What Did We Get Right, What Did We Get Wrong, and What Does the Future Hold ?
But Did It Help You Get To University?
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Transcript of But Did It Help You Get To University?
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But Did It Help You Get To University?
A Qualitative Study of Supplemental Education in Western Australia
Martin ForseyAnthropology & Sociology
The University of Western Australia
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A Word From My Chief Sponsor
Australia's school curriculum caters for a wide range of student skills and interests. Drama, music, art, debating and public speaking skills, along with team and individual sports activities, are all enhanced through interschool collaboration and competition. Schools also arrange for private tuition and provide elite programs designed for talented international students. Purpose-built learning centres and sports facilities offer the ideal environment for the academic and personal development of international students. This wide variety of artistic and sporting pursuits can help students develop organisational and leadership skills, also their independence and confidence (Australian Education International 2009)
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Increasing Use of SE
• Watson (2008)– average household expenditure on children’s
education 3.98% 1998/99 4.88% in 2003/04
• Kenny & Faunce (2004)– Sydney coaching “colleges” – 60 in 1989 to 222 in 2002
• Pate (2008) [also Bond (2009)]– Community Learning Support Programs – 1,300 participants in Melbourne
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Increasing Use of SE• An Even Start (2008-2009) Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (2010).
• $AU 457.4 million over four years. • Targeting year 3, 5 or 7 students not meeting 2007
national literacy/numeracy benchmarks • $700 of tuition for eligible students (a minimum of 12
hours). • 87,057 students “assisted” • Currently suspended pending a review
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Public Private Divide
• Federation• Education state administered• Public System – 66% of enrolments• Catholic Education – 20% of enrolments• “Independent” Schools – 14% of enrolments• Non-government schools as shadow
education?
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Supplemental Education
‘Outside-school learning activities paralleling features of formal schooling used by students to increase their own educational opportunities’ (Baker et al 2001:2)
Yellow Pages in Western Australia – 135 Entries– ‘Academic Angels’, ‘Lighthouse
Education Centre’, ‘Progressive Home Tutors’, ‘Kinetic Education’, ‘Green Light Education’, ‘Head Start Tutoring’
– ‘Top Tots Early Learning Development Centre’, ‘Early Intervention Tutoring’
– Judith Crossland Academy and Tania’s Tutoring Service
– Franchises – eg Kumon, Kip McGrath Education Centres, Reading for Sure
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Supplemental Education in Australia
Centre of Activity
Main Forms of Organisation
Market 1. Cottage industry2. Small business3. Multi-national corporation
School 1. After school classes2. Structured courses
Community 1. Voluntary organisations2. Private-government partnerships
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Market-Based SE
• Kenny & Faunce (2004)• Private girls school, Sydney• Survey and academic results• Academic coaching in English, Mathematics or
Science generally ineffective, particularly for older students
• Students tutored in English tended to fare worse in examinations than their un-tutored counterparts.
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In A Remote Corner of the Universe
Perth
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Overwhelmingly Central
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Ten Interviews
Nine Here
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One Here
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The Interviews
• Education success stories – students who matriculated
• Silivona, Bray and Zabulionis (2006) – first year university students – twin assumption
• the school experience of such students was recent enough for accurate recall
• that they would be more objective and outspoken.
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Ten InterviewsSix – First Year Anthropology StudentsFour – Karratha Education Initiative
• Semi-structured• Practice focused – structured, cultured agents• Did it help you get to uni?
– Effectiveness of SE– SE and Educational Inequalities
• Written portraits – – not wrenching research subjects out of their social
context – summarising significant amounts of interview
transcripts into readable, vibrant stories
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Rural-Urban Divides
• Perceptions (and realities) of under-achievement relative to Urban counterparts
• Socioeconomic causes• Karratha as exception• Significance of cultural rather than economic
capital
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Karratha
1535 kms
Perth
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The North West Shelf VentureThe North West Shelf Venture
Woodside operates the NWSV on behalf of the Woodside operates the NWSV on behalf of the Participants (BHPB, BP, Chevron, MIMI, Shell and Participants (BHPB, BP, Chevron, MIMI, Shell and Woodside).Woodside).
NWSV is a high value export and royalty earner for NWSV is a high value export and royalty earner for Australia, based in a remote part of WA.Australia, based in a remote part of WA.
1% of Australia’s gross domestic product comes 1% of Australia’s gross domestic product comes from the gas plant.from the gas plant.
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Educational Challenges
• Staffing• Advantages of formal education in a “boom
town”?• Educational flight
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Karratha Education Initiative
• Funded by NWS Venture• Expanding educational options for students in
Karratha (high school)• Increasing retention to Year 12• Increasing Graduation Rates• Increasing Performance in University Entrance
Exams (TEE)• Increasing university enrolments
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The Sample
• John and Julie’s Stories
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Closing thoughts
Julie – maths didn’t count in the end but…
“Just keeping up, was better than the stress of not being able to keep up and not doing that well. And you never know what is going to be counted in the end, which is a trick of the system”.
John – can’t really measure it but…
“In reality I think I could have done the same thing if left to study on my own because it was work on my part that got me to where I have come now”
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Is it Effective and Does it Increase Educational Inequality?
• School statistics• Liberal fantasy or realistic assessment?• Ineffectual tutors• Unmotivated students• Effective but didn’t really help• Emotional effects• Redressing the balance – government, school and
community programs• Academic coaching uneven in its effects
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A Conclusion
“Yet again the market shows itself to be less efficient than some hope it to be and others might fear that it is”.