Bw5 pugh
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!
BW5 Concurrent!Session!11/13/2013!2:15!PM!
!!!!!
"Managing Multiple Teams at Scale with Scrum and Lean"
!!!
Presented by:
Ken Pugh
Net Objectives !!!!!!!!!
Brought(to(you(by:(!
!!
340!Corporate!Way,!Suite!300,!Orange!Park,[email protected]!E!www.sqe.com
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!!!!Ken!Pugh!!!Net!Objectives!!
A fellow consultant with Net Objectives, Ken Pugh helps companies transform into lean-agile organizations through training and coaching. His special interests are in communication (particularly effectively communicating requirements), delivering business value, and using lean principles to deliver high quality quickly. Ken trains, mentors, and testifies on technology topics from object-oriented design to Linux/Unix. He has written several programming books, including the 2006 Jolt Award winner Prefactoring and his latest Lean-Agile Acceptance Test Driven Development: Better Software Through Collaboration. Ken has helped clients from London to Boston to Sydney to Beijing to Hyderabad. He enjoys snowboarding, windsurfing, biking, and hiking the Appalachian Trail. Reach Ken at [email protected]!
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info@netobjec+ves.com00000000000www.netobjec+ves.com0
1" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Managing&Mul)ple&Teams&at&Scale&with&Lean&and&
Scrum&
Ken"Pugh""Fellow"Consultant"Net"objec6ves"
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2" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Ken"Pugh"
ken.pugh"@netobjec6ves.com"
Photo"Size:""""Height:"2.25"Posi6on:""""from"top"leP"corner"""Horizontal"0.75""""Ver6cal"1."Picture""Style:"Simple"Black"""""Frame""
No0code0goes0in0+ll0the0test0goes0on.0A0journey0of0two0thousand0miles0begins0with0a0single0step.0
! Fellow"Consultant"! SAFe"Program"Consultant""
! OOA&D,"Design"PaVerns,"Lean,"Scrum,"TestYDriven"Development"
! Over"2/5"century"of"soPware"development"experience"
! Author"of"seven"books,"including:"– 0Prefactoring:0Extreme0Abstrac+on,0Extreme0
Separa+on,0Extreme0Readability00(2006"Jolt"Award)"
– 0Interface0Oriented0Design0
– Lean0Agile0Acceptance0TestIDriven0Development:0BeKer0SoLware0Through0Collabora+on0
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3" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Lean"Enterprise"
Business"
Management"Team"
ASSESSMENTS"CONSULTING"TRAINING"COACHING"
Lean"Management"Project"Management"
Kanban"/"Scrum""ATDD"/"TDD"/"Design"PaVerns"Emergent"Design"
Lean"for"Execu6ves"Product"Porbolio"Management"Business"Product"Owner"Scaled"Agile"Framework"
technical" process"
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4" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Overall"Rule"
! There"are"excep6ons"to"every"statement,"except"this"one."""
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5" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Outline"
! Applica6on"Complexity"and"Size""! Lean"Principles""! Releasing""! Coordina6on""– Delivery"Team""– Program""– Porbolio""
! Architecture""! Issues""
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6" """ "29"October"2013"
Applica)on&Complexity&and&
Size&&
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7" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Non"Complex"Applica6on""
! Sam’s"Lawn"Mower"and"CD"Rental"Store""! CD"Rental"Applica6on"! Features"/stories""! Check"Out"CD"– Check"In"CD"and"charge"for"rental""– Track"inventory""
Ideas"Y>"Features"Y>"Delivered"Features"
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8" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Complex"Applica6on"(1)"
Chicago"
PiVsburgh"
New"York"
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9" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Complex"Applica6on"(2)"
! As"a"pilot,"I"want"to"fly"directly"from"origin"(Chicago)"to"des6na6on"(Net"York)"to"save"6me"and"fuel""
! Without"colliding""
Ideas"Y>"Epics"Y>"Features"Y>"Delivered"Feature"
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10" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Big"Size"(1)"
! IRS"Taxes""! Automate"verifica6on"of"tax"due""! Deliver"by"business"value"(e.g."percent"of"effort)""– Form"1040""– Schedule"A"– Schedule"B"– …."Etc."""
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11" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Big"Size"(2)"
! Each"form"has"mul6ple"facets,"e.g."for"1040:"– Get"WY2"data""– Get"filled"out"form"data"""
! Paper""! OnYline"! Other""
– Perform"calcula6on"checks"for"one"year"– Perform"calcula6on"checks"for"mul6ple"years"""
Ideas"Y>"Epics"Y>"Features"Y>"Delivered"Feature"
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12" """ "29"October"2013"
Lean&Principles&&
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13" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Some"Lean"Principles"
! Op6mize"the"whole""! Deliver"business"value"quickly"! Build"quality"in"""! Respect"people""
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14" """ "29"October"2013"
Releasing&
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15" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Types"of"Items"
! Independently&Releasable&–&what&delivers&business&value&– Minimum&Marketable&Feature&&– Minimum&Business&Increment&&– Poten)ally&Shippable&Increment&&
! Separately&Developable&&– Story&&
! Concurrently&Developable&&– Story&with&dependencies&&that&can&be&concurrently&&developed&
! &Dependently&Developable&&– Stories&that&must&be&sequenced&by&dependencies&&
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16" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Separately&Developable"
"& "& "Feature& Feature"&
&
Feature"&
&One"Team&
Story"& "Story"& "&
Second"Team&
Story& "Story& "Story"&
Team"Three&
Story& "Story& "Story& Story&
&
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17" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Concurrently&Developable"
"& "& "Feature& Feature"&
&
Feature"&
&One"Team&
Story"& "Story"& "&
Second"Team&
Story& "Story& "Story"&
Team"Three&
Story& "Story& "Story& &
&
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18" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Dependently&Developable"
"& "& "Feature& Feature"&
&
Feature"&
&One"Team&
Story"& "Story"& "&
Second"Team&
Story& "Story& "Story"&
Team"Three&
Story& "Story& "Story& Story&
&
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19" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Priori)za)on&and&Sequencing&"
! To&get&things&out&quicker:&– All&teams&should&use&same&priority&on&a&feature&&
! If&no&priority&– Then&all&teams&should&use&same&sequence&&
! Large&differences&in&dura)on&may&alter&these&rules&&
– Lean&Principle&–&Op)mize&the&whole&and&deliver&quickly&&
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20" """ "29"October"2013"
Program&Coordina)on&
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21" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Op6on"One"
! Concurrently"developable""– Scrum"of"scrums""– Mee6ng"of"one"representa6ve"of"each"scrum"once/day"to"coordinate"
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22" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
"Bigger"Planning""
! More&people&"&more&dependencies&"&more&lookLahead&&
! You&can’t&just&plan&scrum&to&scrum&&! Divide&up&work&to&minimize&– Code&conten)on&&– Shared&resources&&– CrossLteam&requirements&&
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23" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Op6on"Two"
! Scrum"of"scrums"with"“lookYahead”""
Sprint"N" Sprint"N+1" Sprint"N+2" Sprint"N+3"Team"1"Team"2"Team"3""
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24" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Op6on"Three""
! Larger"Itera6on"containing"sprints""#""""""""Big"Sprint""="PSI"(Poten6ally"Shippable"Increment)"""""""""$"
Plan" Sprint"I" Sprint"II" Sprint"III" Sprint"IV" Demo""
Team"1"
Team"2"
Team"3""
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25" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Op6on"Three"Expanded"
! PSI"with"“lookYahead”""
PSI"N" PSI"N+1" PSI"N+2" PSI"N+3"Program"
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26" """ "29"October"2013"
Levels&
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27" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Small"Size"–"One"Level""
Level& Input& Output&
Team& Features& Delivered"Features"&
Ideas"Y>"Features"Y>"Delivered"Features"
Product"Owner"""Team"
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28" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Large"Size"–"Three"Levels""
Level& Input& Output&
Porbolio& Ideas& Epics/Projects"&
Program"& Epics/Projects& Features"&
Team& Features& Delivered"Features"&
Ideas""""""Y>""""Epics/Projects""""Y>"""""Features""""Y>""""Delivered"Features"
Porbolio""""""""""""""""""""Program/Product""""""""Team""Management""""""""""""Management"/"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Owner"
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29" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Levels"
Level&Porbolio&
Program"&
Team&
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30" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Lean"
""Kanban""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Scrum""
Ideas"Y>"Epics"Y>"Features"Y>"Delivered"Feature"
Porbolio""""""""""""Program/Product"""""""Team""Management"""Management"/"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Owner"
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31" """ "29"October"2013"
Team&
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32" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Roles"
! Product"Owner""! Scrum"Master""! Implementers"(Developers,"Testers)""
Ready"
Plan
Commit
Execute
Demo
Retrospect
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33" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Cross"Func6onal"Teams"
! Decreases"coordina6on"of"shared"resources""! E.G."UI,"mid6er,"database,"testers,"etc."on"each"team"
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34" """ "29"October"2013"
Program&
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35" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Program Flow
Ready" Plan Commit Execute Demo Retrospect
Flow"like"Team"flow,"but"over"“super"itera6on”""
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36" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Roles"
! Program&Owner&(Product&Manager)&–&“super&product&owner”&&
! Technology&Owner&/&System&Architect&–&architectural&guidance&&
! System&Team&–&provides&program&level&support&&! Release&Manager&–&coordinates&release&at&program&level&
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37" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
! Op)mize&the&Whole&– Individual&team&op)miza)on&may¬&be&op)mum&for&the&en)re&flow&&
! Coordina)on&of&the&Flow&&– IntraLteam&coordina)on&different&from&interLteam&coordina)on&&
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38" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Typical"Organiza6onal"Structure"
Inspired"by"Dan"North,"BSC/ADP"2012"
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39" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
The"Nature"of"Our"Work"
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40" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
We"Manage"This"Way"
even"though"our"value"flows"this"way"
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41" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
where&is&)me&&our&)me&being&spent?&
Adding&Value&
Wai)ng& Wai)ng& Wai)ng&Wai)ng&
Adding&Value& Adding&Value&Adding&Value&
Adding&Value& Adding&Value&
What"percent"of"our"6me"do"we"spend"working"versus"waitng?"
How"would"you"know?"
No"one"is"managing"this"in"most"companies."
Wai)ng&
Wai)ng&
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42" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Continuous Inter-team Coordination
! Teams visit other teams ! Including backlog grooming, sprint planning, daily
standups, demo
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43" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Continuous System Integration
! Integrate entire user story ! Develop by intention – Define interfaces – Integrate – Then add functionality
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44" """ "29"October"2013"
PorYolio&&
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45" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Roles""
! Porbolio"Management""– Determine"capacity"alloca6ons"to"programs""– Epic"approval""
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46" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Business"Value"
! Measure"business"value"! Es6mate"at"the"top""– Use"rela6ve"es6mates""
! Es6mate"effort"on"large"stuff""! Determine"Bang"for"the"Buck"(ROI)"
! Can"work"down"to"other"levels""
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47" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Planning"and"Opera6ons"
! At"each"level""– Rolling"wave"planning"– Appropriate"decision"making""– Feedback"– Make"everything"visible"(transparent)""
Lean"Principle"–"Respect"People""
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48" """ "29"October"2013"
Architecture&&
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49" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Architecture"
! Architecture&/&Design&should&be&“first&class”&ci)zen&&
Porbolio" Enterprise"Architecture"Program" System"Architecture"Team"" Design""
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50" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Emergent Design and Architecture
! Complexity and changing requirements makes centralized decision making inefficient
! Design by those who implement specific functionality ! At scale, some intentional architecture necessary – Excessive redesign slows time-to-market – Some capabilities can/should be anticipated – Teams not always able to synchronize, thus creating
divergence – Cross-cutting architectural and user requirements
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51" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Intentional Architecture
! Just in time architectural elaboration ! Assumes incremental implementation ! Relies on feedback from teams
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52" """ "29"October"2013"
Issues&
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ATDD""
! Building&quality&in&is&cri)cal&&– Par)cularly&for&dependencies&&– If¬,&who’s&at&fault?&&
! Acceptance&Test&Driven&Development&for&the&Feature&– Defines&feature&&– Provides&tests&for&TDD&&&
! Test&Driven&Development&for&the&stories&&
– Lean&Principle&–&Build&Quality&In&
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Commitment&&
! Commitment&is¬&oneLway&&&! A&team&commits&to&deliver&&&&! Management&commits&to&eliminate&impediments&and&address&risks & &&
! &If&management&fails&to&meet&its&commitment,&the&team&can&only&try&their&best&to&meet&theirs&
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We"are"the"premier"provider"of"SAFe"related"consul6ng"and"training,"having"done"scaled"Agile"for"a"decade.""We"are"the"primary"contributors"to"SAFe’s"code"quality"material"sec6on."
Net"Objec6ves"–"Gold"Partner"
SAFe&related&services& Porbolio"Management" Product"Manager"&"Product"
Owner"Training" Quickstarts"Y"customizable"
SAFe"Kanban"
Technical&Training&
1. Design"PaVerns"2. ATDD"/"TDD"3. Emergent"Design"
See"www.netobjec6ves.com/safe"
®""
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56" """ "29"October"2013"
Not&an&Ending,&But&a&Beginning&
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Outline"(Review)"
! Applica6on"Complexity"and"Size""! Lean"Principles""! Releasing""! Coordina6on""– Porbolio"– Program""– Team"
! Architecture""! Issues""
Epic""
Feature Feature
Story Story
Program"
Portfolio
Team
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! Thank"you""
! Please"fill"out"evalua6ons""
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info@netobjec+ves.com00000000000www.netobjec+ves.com0
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Supplemental&
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60" """ "29"October"2013"
Delay&
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When&adding&value&is&delayed?&
• Getting requirements and using them • Creating bug and its detection • Two groups out of sync
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The"Whole"Picture"
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1.&Iden)fy&the&ac)ons&taken&in&the&value&stream&
Approve&Request& Reqts" Sign&Off&
Review& Deploy&
Analysis"
Design& Code& Test&
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64" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
0.5"hrs" 160"hrs"8"hrs" 8"hrs"
120"hrs" 280"hrs" 240"hrs"
100"hrs"
8"hrs"2"hrs"
Approve&Request& Reqts" Sign&Off&
Review& Deploy&
Analysis"
Design& Code& Test&
1."Iden6fy"the"ac6ons"taken"in"the"value"stream"2.&What&was&the&real&)me&from&start&to&finish&of&the&ac)on?&
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65" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
0.5"hrs" 160"hrs"8"hrs" 8hrs"
120"hrs" 280"hrs" 240"hrs"
100"hrs"
8"hrs"2"hrs"
Approve&.1"/"7.9"hrs"
Request&0.5"/"0.0"hr"
Reqts&60"/"100"hrs"
Sign&Off&1"/"7"hrs"
Review&&2"/"0"hrs"
Deploy&3"/"5"hrs"
Analysis&40"/"60"hrs"
Design&40"/"80"hrs"
Code&80"/"200"hrs"
Test&40"/"200"hrs"
1."Iden6fy"the"ac6ons"taken"in"the"value"stream"2."What"was"the"real"6me"from"start"to"finish"of"the"ac6on?"3.&What&was&the&average&)me&working&on&this&vs&working&on&other&things?&
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66" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
0.5"hrs" 160"hrs"8"hrs" 8hrs"
120"hrs" 280"hrs" 240"hrs"
100"hrs"
8"hrs"2"hrs"
320$hrs$ 80$hrs$ 320$hrs$ 80$hrs$
80$hrs$
160$hrs$ 80$hrs$ 80$hrs$ 80$hrs$
1."Iden6fy"the"ac6ons"taken"in"the"value"stream"2."What"was"the"real"6me"from"start"to"finish"of"the"ac6on?"3."What"was"the"average"6me"working"on"this"vs"working"on"other"things?"4.&Iden)fy&)me&between&ac)ons&
Approve&.1"/"7.9"hrs"
Request&0.5"/"0.0"hr"
Reqts&60"/"100"hrs"
Sign&Off&1"/"7"hrs"
Review&&2"/"0"hrs"
Deploy&3"/"5"hrs"
Analysis&40"/"60"hrs"
Design&40"/"80"hrs"
Code&80"/"200"hrs"
Test&40"/"200"hrs"
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67" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"29"October"2013"
0.5"hrs" 160"hrs"8"hrs" 8hrs"
120"hrs" 280"hrs" 240"hrs"
100"hrs"
8"hrs"2"hrs"
320"hrs" 80"hrs" 320"hrs" 80"hrs"
160"hrs" 80"hrs" 80"hrs" 80"hrs"
1."Iden6fy"the"ac6ons"taken"in"the"value"stream"2."What"was"the"real"6me"from"start"to"finish"of"the"ac6on?"3."What"was"the"average"6me"working"on"this"vs"working"on"other"things?"4."Iden6fy"6me"between"ac6ons"5.&Iden)fy&any&loop&backs&required&
80"hrs"
65%$defec1ve$Repeat$3X$
20%$rejected$Repeat$1X$
Approve&.1"/"7.9"hrs"
Request&0.5"/"0.0"hr"
Reqts&60"/"100"hrs"
Sign&Off&1"/"7"hrs"
Review&&2"/"0"hrs"
Deploy&3"/"5"hrs"
Analysis&40"/"60"hrs"
Design&40"/"80"hrs"
Code&80"/"200"hrs"
Test&40"/"200"hrs"
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68" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
1."Iden6fy"the"ac6ons"taken"in"the"value"stream"2."What"was"the"real"6me"from"start"to"finish"of"the"ac6on?"3."What"was"the"average"6me"working"on"this"vs"working"on"other"things?"4."Iden6fy"6me"between"ac6ons"5."Iden6fy"any"loop"backs"required"6.&Calculate&Process&Cycle&Efficiency:&
Approve&.1"/"7.9"hrs"
Request&0.5""/"0.0"hrs"
Reqts&60"/"100"hrs"
Sign&Off&1"/"7"hrs"
Review&&2"/"0"hrs"
Deploy&3"/"5"hrs"
Analysis&40"/"60"hrs"
Design&40"/"80"hrs"
Code&80"/"200"hrs"
Test&40"/"200"hrs"
0.5"hrs" 160"hrs"8"hrs" 8hrs"
120"hrs" 280"hrs" 240"hrs"
100"hrs"
8"hrs"2"hrs"
320"hrs" 80"hrs" 320"hrs" 80"hrs"
160"hrs" 80"hrs" 80"hrs" 80"hrs"
65%"defec6ve"Repeat"3X"
20%"rejected"Repeat"1X"
80"hrs"
Approve&.1&/"7.9"hrs"
Request&0.5&/"0.0"hrs"
Reqts&60"/"100"hrs"
Sign"Off&1"/"7"hrs"
Review&&2"/"0"hrs"
Deploy&3"/"5"hrs"
Analysis&40"/"60"hrs"
Design&40"/"80"hrs"
Code&80"/"200"hrs"
Test&40"/"200"hrs"
&Avg&Time&Worked&&Total&Cycle&Time&
0.5"hrs" 160"hrs"8"hrs" 8"hrs"
120"hrs" 280"hrs" 240"hrs"
100"hrs"
8"hrs"2"hrs"
320"hrs" 80"hrs" 320"hrs" 80"hrs"
160"hrs" 80"hrs" 80"hrs"
65%"defec6ve"Repeat"3X"
20%"rejected"Repeat"1X"
80"hrs"
80"hrs"
PCE&=&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&=&14.9%&509&hrs&
3433&hrs&
509"hrs"
3433"hrs"
Avg"Time"Worked""Total"Cycle"Time"
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69" "Copyright"©"2007"Net"Objec6ves."All"Rights"Reserved."" "29"October"2013"
Approve&.1"/"7.9"hrs"
Request&0.5""/"0.0"hrs"
Reqts&60"/"100"hrs"
Sign&Off&1"/"7"hrs"
Review&&2"/"0&hrs"
Deploy&3"/"5"hrs"
Analysis&40"/"60&hrs"
Design&40"/"80"hrs"
Code&80"/"200&hrs"
Test&40"/"200&hrs"
0.5"hrs" 160"hrs"8"hrs" 8hrs"
120"hrs" 280"hrs" 240"hrs"
100"hrs"
8"hrs"2"hrs"
320"hrs" 80"hrs" 320"hrs" 80"hrs"
160"hrs" 80"hrs" 80"hrs" 80"hrs"
65%"defec6ve"Repeat"3X"
20%"rejected"Repeat"1X"
80"hrs"
320"hrs" 80"hrs" 320"hrs" 80"hrs"
160"hrs" 80"hrs" 80"hrs"
65%"defec6ve"Repeat"3X"
20%"rejected"Repeat"1X"
80"hrs"
80"hrs"
3433&–&509&=&2924&
Elimina6ng"delays"between"what"you"do"
Gezng"beVer"at"what"you"do"
"Which"gives"a"beVer"return?"