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• By Mr. Cegielski

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PREVIEW: George Washington

Presidential Accomplishments

• Washington voluntarily resigned as Commander-in-Chief

of the Continental Army in 1783. Because of his victories

in the Revolutionary War, some wanted to make him king

of the new nation. But Washington refused. He wanted a

free, democratic and united country.

• Washington longed to retire to his fields in Mount Vernon,

Virginia. But he soon realized that the nation, under its

Articles of Confederation, was not moving ahead.

• He helped organize the Constitutional Convention at

Philadelphia in 1787.

• When the new Constitution was ratified, the Electoral

College unanimously elected Washington the first

President.

PREVIEW: George Washington

Presidential Accomplishments

• During his first term in office, Washington joined the states

together and helped establish the federal government.

• He did not interfere with the policy-making powers that he felt

the Constitution gave Congress.

• He believed that foreign policy was a main concern for the

young nation. When the French Revolution led to a major war

between France and England, Washington insisted that the

United States remain neutral. He did not accept the

recommendations of his Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson,

who was pro-French, or his Secretary of the Treasury

Alexander Hamilton, who was pro-British. The President feared

that getting involved in this European war would shatter his

young country's new government. On April 22, 1793, he issued

a proclamation of neutrality that urged American citizens to be

impartial and not send aid or war materials to either England or

France.

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First Presidential Cabinet

• Vice President: John Adams

• Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson

• Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

• Secretary of Defense (war): Henry Knox

• Attorney General: Edmund Randolph

Assignment:

• Read “The Inauguration of George

Washington, 1789” and, as an

eyewitness sketch artist, draw an

illustration of what you think this

event looked like, using the

detailed descriptions from the

readings. Include a caption of 1-2

sentences below your drawing.

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1792 Election Results (16 states in the Union)

George Washington Virginia Federalist 132

97.8%

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 77 57.0%

George Clinton New York Democratic-Republican

50 37.0%

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican

4 3.0%

Aaron Burr New York Federalist 1 0.7%

Electoral Votes Not Cast

--- ----- 6 4.4%

Total Number of Electors 132

Total Electoral Votes Cast 264

Number of Votes for a Majority

67

1792 Election Results

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Commander-in-Chief

• The Constitution of the United States gives the title to the

President of the United States, who "shall be

Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United

States, and of the Militia of the several States, when

called into the actual Service of the United States"

• George Washington was tested in this role in three major

events: 1) Whiskey Rebellion, 2) Foreign relations with

France and Britain/Jay’s Treaty, 3) Battle of Foreign

Timbers/Native American relations.

French Revolution

• Broke out in 1789.

• Overthrew French Monarchy & established a republican government.

In 1793:

• The Revolution was over but the Radicals took over the Revolution and declared war on Great Britain.

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George Washington’s Decision:

Jay’s Treaty• The United States traded with both France and Great

Britain. Both countries wanted US support BUT George Washington declared that:

– The United States would not support either France or Great Britain in the conflict.

– Washington signed Jays’ Treaty — The terms were designed primarily by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton with strong support from President George Washington and chief negotiator John Jay. The treaty increased trade between the U.S. & Britain. Jay obtained the primary American requirements: British withdrawal from the posts that they occupied in the Northwest Territory of the United States, which they had promised to abandon in 1783. Wartime debts and the US-Canada boundary were sent to arbitration — one of the first major uses of arbitration in diplomatic history.

– However, British continued to impress (kidnap) US Soldiers.

– The British also continued to support Native Americans in conflicts against U.S. citizens.

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Reaction to Washington’s

Decision

• Cabinet members agreed with his

decision; however Jefferson resigned from

the cabinet.

• Why do you think George Washington

chose this position?

The Whiskey Rebellion

CAUSE

• Excise Tax was placed on Whiskey. A tax

placed on a product’s manufacture, sale,

or distribution.

WHO WAS EFFECTED BY THE TAX?

• Whiskey Production- made by small

farmers on the frontier.

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ASSIGNMENT:

• Complete: “Alexander

Hamilton’s Economic

Proposals” Worksheet

How did the farmers react to the

Whiskey tax?

• Angry because they would lose money.

• In western Pennsylvania, farmers openly

rebelled by refusing to pay the tax and

beating up federal marshals who came to

collect the tax.

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How did the national government

respond to this rebellion?

• Washington ordered militia to stop

rebellion.

• 15,000 troops led by Washington and

Hamilton scattered the rebels along the

frontier.

• No one was killed.

How did the Whiskey Rebellion

demonstrate the authority of the

new federal government?• Showed the government would control all

domestic affairs.

• Rebellion against the government was not

acceptable.

• Taxes would be necessary to run the country.

• National government would use power of the

army.

• Q. How does the Whiskey

Rebellion compare to Shays’s

Rebellion?

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Washington and the Native Americans:

BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBERS

• A conflict between the American Indians

and American settlers on territory

American Indians claimed as their own.

• The British helped the American Indians

but could not defeat the Colonists.

• Treaty of Greenville: it gave the Americans

the land. In exchange, American Indians

received $20,000 worth of goods.

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Treaty with Spain

• The United States wanted land

West of the Appalachian

Mountains and access to the

Mississippi River from Spain.

• After the war in Spain, Spain

decided to give this land to the US.

They both signed the Pickney

Treaty.

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1796 Election Results (16 states in the Union)

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 71 51.4%

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican

68 49.3%

Thomas Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 59 42.8%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican

30 21.7%

Samuel Adams Massachusetts Federalist 15 10.9%

Oliver Ellsworth Connecticut Federalist 11 8.0%

George Clinton New York Democratic-Republican

7 5.1%

Other - - 15 10.9%

Total Number of Electors 138

Total Electoral Votes Cast 276

Number of Votes for a Majority

70

1796 Election Results

Adams

Jefferson

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Conduct research to answer these questions.

Central Question: Why was John Adams

administration so unpopular?

FURTHER PROBLEMS FOR ADAMS: THE

WAR OF WORDS BETWEEN HAMILTON

AND JEFFERSON

The Origins of the Two Party Political System: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans

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ASSIGNMENT:

• Complete “The

Federalists vs. the

Republicans Graphic

Organizer”

Views on Strict versus loose

interpretation of the

Constitution: the Elastic Clause

Hamilton

• Favored a loose

interpretation of the

Constitution’s elastic

clause about making all

“necessary and proper”

laws; Congress could act

whenever it was “proper”.

Believed in the implied

powers included in the

Constitution.

Jefferson• Favored a strict

interpretation of the Constitution’s elastic clause; Congress should act only when “necessary”. Believed in adhering closely to the specifically listed powers included in the Constitution.

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Views on the National Bank:

the BUS!

Hamilton

• Wanted Congress to

charter one, sell

some if its stock to

individuals; this

would be good for

investors in the

bank.

Jefferson

• A national bank is not

“necessary,” so it is

not authorized under

the Constitution; such

a bank would benefit

commercial classes,

not the farmers

Jefferson favored.

Views on paying the national

debt from the warHamilton

• Fund it at par via

new bonds; pay

security holders in

full; benefits well-to-

do security holders

and commercial

interests.

Jefferson• Initially, opposed; ordinary

citizens had loaned the

government money and then

had to sell the securities at a

deep discount to speculators

- wanted these people at

least partially repaid.

Accepted Hamilton’s plan in

exchange for the move of the

Capitol.

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Views on the American

economy

Hamilton

• Stressed

manufacturing,

commerce, finance.

Favored the rich,

merchants, &

wealthy planters.

Jefferson

• Wanted a simple

agrarian economy.

Favored the “yeoman

farmer” …wanted the

government to

support the interests

of the “common man”

Views on British society and

government

Hamilton

• Admired both; liked

the orderliness of

the British

government and

financial systems.

Jefferson

• Disliked both; thought

British society was

decadent, the

government corrupt

and anti-republican.

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Views on France’s Revolution

Hamilton

• Abhorred the

violence and social

disruptions of the

French Revolution.

Jefferson

• Admired France’s

republican revolution.

"We are not to expect to

be translated from

despotism to liberty in

a featherbed."

Views on the central

government

Hamilton

• Favored a strong

central government.

Jefferson

• Favored state’s rights.

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1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union)

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican

73 52.9%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican

73 52.9%

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1%

Charles Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 64 46.4%

John Jay New York Federalist 1 0.7%

Total Number of Electors 138

Total Electoral Votes Cast 276

Number of Votes for a Majority

70

1800 Election Results

Adams

Jefferson

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1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)

1 vote for each State

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5%

Aaron Burr New York

Democratic-Republican 4 25.0%

Blank ------- 2 12.5%