (millisievert).◦ 116,000 residents in exclusionist zone in
1986 (33mSv).◦270,000 residents of strict control zones from
1986-2005 (>50mSv).◦All five million residents in contaminated
regions from 1986-2005 (10-20mSv).
Health Impacts
23
Normal radiation exposure under natural
conditions is under 2.4mSv a year.
134 liquidators were diagnosed with acute
radiation syndrome.
47 liquidators died.
4,000 residents of Belarus who were children, at
the time, were diagnosed with thyroid cancer
between 1992-2002.
Health Impacts
25
Established in 1954
Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace”
The 3 Pillars
International Atomic Energy Agency
26
Atomic Energy Act of 1954
Energy Reorganization Act of 1974
Government Oversight
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
27
The 1994 Merger
◦ Nuclear Utility Management and Resources
Council
◦ United States Council for Energy Awareness
◦ American Nuclear Energy Council
◦ Edison Electric Institute’s
1954 Atomic Industrial Forum
Nuclear Energy Institute
29
Nuclear Operators
Exelon Corporation Tennessee Valley Authority
Leading Nuclear Operator◦20% of U.S. Nuclear
Energy
Focus on safety and efficiency
U.S. Government Operated◦Browns Ferry
Focus on safety and security◦Safety procedures
33
Health effects:
Due to release of radioactive isotopes acquired by organism (person, animal, or plant) from the environment. Released from the reactor at Chernobyl.
Differs from Hiroshima A-bomb due to lack of intense radiation burst of gamma rays.
UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) study estimated 16,000 cancer related deaths (95% confidence interval range is 7,000 to 38,000).
The most common cancer is thyroid cancer acquired in young child victims but it is also one of the least fatal cancers, only 5-10% die from it. Due to radioactive Iodine 131 isotope.
35
Health effects: continued Psychological effects due to: evacuation, fear of
radiation, dislocation◦ Increased psychological illnesses: suicide◦ Behavioral: increased use of cigarettes and alcohol: lung
cancer, cirrhosis of liver◦ Dietary changes to avoid radioactive foods
Genetic effects on reproduction:◦ MSI (mini-satellite instability) genetic effect in males:
uncertain effect◦ No major increases seen in major birth defects◦ Small scale ecological studies show no increase in leukemia,
but these studies are flawed due to their small size and no large scale epidemiologic studies have been done so the incidence of leukemia due to Chernobyl is not known
37
II. Reports, forums and study groups recently active: The Chernobyl Forum: 9 UN organizations and 3
nations formed a group to study Chernobyl’s effects:◦ IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)◦ FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)◦ OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)◦ UNDP (UN Development Programme)◦ UNEP (UN Environment Programme)◦ UNSCEAR (UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic
Radiation)◦ WHO (World Health Organization)◦ World Bank◦ Belarus◦ Russia◦ Ukraine
39
They published 3 major reports:
2005: “Chernobyl’s legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts”
2006: revised version of #1 2006: “Recommendations to the
Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine”
41
Their predictions on Chernobyl effects: Of 600,000 “liquidators” (cleaned up the
fallout), 4,000 cancer deaths Of 6 million inhabitants, 5,000 cancer
deaths and 4,000 nonlethal thyroid cancers Relocation psychological stress: they
perceive self as “victim” not “survivor”◦ Overly conservative behaviors in some.◦ Overly risky behaviors in others: ingest local
foods, overuse alcohol and smoking, promiscuous sexuality
42
TORCH report (“The other report on Chernobyl”) by European Greens, 2006
◦ Main other nations exposed to Chernobyl radiation: Austria, Finland, Sweden, Moldova, Turkey, Slovenia, Switzerland, Slovak Republic, Germany, UK
◦ More than half of those people exposed were in these outside nations
◦ Non cancer effects included: cataracts and cardiovascular disease
◦ Minisatellite instability (MSI) genetic defect rate is double the normal rate
43
II. Positive ecological effects of Chernobyl
◦ Due to evacuation of people having a more positive effect on biodiversity bounce back than the toxic effects of the increased radiation in the exclusion zone (10 km radius from reactor #4). Return to wilderness ecosystem conditions without people around. Moose, roe deer, Russian wild boar, river otter, fox,
rabbit, rodents, wolves, eagles: 2007 Ukraine designated the exclusion zone a “wildlife sanctuary” due to its overabundance of wildlife
Background radiation was 10-100 times normal but has been decaying over the years
Supports idea that human activity is more toxic to wildlife than radiation catastrophes
45
Negative effects:
Elevated cancer in humans Loss of Red Forest’s pine tree population Speculative: buildup in radiation “genetic mutational
load” that may be masked by animals outbreeding with other animals outside the exclusion zone
Decreased reproductive rate and subtle genetic defects studied in barn owls: 12% less reproduction than outside areas, defects in feathers, air sacs and beaks
Plants speculated to have adapted to higher radiation by evolving “hypermethylation” and increased DNA repair mechanisms
48
The “Sarcophagus” = a large concrete enclosure housing reactor #4
◦ The Chernobyl Shelter Fund (1997) raised 810 million euros, and the Nuclear Safety Account are two money sources managed by EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development): Goal to build a “New Safe Confinement” to shield the radioactive Sarcophagus. Original goal 2005 was delayed to 2012.
◦ Spent fuel storage facility (ISF-2) will be built by 2013.◦ 2008: Ukraine began 4-stage decommissioning program to remove
wastes from Chernobyl to achieve ultimately a cleared site◦ Lava-like fuel containing materials (“FCM”s) are lava that formed
from the intense heat of the Chernobyl explosion and contain radioactivity
◦ Collapse of the Sarcophagus: buildings recently to prevent this are: 2006: DSSS (Designed Stabilisation Steel Structure) = a yellow steel
object 207 feet tall that is next to the Sarcophagus to steady it◦ Upper Biological Shield = concrete slab bioshield that may collapse
releasing radioactivity
50
Forest and grass wildfire effect:
◦ 2010: Bryansk wildfires occurred in the contaminated areas: claim is that no effect from radioactivity released into atmosphere from burned trees and grass: Greenpeace disputes this.
51
Map of Radiation Fallout from Chernobyl