by Robert Hisrich
description
Transcript of by Robert Hisrich
by Robert Hisrich Michael P.Peters
The Nature & Importance of Entrepreneurs
Chapter One
(American Entrepreneur)
(English entrepreneur)
Do the profile of these people fit your perception of the career of an entrepreneur?
What does it takes to start and operate a successful business
To understand this better, learn about
Historical Evolution Of Entrepreneurship Earliest Period Middle Ages 17th Century 18th Century 19th & 20th Century
• Go-Between is Marco Polo• Sign contract with a money person(Venture
capitalist) to sell his goods• Loan the Merchant Adventurer at a 22.5% rate• VC passive risk bearer • MA took active role in trading- active risk
bearer (Physical, emotional)• MC completes trip successfully profits were
divided- VC taking 75% & MA 25%
Earliest Period
• Actor & person who managed large production projects
• Individual didn’t take risks but only managed the project using the resources provided
• Usually by the Govt of the Country
Middle Ages
• Re-emergent connection of risk with entrepreneurship developed
• E person who entered into contractual agreement with the government to perform a service or to supply products
17th Century
• Person with capital was differentiated from the one who needed capital
• E was distinguished from the capital provided(Venture capitalist)
• One reason for differentiation was the industrialization occurring throughout the world
• Invention developed during this time were reaction to the changing world
18th Century
VC- professional money manager who makes risk investments from a pool of equity to obtain high ROR on
the investments
• E were viewed from Economic Perspective• ‘E’ organizes & operates an enterprise for
personal gain• Pays prices for material consumed in the
business, for land, personal services he employs, capital he requires
• 20th Century- Notion of an E as an innovator was established
19th & 20th Century
• An Entrepreneur (ahn’tra pra nur) is a person who recognizes a viable idea for a business product or service and carries it out. Any person (any age) who starts and operates a business is an entrepreneur.
Process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and
effort, assuming the accompanying financial, psychological, and social risks; &
receiving the resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction
The process of initiating a business venture, organizing the necessary
resources and assuming the associated risks and rewards
WHO ARE ENTREPRENEURS?
• Start with a vision
• Unhappy with current job
• Bring resources for new venture
• Hardworking
• Distinguishable
New business idea
Business plan
Legal form
Finance resources
STARTING AN ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRM
one who brings resources, labor, material and other assets into combinations that make their value greater than before and also who introduces changes, innovations and a new order
such a person is driven by certain forces- need to obtain or attain something, to experiment, to accomplish, or perhaps to escape the authority of others
an entrepreneur is a threat, an aggressive competitor
same entrepreneur may be an allay, source of supply, a customer who creates wealth for others, as well as finds better ways to utilize resources, reduce waste & produce jobs others are glad to get
Economist :
Psychologist
One businessman
Another Businessman
All definitions of entrepreneurship includes
• Newness, organizing, creating, wealth and risk taking
• Entrepreneurs are found in all professions
Def stresses on Four basic aspects 1. Creation process– creating something new value to entrepreneur & audience for which it is developed
2. Entrepreneurship requires the devotion of the necessary time and effort
time & effort to create something new & make it operational
3. Risk take a variety of forms, depending on the effort of the entrepreneur
4. rewards of being entrepreneur– independence- personal satisfaction- for profit entrepreneurs, monetary reward also comes into play
What then causes a person to make this difficult decision ?
Poor sales
Lack of capital
Lack of managerialtalent
Intensecompetition
FinancialRisk
Emotionalrisk
• Individuals have difficulty bringing their ideas to the market & creating a new venture
• Yet entrepreneurial decisions have resulted in several new businesses through out the world
• Despite recession- inflation- high interests rate, lack of infrastructure-economic uncertainty & high probability of failure
Deciding to become an entrepreneur by leaving present activity
Changing from present life style
Work Environment
Disruption
Change EnvironmentNot easy to leave
career Two work environments1. R&D : individuals develop
new product ideas & leave to form their own companies when these ideas are not accepted by their employers
2. Marketing : become familiar with customers unfilled needs & wants- start enterprise
Disruption• Negative force – retired• Relocted due to a move
by other family member in a dual-career family
• Who have been fired• 12% new business
listings in the yellow pages increased during layoff period
• Educational degree-MBA• Student who is not
promoted after receiving an MBA-frustrated & start new company
WHEN INDIVIDUAL PERCEIVES THAT FORMING A NEW ENTERPRISE IS BOTH
What causes this personal disruption to result in a new company being formed ?
Desirable Possible
Aspects of a situation that make it desirable to start a
new company
Factors making It possible to create a new venture
Desirability of New Venture Formation
Cultural
SubCultrual
Family
Teachers
Peers
American culture places a high value on beings one’s own bossIn some countries establishing a new business is not are not as highly valued-failure might be disgrace
No culture is totally for or against entreprenshuipSilicon valley- subcultures support & even promote- forming of new company –as one of the best occupations
High % of the founders of Co’s had fathers OR mothers who valued independence
Encouragement by teachers- influence to regard E as a desirable & viable career path
No “E” courses a person takes-increases probability of starting Venture
Standford is in the Silicon Meeting place where E & potential entrepreneurs can discuss
ideas-problems & solutions spawns more new companies than an area where these are not available
Possibility of New Venture Formation
Government
Background
Marketing
Finance
Role Models
Provides infrastructure to help/support a new ventureGive roads-communication systems-transportation system-utilities- & economic stability – TAX RATE can suppress company formation-since Co wont have money to start & grow
E must have necessary background-Education, previous business experience – skills needed to form & manage a new enterpriseEntrepreneurs are not born: they develop
Presence of market of sufficient size- must also be a level of marketing know-how to put together the best total package of product, price, distribution & promotion needed for successful product launchingA Co. is more easily formed when the driving force is more from market demand than a technology push
Financial resources must be readily availableMost start ups comes from personal savings-credit-friends-relatives, there is often a need for additional seed capital
Most powerful influence in making Co seem possible see someone else succeed makes it easier to picture yourself engaged in a similar activityFrequent comment of E “if that person could do it, so can I”
The future of Entrepreneurship
• In spite of the difference conceptual perspectives, there are common aspects: risk taking, creativity, independence & rewards
• The future for “E” is bright – we are living in the age of entrepreneurship
• Educational institutes
• Government
• Society
• Corporation
• Universities & colleges offering courses in ‘E’• E education in Europe is also growing •1970’s – 90’s 400 universities offering E courses
• Support as tax incentives, buildings, roads and a communication system to facilitate this creation process• Understands that new enterprises create jobs & increase economic output in the area
• Society support of entrepreneurship will continue •U.S entrepreneurial processes are considered honorable and prestigious pursuits • major factor of this societal approval is media-played powerful role by reporting on the entrepreneurial spirit– articles in newspapers- uplifts the image of the entrepreneur & focuses on their contributions to society
•Large companies special form of interests in entrepreneurship – intrapreneurship- in the future•Companies want to create more new business
through intrapreneurship