Kneipp Schaffhausen › files › K_Heilkraeuter.pdfAuthor: Gaby Guth Created Date: 4/21/2017 4:52:15 PM
By: Courtney Kneipp BeamReach Marine Science and Sustainability School Fall 2005
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Transcript of By: Courtney Kneipp BeamReach Marine Science and Sustainability School Fall 2005
By: Courtney KneippBy: Courtney KneippBeamReach Marine Science and BeamReach Marine Science and
Sustainability SchoolSustainability SchoolFall 2005Fall 2005
Hendrix College 06Hendrix College 06Conway, ARConway, AR
• Killer whale : endangered speciesKiller whale : endangered species– distinct cultural archetypes are both irreplaceabledistinct cultural archetypes are both irreplaceable
• Motivation for Investigation:Motivation for Investigation:– each pod has a unique acoustic cultureeach pod has a unique acoustic culture– may offer insight into the development of their vocal repertoire and may offer insight into the development of their vocal repertoire and
acoustic cultural transmission process.acoustic cultural transmission process.
• Cultural DebateCultural Debate– Boweles et al. (1988), calf develops repertoire until pubertyBoweles et al. (1988), calf develops repertoire until puberty
– Deecke’s(1999) “gene-culture coevolution”Deecke’s(1999) “gene-culture coevolution”
• LunaLuna – supports Deecke’s “gene-culture coevolution” theory – supports Deecke’s “gene-culture coevolution” theory
• Enggist-Dueblin and Pfister(2001),Enggist-Dueblin and Pfister(2001), cultural transmission in ravens cultural transmission in ravens– Subsong, plastic song, crystallized songSubsong, plastic song, crystallized song
• Fripp et al(2004Fripp et al(2004), dolphins ability to learn signature whistles of pod ), dolphins ability to learn signature whistles of pod through members whom they associate rarely.through members whom they associate rarely.
• Hubbs-Sea World Research InstituteHubbs-Sea World Research Institute– calf can vocalize within days of birth, but sound production is shaped calf can vocalize within days of birth, but sound production is shaped
with age with age – first vocalizations loud, high pitched calls that bear no resemblance to first vocalizations loud, high pitched calls that bear no resemblance to
adult-type calls adult-type calls
• Boweles(1988)Boweles(1988)– vocalization may begin with shorter pulsed calls occurring at a higher vocalization may begin with shorter pulsed calls occurring at a higher
frequency. frequency.
• Materials for Acoustic Observation:Materials for Acoustic Observation:- “Ears”- “Ears”
-“Elephant Ears”-“Elephant Ears”
- High impedance amplifier- High impedance amplifier
- Marantz PMD660 recorder, - Marantz PMD660 recorder, used to record sound files used to record sound files
* * digitizing rate of 44100digitizing rate of 44100
-Range -Range * 90- 150 dB* 90- 150 dB
• Materials for Visual Observation:Materials for Visual Observation:
- Data Sheet- Data Sheet
- Spotter with camera- Spotter with camera
* special thanks to my fellow crew * special thanks to my fellow crew mates!mates!
- Video- Video
*The Ishmael Journey: a series of unfortunate events
Sonogram of an S19 call, depicting where I measured the Sonogram of an S19 call, depicting where I measured the fundamental frequency of the tone. fundamental frequency of the tone. ..
Sonogram of an S1 call, depicting how I measured the Sonogram of an S1 call, depicting how I measured the call duration. Black lines indicate start and end points call duration. Black lines indicate start and end points
of my measurement. of my measurement.
S19 10/06/05 Min. Start Frequency
4.7
4.75
4.8
4.85
4.9
4.95
5
5.05
5.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Observations during sound file #24
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
S19 Field Calls Ford's S19 Avg Start Tone Field Call Avg Start Tone Ford +1 Std
My S19 fundamental frequencies shown varying around My S19 fundamental frequencies shown varying around Ford’s(1990) S19 average fundamental frequency for the Ford’s(1990) S19 average fundamental frequency for the beginning of the tone. Yellow line depicts my S19’s average in beginning of the tone. Yellow line depicts my S19’s average in comparison to Ford’s average, in redcomparison to Ford’s average, in red.
S1 Fundamental FrequencyS1 Fundamental Frequency
S1 Fundamental Frequency
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1 2 3 4
S1 Observed during sound file
Fre
quen
cy (H
z)
My S1 Fundamental Frequencies
Ford's S1 Fundamental Frequency Average
My S1 Fundamental Frequency Average
My measured S1 fundamental frequencies compared to My measured S1 fundamental frequencies compared to Ford’s average fundamental frequency for an adult S1 Ford’s average fundamental frequency for an adult S1 call. call.
S1 Call Duration
250
350
450
550
650
750
850
1 2 3 4
S1 calls observed during sound file
Tim
e (m
s)
My S1 call duration Ford's S1 call duration average My S1 call duration average
Call duration of my S1’s compared to average call duration of Ford’s S1’sCall duration of my S1’s compared to average call duration of Ford’s S1’s..
S1 Call DurationS1 Call Duration
Ishmael located call at 173 and 187 degrees.Ishmael located call at 173 and 187 degrees.
How well do Ishmael’s bearings match mine?How well do Ishmael’s bearings match mine?
Correlation BTW Ishmael and True Bearing
y = 0.9905x + 18.255
R2 = 0.806
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0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00
True Degrees
Ishm
ael D
egre
es
Results RevisitedResults Revisited
• Overall, my S19 and S1 fundamental Overall, my S19 and S1 fundamental frequencies were higher than Ford(1990)’s frequencies were higher than Ford(1990)’s fundamental frequencies average for fundamental frequencies average for those calls. those calls.
• My S1s’ durations were not significantly My S1s’ durations were not significantly longer than Ford(1990)’s S1’s duration for longer than Ford(1990)’s S1’s duration for adult calls. adult calls.
• Ishmael can localize underwater sound Ishmael can localize underwater sound sources…future study!sources…future study!
• Higher S1 and S19 fundamental frequencies Higher S1 and S19 fundamental frequencies could indicate that a calf was presentcould indicate that a calf was present
• Higher fundamental frequencies could also Higher fundamental frequencies could also mean change in adult call frequency over the mean change in adult call frequency over the past 20 years.past 20 years.
• Further studying vocal development to better Further studying vocal development to better understand the acoustic cultural transmission understand the acoustic cultural transmission process.process.
* interesting: L-pod calve making a J/K-pod call?* interesting: L-pod calve making a J/K-pod call?
I dedicate this experience to CoachEd,
my grandfather,
who lived a life of Patience,
Endurance,
And
Compassion
Every day
Of
His
Life. I
Will
Miss
You.